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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (5.675)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (1.059)
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  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 1
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    Joint Airport Weather Studies (AWS) project (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The joint airport weather studies (JAWS) project is discussed. The major objectives of the JAWS Project are a fundamental description of the phenomenon, a determination of the hazard potential and a definition of a protection and warning system, all of which are relative to low level wind shear. Aspects of the low level wind shear phenomenon. The principal focus, however, is the microburst. The microburst is fundamentally a rather simple atmospheric flow. It is a downdraft that, upon approaching the surface, spreads out horizontally, producing a diverging radial flow in all directions. For any direction that an aircraft flies through the microburst, it will first encounter increasing head winds; then the remnants of the downdraft; and then, increasing tail wind.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 85-95
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  • 2
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    Lightning strike experience in the NASA F-106B storm hazards program (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A heavily instrumented F-106B aircraft was flown in thunderstorms to gather data for characterizing lightning at aircraft operating altitudes. Conventional weather finding techniques are supplemented with UHF lightning mapping radar to select the most active storm cells and the most likely altitude for obtaining direct lightning strikes to the airplane. One hundred seventy-six strikes were obtained in a 3 year period, mostly at an altitude of above 25,000 feet.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 63-65
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  • 3
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    Wind shear and vortex wake research in UK, 1982 (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A wind shear and vortex wake and their impact on aircraft were investigated. The systems and advice to help pilots, and rational scientific methods to assist in advising certification authorities and those interested in improving flight safety were developed. Wind Shear and Vortex Wakes are related, they are both invisible enemies of aircraft in the form of large disturbances in the atmosphere, both cause major accidents. Problems of building wakes at airports are is considered. Research on wind shear was initiated by the American FAA following the Boston, New York and Denver accidents to civil airliners. This resulted in: useful advice to pilots about wind shear; better attempts by the meteorologists at forecasting wind shear conditions; and useful ideas for wind shear measurement and warning systems. Three major research tasks are outstanding: (1) Worldwide measurements to give reliable estimates of probability and details of the forms of large wind shears; (2) Developments of real time wind shear measuring systems for ground or airborne use; and (3) Establishing relationships between measured wind shear and the potential hazard to an aircraft, or class of aircraft.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 66-83
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  • 4
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    Marked surface inversions and wind shear: A safety risk for departing aircraft (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Marked surface inversions occur most frequently in dry continental climates, where low atmospheric humidity allows heat transfer by long wave thermal radiation. In the northern latitudes, surface inversions reach their maximum intensity during the winter, when the incoming Sun's radiation is negligible and radiative cooling is dominant during the long nights. During winter, air mass boundaries are sharp, which causes formation of marked surface inversions. The existence of these inversions and sharp boundaries increase the risk of wind shear. The information should refer to marked inversions exceeding a temperature difference of 10 deg C up to 1000 feet. The need to determine the temperature range over which he information is operationally needed and the magnitude of the inversion required before a notification to pilots prior to departure is warranted are outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 61-62
    Format: text
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  • 5
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    A cursory glance at results from NASA's B-57B gust gradient program (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The Gust Gradient Program is a data intensive effort involving tripple Doppler radar, a surface weather station mesonet and other aircraft. The Joint Airport Weather Studies was utilized to gain additional data. The data were used to fill in the gap in turbulence modeling.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 38-42
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    GEM: Statistical weather forecasting procedure (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The objective of the Generalized Exponential Markov (GEM) Program was to develop a weather forecast guidance system that would: predict between 0 to 6 hours all elements in the airways observations; respond instantly to the latest observed conditions of the surface weather; process these observations at local sites on minicomputing equipment; exceed the accuracy of current persistence predictions at the shortest prediction of one hour and beyond; exceed the accuracy of current forecast model output statistics inside eight hours; and be capable of making predictions at one location for all locations where weather information is available.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 42-44
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Department of Defense meteorological and environmental inputs to aviation systems (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Recommendations based on need, cost, and achievement of flight safety are offered, and the re-evaluation of weather parameters needed for safe landing operations that lead to reliable and consistent automated observation capabilities are considered.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 19-20
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Aviation weather services (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The primary responsibilities of the National Weather Service (NWS) are to: provide warnings of severe weather and flooding for the protection of life and property; provide public forecasts for land and adjacent ocean areas for planning and operation; and provide weather support for: production of food and fiber; management of water resources; production, distribution and use of energy; and efficient and safe air operations.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 14-16
    Format: text
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  • 9
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    Federal Aviation Administration weather program to improve aviation safety (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The implementation of the National Airspace System (NAS) will improve safety services to aviation. These services include collision avoidance, improved landing systems and better weather data acquisition and dissemination. The program to improve the quality of weather information includes the following: Radar Remote Weather Display System; Flight Service Automation System; Automatic Weather Observation System; Center Weather Processor, and Next Generation Weather Radar Development.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 21-25
    Format: text
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  • 10
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    The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere is used to obtain vertical profiles and maps of temperature and the concentration of ozone, water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid for the region of the stratosphere bounded by the upper troposphere and the lower mesosphere.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 71-104
    Format: text
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  • 11
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    Summary report of the Weather Services Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Weather services to severe storms, turbulence, icing, visibility, and lightning are discussed. Each weather phenomenon area was explored in terms of needs, problems related to providing services, and availability of timely and appropriate information.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 234-236
    Format: text
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  • 12
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    Summary report of the Aircraft Design Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Aircraft models were designed to solve aircraft lightning, severe storms, turbulence, icing, and visibility problems. Analytical modeling, wind tunnel simulation tests, ground tests, and in-flight tests were conducted.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 229-238
    Format: text
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  • 13
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    Summary report of the Human Factors Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Reduced visibility as a human factors problem was studied in terms of the number of lives lost and cost of aircraft accidents and incidents. Human factors in flight through turbulence in detection and avoidance techniques, pilot and crew procedures for handling workloads and distractions caused by turbulence, and aircraft handling techniques for safe flights through turbulence are investigated. Education and training were reviewed in icing problems on aircraft. Pilots failure to recognize and detect wind shear in severe storms is examined. The pilots avoidance of lightning is discussed from the human factors point of view.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 219-228
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  • 14
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    Summary of the Aircraft Operations Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Severe storms and turbulence, icing, visibility, and lightning are discussed in new programs on aircraft operations. The education of pilots and ground service personnel are reviewed. More available information of weather programs and services are examined.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 215-218
    Format: text
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  • 15
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    Summary Report of the Icing Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Icing parameters have created problems and the problem areas that still exist today are presented. The problem areas include; (1) instrumentation; (2) test facilities; (3) weather forecasting of icing conditions; (4) meteorological design criteria; and (5) meteorological data.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 193-199
    Format: text
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  • 16
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    Summary report of the Turbulence Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The effects of atmospheric turbulence are discussed. Aircraft design and aircraft operations are reviewed. Turbulence in terms of intensity and scale in design considerations was examined. Turbulence models were used in the form of discrete gusts, spectral distributions, and probability distributions. Various aspects of the design and operations problems, simulation and training factors of pilots, and weather services and forecasts are reported.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 185-191
    Format: text
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  • 17
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    Microwave radiometer measurement of water vapor path delay: Data reduction techniques (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Data reduction techniques are developed to compensate for water vapor path delay, a limiting error source in geodetic measurements made with very long baseline interferometry and in radio ranging to spacecraft. It is shown that water vapor path delay is proportional to a linear combination of saturation-corrected sky brightness temperatures, measured on and off the water vapor line. The effects of emission from liquid water droplets in clouds as well as most of the oxygen emission are removed by the off-line channel. Sky brightness temperatures are saturation-corrected or 'linearized' using estimates of effective sky temperatures made from surface temperature. Tipping curves are used to remove instrumental error. Coefficients are found by two methods: from a regression analysis of measured brightness temperatures versus radiosonde measured delay, and from a regression analysis of theoretical brightness temperatures versus radiosonde measured delay. In each case the coefficients are adjusted for differing climatic conditions by measurements of surface temperature, pressure, and relative humidity. Regression solutions are constrained to remove liquid water contributions and to give the correct slope for radiometer versus radiosonde path delay.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: The Deep Space Network; p 22-30
    Format: text
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  • 18
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    The Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (SAMS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Thermal emission and solar resonance fluorescence from the atmospheric limb are reported. Global measurements are made of radiation from the molecular species. The gas correlation spectroscopy technique based on the use of gas cells to select emission from chosen spectral lines or from particular parts of spectral lines is used. The source function and departure from the thermodynamic equilibrium between 80 and 130 kilometers associated with CO2 emission bands were investigated. The zonal wind velocity component along the line of sight is measured.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 139-174
    Format: text
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  • 19
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    The Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The radiation budget of the earth on both synoptic and planetary scales by simultaneous measurement of incoming solar radiation and outgoing earth reflected (shortwave) and emitted (longwave) radiation was determined. Both fixed wide angle sampling of terrestrial fluxes at the satellite altitude, and scanned narrow-angle sampling of the radiance components, dependent on angle are used to determine outgoing radiation. Measurements of radiation are obtained in 22 different optical channels.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 33-58
    Format: text
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  • 20
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    Summary report of the Visibility Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Problems related to visibility and some possible solutions are expressed. Automatic weather stations, aircrew education and training, slant range visibility, twelve airports planning, and designs for new runway guidance are discussed in improving visibility.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 200-202
    Format: text
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  • 21
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    Summary Report of the Severe Storms Committee (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Smaller scale severe storms with the expectation that the larger storms associated weather-hazard-to-aircraft problems are discussed. Improvements in the detection capability for hail, turbulence, wind shear, and lightning are reported. Improvements in communications with limited surveillance capabilities are summarized. Education and training of pilots in severe storms are examined. Weather forecasts improvements by increasing accuracy in the short term are described. Aircraft operations, aircraft design, weather services, data acquisition and utilization are reviewed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 179-184
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  • 22
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    Helicopter icing research (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A representative of the U.S. Army Research and Technology Laboratories was called upon to brief the workshop on results of flight test experiments with ice-phobic coatings applied to helicopter rotor blades. An overview of the Applied Technology Laboratory helicopter icing R and D program is presented.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 139-152
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  • 23
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    The prediction of lightning-induced voltages on metallic and composite aircraft (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Various government agencies have put forth effort to enable the prediction of what lightning current will do to aircraft avionic systems. Ongoing and future efforts of predicting avionic voltages and currents caused by electromagnetic fields external to the aircraft are illustrated. The Intrasystem Analysis Program (IAP) was put to use to predict lightning-induced voltages on avionic systems. Presently funded programs are investigating the modification nonmetallic composite materials will cause to the metallic IAP program predictions. The various factors involved in designing prediction techniques are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 153-177
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  • 24
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    Lightning hazards to aircraft (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Lightning hazards and, more generally, aircraft static electricity are discussed by a representative for the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory. An overview of these atmospheric electricity hazards to aircraft and their systems is presented with emphasis on electrical and electronic subsystems. The discussion includes reviewing some of the characteristics of lightning and static electrification, trends in weather and lightning-related mishaps, some specific threat mechanisms and susceptible aircraft subsystems and some of the present technology gaps. A roadmap (flow chart) is presented to show the direction needed to address these problems.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 127-137
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  • 25
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    Visibility in aviation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: An overview of the development of instrumental methods of making cloud height and visibility measurements is presented. The limitations of these measurements are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 100-126
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  • 26
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    Aircraft Icing (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A representative of the NASA Lewis Research Center presented a discussion which concentrated on the meteorology of icing and its measurements. Other areas addressed were: test facilities, ice protection systems, and the effects of ice on performance.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 85-99
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  • 27
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    Severe storms (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: An overview of severe storms given by a representative of the U.S. Department of Commerce/NOAA and how they affect aviation is presented. What is being done and the organizations responsible for the work in this area are briefly discussed. A partial list of the things that the representative feels need to be done is also presented.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 37-54
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  • 28
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    Atmospheric disturbance modelling requirements for flying qualities applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Flying qualities are defined as those airplane characteristics which govern the ease or precision with which the pilot can accomplish the mission. Some atmospheric disturbance modelling requirements for aircraft flying qualities applications are reviewed. It is concluded that some simplifications are justified in identifying the primary influence on aircraft response and pilot control. It is recommended that a universal environmental model be developed, which could form the reference for different applications. This model should include the latest information on winds, turbulence, gusts, visibility, icing and precipitation. A chosen model would be kept by a national agency and updated regularly by feedback from users. A user manual is believed to be an essential part of such a model.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 55-84
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  • 29
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    Aviation meteorology: Today and the future (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: A representative of the Air Weather Service, USAF addressed the workshop and gave an assessment of the present state of aviation meteorology and a prognosis of the future. Three categories of meteorological support to aviation systems are considered and discussed; (1) terminal weather; (2) the winds for flight planning; and (3) en route flight hazards.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 29-35
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  • 30
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    Estimate of procession and polar motion errors from planetary encounter station location solutions (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Deep Space Station (DSS) location solutions based on two JPL planetary ephemerides, DE 84 and DE 96, at eight planetary encounters were used to obtain weighted least squares estimates of precession and polar motion errors. The solution for precession error in right ascension yields a value of 0.3 X 10 to the minus 5 power plus or minus 0.8 X 10 to the minus 6 power deg/year. This maps to a right ascension error of 1.3 X 10 to the minus 5 power plus or minus 0.4 X 10 to the minus 5 power deg at the first Voyager 1979 Jupiter encounter if the current JPL DSS location set is used. Solutions for precession and polar motion using station locations based on DE 84 agree well with the solution using station locations referenced to DE 96. The precession solution removes the apparent drift in station longitude and spin axis distance estimates, while the encounter polar motion solutions consistently decrease the scatter in station spin axis distance estimates.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The Deep Space Network; p 29-49
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  • 31
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    Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement (SAM 2) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: The Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement 2 (SAM 2) is used to map the concentration and optical properties of stratospheric aerosols as a function of altitude, latitude, and longitude. The vertical distribution of the stratospheric aerosols in the polar regions of both hemispheres is provided.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 105-138
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  • 32
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    Summary report of the Data Acquisition and Utilization (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-12
    Beschreibung: Data acquisition and utilization in terms of turbulence, icing visibility, lightning, and severe storms are discussed. The capability to generate the data, data collection and reduction, and data dissemination and distribution are studied.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 238-243
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  • 33
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    Continuous wave lidar measurement of atmospheric visibility (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: The technique of measurement of phase shift with a modulated CW lidar system for the purpose of atmospheric visibility assessment was evaluated both theoretically and experimentally. A closed form solution for prediction of phase shift as a function of visibility and modulation frequency was developed. Data obtained with a bistatic CW lidar configuration were compared with predictions. Results indicate the expected trends with equipment parameters and call for more extensive experiments.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Applied Optics; 17; Jan. 15
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  • 34
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    Thermal structure of the primitive ionosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Exospheric neutral and electron temperatures have been estimated for the primitive upper atmosphere and ionosphere with various oxygen content in the scheme of our previous model (Shimizu and Shimazaki, 1976). The exospheric neutral temperature has been shown to be rather insensitive to the change of oxygen content, justifying our previous assumption for the temperature variation, while the exospheric electron temperature has been found to be quite sensitive to the compositional change, mainly owing to the strong dependence of electron density on the oxygen concentration.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Jan. 1
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  • 35
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    The evolution of the atmosphere of the earth (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Computer simulations of the evolution of the earth's atmospheric composition and surface temperature have been carried out. The program took into account changes in the solar luminosity, variations in the earth's albedo, the greenhouse effect, variation in the biomass, and a variety of geochemical processes. Results indicate that prior to two billion years ago the earth had a partially reduced atmosphere, which included N2, CO2, reduced carbon compounds, some NH3, but no free H2. Surface temperatures were higher than now, due to a large greenhouse effect. When free O2 appeared the temperature fell sharply. Had earth been only slightly further from the sun, runaway glaciation would have occurred at that time. Simulations also indicate that a runaway greenhouse would have occurred early in earth's history had earth been only a few percent closer to the sun. It therefore appears that, taking into account the possibilities of either runaway glaciation or a runaway greenhouse effect, the continuously habitable zone about a solar-type star is rather narrow, extending only from roughly 0.95 to 1.01 AU.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Icarus; 33; Jan. 197
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  • 36
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    Geographical variations of NO and O3 in the lower stratosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-17
    Beschreibung: Nitric oxide and ozone concentrations in the lower stratosphere have been measured from a high-altitude research aircraft using in situ measuring techniques. Results of several geographical surveys are presented along with predictions of two two-dimensional stratospheric models. Meridional and zonal data were obtained in June 1974 and in June, July, and August 1975. At longitudes 122-158 deg W the meridional data taken between 5 and 80 deg N latitude show an increasing NO concentration with latitude, by a factor of 4 at 21-km altitude and a less marked increase at 18 km. The minimum NO concentration at 21 km is observed at 5 deg N latitude and is about 6 x 10 to the 8th power/cu cm. Zonal data at latitudes 22-38 deg N taken from 55 to 176 deg N longitude show little variation of the NO and O3 concentrations with longitude.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research; 83; Apr. 20
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  • 37
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    A sampling procedure to guide the collection of narrow-band, high-resolution spatially and spectrally representative reflectance data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A multistage sampling procedure using image processing, geographical information systems, and analytical photogrammetry is presented which can be used to guide the collection of representative, high-resolution spectra and discrete reflectance targets for future satellite sensors. The procedure is general and can be adapted to characterize areas as small as minor watersheds and as large as multistate regions. Beginning with a user-determined study area, successive reductions in size and spectral variation are performed using image analysis techniques on data from the Multispectral Scanner, orbital and simulated Thematic Mapper, low altitude photography synchronized with the simulator, and associated digital data. An integrated image-based geographical information system supports processing requirements.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 38
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    GRM - Observing the terrestrial gravity and magnetic fields in the 1990's (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: NASA is proposing to launch a new geopotential fields exploration system called the Geopotential Research Mission (GRM). Two spacecraft will be placed in a circular polar orbit at 160 km altitude. Distances between these satellites will vary from 100 to 600 km. Both scalar and vector magnetic fields will be measured by magnetometers mounted on a boom positioned in the forward direction on the lead satellite. Gravity data will be computed from the measured change in distance between the two spacecraft. This quantity, called the range-rate, will be determined from the varying frequency (Doppler shift) between transmitter and receiver on each satellite. Expected accuracies (at the one-sigma level) are: gravity field, 1.0 milliGal, 5 cm geoid height; magnetics, scalar field 2 nT, vector to 20 arcsec, both resolved to less than 100 km. With these more accurate and higher resolution data, it will be possible to investigate the earth's structure from the crust (with the shorter wavelength gravity and magnetic anomalies) through the mantle (from the intermediate wavelength gravity field) and into the core (using the longer wavelength gravity and magnetic fields).
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: EOS (ISSN 0096-3941); 64; 609-611
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  • 39
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    Radiometric calibration of Seasat SAR imagery (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A goal of future synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system design is to yield the radiometrically accurate imagery necessary for use in classification problems. To accomplish this, a reliable calibration technique must be developed. Many such techniques have been proposed (e.g., Stiles and Holtzman, 1982); however, until now, none have been tested on spaceborne SAR digital data. In this paper, a method of significantly increasing the reproducibility of several independent Seasat SAR data sets of a test site using an automated correction procedure is described.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 40
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    A case study of the sensitivity of forecast skill to data and data analysis techniques (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A series of experiments have been conducted to examine the sensitivity of forecast skill to various data and data analysis techniques for the 0000 GMT case of January 21, 1979. These include the individual components of the FGGE observing system, the temperatures obtained with different satellite retrieval methods, and the method of vertical interpolation between the mandatory pressure analysis levels and the model sigma levels. It is found that NESS TIROS-N infrared retrievals seriously degrade a rawinsonde-only analysis over land, resulting in a poorer forecast over North America. Less degradation in the 72-hr forecast skill at sea level and some improvement at 500 mb is noted, relative to the control with TIROS-N retrievals produced with a physical inversion method which utilizes a 6-hr forecast first guess. NESS VTPR oceanic retrievals lead to an improved forecast over North America when added to the control.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 41
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    Effect of high latitude filtering on NWP skill (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: An assessment is made of the extent to which polar filtering may seriously affect the skill of latitude-longitude NWP models, such as the U.S. Navy's NOGAPS, or the GLAS fourth-order model. The limited experiments which have been completed to date with the 4 x 5-deg, 9-level version of the latter model indicate that the high latitude filter currently in operation affects its forecasting skill very little, with only one exception in which the use of the PG filter significantly improved forecasting.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 42
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    Measurements of stratospheric SO2 after the EL Chichon eruptions (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Samples of stratospheric trace gases were obtained on eight flights of NASA high-altitude aircraft from April 16 through December 13, 1982. The sampling occurred at altitudes from 15 to 22 km, latitudes from 23 to 52 deg N, and longitudes from 108 to 130 deg W. The cryogenically concentrated samples were analyzed by gas chromatography for SO2, a primary precursor of the gas-to-particle conversion process. The measured mixing ratio of SO2 varied between 8 and 132 pptv. Evidence from aerosol measurements indicates that a few of our early samples may have been collected in the fringes of the volcanic cloud from El Chichon. Samples obtained on some later flights may have been from the eruption cloud but were taken at times when most of the volcanically injected SO2 should have been converted to H2SO4.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1045-104
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    Effect of the eruption of El Chichon stratospheric aerosol size and composition (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Dominant effects of the El Chichon eruption on stratospheric aerosols at 19.8 to 20.7 km are: (1) vapor depositional growth of the small-aerosol (background) mode; (2) development of a large-particle mode by sedimentation from the highest altitudes in the cloud; (3) a change in the large-particle mode from sulfate-coated silicates to sulfate aerosols, some with silicate cores; (4) a 100-fold increase in sulfate mass in the large particle mode. Terminal velocities of large silicate particles, maximum r = 2.3 micron, sampled 1 month after eruption, and calibrated with the aid of lidar data, indicate initial injection to 26 to 27 km. Smaller velocities of sulfate aerosols, median r = 0.5 micron, are compatible with major growth in 2 to 3 months at 27 to 28 km. Aerosol settling accounts for the descent of the main lidar return to 26.5 km in August and to 20 to 21 km in December.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1021-102
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    Possible effects of the El Chichon volcanic cloud on the radiation budget of the northern tropics (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A series of calculations with a one-dimensional, time-marching, radiative-convective model are performed to assess the impact of the El Chichon volcanic cloud on the radiation budget of the northern tropics during the 6-month period following the injection of volcanic material into the stratosphere. Extensive measurement of the cloud obtained from airborne, spacecraft, and ground platforms were used to define the model parameters and to test the predictions of the model. The El Chichon cloud is predicted to have caused an increase in planetary albedo of 10 percent, a decrease in total solar radiation of 2-3 percent at the ground on cloudless days, and an increase in temperature of 3.5 K at the 24-km (30-mb) level. These predictions are compatible with relevant observations, within their respective error bars.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1057-106
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  • 45
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    Thunderstorm cloud top observations using satellite stereoscopy (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The present investigation has as objective to take a detailed look at the intense squall line over Oklahoma on May 2-3, 1979, using GOES stereoscopy combined with GOES infrared data. The synoptic situation and data sources are considered along with the stereoscopically observed cloud top ascent rates. Cloud top observations of intense thunderstorms are discussed, taking into account a contouring technique, the interpretation of infrared cloud top temperature patterns, and small-scale structure and its variability. It is found that GOES IR cloud top temperatures grossly underestimate the actual cloud top height observed stereoscopically, especially for immature storms. It is difficult to define growing storms below about 10 km in the GOES infrared data.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; 1949-196
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  • 46
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    Transport and the seasonal variation of ozone (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The transport mechanisms responsible for the seasonal behavior of total ozone are deduced from the comparison of model results to stratospheric data. The seasonal transport is dominated by a combination of the diabatic circulation and transient planetary wave activity acting on a diffusively and photochemically determined background state. The seasonal variation is not correctly modeled as a diffusive process. The buildup of total ozone at high latitudes during winter is dependent upon transient planetary wave activity of sufficient strength to cause the breakdown of the polar vortex. While midwinter warmings are responsible for enhanced ozone transport to high latitudes, the final warming marking the transition from zonal mean westerlies to zonal mean easterlies is the most important event leading to the spring maximum. The final warming is not followed by reacceleration of the mean flow; so that the ozone transport associated with this event is more pronounced than that associated with midwinter warmings.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Pure and Applied Geophysics (ISSN 0033-4553); 121; 5-6,
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  • 47
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    Conservation laws of wave action and potential enstrophy for Rossby waves in a stratified atmosphere (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The evolution of wave energy, enstrophy, and wave motion for atmospheric Rossby waves in a variable mean flow are discussed from a theoretical and pedagogic standpoint. In the absence of mean flow gradients, the wave energy density satisfies a local conservation law, with the appropriate flow velocity being the group velocity. In the presence of mean flow variations, wave energy is not conserved, but wave action is, provided the mean flow is independent of longitude. Wave enstrophy is conserved for arbitrary variations of the mean flow. Connections with Eiiassen-Palm flux are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Pure and Applied Geophysics (ISSN 0033-4553); 121; 5-6,; 917-946
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    A revised thermospheric model based on mass spectrometer and incoherent scatter data - MSIS-83 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: It is noted that the model presented here extends the previous description of neutral parameters to the base of the thermosphere in a continuous manner while maintaining the basic structure of the MSIS model at higher altitudes. As the altitude decreases, the composition approaches lower atmosphere values, whereas yearly, and to a lesser extent daily, variations in temperature and density are in reasonable agreement with earlier results for the lower thermosphere. An alternate description is given of magnetic storm variations on the basis of the three hour ap indices and an 8- to 10-hour exponential decay in thermospheric density and temperature response after a heating event. Additional coefficients are included for the time independent and magnetic activity terms, among them a longitudinally dependent seasonal magnetic activity effect. The description of molecular oxygen derives from mass spectrometer and EUV absorption measurements rather than ion chemistry.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10170-10
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  • 49
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    A parameterization of the absorption in the 15 micron CO2 spectral region with application to climate sensitivity studies (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A technique for quantifying the absorption that takes place in the 15 micron CO2 band in the atmosphere is developed as a function of the scaled CO2 content. A spectrally averaged transmission function is defined and a scaling approximation for the absorption coefficient is calculated, as is the width of the absorption band. An assessment is made of the accuracies of the parameterized atmospheric transmittance and cooling rate. The resulting radiation parameterization is applied in a climate sensitivity study. The model is concluded useful in examining atmospheres with a variable CO2 content, with the highest accuracies being available in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere. CO2 doubling the earth's atmosphere is projected to cause a 20 percent warming in the surface temperatures and a 30 percent warming for the tripling of the CO2 content, provided the spectral range for CO2 absorption is extended from 580-760 to 540-800/cm.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; 2183-219
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    The southern oscillation and long-range forecasting of the summer monsoon rainfall over India (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The Indian summer monsoon rainfall and the Darwin pressure anomalies are examined for the 81-year period 1901-81. It is found that the tendency of the Darwin pressure anomaly before the monsoon season is a good indicator of the monsoon rainfall anomaly. During the 81-year period, there were only two instances (1901, 1941) when a negative tendency of winter (December, January, February) to spring (March, April, May) Darwin pressure anomaly was followed by a monsoon rainfall anomaly of less than minus one standard deviation; and only three instances (1916, 1933, 1961) when a positive tendency was followed by a rainfall anomaly of more than one standard deviation. Therefore, if the Darwin pressure anomaly during March, April and May is below normal, and if the Darwin seasonal pressure anomaly has been falling, a non-occurrence of drought over India can be predicted with a very high degree of confidence. Similarly, above normal Darwin pressure during March, April and May, and increasing seasonal pressure anomaly is a good indicator of the non-occurrence of very heavy rain over India.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; 1830-183
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  • 51
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    Response of the mobile VLBI design to error sources (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The response of Mobile VLBI design to error sources is addressed. The sensitivity of the hydrogen maser to variations in ambient temperature is discussed, with an example of drifts in the frequency system causing excursions in the time-delay observable exceeding + or - 200 cm. It is shown that baselines determined only from S-band data can contain errors in excess of 30 cm during periods of high ionospheric activity. The effect of the troposphere on baseline solutions is examined by comparing calibrations from the Water Vapor Radiometer (WVR) to those from a surface model. The apparent ability of the WVR to track relatively short-period fluctuations in water vapor is noted. Finally, consideration is given to the effects of source structure and the technique of monitoring closure of the time-delay observable around a closed figure of baselines.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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  • 52
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    Stratospheric condensation nuclei and possible solar influences (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Balloon-borne measurements of condensation nuclei and H2SO4 molecules in large negative ion clusters have been made in the stratosphere at around 30 km altitude. The nuclei observed were in the 0.01-0.1 micron diameter range. Consideration was given to sunspot activity as a triggering event for ionization of upper atmospheric H2SO4 species and subsequent formation of the nuclei. A numerical model was defined for a steady state between the H2SO4 association and ion recombination in order to determine a critical nucleation rate. It is concluded that condensation nuclei are produced in ion nucleation in an H2SO4 supersaturated polar cloud chamber, with the process being initiated by solar flare particle ionization.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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  • 53
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    A study of solar activity-ozone relationship from Nimbus-4 BUV data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The total O3 and the O3 mixing ratio at various pressure levels in the stratosphere measured from the Nimbus-4 BUV experiment over a 7-yr period (1970 to 1977) comprises a comprehensive data base available to study the possible effects of solar variability on stratospheric O3. It is shown that with the decrease in solar activity from 1970 to 1976, the globally averaged O3 inferred from Nimbus-4 data decreases from about 10 to 12 percent in the upper stratosphere to about 1 to 3 percent in the lower stratosphere. The systematic decrease in O3 seems to be correlated with the conventional indices of solar activity; however, it is difficult to account for the observed changes at various pressure levels with the current understanding of the photochemical models and the solar UV flux variations over a solar cycle.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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  • 54
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    Delta function excitation of waves in the earth's ionosphere (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Excitation of the earth's ionosphere by delta function current sheets is considered, and the temporal and spatial evolution of wave packets is analyzed for a two-component collisional F2 layer. Approximations of an inverse Fourier-Laplace transform via saddle point methods provide plots of typical wave packets. These illustrate cold plasma wave theory and may be used as a diagnostic tool since it is possible to relate specific features, e.g., the frequency of a modulation envelope, to plasma parameters such as the electron cyclotron frequency. It is also possible to deduce the propagation path length and orientation of a remote radio beacon.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Radio Science (ISSN 0048-6604); 18; 1337-135
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    Normal mode study of the earth's rigid body motions (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: In this paper it is shown that the earth's rigid body (rb) motions can be represented by an analytical set of eigensolutions to the equation of motion for elastic-gravitational free oscillations. Thus each degree of freedom in the rb motion is associated with a rb normal mode. Cases of both nonrotating and rotating earth models are studied, and it is shown that the rb modes do incorporate neatly into the earth's system of normal modes of free oscillation. The excitation formula for the rb modes are also obtained, based on normal mode theory. Physical implications of the results are summarized and the fundamental differences between rb modes and seismic modes are emphasized. In particular, it is ascertained that the Chandler wobble, being one of the rb modes belonging to the rotating earth, can be studied using the established theory of normal modes.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 9437-944
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    Remote sensing technology transfer at the NASA Technology Application Center, University of New Mexico (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Segmentation of remotely sensed data using parallel region growing (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The improved spatial resolution of the new earth resources satellites will increase the need for effective utilization of spatial information in machine processing of remotely sensed data. One promising technique is scene segmentation by region growing. Region growing can use spatial information in two ways: only spatially adjacent regions merge together, and merging criteria can be based on region-wide spatial features. A simple region growing approach is described in which the similarity criterion is based on region mean and variance (a simple spatial feature). An effective way to implement region growing for remote sensing is as an iterative parallel process on a large parallel processor. A straightforward parallel pixel-based implementation of the algorithm is explored and its efficiency is compared with sequential pixel-based, sequential region-based, and parallel region-based implementations. Experimental results from on aircraft scanner data set are presented, as is a discussioon of proposed improvements to the segmentation algorithm.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    A mechanism for plasma waves at the harmonics of the plasma frequency in the electron foreshock boundary (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A bump-on-tail unstable reduced velocity distribution, constructed from data obtained at the upstream boundary of the electron foreshock by the GSFC electron spectrometer experiment on the ISEE-1 satellite, is used as the initial plasma state for a numerical integration of the 1D-Vlasov-Maxwell system of equations. The integration is carried through the growth of the instability, beyond its saturation, and well into the stabilized plasma regime. A power spectrum computed for the electric field of the stabilized plasma is dominated by a narrow peak at the Bohm-Gross frequency of the unstable field mode but also contains significant power at the harmonics of the Bohm-Gross frequency. The harmonic power is in sharp peaks which are split into closely spaced doublets. The fundamental peak at the Bohm-Gross frequency is split into a closely spaced triplet. The mechanism for excitation of the second harmonic is shown to be second order wave-wave coupling. Previously announced in STAR as N83-17315
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 9081-909
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    The utilization of Nimbus-7 SMMR measurements to delineate rainfall over land (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Approaches for developing an improved passive microwave technique to delineate rain from wet land surfaces are considered, and an investigation is conducted with the objective to study the application of these ideas with empirical data. The investigation includes a statistical analysis of Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) 37.0, 18.0, and 10.7 GHz data. The possibility was assessed to make use of the 18.0 and 10.7 GHz channels in order to reduce the ambiguities found in the 37.0 GHz radiometer data for differentiating rainfall areas from wet land surfaces. It was found, however, that none of the SMMR channels could differentiate rain from wet or dry land when surface temperatures were less than 15 C. It appears that an improved rainfall-over-land detection technique could be developed by two different methods, utilizing both satellite infrared and multifrequency dual polarized passive microwave data.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; 1753-176
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  • 60
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    Light extinction by aerosols during summer air pollution (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: In order to utilize satellite measurements of optical thickness over land for estimating aerosol properties during air pollution episodes, the optical thickness was measured from the surface and investigated. Aerosol optical thicknesses have been derived from solar transmission measurements in eight spectral bands within the band lambda 440-870 nm during the summers of 1980 and 1981 near Washington, DC. The optical thicknesses for the eight bands are strongly correlated. It was found that first eigenvalue of the covariance matrix of all observations accounts for 99 percent of the trace of the matrix. Since the measured aerosol optical thickness was closely proportional to the wavelength raised to a power, the aerosol size distribution derived from it is proportional to the diameter (d) raised to a power for the range of diameters between 0.1 to 1.0 micron. This power is insensitive to the total optical thickness. Changes in the aerosol optical thickness depend on several aerosol parameters, but it is difficult to identify the dominant one. The effects of relative humidity and accumulation mode concentration on the optical thickness are analyzed theoretically, and compared with the measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; 1694-170
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  • 61
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    Medium scale disturbances in total ozone during Southern Hemisphere summer (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Distinct medium scale disturbances in Southern Hemisphere total ozone were observed by the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer during the 1979 FGGE observing period. These disturbances are shown to be a result of advection by the zonal harmonic wave five which is centered near the tropopause (Salby, 1982). The contribution to the total ozone field by vertical advection due to this wave is shown to be nearly equal to that due to horizontal advection.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 64; 1358-136
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  • 62
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    The SIR-A radar of the American Space Shuttle - Technical characteristics and overview of French experiments (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The scientific instruments comprising the OSTA-1 package flown on the second Shuttle mission (November 12-14, 1981) are listed, and the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) experiments are examined in detail: SIR-A operated for 8 h and obtained images covering more than 10 million sq km at 40-m resolution. The images were recorded on photographic film and processed in holographic form at JPL, and data for Southern Europe and parts of Africa were distributed to French scientists by the Groupement pour le Developpement de la Teledetection Aerospatiale. The main areas of research were environmental studies and geology, and the SIR-A images were used in combination with aerial photography, thematic maps, and Landsat images. The technical specifications of the SIR-B radar planned for STS-17 in 1984 are compared with those of SIR-A and Seasat SAR in tables.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Societe Francaise de Photogrammetrie et de Teledetection, Bulletin (ISSN 0244-6014); 91, 1; 5-9
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  • 63
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    Isotopic evidence from the eastern Canadian shield for geochemical discontinuity in the Proterozoic mantle (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The Nd and Sr isotopic compositions presently reported for anorthosites and related rocks from the Grenville and Nain Provinces of the eastern Canadian shield indicate that the massifs were delivered from at least two distinct mantle source regions which were established before 1650 Myr ago. These regions were episodically involved in magmatism over about 500 Myr. One reservoir was isotopically similar to the depleted, modern midocean ridge basalt source. The other reservoir was chondritic-to-moderately-enriched, and is most easily identified in the Nain Province, but may have occurred scattered throughout Superior Province, as well.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 306; 679
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    Distribution, abundance and carbon isotopic composition of gaseous hydrocarbons in Big Soda Lake, Nevada - An alkaline, meromictic lake (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The study of the distribution and isotopic composition of low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases at the Big Soda Lake, Nevada, has shown that while neither ethylene nor propylene were found in the lake, ethane, propane, isobutane and n-butane concentrations all increased with water column depth. It is concluded that methane has a biogenic origin in both the sediments and the anoxic water column, and that C2-C4 alkanes have biogenic origins in the monimolimnion water and shallow sediments. The changes observed in delta C-13/CH4/ and CH4/(C2H6 + C3H8) with depth in the water column and sedimeents are probably due to bacterial processes, which may include anaerobic methane oxidation and different rates of methanogenesis, and C2-to-C4 alkane production by microorganisms.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (ISSN 0016-7037); 47; 2107-211
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    Autoregressive harmonic analysis of the earth's polar motion using homogeneous International Latitude Service data (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The homogeneous set of 80-year-long (1900-1979) International Latitude Service (ILS) polar motion data is analyzed using the autoregressive method (Chao and Gilbert, 1980), which resolves and produces estimates for the complex frequency (or frequency and Q) and complex amplitude (or amplitude and phase) of each harmonic component in the data. The ILS data support the multiple-component hypothesis of the Chandler wobble. It is found that the Chandler wobble can be adequately modeled as a linear combination of four (coherent) harmonic components, each of which represents a steady, nearly circular, prograde motion. The four-component Chandler wobble model 'explains' the apparent phase reversal during 1920-1940 and the pre-1950 empirical period-amplitude relation. The annual wobble is shown to be rather stationary over the years both in amplitude and in phase, and no evidence is found to support the large variations reported by earlier investigations. The Markowitz wobble is found to be marginally retrograde and appears to have a complicated behavior which cannot be resolved because of the shortness of the data set.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10299-10
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  • 66
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    Comparison of Yamato and Victoria Land polymict eucrites - A view from mineralogical and isotopic studies (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: New interior samples of four Yamato polymict eucrites (Y74159, Y74450, Y75011, and Y75015) have been studied by electron microprobe, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction techniques, and compared with several samples of the Victoria Land polymict eucrites. These same samples have been analysed using Rb-Sr and Nd-Sm isotopic systematics. Several grains of inverted pigeonite, with blebby augite similar to those in Binda and Moama, have been identified in all four Yamato eucrites. Coarse-grained meso-stasis-rich subophitic basalts, which contain Mg-rich pigeonite (with Fe-rich olivine veinlets) zoned outward to a subcalcic ferroaugite rims, have also been found. These unique clasts were not found in ALH76005, 77302, 78040, 7858, and 78165 and EET eucrites. The tight grouping of Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd ratos, and similar modal compositions of the Yamato group indicate that they are most likely to be pieces from a single fall, and distinct from the ALH and EET groups. However, the Yamato, Allan Hills, and Elephant Moraine groups may sample a few distinct magmas or similar but different source regions on the same parent body.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research, Supplement (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; B245-B25
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    SERIES - Satellite Emission Range Inferred Earth Surveying (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The Satellite Emission Range Inferred Earth Surveying (SERIES) concept is based on the utilization of NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) radio transmissions without any satellite modifications and in a totally passive mode. The SERIES stations are equipped with lightweight 1.5 m diameter dish antennas mounted on trailers. A series baseline measurement accuracy demonstration is considered, taking into account a 100 meter baseline estimation from approximately one hour of differential Doppler data. It is planned to conduct the next phase of experiments on a 150 m baseline. Attention is given to details regarding future baseline measurement accuracy demonstrations, aspects of ionospheric calibration in connection with subdecimeter baseline accuracy requirements of geodesy, and advantages related to the use of the differential Doppler or pseudoranging mode.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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    Calculated stormtime variations in plasmaspheric thermal ion composition (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Model calculations describing stormtime variations in the earth's dayside plasmasphere are used to examine variations in ion composition. The model storm is initiated by high-latitude thermospheric heating that generates meridional winds that carry neutral species, momentum, and energy equatorward. The thermosphere acts on the plasmasphere through collisional transfer of momentum and through chemical reactions between neutral species and ions. Over latitudes near the region of thermospheric heating, the thermosphere-plasmasphere coupling processes cause enhancement in the density of oxygen ions while protons are being lost. Meanwhile, densities of oxygen ions and protons near the equator are increasing together, almost in phase. The largest enhancements in ion density develop at latitudes near 45 deg invariant for both oxygen and hydrogen.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10233-10
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    Remote sensing for exploration - An overview (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The use of remote sensing in resource exploration is reviewed, with emphasis placed on new developments in high spectral resolution remote-sensing techniques for mineralogic and vegetation mapping. Topics discussed include aerial photography and satellite remote sensing, concepts and principles of spectral data collection, spectral properties of rocks and minerals, spectral properties of vegetation, and botanical aspects of geochemical stress. The discussion also covers applications of Landsat multispectral scanner data to lithologic and geobotanic studies and the future development of data acquisition and data interpretation techniques.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Economic Geology and Society of Economic Geologists, Bulletin (ISSN 0361-0128); 78; 573-590
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    Monte Carlo simulation of the effect of soil moisture variation on the microwave emission from soils (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: In this paper, results of a Monte Carlo simulation of the effect of noise on the relationship between the microwave emissivity of soil and its moisture content are presented. It is found that whenever the magnitude of the noise for the independent variable, in this case the soil moisture, is increased, both the slope of the regression and the correlation coefficient decrease. In particular, when the noise has magnitude equivalent to a coefficient of variation of 0.25, the slope and correlation coefficient are in good agreement with those obtained from the data of a 21-cm airborne microwave radiometer which was flown over a test site in hand county, South Dakota. The comparison was made using a linear relationship to determine the estimated emissivity from the ground measurements of soil moisture. The linear relationship was derived from a radiative transfer model calculation of the microwave emissivities using realistic soil-moisture profiles. The effect of surface roughness was included in the relationship, and the variability of the surface roughness was also simulated by a Monte Carlo technique.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-21; 473-479
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    Development of the JSC Thematic Mapper quick-look preprocessing capability (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The development of a preprocessing unit for Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data for the Earth Observations Data Laboratory at Johnson Space Center is reported. The background of the project is sketched, including the greatly increased data-handling requirements compared to MSS, the influence of the JPL VICAR system on the system design, and the completeness of the GSFC SCROUNGE (LASLIB) TM data tapes. The design approach and realization are discussed, and the performance and transportability of the preprocessor programs (totaling about 2000 lines of source code in FORTRAN and IBM Assembly languages) are indicated. The system is able to read the TM image tapes, extract areas of interest to particular studies, and register the extracted imagery to suitable references. Ancillary programs include image enhancement, rotation, filtering and pixel-size modification.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    NASA technology transfer in the southwest states - Arizona, Colorado, Nevada and Utah (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Features of the NASA Regional Application Program for providing state and local land management agencies an opportunity to assess the usefulness of emerging remote sensing technology are described. The Program guidelines necessitated configuring software for local facilities, assuring that the aggncy involved furnished manpower, and applying the technology to local needs. The study focused on the southwestern U.S., particularly for purposes of water management, federal/state ownership/policy, energy development, environmental impact issues, timber and range inventory, fire control, and urban expansion. Demonstration projects were conducted in various topics, according to the state surveyed, with the success of the projects determined by the willingness of the agencies to continue with the technology, which happened in several cases.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    A model study of the effects of intermittent loss on odd nitrogen concentrations in the lower troposphere (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A time-dependent box model of the lower troposphere which includes a description of photochemical and physical processes has been developed. This model has been applied to the calculation of nitric acid and NO(x)(NO + NO2) concentrations over a diurnal cycle which includes precipitation. Nitric acid concentrations and the HNO3/NO(x) ratio are found to be highly variable under the assumptions regarding the frequency, duration, and intensity of precipitation employed in this model. The chemistry of odd nitrogen compounds during the night is potentially important in establishing the level of nitric acid in the lower troposphere. These calculations also indicate that relatively large errors may occur when the continuity equation describing nitric acid variations is averaged over a diurnal cycle which includes precipitation. Interpretation of simultaneous measurements of HNO3 and NO(x) will require some knowledge of the history of the observed air mass and may require an improved understanding of nighttime odd nitrogen chemistry.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10697-10
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    Observation of wave-wave interactions in the stratosphere (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Data from the LIMS instrument for January 1979 are used to provide further evidence for the often observed vacillation between the amplitudes of waves 1 and 2 in the stratosphere. The vacillation is shown to result primarily from nonlinear wave-wave interactions within the stratosphere. Two ways of interpreting nonlinearity are discussed. In the first, the basic state is defined to include large amplitude waves as well as the mean zonal wind. A forced wave propagates with respect to this asymmetric basic state, which can lead to changes in the conventional zonal wavenumber measured at one latitude. The other view of nonlinearity, interaction of wave with the zonal flow and with other wavenumbers are considered separately. Wave-wave interactions among waves 1, 2 and 3 are calculated. The derivation and computation of wave-wave interaction terms in the potential enstrophy balance are given. The observations indicate that enstrophy transfer among waves can be substantial even when the amplitude of one of the contributing waves is small. The computed enstrophy balance also demonstrates that wave-wave interactions can have a large effect on the interaction of waves with the mean flow.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; 2484-249
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    Stratospheric temperature profile from balloon-borne measurements of the 10.4-micron band of CO2 (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The technique of nonlinear least squares spectral curve fitting has been used to derive the stratospheric vertical temperature profile from balloon-borne measurements of the 10.4 micron band of CO2. The spectral data were obtained at sunset with the approximately 0.02 per cm resolution University of Denver interferometer system from a float altitude of 33.5 km near Alamogordo, New Mexico, on 23 March 1981. The r.m.s. deviation between the retrieved temperature profile and correlative radiosonde measurements is 2.2 K.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer (ISSN 0022-4073); 30; 327-334
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    Electric field measurements at the magnetopause. I Observation of large convective velocities at rotational magnetopause discontinuities (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Large convective electric fields of the order of 10 mV/m (sometimes as high as 22 mV/m) are observed at rotational magnetopause discontinuities. These observations were made with the long cylindrical (179-m base line) probes carried on the ISEE 1 satellite. These electric field observations yield convective velocity magnitudes (equal to the cross product of the vector E and the vector B, the latter divided by the square of the magnitude of B) of the order of 150 km/s. In this format for the convective velocity magnitudes, some of these observations are similar to the high speed plasma velocity observations that were made at the magnetopause with the plasma experiment carried on the ISEE 1 satellite. It is shown that, for many of these magnetopause crossings, there exists a special moving coordinate system where the observed electric fields vanish. Such a unique reference system is often used in theoretical studies of magnetic discontinuities. This special coordinate system does not move at the local plasma velocity but moves instead at a velocity intermediate between the convective velocity and the local Alfven velocity. It is used here as a diagnostic tool for the experimental investigation of rotational discontinuities at the magnetopause.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10000-10
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    An analysis of the 'Blizzard of '88' (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The analysis of the blizzard, an intense cyclone that was accompanied by unusually heavy snowfall, high winds, and cold temperatures, is carried out using a collection of detailed surface weather observations. It follows the cyclone from its genesis along a slow-moving frontal system through its rapid development and occlusion along the Middle Atlantic and southern New England coasts. Unusual aspects of the cyclone are discussed. Among these are the limited areal extent of heavy snow accumulations, the establishment of very cold air across western New England and the Middle Atlantic states, a persistent stationary front zone across central New England that separated frigid continental air from maritime air, and the slow movement and rapid warming associated with the decay of the storm.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 64; 1258-127
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    Stratospheric water vapor variability for Washington, DC/Boulder, CO - 1964-82 (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Measurements for Washington, DC and Boulder, CO are combined to provide a time series of midlatitude stratospheric water vapor data for the period 1964-82. The mean concentration for the data period is shown to be nearly constant with altitude for the low stratospheric layer between 16-22 km with a mass mixing ratio for the layer of 2.5-2.6 ppmm. Above 22 km the mixing ratio increases slightly with altitude. Evident in the 60 mb level time series is an annual cycle, a quasi-biennial cycle and a long-term nonlinear trend. The quasi-biennial cycle in water vapor at midlatitudes is consistent with variations in tropical stratosphere zonal winds and temperature and total ozone and suggests a modulation of the Hadley cell circulation. The long-term trend shows mixing ratio increasing during the 1960s and decreasing in the 1970s after 1972.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; 2157-216
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    A satellite stereoscopic technique to estimate tropical cyclone intensity (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The techniques used to obtain the mean equivalent temperature of the eye wall for Hurricanes Frederic (1979) and Allen (1980) using GOES satellite IR and stereoscopic observations are described. The eye wall is the area of greatest convection near the center of the storm, and is bounded by the inner radius around the eye and the outer radius bounding the area of inner core convection. The stereoscopic capability afforded by the GOES West and East spacecraft permits simultaneous, two-view imagery of a tropical cyclone, yielding height measurement accuracies of 0.5 km and horizontal accuracies as small as 1 km. An airborne lidar unit was used to verify the height measurements made of Hurricane Frederic. At the same time, the GOES East Visible IR Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) provided the mean wall temperatures from the release of latent heat. The trials aided in identifying the assumptions and consequent inaccuracies introduced into the temperature sounding data during analysis. The satellite data is concluded useful for monitoring changes in storm intensity.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; 1599-161
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    Estimation of lower crust magnetization form satellite derived anomaly field (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Various lines of evidence point to the lower crust as the source of the long-wavelength magnetic anomaly field measured by the POGO and Magsat satellites. Using seismically determined lower crust thicknesses and equivalent source inversion of the satellite anomaly data, magnetization for the lower crust for much of the United States has been calculated. The average magnetization for two hundred sixty-six 150 x 150 km areas is 3.5 A/m with a standard deviation of 1.1 A/m. These values are consistent with laboratory measurements of mafic-ultramafic rocks expected in the lower crust, and in agreement with previous estimates of lower crust magnetization based on long-wavelength aeromagnetic data. Average lower crust thickness for the same areas is 18.2 km (sigma = 6.4). Thus, over large regions, it appears that variation in magnetization and variation in magnetic layer thickness contribute almost equally in causing the anomaly field variation at satellite altitude.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Tectonophysics (ISSN 0040-1951); 93; 33-45
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    Cold plasma distribution above a few thousand kilometers at high latitudes (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Great advances with respect to the study of the earth's magnetosphere could be achieved in connection with the launch of the Dynamics Explorer (DE) 1 and 2 spacecraft. These advances were made possible partly because of the unique combination of coplanar orbits which simultaneously sample the low altitude ionospheric and atmospheric signature (DE-2) and the high altitude phenomena of the inner magnetosphere (DE-1). It was, thus, feasible to obtain new measurements of the coupling of plasmas and fields between these fundamentally important regions. One basic element of the coupling involves the interchange of low energy plasma between the ionosphere and magnetosphere. The flow characteristics of the low energy plasma are indicators of the magnetospheric and ionospheric electric fields which drive the current system. The Retarding Ion Mass Spectrometer (RIMS) instrument has been designed for conducting measurements regarding this plasma population. Attention is given to details regarding RIMS, an example RIMS orbit, plasma trough characteristics, and polar cap phenomena.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
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  • 82
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    Mass spectrometric measurements in the lower thermosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Several types of spectrometers are discussed along with their methods of operations. The open source magnetic deflection type mass spectrometer and the quadrupole mass spectrometer are described in detail. The calibration and mounting procedures used for satellite-borne mass spectrometers were reviewed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 120-129
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  • 83
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    Atmospheric electrification (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Research areas of atmospheric electricity that could be explored from the shuttle or the tethered satellite are discussed. Emphasis is placed on atmospheric current flow and telluric currents. A model depicting the atmospheric electric global circuit is presented.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 130-133
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  • 84
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    In situ measurement of reactive neutral constituents in the thermosphere by atomic and molecular resonance fluorescence (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The Tethered Satellite System in combination with in situ atomic and molecular resonance fluorescence techniques can treat the problem of simultaneously determining the absolute density of atomic and molecular species known to control the photochemical structure of the upper atmosphere. Two familities of reactants which can be treated by these techniques are the nitrogen oxygen family and the hydrogen oxygen family.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 111-118
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  • 85
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    Reduction and analysis of satellite magnetometer data (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The broad-scale magnetic anomalies that appear in regional complications of aeromagnetic data, and in regional and global maps are discussed. Satellite data can be of value in defining such anomalies and invaluable, especially when utilized with airborne data, in their interpretation. The reduction and interpretation of satellite magnetometer data differ significantly from the standard techniques that are routinely applied to conventional measurements. The reduction of the data is discussed and its morphology is detailed. Interpretational techniques that are applicable are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on the Use of a Tethered Satellite System; p 59-91
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  • 86
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    Remote sensing investigations of wetland biomass and productivity for global biosystems research (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Monitoring biomass of wetlands ecosystems can provide information on net primary production and on the chemical and physical status of wetland soils relative to anaerobic microbial transformation of key elements. Multispectral remote sensing techniques successfully estimated macrophytic biomass in wetlands systems. Regression models developed from ground spectral data for predicting Spartina alterniflora biomass over an entire growing season include seasonal variations in biomass density and illumination intensity. An independent set of biomass and spectral data were collected and the standing crop biomass and net primary productivity were estimated. The improved spatial, radiometric and spectral resolution of th LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper over the LANDSAT MSS can greatly enhance multispectral techniques for estimating wetlands biomass over large areas. These techniques can provide the biomass data necessary for global ecology studies.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 4 p
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  • 87
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    An evaluation of LANDSAT-4 thematic mapper data for their geometric and radiometric accuracies and their relevance to geologic mapping (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Thematic mapper scenes for Washington, D.C. and Macon, Georgia were examined to determine their radiometry and geometric accuracy. Specific band ratios were used to determine their effectiveness in defining vegetation and rock mineralogy. the TM 3/4 band ratio was used to define vegetation and the 5/2 band ratio was used to define limonitic rocks. The 5/7 band ratio was evaluated to test the effectiveness of the 1.6 and 2.2 mm bands in detecting clay and carbonate bearing rocks. Preliminary results show that clay minerals containing absorption bands at 2.2 mm, which are centered in the TM band 7, can be readily detected when the band ratio images are suitably contrast stretched. Bright rocks, such as marbles, which contain absorption bands in the 2.33 mm region, near the wavelength of TM band 7, are only evident upon harsher contrast stretching of the 5/7 band ratio. Geobotanical studies of Washington, D.C. show that monospecific forest canopies can be differentiated.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 5 p
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  • 88
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    Thematic mapper intraband radiometric performance (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: There are small differences between the average DN for the 16 detectors in each band, typically 0.8 DN; the standard deviations also differ typically by 0.4 DN. Differences of mode in a band are as large as 6 DN. Some DN levels appear to be strongly favored over adjacent levels. Differences between forward and reverse scans are approximately 0.1 DN in the mean, and 0 to 0.6 DN in the standard deviation. Geometrically resampled images (P data), in which the fixed correspondence between lines and single detectors is lost, are statistically similiar to the ensemble of detectors in each band in A data. The magnitude of inter-detector variation is readily seen by making an image of the first derivative in the vertical (line) direction of a flat field and stretching progressively wider ranges to gray; most detectors differ from their neighbors by 1 to 2 DN. The film output from the GSFC filmwriter used for TM images was found to have scale errors in both sample and line directions corresponding to four pixels in a TM image, and skew corresponding to three pixels.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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  • 89
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    In-progress absolute radiometric inflight calibration of the LANDSAT-4 sensors (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: An approach is described for providing periodic inflight absolute radiometric calibrations of the LANDSAT-4 sensors by reference to selected, instrumented ground areas. Results of some early ground measurements and computer simulations are presented. Selection of a suitable ground reference site, accurate measurement of the spectral reflectance of the selected area, determination of atmospheric characteristics during the morning of the sensor overpass, reduction of the measured data and their use in an appropriate atmospheric radiative transfer program, and comparison of the radiance level data with the digital counts of for the images of the selected areas are discussed. Preliminary measurements of gypsum are being made as an aid in defining the characteristics of field equipment to be constructed and calibrated for use over the White Sands Missile Range.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 3 p
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  • 90
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    Spectral characterization of the LANDSAT-4 thematic mapper sensors (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Data collected on the spectral characteristics of the LANDSAT-4 and LANDSAT-4 backup thematic mapper instruments, the protoflight (PF) and flight (F) models, respectively are analyzed and summarized. Tests were conducted on the instruments and their components to determine compliance with two sets of spectral specifications: Band-by-band spectral coverage and channel-by-channel within-band spectral matching.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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  • 91
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    Thermal band characterization of LANDSAT-4 thematic mapper (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The TM band 6 shutter background and the 34.7 C internal black body signal were measured over 50 day dates. Variability of the shutter background temperature was from 7 C to 11 C. For ten specific images, the digital counts of the calibration data were measured. The average pulse value of the black body peak decreased from 174 to 149 counts while the shutter background counts varied as a function of shutter temperature from 77 to 85. Relative internal gains between the four channels were calculated and compared to prelaunch values. They showed gains over 9 months of up to 5%. Frequency histograms of number of pixels vs. digital counts from a night scene were used to determine gain relative to the mean and to discern a systematic along-scan pattern in a difference between forward and reverse scan counts of up to 0.5. A corrected digital image was obtained. A temperature estimate for and area of Lake Erie of 18.5 C to 19.9 C was obtained. Local temperature records showed 21 C.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 3 p
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  • 92
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    Impact of LANDSAT MSS sensor differences on change detection analysis (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Differences in overall sensor response, due to both factors within the sensor system, and external factors such as atmospheric effects, must be dealt with before change detection techniques using image differencing can be successfully implemented. The approach used to be coregister data to a base, followed by between image scatterogram generation and evaluation, and image differencing. Data from LANDSAT 2 and 3 were registered to LANDSAT 4 data. The area was limited to a small protion of the scene near the City of Santa Cruz because this was the only area cloud and haze free on all the images. Visual examination of each image, as well as the between image scatterograms, provide information on radiometric characteristics of each sensor. The image differencing, after normalizing for radiometric differences, provides a visual depiction of geometric distortions.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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  • 93
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    Investigation of radiometric properties of LANDSAT-4 MSS (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Two full frames of radiometrically corrected (Type A) LANDSAT-4 MSS data were analyzed digitally and visually for evidence of residual calibration differences between detectors, quantization effects, and other sensor-related artifacts. Both standard statistical and Fourier analysis techniques were employed. Opportunities for coincident coverage by LANDSATS 3 and 4 were identified in the contiguous 48 states. Paired acquisitions for two scenes were obtained and analyzed to establish relationships between signal values from common areas imaged by the two MSS Systems. Initial findings on detector-to-detector differences, coherent noise, and LANDSAT 4 to LANDSAT 3 calibration are summarized. Results show that LANDSAT 4 MSS produces data of generally good quality with dynamic ranges and target responses similar to those of previous sensors.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 3 p
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    TM report (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Key spectral, radiometric, and geometric characteristics of the TM sensor are examined. Spectrally, band 5 is slightly wider than specified and its upper edge at 50% of miximum of 1784 nm includes some unintended overlap with water absorption bands. Thermal band 6 is half the expected width. Radiometrically, the TM has extreme linearity and stability in comparison with previous MSS photomultiplier systems. Forward and reverse scans on TM show some unexplained radiometric differences of up to four digital levels. Primary focal plane bands show a monotomic decrease in gain of about 5% in the five months since launch. The relative internal gains of bands 5 and 7 varied with a period of about 60 days and an amplitude of about 6%. Radiometric calibration must be applied before histogram equalization algorithms to preserve radiometric accuracy. Geometrically, channel 4 in band 2 has a smaller modulation transfer function than desired. There is apparent misregistration of .75 pixels along scan and 0.2 pixels across scan.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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    LANDSAT-4 evaluation program and scientific characterization activities (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The characterization objectives of the LANDSAT 4 Science Office at GSFC are to: (1) determine the accuracy and precision of sensor and spacecraft performance, image data quality, and derived information; (2) recommend LANDSAT 4 system improvements; and (3) communicate results to the research community. In-house activities are directed toward full access and utilization of the prelaunch and in-orbit engineering test data on the sensor and spacecraft. Principle scientists in remote sensing are involved as part of a major scientific characterization effort, and workshops were held for these investigative teams. A symposium is scheduled prior to turnover of the TM to NOAA.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 2 p
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  • 96
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    LANDSAT-4 hightlights (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The LANDSAT 4 thematic mapper sensor possesses approximately twice the spectral resolution, three times the spatial resolution, and four times the spectral sensitivity of the MSS sensor on earlier LANDSAT satellites. Spectral bands on the TM, particularly those at wavelengths of 1.6 and 2.2 micrometers are useful for: (1) distinguishing crops such as rice and soybeans; (2) surveying areas that are cultivated in strip crop fashion; (3) determining clay variations and abundances and rock classifications; and (4) differentiating nutrients and sediments found in coastal waters. The sensor can identify surface features 30 meters on a side, which roughly corresponds to a standard city block. Highway construction, land excavation, urban growth, and the health and extent of vegetation can be detected.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization; 3 p
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  • 97
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    Future research contributions of the VAS (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The VAS data which are used for studying and predicting numerous meteorological phenomena are discussed. These phenomena include severe local storm antecedent conditions, the formative stages of tropical cyclones, the definition of upper tropospheric circulation features, and as input to synoptic scale prediction models.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 49-50
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    Some potential research applications of GOES/VAS data in meteorology (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The understanding and utilization of radiance data from the VAS instrument for meteorological purposes which requires an extensive and organized research plan whose ultimate goal is to provide quantitative measurements of the structure/dynamics of the atmosphere is outlined. The unique multispectral VAS data are potentially useful in almost all aspects of meteorology but have immediate applications in the mesoscale and severe storm research area since measurements are available over regional areas at time intervals of less than 1 hour. The higher priority research applications of VAS data pertaining to the interpretation and utilization of the passive VAS radiance measurements for mesoscale and severe-storm research are reviewed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 51-52
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    VAS applications at Colorado State University (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The application of the VAS program is outlined. The initial assessments of VAS radiometer and satellite performance were satisfactory; and VAS operations were smoothly carried out by the NESS SOCC and associated processing and retransmission facilities. The availability of advanced image processing systems, previous studies with the geosynchronous European Space Agency Meteorological Satellite (Meteosat), and the polar orbiter multichannel radiance data enabled the progress of the application. The VAS data are implemented as these data are received in the real time VISSR mode, and as dwell sounding (DS) and multispectral imaging (MSI) radiances on magnetic tapes.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 45-47
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    AVE/VAS experiment: Ground truth network (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The visible/infrared spin scan radiometer (VISSR) atmospheric sounder (VAS) rawinsonde field program is discussed. Specific items covered include: planning, personnel requirements and training, operational requirement and procedures, sounding times and dates, methods of data processing, data inventory, and status of data processing.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 37-38
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