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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (1,193)
  • 2025-2025
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (643)
  • 1975-1979  (550)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1980  (643)
  • 1978  (550)
Collection
Keywords
Years
  • 2025-2025
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (643)
  • 1975-1979  (550)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
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    Estimate of procession and polar motion errors from planetary encounter station location solutions (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Jet Propulsion Laboratory Deep Space Station (DSS) location solutions based on two JPL planetary ephemerides, DE 84 and DE 96, at eight planetary encounters were used to obtain weighted least squares estimates of precession and polar motion errors. The solution for precession error in right ascension yields a value of 0.3 X 10 to the minus 5 power plus or minus 0.8 X 10 to the minus 6 power deg/year. This maps to a right ascension error of 1.3 X 10 to the minus 5 power plus or minus 0.4 X 10 to the minus 5 power deg at the first Voyager 1979 Jupiter encounter if the current JPL DSS location set is used. Solutions for precession and polar motion using station locations based on DE 84 agree well with the solution using station locations referenced to DE 96. The precession solution removes the apparent drift in station longitude and spin axis distance estimates, while the encounter polar motion solutions consistently decrease the scatter in station spin axis distance estimates.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 29-49
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  • 2
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    Experimental relations between airborne and ground measured wheat canopy temperatures (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experiments using ground-based measurements of canopy temperatures have shown that plant temperatures are good indicators of plant water stress, and thus are useful for assessing water requirements and predicting yields. An intensive 23-day airborne- and ground-measurement program was conducted in Phoenix, Arizona in 1977 to compare airborne-acquired wheat canopy temperatures with simultaneous ground measurements. For canopies that covered at least 85 percent of the soil surface, airborne measurements differed from ground measurements of plant temperature by less than 2 C. Regardless of the amount of plant cover, the airborne measurements were virtually identical to ground-nadir measurements, and thus represent a combination of plant temperature and solid background temperature.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Feb. 198
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  • 3
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    Appendix D: Assessement of potential industrial sites in Essex County, New York (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Potential industrial sites were assessed using high and medium altitude aircraft photographs and supporting information on the 4,730 sq. km. (1,825 sq. mile) county. Factors evaluated include land availability, slope, site accessibility, soil drainage, other subsurface characteristics, and the expected physical as well as visual impacts on existing land use. Areas unavailable or unsuitable for development were eliminated first, and the remaining areas evaluated and the best sites identified.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Cornell Univ. Remote Sensing Program; 138 p
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  • 4
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    Appendix B: Inventory of coniferous forests near Bath, New York (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A zoom stereoscope was used to interpret aerial color photographs of the Finger Lakes region near Bath, New York, and areas of conifers were delineated on acetate sheets. Scale was determined for each photograph and units were converted to acres. Photographically enlarged positive transparencies of imagery from LANDSAT bands 5,6, and 7 for the southern portion of the study area were placed in a cold additive viewer and registered with each other to provide a composite image. A green filter was used on band 5, blue on band 6, and red on band 7. Conifers appeared at dark, reddish purple. Average was determined using a grid. Results show that the total confer stands within 50 miles of Bath is approximately 176,000 acres of which 60,000 acres are in Pennsylvania. The study was conducted to determine the feasibility of locating a particleboard manufacturing firm in the Southern Tier.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Cornell Univ. Remote Sensing Program; 3 p
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  • 5
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    Appendix C: A comparative study of small scale remotely sensed data for monitoring clearcutting in hardwood forests (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Manual photointerpretation techniques were used to analyze images acquired by high altitude aircraft, the Skylab multispectral and Earth terrain camera (ETC), the LANDSAT multispectral scanner, and the LANDSAT-3 return beam vidicon camera. A color-additive viewer, and digital image analysis were also used on the LANDSAT MSS imagery. The value of each type of remotely sensed data was judged by the ease and accuracy of clearcut identification, and by the amount of detail discernible, especially regarding revegetation. Results of a site study in the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania indicate that high altitude aerial photography, especially color infrared photography acquired during the growing season, is well suited for identifying clearcuts and assessing revegetation. Although photographs acquired with Skylab's ETC also yielded good results, only incomplete inventories of clearcuts could be made using LANDSAT imagery. Results for the Adirondack region of New York State were similar for the aircraft and satellite photography, but even less satisfactory for the LANDSAT imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Cornell Univ. Remote Sensing Program; 157 p
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  • 6
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    Unsupervised classification of MSS Landsat data for mapping spatially complex vegetation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The various stages in carrying out a monocluster block unsupervised classification using Landsat MSS data are described. Procedures for carrying out these various stages were found to be far from well-established for the type of terrain being investigated, which is rugged and contains many small land cover units. Two particular difficulties were encountered: first, that of precise ground location of pixels; and, secondly, that of objectively evaluating the results. Ways in which these can be surmounted are suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 7
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    Microbial mobilization of calcium and magnesium in waterlogged soils (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Environmental Quality; 9; Jan
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  • 8
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    LACIE - An application of meteorology for United States and foreign wheat assessment (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper describes the overall Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment technical approach utilizing the global weather-reporting network and the Landsat satellite to make a quasi-operational application of existing research results, and the accomplishments of this cooperative experiment in utilizing the weather information. Global weather data were utilized in preparing timely yield estimates for selected areas of the U.S. Great Plains, the U.S.S.R. and Canada. Additionally, wheat yield models were developed and pilot tested for Brazil, Australia, India and Argentina. The results of the work show that heading dates for wheat in North America can be predicted with an average absolute error of about 5 days for winter wheat and 4 days for spring wheat. Independent tests of wheat yield models over a 10-year period for the U.S. Great Plains produced a root-mean-square error of 1.12 quintals per hectare (q/ha) while similar tests in the U.S.S.R. produced an error of 1.31 q/ha. Research designed to improve the initial capability is described as is the rationale for further evolution of a capability to monitor global climate and assess its impact on world food supplies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 19; Jan. 198
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  • 9
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    Landsat digital analysis of the initial recovery of burned tundra at Kokolik River, Alaska (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N80-19588)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Dec. 198
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  • 10
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    Effects of vegetation canopy structure on remotely sensed canopy temperatures (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N79-33530)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Nov. 198
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  • 11
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    Field size, length, and width distributions based on LACIE ground truth data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development of agricultural remote sensing systems requires knowledge of agricultural field size distributions so that the sensors, sampling frames, image interpretation schemes, registration systems, and classification systems can be properly designed. Malila et al. (1976) studied the field size distribution for wheat and all other crops in two Kansas LACIE (Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment) intensive test sites using ground observations of the crops and measurements of their field areas based on current year rectified aerial photomaps. The field area and size distributions reported in the present investigation are derived from a representative subset of a stratified random sample of LACIE sample segments. In contrast to previous work, the obtained results indicate that most field-size distributions are not log-normally distributed. The most common field size observed in this study was 10 acres for most crops studied.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Nov. 198
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  • 12
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    Optimum spectral bands for rock discrimination (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Using stepwise discriminant analysis on spectral reflectance and spectral emissivity data collected by a Multispectral Scanner and Data System, mounted in an NC-130B aircraft and flown at an altitude of approximately 3 km, spectral bands were ranked as to their usefulness in separating specific rock types and rock alteration products in seven geologically diverse Utah sites. The optimum band for rock discrimination included the 1.18 to 1.30 micron interval, and the optimum combination of bands comprised the 1.18 to 1.30, 4.50 to 4.75, 0.46 to 0.50, 1.52 to 1.73, and 2.10 to 2.36 micron intervals. It is concluded that the spectral interval combination was more successful in differentiating geologic materials than either simulated Multispectral Scanner bands or simulated Thematic Mapper bands.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Sept
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  • 13
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    Spectral reflectance and discrimination of plutonic rocks in the 0.45- to 2.45-micron region (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Visible and near-infrared field spectral reflectance measurements of plutonic rocks were acquired in the 0.45- to 2.45-micron region with a portable field reflectance spectrometer. These spectra were used to determine spectral signatures for the various rock types and to evaluate the separability of these rocks based on their spectral characteristics. A total of 135 samples were divided into 11 groups based on their mineralogy. These 11 groups approximately correspond to traditional rock classifications and include five granitic groups, three gabbroic groups, and three ultramafic groups. The positions, intensity, and presence of iron, CO3(-2), and Al-OH and Mg-OH absorption bands varied among the 11 groups. Each rock group also had a range of albedos characteristic of the group. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis was performed on the spectral data to determine the separability of the 11 groups. Classification accuracy for 30 equally spaced wavelength bands between 0.45 and 2.45 microns was 78% with 10% serious misclassifications. The same analysis was repeated, limiting the spectral data to the wavelength regions corresponding to the proposed Landsat D thematic mapper scanner.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 10
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  • 14
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    Complexities of nadir-looking radiometric temperature measurements of plant canopies (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Effective radiant temperatures (ERTs) of five wheat canopies in different stages of development were measured during morning and noon periods. The observed variability in nadir sensor response was quantitatively described as a function of canopy structure and the vertical temperature profile of canopy components. In many cases, the nadir sensor ERT was a poor measure of vegetation temperature due to effects of soil emissions. Strong vertical temperature profiles of vegetation components were also observed. The theory and measurements presented document that remote measurements of vegetation canopy temperatures cannot be made indiscriminately over large spatial regions without consideration of the underlying physical principles.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 19; July 1
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  • 15
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    Relationship of crop radiance to alfalfa agronomic values (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Red and photographic infrared spectral data of alfalfa were collected at the time of the third and fourth cuttings using a hand-held radiometer for the earlier alfalfa cutting. Significant linear and non-linear correlation coefficients were found between the spectral variables and plant height, biomass, forage water content, and estimated canopy cover. For the alfalfa of the later cutting, which had experienced a period of severe drought stress which limited growth, the spectral variables were found to be highly correlated with the estimated drought scores.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 1; Jan
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  • 16
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    Microwave radar and radiometric remote sensing measurements of lake ice (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Simultaneous microwave radar and spectral radiometric data were collected over Lake Erie during March 1978. A theoretical development is presented which interprets the data collected at nadir in terms of changes in the ice thickness and the electromagnetic attenuation coefficient. The theory also addresses the failure of the spectral radiometer to determine ice thickness through observations of quarter wavelength excursions in the reflectivity. Radar data collected off-nadir showed a substantially different behavior compared to that collected near nadir. This difference is attributed to a change in propagation characteristics from quasi-specular return from the ice-water interface to scattering from the rough air-ice interface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Apr. 198
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  • 17
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    Microwave approaches in hydrology (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The microwave approaches for remote sensing of soil moisture centent, snowpack properties, surface water area, and the detection of precipitation over land are discussed. Both active (radar) and passive (radiometry) approaches are considered, and the advantages of microwave sensing are pointed out, including all-weather capability, especially at the longer wavelengths, and greater penetration depth with optical or infrared sensors. Results obtained from ground-based, aircraft, and spacecraft platforms show that microwave systems can monitor the moisture content in the surface soil layer (5 cm thick), and that passive microwave systems can discriminate between light and heavy snowcover, detect the presence of liquid water in the snow, and qualitatively estimate snow water equivalent.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Apr. 198
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  • 18
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    Crop emergence date determination from spectral data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Estimating the emergence of a given crop, such as wheat or barley, is proposed using an analytic method which relies on the hypothesis that in the region (lambda = 0.70-1.35 microns) a given crop, after emergence, has a unique spectral profile in time. If the crop emerges early or late, relative to a reference standard determined for a given segment, the profile is displaced but has the same shape. Therefore, given the crop specific constants of the reference profile and a sufficient number of Landsat observations of reflectivity at specific times, the emergence date of a field can be determined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Mar. 198
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  • 19
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    Using Landsat digital data to detect moisture stress in corn-soybean growing regions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: As a part of a follow-on study to the moisture stress detection effort conducted in the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE), a technique utilizing transformed Landsat digital data was evaluated for detecting moisture stress in humid growing regions using sample segments from Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana. At known growth stages of corn and soybeans, segments were classified as undergoing moisture stress or not undergoing stress. The remote-sensing-based information was compared to a weekly ground-based index (Crop Moisture Index). This comparison demonstrated that the remote sensing technique could be used to monitor the growing conditions within a region where corn and soybeans are the major crop.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Aug. 198
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  • 20
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    The topographic effect on spectral response from nadir-pointing sensors (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is difficult to interpret multispectral Landsat earth resources data in areas of rugged and mountainous terrain because of the topographic effect on the sensor response. The objectives of this study were to examine and quantify the topographic effect on the sensor response from a uniform sand surface, to assess a simple theoretical incidence model for modeling the radiance from the surface, and to simulate Landsat sensor response due to the topographic effect. A field experiment was designed to collect data from a large range of slope angles and aspects at a range of solar elevations, using a hand-held radiometer. Analysis of these data showed that the magnitude of the topographic effect varied as a function of the solar elevation, the azimuthal orientation of the slope, and the slope inclination. The field measured variations in spectral response were found to have generally strong correlations with the theoretical model, and it was shown that the applicability of the Lambertian assumption varied within and between data sets. It is concluded that if slope angle, aspect, and solar zenith angle and azimuth are known, a technique incorporating a model to reduce the topographic effect prior to multispectral classification may be developed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Sept
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  • 21
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    Global crop forecasting (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The needs for and remote sensing means of global crop forecasting are discussed, and key results of the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE) are presented. Current crop production estimates provided by foreign countries are shown often to be inadequate, and the basic elements of crop production forecasts are reviewed. The LACIE project is introduced as a proof-of-concept experiment designed to assimilate remote sensing technology, monitor global wheat production, evaluate key technical problems, modify the technique accordingly and demonstrate the feasibility of a global agricultural monitoring system. The global meteorological data, sampling and aggregation techniques, Landsat data analysis procedures and yield forecast procedures used in the experiment are outlined. Accuracy assessment procedures employed to evaluate LACIE technology performance are presented, and improvements in system efficiency and capacity during the three years of operation are pointed out. Results of LACIE estimates of Soviet, U.S. and Canadian wheat production are presented which demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the remote-sensing approach for global food and fiber monitoring.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Science; 208; May 16
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  • 22
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    Atmospheric effects on radiometric imaging from satellites under low optical thickness conditions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The interference that the atmosphere poses to analyzing the imagery taken by satellite-borne instruments is discussed, assuming a cloud-free, planar, and horizontally uniform atmosphere. An approximate explicit formula is derived for the earth-atmosphere system nadir-beam reflectivity in terms of the atmospheric parameters, object pixel reflectivity and surrounding area reflectivity, for the limiting case of an optically thin atmosphere. The concepts of the forward-scattering and the backward-scattering optical thickness are introduced, and it is shown that the atmospheric effects in a spectral band depend in a specific fashion on these atmospheric parameters and on the surface spectral reflectivity. In addition, contrast transmittance through the atmosphere, which affects the possibilities of photointerpretation, is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 9; Mar. 198
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  • 23
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    A spectral method for determining the percentage of green herbage material in clipped samples (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A laboratory radiometric method for the rapid determination of green and brown vegetation percentages in clipped grass samples has been developed and tested. The method uses red and photographic infrared radiance or reflectance differences between green and brown vegetation. Mixtures of green and brown material were found to have radiances or reflectances proportional to the percentage of green material present. This method may permit the use of rapid green/brown radiometric determinations to replace the tedious hand sorting now generally used. It may also have application in remote sensing of vegetation ground-truth work where the determination of dry green biomass in clipped samples is necessary.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 9; Mar. 198
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  • 24
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    Use of remote sensing in facility siting (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Environmental parameters important to, and necessary for, an environment impact assessment in terms of site selection for an electric power plant are defined. Remote sensing techniques and/or instrumentation applicable to site evaluation are described. Problem areas are discussed and recommendations given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 303-309
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  • 25
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    Role of remote sensing in documenting land use as it affects the Bay and Bay use as it affects the land (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The remote sensing technology required for locating, identifying, and monitoring nonpoint, or diffuse, pollution caused by improper land use practices is discussed. Establishment of an information system to include all remote sensed data acquired on the Bay and to disseminate information to users is considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 311-313
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  • 26
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    Inferring nutrient loading of estuarine systems by remote sensing of aquatic vegetation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: THe use of remote sensing to record algal and vascular aquatic plant growths in estuarine waters is discussed. A technique is proposed that uses a combination of data to hierarchically classify watersheds with regard to severity of potential pollution. Specific nonpoint sources of nutrients in tributaries of the watershed are identified with lower altitude photography of vegetation and selected ground sampling. It is concluded that excessive growths of some aquatic plants may be related to nutrient pollution.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 275-281
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  • 27
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    Remote sensing of water quality (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensing from aircraft has been used to determine water content in areas such as the New York Bight. Extension of the techniques developed to satellite sensing of the Chesapeake Bay will begin in 1978 with the launch of Nimbus-G. Remote sensing offers a number of interesting possibilities for investigating a reasonably large body of water, such as the Chesapeake Bay, coupled with some disadvantages. The chief advantage of remote sensing is that it offers the opportunity to cover large areas in relatively short periods of time. Low altitude satellites traveling at about 7 km/s can cover the Chesapeake Bay in about 1 minute so that the entire Bay can be studied under almost identical conditions of solar illumination.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 141-148
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  • 28
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    LANDSAT and other sensor data for land-use planning in the Baltimore area (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Investigations of the current uses of the LANDSAT sensor data revealed that there were no successful uses of LANDSAT data in identifying specific urban uses other than densities of residential use, paved areas, and roof tops. Information was merged on developed land uses from the air photointerpretation and the land cover from the LANDSAT sensors. It was expected that this would give the most accurate results by taking results from each technique when they were best.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 33-35
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  • 29
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    The Chesapeake Bay Program: An opportunity to use an innovative monitoring technique (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The goal of this program is to develop a management system that will protect and preserve the water quality of the Chesapeake Bay by effectively managing its uses and resources. To achieve this goal, three major objectives must be accomplished: (1) Determine what units of government have management responsibility for the environmental quality of the Chesapeake Bay, also to define how such management responsibility can best be structured so that communications and coordination can be improved between the respective units of government, research, educational institutions, concerned groups, and individuals. (2) Assess the principal factors having an adverse impact on the environmental quality of the Chesapeake Bay. Following this assessment and review of ongoing research, direct and coordinate research and abatement programs that will most effectively address these factors, and (3) analyze all environmental sampling data now being collected on the Chesapeake Bay and suggest and undertake methods for improving this data collection, and to establish a continuing capability for collecting storing, analyzing, and disseminating these data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 11-15
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  • 30
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    Role of remote sensing in documenting living resources (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Specific cases of known or potentially useful applications of remote sensing in assessing biological resources are discussed. It is concluded that the more usable remote sensing techniques relate to the measurement of population fluctuations in aquatic systems. Sensing of the flora and the fauna of the Bay is considered with emphasis on direct sensing of aquatic plant populations and of water quality. Recommendations for remote sensing projects are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 297-301
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    Work on power-plant (air) plumes involving remote sensing of SO2 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Acquisition of air quality and concurrent meteorological data was used for dispersion model development and plant siting needs of the Maryland power plants. One of the major instruments in these studies was the Barringer correlation spectrometer, a remote sensor, using atmospherically scattered sunlight that was used to measure the total amount of SO2 in a cross section of the plume. Correlation spectrometer and its role in this measurement program are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 239-247
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    Lidar: A laser technique for remote sensing (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experimental airborne lidar systems proved to be useful for shallow water bathymetric measurements, and detection and identification of oil slicks and algae. Dye fluorescence applications using organic dyes was studied. The possibility of remotely inducing dye flourescence by means of pulsed lasers opens up several hydrospheric applications for measuring water currents, water temperature, and salinity. Aerosol measurements by lidar are also discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 249-265
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    Relationship of land use to water quality in the Chesapeake Bay region (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Both the proportions of the various land use categories present on each watershed and the specific management practices in use in each category affect the quality of runoff waters, and the water quality of the Bay. Several permanent and portable stations on various Maryland Rivers collect volume-integrated water samples. All samples are analyzed for a series of nutrient, particulate, bacterial, herbicide, and heavy metal parameters. Each basin is mapped with respect to land use by the analysis of low-elevation aerial photos. Analyses are verified and adjusted by ground truth surveys. Data are processed and stored in the Smithsonian Institution data bank. Land use categories being investigated include forests/old fields, pastureland, row crops, residential areas, upland swamps, and tidal marshes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 177-187
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    Hydraulic model of the Chesapeake Bay (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Preliminary planning for the formulation of the first year of hydraulic studies on the Chesapeake Bay model was recently completed. The primary purpose of this initial effort was to develop a study program that is both responsive to problems of immediate importance and at the same time ensure that from the very beginning of operation maximum economical use is made of the model. The formulation of this preliminary study plan involved an extensive analysis of the environmental, economic, and social aspects of a series of current problems in order to establish a priority listing of their importance. The study program that evolved is oriented towards the analysis of the effects of some of the works of man on the Chesapeake Bay estuarine environment.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 111-121
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  • 35
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    Mission of a remote sensing center (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The establishment of a center for remote sensing was proposed to provide the following: (1) service, research, and education in the developing discipline of remote sensing; (2) effect multidisciplinary linkages between scientists and users of remote sensing and those who develop remote sensing techniques; and (3) strengthen and extend existing remote sensing capabilities into a cohesive program.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 55-57
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  • 36
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    Remote sensing, geology, and land use (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The usefulness of a geologic map as a product in geological research was discussed, and the volution of the geologic map of Maryland was illustrated. Remote sensing methods that have the most immediate application to the earth science aspects of the Chesapeake Bay region are listed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 37-43
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  • 37
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    Operational programs in forest management and priority in the utilization of remote sensing (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A speech is given on operational remote sensing programs in forest management and the importance of remote sensing in forestry is emphasized. Forest service priorities in using remote sensing are outlined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 27-31
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  • 38
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    NCSL task force findings on feasible state uses of LANDSAT (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Data needs for state natural resources programs, state capabilities for using satellite technology, and the existing remote sensing technology are reviewed. State programs in land use planning, wetlands management, coastal zone management, transportation planning, and forestry management are summarized. Emphasis is placed on the use of LANDSAT imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 333-344
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  • 39
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    Water quality and shellfish sanitation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of remote sensing techniques for collecting bacteriological, physical, and chemical water quality data, locating point and nonpoint sources of pollution, and developing hydrological data was found to be valuable to the Maryland program if it could be produced effectively and rapidly with a minimum amount of ground corroboration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 267-268
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  • 40
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    Thermal discharges and their role in pending power plant regulatory decisions (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Federal and state laws require the imminent retrofit of offstream condenser cooling to the newer steam electric stations. Waiver can be granted based on sound experimental data, demonstrating that existing once-through cooling will not adversely affect aquatic ecosystems. Conventional methods for monitoring thermal plumes, and some remote sensing alternatives, are reviewed, using on going work at one Maryland power plant for illustration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 223-237
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  • 41
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    Application of a computerized environmental information system to master and sector planning (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A computerized composite mapping system developed as an aid in the land use decision making process is described. Emphasis is placed on consideration of the environment in urban planning. The presence of alluvium, shallow bedrock, surface water, and vegetation growth are among the environmental factors considered. An analysis of the Shady Grove Sector planning is presented as an example of the use of computerized composite mapping for long range planning.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Apppl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 359-371
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  • 42
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    Possible role of remote sensing for increasing public awareness of the Chesapeake Bay environment (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Application of remote sensing techniques to the study of the Chesapeake Bay and the availability of the resulting information are discussed in terms of public awareness of the Chesapeake Bay, its total environment, and the need to protect that environment and to preserve the Bay. Recommendations given include: (1) continue the study of remote sensing technology and its use in the Chesapeake Bay region; (2) emphasize the importance of LANDSAT imagery to the evolution of remote sensing technological developments and the awareness of the environment and its changes; (3) increase dissemination of information of the environmental applications of remote sensing technology to the public; (4) design surveys of the Chesapeake Bay environment and its manmade changes; and (5) establish a coordinating regional institution to develop a management plan for the Chesapeake Bay.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 323-326
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  • 43
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    Role of remote sensing in Bay measurements (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote measurements of a number of surface or near surface parameters for baseline definition and specialized studies, remote measurements of episodic events, and remote measurements of the Bay lithosphere are considered in terms of characterizing and understanding the ecology of the Chesapeake Bay. Geologic processes and features best suited for information enhancement by remote sensing methods are identified. These include: (1) rates of sedimentation in the Bay; (2) rates of erosion of Bay shorelines; (3) spatial distribution and geometry of aquifers; (4) mapping of Karst terrain (sinkholes); and (5) mapping of fracture patterns. Recommendations for studying problem areas identified are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 315-321
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  • 44
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    Contribution of remote sensing to understand the Bay as a system (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The natural resource management information system concept designed specifically for use with remote sensing is discussed in terms of understanding and studying the Chesapeake Bay as a total system. The Bay is defined as a system comprising the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, and the biosphere, that is the vertical profile encompassed by the systems and a two dimensional plane defining the total watershed of the Bay from the headwaters of its tributaries to a distance in the ocean defined by ten tidal cycles. The Chesapeake Bay system is assumed to be the ecosystem in the largest sense. Ecological partitioning, a methodology resulting from studies of land systems for partitioning the land into geobotanical landscape units, is included along with a breakdown of LANDSAT investigations according to subject area.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 289-296
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  • 45
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    Eutrophication in the Chesapeake Bay (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The advantages and limitations of using remote sensing to acquire fast reliable data on the nutrient problem in the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem are discussed. Pollution effects to phytoplankton blooms during late summer and early fall months are also considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 269-273
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  • 46
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    An overview of dredging operations in the Chesapeake Bay (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Maintenance of the Baltimore and the Newport News/Norfolk harbors as well as of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal is accomplished by different dredging operations which depend on the amount and type of material to be moved, water depth, and location of disposal sites. Methods for determining the physical or chemical-biological interactive effects of these activities on the environment and on the shellfish and finfish industries on the Bay are discussed. The types of dredges used are classed according to their mode of operation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 209-215
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  • 47
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    Regional energetic coupling of man and his environment: Data requirements (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An energy analysis methodology was developed to serve as a rational basis for evaluating alternative regional management/use schemes. Human and natural systems are coupled and can be interpreted, using a common base of energy-flow analysis to evaluate past, present, and future states of regional integrated systems in the coastal zone and to provide the capability for rational selection of alternative patterns of resource use. Energy flows (or flows of dollars or materials converted to energy equivalents) are believed to be the basic factor in the organizations of all types of systems. An analysis example is provided of an estuarine subsystem of the Chesapeake Bay, and tabular listings of regional data needs are given. Current remote sensing capabilities were used to provide some of the necessary information.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 157-175
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  • 48
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    Acoustic remote probing of the environment (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Atmospheric acoustic probes located either at shore locations near the Chesapeake Bay or on large surface buoys could obtain profiles of wind velocity and turbulence and the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere. At or near the buoy locations, underwater probes located on the bottom could be used to profile current velocity, density, and turbulence and also to determine tide level, wave height, spectrum, and direction. The physical parameter profiles at these earth-surface stations could be used with surface observations by satellite. The most obvious use of data from such a network is to verify and calibrate models of energy exchange between the water of the Bay and the atmosphere.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 149-156
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  • 49
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    Remote in-situ elemental analysis systems for underwater application (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The systems approach, theoretical measurement calculations, and preliminary measurements to be used in monitoring and mapping pollutants (such as traces of heavy metals) in the Chesapeake Bay are discussed. A neutron gamma-ray method is under development for demonstrating the system. The excitation source to be used is a machine accelerator using a deuterium/tritium reaction to produce 14-MeV neutrons. The neutrons excite characteristic gamma ray emission from the neutron irradiated surface. The discrete line emission produced can be used to infer both qualitative and quantitative elemental composition. A data preprocessor will accumulate, digitize, store, format, and prepare the data for transmission which can be accomplished by telephone, microwave, and possibly satellite link to central processors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 217-221
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  • 50
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    LANDSAT sensors (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: LANDSAT 1, launched in July 1972, and LANDSAT 2, launched in January 1975, are equipped with a similar complement of sensors. Each spacecraft has both a return beam vidicon camera system and a multispectral scanner for acquiring high resolution multispectral data of the Earth's surface on a global basis. A description is given of these imaging systems and the primary sensors on the LANDSAT 1 and 2 spacecraft.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 123-140
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  • 51
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    On measuring the state of the bay (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The requirements necessary to establish a comprehensive data base for the Chesapeake Bay are discussed. Three essential questions were addressed: (1) which entities should be measured; (2) how close together should measurements be made in space and time; and (3) what should be done with the data. Possible answers to the questions were evaluated in relation to existing technology, cost effectiveness, and potential uses of the data base.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 87-101
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  • 52
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    The Chesapeake Bay: A challenge to the remote sensing community (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of remote sensing in studying, monitoring, and understanding the Chesapeake Bay was examined. References to multispectral scanning, laser techniques, infrared microwave, and radar were made. These aspects were then analyzed with multidimensional models, digital analysis, and holographic projections.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 49-54
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  • 53
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    Activities of the US Geological Survey in Applications of Remote Sensing in the Chesapeake Bay Region (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The application of remote sensing in the Chesapeake Bay region has been a central concern of three project activities of the U.S. Geological Survey: two are developmental, and one is operational. The two developmental activities were experiments in land-use and land-cover inventory and change detection using remotely sensed data from aircraft and from the LANDSAT and Skylab satellites. One of these is CARETS (Central Atlantic Regional Ecological Test Site). The other developmental task is the Census Cities Experiment in Urban Change Detection. The present major concern is an operational land-use and land-cover data-analysis program, including a supporting geographical information system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 25-26
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  • 54
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    Maryland Automated Geographic Information System (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A computer based system designed for storing geographic data in a consistent and coordinated manner is described. The data are stored, retrieved, and analyzed using a 400 km sq/acre cell. Stored information can be displayed on computer maps in a manner similar to standard map graphics. The data bank contains various information for performing land use analysis in a variety of areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 45-47
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  • 55
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    Present status of LANDSAT remote sensing (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The state-of-the-practice of satellite remote sensing is examined. Emphasis is placed on the use of remote sensing to improve information gathering practices. Impediments to adopting this technology and opportunities to overcome these impediments are addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 21-23
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  • 56
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    The Chesapeake Bay: Our regional resource (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The contents are presented of a speech given by the Hon. Charles McC. Mathias, Jr. on the value of the Chesapeake Bay as a resource and the need to protect its environmental quality.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Appl. of Remote Sensing to the Chesapeake Bay Reg.; p 5-10
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  • 57
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    Snowpack monitoring in North America and Eurasia using passive microwave satellite data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Areas of the Canadian high plains, the Montana and North Dakota high plains, and the steppes of central Russia have been studied in an effort to determine the utility of spaceborne microwave radiometers for monitoring snow depths in different geographic areas. Significant regression relationships between snow depth and microwave brightness temperatures were developed for each of these homogeneous areas. In each of the study areas investigated in this paper, Nimbus-6 (0.81 cm) ESMR data produced higher correlations than Nimbus-5 (1.55 cm) ESMR data in relating microwave brightness temperature to snow depth. It is difficult to extrapolate relationships between microwave brightness temperature and snow depth from one area to another because different geographic areas are likely to have different snowpack conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Dec. 198
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    View angle effects in the radiometric measurement of plant canopy temperatures (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The thermal infrared sensor response from a wheat canopy was extremely non-Lambertian because of spatial variations in energy flow processes; the effective radiant temperature of the sensor varied as much as 13 C with changing view angle. This variation of sensor response was accurately quantified (root-mean-square of deviations between theoretical and measured responses reduced to 1.1 C) as a function of vegetation canopy geometry, vertical temperature distribution of canopy components, and sensor view angle. The results have important implications for optimizing sensor view angles for remote sensing missions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Dec. 198
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  • 59
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    A comparative study of microwave radiometer observations over snowfields with radiative transfer model calculations (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N79-30611)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Nov. 198
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  • 60
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    Remote sensing of leaf water content in the near infrared (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N80-20768)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Aug. 198
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  • 61
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    A comparison of satellite sensor bands for vegetation monitoring (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The first four Landsat-D thematic mapper sensor bands were evaluated and compared to the RBV and MSS sensors from Landsats-1, -2, and -3; Colvocoresses' proposed 'operational Landsat' three-band system; and the French SPOT three-band system by using simulation/integration techniques and in situ collected spectral reflectance data. Sensors were evaluated with regard to their ability to discriminate vegetation biomass, chlorophyll concentration, and leaf water content. The thematic mapper and SPOT bands were found to be superior in a spectral resolution context to the other three sensor systems for vegetational applications. Significant improvements are expected for most vegetational analyses from Landsat-D thematic mapper and SPOT imagery over MSS and RBV imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 44; Nov. 197
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  • 62
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    Experimental determination of partition coefficients for Rb, Sr, and Ba between alkali feldspar and silicate liquid (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
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  • 63
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    Imaging radar observations of Askja Caldera, Iceland (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A 'blind' test involving interpretation of computer-enhanced like- and cross-polarized radar images is used to evaluate the surface roughness of Askja Caldera, a large volcanic complex in central Iceland. The 'blind' test differs from earlier analyses of radar observations in that computer-processes images and both qualitative and quantitative analyses are used. Attention is given to photogeologic examination and subsequent survey-type field observations, along with aerial photography during the field trip. The results indicate that the 'blind' test of radar interpretation of the Askja volcanic area can be considered suitable within the framework of limitations of radar data considered explicitly from the onset. The limitations of the radar techniques can be eliminated by using oblique-viewing conditions to remove geometric distortions and slope effects.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 5; Nov. 197
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    Simulation modeling of estuarine ecosystems (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simulation model has been developed of Galveston Bay, Texas ecosystem. Secondary productivity measured by harvestable species (such as shrimp and fish) is evaluated in terms of man-related and controllable factors, such as quantity and quality of inlet fresh-water and pollutants. This simulation model used information from an existing physical parameters model as well as pertinent biological measurements obtained by conventional sampling techniques. Predicted results from the model compared favorably with those from comparable investigations. In addition, this paper will discuss remotely sensed and conventional measurements in the framework of prospective models that may be used to study estuarine processes and ecosystem productivity.
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    Crop water-stress assessment using an airborne thermal scanner (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An airborne thermal scanner was used to measure the temperature of a wheat crop canopy in Phoenix, Arizona. The results indicate that canopy temperatures acquired about an hour and a half past solar noon were well correlated with presunrise plant water tension, a parameter directly related to plant growth and development. Pseudo-colored thermal images reading directly in stress degree days, a unit indicative of crop irrigation needs and yield potential, were produced. The aircraft data showed significant within-field canopy temperature variability, indicating the superiority of the synoptic view provided by aircraft over localized ground measurements. The standard deviation between airborne and ground-acquired canopy temperatures was 2 C or less.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 44; Jan. 197
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  • 66
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    VLBI-laser intercomparison project (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The VLBI-laser intercomparison system for assessing geodetic measurements is described. The primary objective of the DSN VLBI-laser intercomparison project is the accurate measurement of baseline vectors, both length and direction, between established geodetic benchmarks. A second objective is the intercomparison between both satellite and lunar laser ranging techniques with VLBI.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 87-91
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  • 67
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    Limitations on the application of a ground-based spectral technique for determining rain forest leaf area index (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Dec. 198
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    Radiometric resolution for monitoring vegetation - how many bits are needed (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The number of radiometric quantizing levels required for satellite monitoring of vegetation resources was evaluated by using in situ collected spectral reflectance data, an atmospheric radiative transfer simulation model, and a satellite sensor simulation model. Reflectance data were converted to radiance data, passed through a model atmosphere to an altitude of 706 km, and subsequently quantized at 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 and 512 digital count levels for Thematic Mapper bands TM3 (0.63-0.69 microns) and TM4 (0.76-0.90 microns). The simulated digital count data were regressed against in situ biological data to quantify the relationship between quantizing levels. Results of the analysis demonstrated that solar zenith angle has an effect on the quantization equivalent change in reflectance, that 256 quantizing levels gave a 1-3% improvement per channel over 64 quantizing levels, and that 256 quantizing levels gave a 1% improvement per channel over 128 quantizing levels. No improvements were found for 256 versus 512 quantizing levels.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 1; July-Sep
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  • 69
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    Seasat SAR identification of dry climate urban land cover (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Digitally processed Seasat synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery of the Denver, Colorado area was examined to assess its potential for mapping urban land cover and the compatibility of SAR derived classes with those described in the U.S. Geological Survey classification system. The entire scene was interpreted to generate a small-scale land cover map. In addition, six subscene enlargements representative of urban land cover categories extant in the area were used as test sites for detailed analysis of land cover types. Two distinct approaches were employed and compared in examining the imagery - a visual interpretation of black-and-white positive transparencies and an automated-machine/visual interpretation. The latter used the Image 100 interactive image analysis system to generate land cover classes by density level slicing of the image frequency histogram.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 1; July-Sep
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  • 70
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    Effect of texture on microwave emission from soils (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The intensity brightness temperature, T(B), of the microwave emission from the soil is determined primarily by its dielectric properties. The large difference between the dielectric constant of water and that of dry soil produces a strong dependence of the soil's dielectric constant on its moisture content. This dependence is effected by the texture of the soil because the water molecules close to the particle surface are tightly bound and do not contribute significantly to the dielectric properties. Since this surface area is a function of the particle size distribution (soil texture), being larger for clay soils with small particles, and smaller for sandy soils with larger particles, the dielectric properties will depend on soil texture. This dependence has been demonstrated by laboratory measurements of the dielectric constant for soils which are briefly summarized. The dependence of the microwave emission on texture is demonstrated by measurements of T(B) from an aircraft platform for a wide range of soil textures. It is concluded that the effect of soil texture differences on the observed T(B) values can be normalized by expressing the soil moisture values as a percentage of field capacity for the soil.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-18; Oct. 198
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    Passive microwave remote sensing of soil moisture - The effect of tilled row structure (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The tilled row structure in agricultural fields is one of the important factors affecting observations of microwave emission from such fields. Measurements of this effect were performed with L-band and X-band radiometers mounted on a mobile truck on a bare 40 m x 45 m row tilled field; the soil moisture content during measurements ranged from 10 to 30% by dry weight. Results showed that the variations of the antenna temperatures with incident angle changed with the azimuth angle measured from the row direction. It is found that the observed difference between horizontally and vertically polarized antenna temperatures is due to the change in the local angle of field emission within the antenna field of view caused by the large-scale row structure.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-18; Oct. 198
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  • 72
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    An empirical model for the complex dielectric permittivity of soils as a function of water content (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Recent measurements on the dielectric properties of soils have shown that the variation of dielectric constant with moisture content depends on soil types. The observed dielectric constant increases only slowly with moisture content up to a transition point. Beyond the transition it increases rapidly with moisture content. The moisture value at transition region was found to be higher for high clay content soils than for sandy soils. Many mixing formulas reported in the literature were compared with, and were found incompatible with, the measured dielectric variations of soil-water mixtures. A simple empirical model was proposed to describe the dielectric behavior of the soil-water mixtures. This model employs the mixing of either the dielectric constants or the refraction indices of ice, water, rock, and air, and treats the transition moisture value as an adjustable parameter. The calculated mixture dielectric constants from the model were found to be in reasonable agreement with the measured results over the entire moisture range of 0-0.5 cu cm/cu cm. The transition moistures derived from the model range from 0.16 to 0.33 and are strongly correlated with the wilting points of the soils estimated from their textures. This relationship between transition moisture and wilting point provides a means of estimating soil dielectric properties on the basis of texture information.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-18; Oct. 198
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  • 73
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    Microwave remote sensing of soil moisture content over bare and vegetated fields (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Remote measurements of soil moisture contents over bare fields and fields covered with orchard grass, corn, and soybean were made during October 1979 with 1.4 GHz and 5 GHz microwave radiometers mounted on a truck. Ground truth of soil moisture content, ambient air, and soil temperatures was acquired concurrently with the radiometric measurements. The biomass of the vegetation was sampled about once a week. The measured brightness temperatures over bare fields were compared with those of radiative transfer model calculations using as inputs the acquired soil moisture and temperature data with appropriate values of dielectric constants for soil-water mixtures. Good agreement was found between the calculated and the measured results over 10-70 deg incident angles. The presence of vegetation was found to reduce the sensitivity of soil moisture sensing. At 1.4 GHz the sensitivity reduction ranged from approximately 20% for 10-cm tall grassland to over 60% for the dense soybean field. At 5 GHz the corresponding reduction in sensitivity ranged from approximately 70 to approximately 90%.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Physical Research Letters; 7; Oct. 198
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    Appendix A: Fuelwood availability for a ten megawatt power plant in Tupper Lake, New York, based on remotely sensed and other data (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Forested land potentially available for fuelwood harvest within 30 km of Tupper Lake, N.Y. was delineated and classified as to forest using NASA aerial photography and LANDSAT imagery. Published inventory and growth data were used to estimate woody material on the available land. The information submitted to the Energy Office indicates that there is sufficient woody material to supply a 10 MW plant.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Cornell Univ. Remote Sensing Program; 22 p
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    Monitoring snowpack properties by passive microwave sensors on board of aircraft and satellites (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Snowpack properties such as water equivalent and snow wetness may be inferred from variations in measured microwave brightness temperatures. This is because the emerged microwave radiation interacts directly with snow crystals within the snowpack. Using vertically and horizontally polarized brightness temperatures obtained from the multifrequency microwave radiometer (MFMR) on board a NASA research aircraft and the electrical scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR) and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) on board the Nimbus 5, 6, and 7 satellites, linear relationships between snow depth or water equivalent and microwave brightness temperature were developed. The presence of melt water in the snowpack generally increases the brightness temperatures, which can be used to predict snowpack priming and timing of runoff.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 235-248
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    Theoretical and experimental studies of microwave radiation from a natural snow field (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The brightness temperature of a natural snow field in northern Europe was studied theortically and experimentally at 5, 12, and 37 GHz for satellite remote sensing applications. A snow model consisting of ice spheres covered by a water shell was used in calculation, taking into account scattering and absorption. The brightness temperature of a natural snow field as a function of view angle was measured from a tower in 1978 and 1979. The measured brightness temperature curves can be fitted with calculated ones by assuming reasonable values for the wetness and the particle size of snow. Experimental results also show that relatively small changes in the snow conditions cause large changes in the brightness temperature. In order to obtain a more controlled situation, experiments were continued in 1980 using a measuring site covered with aluminum sheets and determining the wetness and the particle size in addition to the density and physical temperature.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 225-234
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    Microwave signatures of the natural snow cover at Weissfluhjoch (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The natural snow cover on a high altitude alphine test site was monitored with a multi-frequency radiometer for more than three years. Some measurements were also made with a 10.5 GHz scatterometer. The microwave observations are supported by a large set of ground truth data. From year to year a wide variation in the development of the snowpack above and below average was observed. Typical microwave data are presented for the different snow conditions in view of the applicability as signatures for remote sensing.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 203-223
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    Remote sensing of snow properties by passive microwave radiometry: GSFC truck experiment (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Recent results indicate that microwave radiometry has the potential for inferring the snow depth and water equivalent information from snowpacks. In order to assess this potential for determining the water equivalent of a snowpack, it is necessary to understand the microwave emission and scattering behavior of the snow at various wavelengths under carefully controlled conditions. Truck-mounted microwave instrumentation was used to study the microwave characteristics of the snowpack in the Colorado Rocky Mountain region during the winters of 1977 to 78 and 7978 to 79. The spectral signatures of C, X, K sub u, and K sub a band radiometers with dual polarization were used, together with measurements of snowpack density, temperature an ram profiles, liquid water content, and rough characterization of the crystal sizes. These data compared favorably with calculated results based on recent microscopic scattering models.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 169-185
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    Active microwave water equivalence (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of water equivalence using an active FM-CW microwave system were conducted over the past three years at various sites in Colorado, Wyoming, and California. The measurement method is described. Measurements of water equivalence and stratigraphy are compared with ground truth. A comparison of microwave, federal sampler, and snow pillow measurements at three sites in Colorado is described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 119-129
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  • 80
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    Snow Electromagnetic Measurements (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An electromagnetic system is described for measuring the dielectric constant and attenuation of snow samples in the frequency range of 4 to 12 GHz. System components consists of a swept-frequency source, microwave horns, network analyzer, and XY plotter. The procedure for calibrating the effect of wetness on the snow properties is described. Equations are given that express the experimentally determined relation between attenuation per unit length and volume percent wetness at any frequency between 4 and 12 GHz. permittivity can be calculated from the snow density, attenuation per unit length, and frequency. Some applications of the techniques are described such as runoff forecasting from mountain snowpacks.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 93-117
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  • 81
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    The dielectric behaviour of snow: A study versus liquid water content (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Snow is treated as a heterogeneous dielectric material consisting of ice, air, and water. The greater difference in the high frequency relative permittivity of dry snow and water allows to determine the liquid water content by measurements of the relative permittivity of snow. A plate condenser with a volume of about 1000 cv cm was used to measure the average liquid water content in a snow volume. Calibration was carried out using a freezing calorimeter. In order to measure the liquid water content in thin snow layers, a comb-shaped condenser was developed, which is the two dimensional analogon of the plate condenser. With this moisture meter the liquid water content was measured in layers of a few millimeters in thickness, whereby the effective depth of measurement is given by the penetration depth of electric field lines which is controlled by the spacing of the strip lines. Results of field measurements with both moisture meters, the plate condenser and the comb-shaped condenser, are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 69-92
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  • 82
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    Liquid distribution and the dielectric constant of wet snow (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The mixing theory of Polder and Van Santen is revised for application to three cases of wet snow. The dielectric constant is calculated for a range of liquid contents and porosities. These calculated values compare favorably with experimental data for the two cases in which data available. The application to a snow cover with a heterogeneous distribution of liquid is discussed. The possibility of applying this theory the calculate the imaginary part of the dielectric constant must be explored further.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 21-39
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  • 83
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    California's transition from conventional snowpack measurements to a developing remote sensing capability for water supply forecasting (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: California's Snow Survey Program and water supply forecasting procedures are described. A review is made of current activities and program direction on such matters as: the growing statewide network of automatic snow sensors; restrictions on the gathering hydrometeorological data in areas designated as wilderness; the use of satellite communications, which both provides a flexible network without mountaintop repeaters and satisfies the need for unobtrusiveness in wilderness areas; and the increasing operational use of snow covered area (SCA) obtained from satellite imagery, which, combined with water equivalent from snow sensors, provides a high correlation to the volumes and rates of snowmelt runoff. Also examined are the advantages of remote sensing; the anticipated effects of a new input of basin wide index of water equivalent, such as the obtained through microwave techniques, on future forecasting opportunities; and the future direction and goals of the California Snow Surveys Program.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 11-17
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  • 84
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    Evolution of snow sensors and the potential of microwave devices in operational telemetry networks (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Both manually collected snow-course data and telemetered information from SNOTEL sites throughout the western United States are used to make forecasts of streamflow. Although these conventional methods have proven highly reliable over the years, they still exhibit some shortcomings. Active and passive microwave remote sensing systems recently developed and tests present the potential to eliminate some negative aspects associated with other types of sensors currently in use. Because of their ability to see through the snowpack they offer a unique opportunity to improve snowpack measurement techniques. As yet neither the active nor passive system is developed sufficiently to supplant existing methods in operational telemetry networks. Active microwave sensors are the most promising for the near future and are being used in research and development programs to study snow pillow performance in the SNOTEL system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 1-10
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  • 85
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    Fracture trace expression and analysis in radar imagery of rain forest terrain (Peru) (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Mapping of minor lineaments from radar imagery of the rain forest in southeast Peru is biased due to the selective suppression of some topography which results from the observation geometry of the imaging radar system and the varied perception of lineaments on the imagery by different interpreters. Team analysis of the imagery compensates for several of the sources of bias, and results in the clear recognition of differing regimes within the regional fracture field in the study area.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 502-507
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  • 86
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    The evaluation of 3cm-wavelength radar for mapping surface deposits in the Bristol Lake/Granite Mountain area, Mojave Desert, California (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Surface deposits in the Bristol Lake/Granite Mountains area, Mojave Desert, California were mapped using high resolution 3 cm wavelength radar images. The surface deposits range from silt to boulders in size and were separated into six radar-rock units on the basis of radar return signatures (brightness and texture) and geomorphic expression. Field reconnaissance of the six units showed that the brightness of the radar signatures on the images correlates with the surface roughness of each unit. Two major radar signatures anomalies were noted during the study. A dark radar signature for the large sand ridges in the Kelso Dunes area and a distinct northwest trending contrast boundary between bright and dark radar signatures in the Bristol Dry Lake area. Field reconnaissance of the two areas indicated that near surface moisture may be the cause of dark signatures. Dune areas with little to no vegetation produce a dark signature, whereas areas with sparse to moderate vegetation produce an intermediate to dark signature.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 439-456
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  • 87
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    Side-looking airborne radar image interpretation and geological mapping: Problems and results (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Geological experiments and surveys conducted by BRGM and GDTA members to evaluate interest in SLAR image interpretation are summarized. Two surveys were selected for presentation: Les Vans (Massif central, France) and Guyana (South America). They have permitted a comparison between different types of SLAR: Goodyear, Motorola, JPL, and Vigie in term of lithological and structural applications. On the Les Vans test site conclusions reached concern radiometry, which is better on L-band imagery, polarization, HV being more useful than HH for geological mapping in an L-band system, wavelength and illuminations. Over Guyana, the use of Goodyear X-band SLAR enables satisfactory geological and structural mapping under heavy equatorial forest with cloud cover conditions. A differential program was developed for fracture filtering and image enhancement with a coherent light laser, and significant results were obtained.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 417-438
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    The use of radar and LANDSAT data for mineral and petroleum exploration in the Los Andes region, Venezuela (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A geological study of a 27,500 sq km area in the Los Andes region of northwestern Venezuela was performed which employed both X-band radar mosaics and computer processed Landsat images. The 3.12 cm wavelength radar data were collected with horizontal-horizontal polarization and 10 meter spatial resolution by an Aeroservices SAR system at an altitude of 12,000 meters. The radar images increased the number of observable suspected fractures by 27 percent over what could be mapped by LANDSAT alone, owing mostly to the cloud cover penetration capabilities of radar. The approximate eight fold greater spatial resolution of the radar images made possible the identification of shorter, narrower fractures than could be detected with LANDSAT data alone, resulting in the discovery of a low relief anticline that could not be observed in LANDSAT data. Exploration targets for petroleum, copper, and uranium were identified for further geophysical work.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 367-384
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    Application of imaging radar to mapping (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present state of radar mapping is reviewed. Emphasis is on radargrammetric mapping with single images, stereo pairs, and block adjustment. Applications to thematic mapping are also addressed. Examples presented concern radar mosaicking, sea ice study and extraterrestrial mapping.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 307-335
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  • 90
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    Stereo radar for mapping and interpretation (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of terrain imaging radar to extract elevation information by stereo viewing and measurement is discussed. Either a three dimensional visual model or elevation measurements may be obtained by simultaneous viewing or differential measurement of images obtained by a side-looking radar from two different flightpaths. Expressions describing radar image geometry, model vertical exaggeration, and stereo measurement accuracy are derived. The dependence of the exaggeration and accuracy on system parameters and key system errors is derived, discussed, and illustrated by application to several airborne and spaceborne systems and system concepts, and the results of some preliminary measurements of imagery from two airborne and one spaceborne system are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 336-350
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  • 91
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    A new look at Togo through the eyes of a SLAR (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Imaging of Togo in 1977 with SLAR provided the data required for the production of map controlled radar mosaics at a scale of 1:200,000 with 95 percent of all control points at that scale within + or - 4.0 millimeters of true positions. The moasics served as the base for the generation of a revised geologic map of Togo. Aided by two looks, numerous revisions resulted, not only with the addition of previously unknown structural features, a revision of age relationships, and the refinement of unit boundaries, but also with the repositioning of rock units and the reorientation of major faults.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 351-364
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  • 92
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    Realistic Earth/land radar models (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A series of models which attempt to describe more accurately the physical geometry of Earth/land targets is presented. Theoretical calculations are included to illustrate model behavior. Variations with respect to various systems and target parameters are included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 200-222
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    Rock type discrimination and structural analysis with LANDSAT and Seasat data: San Rafael swell, Utah (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is evaluated in terms of its geologic applications. The benchmark to which the SAR images are compared is LANDSAT, used both for structural and lithologic interpretations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 151-167
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  • 94
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    Analysis of Seasat orbital radar imagery for geologic mapping in the appalachian Valley and Ridge province, Tennessee-Kentucky-Virginia (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The terrain-surface features of the Appalachian Valley and Ridge province were analyzed using Seasat synthetic aperture radar imagery. Particular attention was given to determining the efficiency and capability of this microwave imaging system for geologic mapping.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 75-113
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  • 95
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    Radar imaging of volcanic fields and sand dune fields: Implications for VOIR (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A number of volcanic fields and sand dune fields in the western part of North America were studied using aircraft and Seasat synthetic aperture radar images and LANDSAT images. The capability of radars with different characteristics (i.e., frequency, polarization and look angles was assessed to identify and map different volcanic features, lava flows and sand dune types. It was concluded that: (1) volcanic features which have a relatively large topographic expression (i.e., cinder cones, collapse craters, calderas, etc.) are easily identified; (2) lava flows of different ages can be identified, particularly on the L-band images; and (3) sand dunes are clearly observed and their extent and large scale geometric characteristics determined, provided the proper imaging geometry exists.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 114-150
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  • 96
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    Permittivity and attenuation of wet snow between 4 and 12 GHz (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The permittivity and attenuation of prepared samples of wet snow are measured and curves presented showing the dependence of these quantities of snow wetness and frequency. Equations are given that express the experimentally determined relation between attenuation per unit length and volume-percent wetness at any frequency between 4 and 12 GHz. Additional equations are given for the calculation of permittivity from the snow density, attenuation per unit length, and frequency. Water retention characteristics of snow are described. Some applications of the techniques, such as runoff forecasting from mountain snowpacks, are proposed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 51; May 1980
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  • 97
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    Relationship of spectral data to grain yield variation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two-band hand-held radiometer data from a winter wheat field, collected on 21 dates during the spring growing season, were correlated with within-field final grain yield. Significant linear relationships were found between various combinations of the red and photographic infrared radiance data collected and the grain yield. The spectral data explained about 64 percent of the within-field grain yield variation. This variation in grain yield could not be explained using meteorological data as these were similar for all areas of the wheat field. Most importantly, data collected early in the spring were highly correlated with grain yield, a five-week time window existed from stem elongation through anthesis in which the spectral data were most highly correlated with grain yield, and manifestations of wheat canopy water stress were readily apparent in the spectral data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; May 1980
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  • 98
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    Spectral assessment of soybean leaf area and leaf biomass (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Red and photographic infrared spectral radiance have been correlated with soybean total leaf area index, green leaf area index, chlorotic area index, green leaf biomass, chlorotic leaf biomass, and total biomass. The most significant correlations were found to exist between the spectral data and green leaf area index and/or green leaf biomass. These findings demonstrate that ground based remote sensing data can supply information basic to soybean canopy growth, development, and status by non-destructive determination of the green leaf area or green leaf biomass.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; May 1980
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  • 99
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    Enumeration of prairie wetlands with Landsat and aircraft data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A method is described for estimating wetland abundance in the 700,000 sq km prairie pothole region of North America. A double sampling procedure is described, incorporating the use of high resolution aircraft imagery, capable of delineating ponds as small as 5 m across, as a means of adjusting the count of surface water features derived from the low-resolution Landsat census over a 38,876 sq km area in east-central North Dakota. The regression expansion formula used to estimate the actual number of total wetlands is also presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; May 1980
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  • 100
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    Remote sensing of surface soil moisture (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The unique thermal and dielectric properties of water afford two possibilities for remotely sensing the moisture content in the surface layer of the soil. Observations of the diurnal range of surface temperature, the microwave brightness temperature (emissivity) and radar backscatter of the soil have shown correlations of up to 0.9 with the moisture in the surface layer (about 5 cm thick). The microwave techniques appear to maintain their sensitivity to moisture variations in the presence of a crop canopy. Observations of microwave brightness temperature from satellite platforms have qualitatively confirmed this sensitivity for a wide range of conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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