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  • Articles  (519)
  • Springer  (519)
  • De Gruyter
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979  (519)
  • 1976  (519)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (519)
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  • Articles  (519)
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1975-1979  (519)
Year
Journal
  • 1
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 43-44 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 2
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 17-42 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an analysis of accessibility by private transport, using a Hansen type measure of accessibility. The data base is the 1962 London Travel Survey. The study is confined to car-owning households residing in inner London. A comparison of the patterns of accessibility associated with four measures of areal attractiveness - total employment, retail employment, households and population - is presented. The sensitivity of relative accessibilities to marginal changes in parameter values is analysed. Two aspects of the effect of the zoning system on the measurement of accessibility are investigated: the effects of zonal configuration and zonal aggregation. First, the implications of increasing the size of central area zones is analysed. Second, a comparison of patterns of accessibility calculated at the zonal and district levels is undertaken.[/p]
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  • 3
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 73-91 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Research should be fundamental to transportation as a phenomenon, and yet central to the problems that need to be solved. This paper looks at the history of transportation research in the U.S. with a view toward understanding the bases of past research priorities, and deriving a basis for proposing future priorities. As a result, varieties of research are proposed. They include research which is progressive by criteria of the field during past decades, research which is critical or established as needed by rejection of those criteria, and research which arises as newly required by recent mandates to the field. As the most significant conclusion, it is proposed that research models be built — models which put the understanding of urban structure dynamics ahead of accuracy in forecasting.
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  • 4
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 93-110 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The U.S. Department of Transportation (1974) recently completed a comprehensive study of mass transportation needs and methods for financing these needs. Using information from the 1974 National Transportation Study, the study determined the level of capital and operating funds that would be required to implement the 1972–90 long-range plans and 1972–80 short-range programs of the states and urbanized areas. It then analyzed various funding mechanisms at state and local levels for financing their portions of these plans and programs. It was found that urban areas, in general, not only plan to stabilize transit fares in the face of rising costs, but also intend to put $ 23.6 billion into capital investments through 1980 and an additional $ 34.6 billion through 1990. Of the total $ 58.2 billion in capital expenditures by 1990, 63% would be expended by the nine largest urbanized areas; 27.8% by the New York area alone. Rail transit and commuter railroad costs would account for 90% of the nine largest urbanized areas. States and localities would be able to carry the financial burden of mass transportation improvements, even if the proposed 1980 programs were implemented in their entirety, given current levels of Federal assistance. However, there would have to be a substantial financial commitment from the states and localities and some hard decisions made by them about public expenditure priorities, fare policies, and taxation levels, and policies to discourage automobile usage. This underscores the need for careful review of their overall plans and programs by state and local officials before making financial commitments.
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  • 5
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 121-122 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 6
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 123-133 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The energy crisis and various urban problems stemming from auto congestion, pollution, and the cost of providing public highways have created enormous interest in revitalizing our urban mass transit systems. Currently much is being said and written regarding the efficacy of granting federal, state and/or local operating subsidies. In this article, the author reviews the transit industry's peak capacity problem, and questions the economic wisdom of providing operating subsidies, as some are now being provided, and how most will probably be administered in the near future. An alternative plan suggests the manner in which subsidies can eventually help the transit industry. The article concludes with an analysis of what research efforts are needed in many urban transit systems and how subsidies can be used to support such research.
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  • 7
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 153-173 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract In appreciation of the fact that longer-run considerations are particularly important in the development of urban transportation, during the past three decades American transportation planning has been employing increasingly sophisticated approaches to the future. This article discusses four phases in this evolution, with a given focus dominant in each period. During the first period, following on the initial provision of federal government funds for the construction of highways in and around cities, major reliance was based on simple projections of travel demand in metropolitan regions, based mainly on current patterns. This was followed by an approach which focused on an analysis of impacts on transportation systems of projected land uses, based on forecasts of population and economic growth for a target year, on the assumption that facilities were to be provided to move all vehicles that wanted to move from here to there at least possible cost. The third period was characterized by an increasing consciousness of the value of articulating national and local goals in making transportation decisions, going beyond narrow economic and mobility objectives, and including the notion of trade-offs among goals. The most recent period discussed is one characterized by rising interest in futures studies, using methods such as “Delphi” and cross-impact analysis and approaches such as “alternative futures,” as well as a search for achieving flexibility in transportation development and for means of limiting resource commitment in the face of the uncertainties of the future (“keeping options open”). It is pointed out that we still have a long way to go in learning how to evolve feasible images of the future, with associated explicit urban life-style goals, that come to grips with societal variety and conflicting interests.
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  • 8
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 175-198 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Accessibility measures reflect the level of service provided by transportation systems to various locations. Basic transportation choice behavior is defined to include those decisions of how many automobiles to own and how many trips to which destinations to make by automobile and by public transit. Here, these decisions are assumed to be made jointly by urban households and are conditional upon residential location decisions. It is the purpose of this paper to explore the role of accessibility as a causal factor in such basic transportation choice behavior. An economic utility theory model of choice behavior is postulated in which the benefits from making trips to specific destinations are reflected by measures of destination attraction. Through determination of utility-maximizing trip frequencies, indirect utility functions are developed which include accessibility concepts. Behavioral implications of these concepts are proposed and contrasts are drawn to accessibility measures used in conventional segregated models of trip distribution, modal choice, and automobile ownership. Sensitivity analyses of alternative empirical definitions of accessibility in the choice model are conducted using data from the Detroit Regional Transportation and Land Use Study — covering counties in southeastern Michigan. These analyses employ a multinomial logit estimation technique and focus on definitions of trip attraction. Results of these analyses indicate that more complicated attraction measures can be replaced by measures involving the proportion of either urban area population or urban area employment within a traffic analysis zone. Also, evidence is found that decision-makers in the case study area consider trips of up to 60 or even 90 minutes duration when evaluating accessibilities offered by alternative public and private transportation systems.
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  • 9
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 227-240 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 10
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 243-256 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The problems and potential of several demand responsive transportation (DRT) modes are examined in this paper. The analysis provides suggested recommendations to decision makers, as well as policy analysts and transportation planners. Included in the definition of DRT are the auto, taxi, rent-a-car, jitney, dial-a-bus, car pool, and subscription bus. The main conclusions are: (1) Decision makers should not focus on taxis, rent-a-car, jitney, dial-a-bus, car pool, or subscription bus to reduce congestion and pollution without disincentives to auto use. (2) Jitneys can help the transit poor, and jitney development by the private sector should be encouraged, particularly along routes currently overloading public transit where resistance from transit operators is likely to be the least. Or, jitneys might be encouraged to feed public transit, if this proves politically feasible. (3) Since the greatest potential of dial-a-ride is in helping the poor and elderly rather than reducing congestion, decision makers should consider providing vouchers to the poor and elderly for use on taxis before considering the public provision of an entire dial-a-ride system. (4) Local decision makers, as well as state agencies supporting local demand responsive transportation, should support efforts to increase the supply of taxis. Recognizing the political difficulties involved in increasing the supply, compromise solutions aimed at encouraging incentives for competition, such as leased cabs, should also be encouraged.
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  • 11
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 257-284 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A major problem with aggregate transport planning models is the accounting of variability in traveller behaviour when the basic unit of analysis is the geographical traffic zone. In an attempt to allow for this variance, recent attention has been given to the role of socio-economic (user and household) characteristics in systematically identifying a homogeneous grouping of travellers with respect to the issue under study rather than restricting the grouping definition according to physical geographical criteria alone. This homogeneous grouping criterion combined eventually with a necessity to represent travel demand in a spatial context, can assist in improving our ability to explain real travel patterns by the development of an improved aggregation condition. The emphasis is on modelling homogeneous groups of travellers separately, and then relating the individual sets of results to each other to obtain an aggregate prediction of behaviour via a knowledge of the representativeness of each group contained in the total sample. This paper presents a technique to identify the relative homogeneity of travellers in accordance with a specified criterion, and illustrates its use with individual household data for the Sydney Metropolitan Area. The paper concludes with a discussion of the advantages of segmentation in operational transport planning, in particular with reference to the “aggregation” of disaggregate behavioural travel choice models, or movement from a micro-model of individual choice behaviour to an aggregate model of travel demanu.
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  • 12
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 330-330 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
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  • 13
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 341-352 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
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  • 14
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 419-424 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
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  • 15
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 389-406 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Two alternative methods for conducting a preliminary analysis of the problem of locating and sizing park-ride lots for an urban bus transit system are examined. These alternative methods are tested using a large and complex street network representing the northern half of the City of Seattle, Washington. Four design criteria are identified and an overall measure of system performance is devised. The problem is to determine the size and location of three park-ride lots that will maximize the performance of the system. The first method utilizes a computing system called LOCATOR II in an interactive graphic mode. In an experimental setting, five students use LOCATOR II to locate three park-ride lots and their solutions are found to exhibit a very high average level of performance. The second method does not involve a direct interaction with the computing system but does use LOCATOR II in a batch mode. Several students participate in three rounds of the batch mode experiment and the performance of their designs is somewhat poorer than the designs found in the interactive graphics experiment. Overall, the experimental results show that relatively inexperienced persons can find a high performance design for a reasonably complex problem quickly and inexpensively. These designs can provide a good starting point for the detailed consideration of many of the other aspects of the problem of providing a high performance bus transit service in an urban area.
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  • 16
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 223-225 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 17
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 199-222 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Although a great deal is known about the distribution of homes and the distribution of workplaces in Greater London, the spatial relationship between them is less well understood. Using 1966 census data, the authors try to give a simple visual picture of this relationship, and to assess the relative travel intensities which would arise at different points in London from commuter trips, assuming straight line routing. The results show firstly that a large proportion of the population work quite close to their homes, with radial travel towards the city centre being only slightly more prominent than other directions of movement. The remainder tend to work near the city centre and to travel much longer distances. Secondly, relative to various annuli at 2 km increments centred on Charing Cross, the amounts of through traffic expressed as a proportion of the totals are roughly constant for radii between 4 and 14 km. Thirdly, people's choice of home in relation to their workplace is, on the whole, quite efficient, since it gives rise to a total amount of travel which is much closer to the theoretical minimum than it is to the amount corresponding to a random choice of homes from the available stock.
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  • 18
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 241-242 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
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  • 19
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 285-307 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The results presented in this report are based on data obtained from Chicago's three largest diesel commuter railroads. Those aspects of their operations that relate to energy and pollution are described. Service characteristics, such as average occupancy and average trip distance, are presented. Energy consumption results are presented and discussed. With energy efficiency measured in passenger-miles per Btu, it is found that trips by diesel commuter train are 3.5 times more energy efficient than Chicago Central Area auto trips. The total trip from home to suburban station, then by train to a downtown terminal, is found to be 2.2 times more energy efficient than Chicago Central Area auto trips. Pollutant production rates are presented for five pollutants. For every pollutant except sulfur oxides, trains are found to be less polluting per passenger-mile than autos. Per passenger-mile pollutant emissions from trains are, overall, less damaging by a factor of 5.5 than the per passenger-mile emissions from autos. Travel on these diesel commuter trains is less costly to society than auto travel (1972 suburban-based autos). This is the case whether one compares the train trip alone with an auto trip or the home-to-suburb an-station-tlien-to-a-downtown-terminal trip with a home-to-downtown auto trip.
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  • 20
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 309-329 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper highlights some of the difficulties involved in the implementation of complex cost structures in the tree-building section of a transport demand model. The conventional tree-building algorithm is briefly described and is seen to be inadequate for the present purpose. A new algorithm is then presented which is able to implement complex cost structures properly. An example is given of the application of this algorithm to the building of tree in a public transport network. The performance of a computer program incorporating the new alrogrithm is evaluated against alternative methods of implementing complex cost structures. Some mention is then made of the vast range of potential uses for the new algorithm in the field of transport modelling and simulation.
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  • 21
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 331-340 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
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  • 22
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 353-353 
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 355-375 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Attitudinal multinomial logit models of modal choice are presented for four nonwork activities: major grocery shopping, shopping for odds and ends, shopping for personal goods and visiting friends and acquaintances. Explanatory variables are individuals' beliefs about attributes of four modal alternatives: bus, car, taxi and walking. Factor analysis is employed to identify latent dimensions of perception of the modal alternatives and to eliminate problems of multicollinearities in model estimation. Models are estimated using data obtained for a sample of residents of Buffalo, New York. Planning implications of the methodology are assessed.
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 407-418 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The editorial opinions expressed in the news press can provide information on which issues are currently prominent concerns of the public, and on how public opinion may be aligned on those issues. A survey of all urban transportation-related editorials appearing in a sample of 155 U.S. newspapers during a period of 19 months in 1973–74 revealed that a number of issues related to transit financing, transit and highway investment, bicycles, and the transportation planning process were currently under debate in the urban press. This paper presents the survey's findings regarding the incidence and viewpoint of articles on these and other issues. Transit financing concerns clearly emerged as the most frequently discussed, and some agreement in editorial viewpoint was also found. The paper concludes with the authors' subjective observations on the scope and style of editorial discussion of urban transportation issues.
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 377-388 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract In the case of models designed to explain the choice among a finite set of alternatives, a number of goodness-of-fit statistics have been reported. This paper is primarily concerned with the properties of one of these statistics, the likelihood ratio index. By comparing the likelihood ratio index with some of the other statistics and by examining its mathematical properties, it is concluded that the index has desirable properties in binary and multinomial situations. However, the way in which the likelihood ratio index has been applied in many recent studies has led to results which are possibly unexpected. In these cases, the index was a measure of the extent to which a hypothesized model improved upon the explanatory power of a model with all coefficients, including the constant or the coefficients of alternative-specific dummies, equal to zero. It is shown that the minimum value of this likelihood ratio index depends on the relative proportions of sampled individuals selecting the various alternatives, contrary to the expectation of a zero minimum value. The dependence on the sampled proportions also prevents comparison of indices resulting from different samples. A simple adjustment alleviates these difficulties. This new definition makes the likelihood ratio index a measure of the extent to which the hypothesized model improves upon the explanatory of a model with only a constant or alternative-specific dummies. It is recommended that this index is more appropriate for assessing the value of choice models.
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 3-16 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Late in 1974 and early in 1975 the Santa Clara County Transit District initiated, operated, and then discontinued a demand responsive dial-a-ride system within a $$5\tfrac{1}{2}$$ -month span. This systems failure was primarily the result of poor systems planning. Specifically, four major mistakes were made that led to the death of the system. They were: (1) Inadequate Customer Communication System, (2) Starting the Entire System at Once, (3) Inadequate Number of Vehicles, and (4) Taxicab Buyout. Each of these four mistakes is discussed in detail. Recommendations for instituting dial-a-ride systems are made. Getting through the difficulties of the start-up period is emphasized. Costs are discussed, and some relevant cost data are presented.
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 63-72 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A small electrically powered city car has been developed for self-drive hire in the centre of Amsterdam; 35 of these cars are now available to hire from 5 stations in the city centre. The. system has been designed for fully automatic control, including direct debit of hirers' accounts at the Amsterdam Savings Bank. The system, which was conceived in 1969 by an industrial designer and former city councillor to reduce traffic in central Amsterdam, failed to win the support of the City Council and has since been developed by a specially formed co-operative society. The co-operative managed to raise loans of US$ 250,000 for the first phase which has now been completed. This included the design and construction of the vehicles, the purchase of a mini-computer for the central control system, development of the control software and construction of the first five stations. A further 10 stations are scheduled for operation by the end of 1976, by which time the fleet should be extended to 100 vehicles. The ultimate target is 150 stations and 1000 vehicles.
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 45-61 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the trip-making behavior of persons over 65 years of age residing in Los Angeles County. To date, the major shortcoming of most research concerned with the transportation needs of the elderly is that the aged have been treated as a homogeneous group without recognizing the various lifestyles of the senior population. The two most easily distinguishable groups of elderly persons within the county are those residing in the inner-city and those around the urban fringe. Although many elderly are still found in “gray ghettos” there is currently a trend toward a more suburban generation of retirees. Four areas were selected within the county that reflected these two living patterns of the elderly. A comparative analysis of trip patterns and socio-economic data was completed. It was found that the suburban elderly are characterized as (1) having higher incomes, (2) residing predominantly in single-family units and (3) being reliant upon automobile transportation. As is typical of a large proportion of those over 65 years of age, many of the suburban elderly cannot drive. Studies of the transportation needs of this group indicate that without transit alternatives they may well become society's most transit-deprived segment. On the other hand, while the inner-city elderly may have a wider range of transportation options, they also have a distinct economic disadvantage which preludes their accessibility to opportunities. An analysis of modal choices, trip purposes and the frequency of travel exhibited many similarities and some significant differences in the travel behavior as well as problems of these two groups. In addition to investigating travel patterns a survey of taxi-cab use on weekends and weekdays was undertaken. Elderly persons represent a substantial proportion of taxi-cab patrons. Their use of taxis is further indicative of the change that occurs in mobility patterns upon reaching retirement. This mode of transportation is presently the only type of demand-responsive service available to the senior population in some parts of the county.
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 111-114 
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 115-120 
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 135-152 
    ISSN: 1572-9435
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract In December 1972 an earthquake hit Managua, Nicaragua, killing 5,000 inhabitants, while wounding 20,000 persons and destroying its core area of 13 square kilometers. The earthquake also seriously disrupted the bus transit system. Bus transit patronage fell as a result of the loss of population of 144,000 persons who moved temporarily out of the city, while costs rose appreciably as both round trip bus distances and the proportion of the trips on unpaved roads doubled with respect to pre-earthquake levels. By September 1973, ten of the thirteen bus companies were on the verge of bankruptcy and were demanding from the regulatory body stiff increases in fares. This paper presents analyses and recommendations for improving the short-term efficiency of bus routes in Managua by applying planning techniques suited to the data availability problems of developing countries. In view of the lack of cost data for the bus routes, a cost analysis was conducted; Jan de Weille's cost factors were adapted to Nicaragua to portray the near bankrupt condition of most routes. These cost factors were verified by means of selected interviews with the private transit entrepreneurs. Next, a simple patronage prediction model was developed which related patronage for a route to the population and employment served by the route. This simple patronage model was then applied to redesign the bus routes of Managua. A policy of bus route redesign coupled with the paving of city streets along the bus routes is shown to have sufficed in avoiding fare increases. Finally, the paper reviews the bus transit regulatory setting and develops some recommendations for its improvement.
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    Transportation 5 (1976), S. 425-434 
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 8 (1976), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 8 (1976), S. 209-223 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Stabilitätsanalyse eines in einem Felsgebirge aufgefahrenen Tunnels unter Berücksichtigung des Verhaltens nach Bruch Es wird eine analytische Methode zur Stabilitätsberechnung eines in einem Felsgebirge aufgefahrenen Tunnels gezeigt. Dieses Felsgebirge ist durch sein elastisches Verhalten bis zur maximalen Festigkeit, dann durch eine stufenweise Festigkeitsabnahme mit Volumenvergrößerung bis zur Restfestigkeit gekennzeichnet. Der auf die Abbaufront zurückzuführende dreidimensionale Aspekt des Problems wird berücksichtigt. Instabilitätserscheinungen treten auf, wenn die Restfestigkeit an der inneren Gewölbefläche des Tunnels erreicht wird. Es wird die Wirkung des Ausbaus in Abhängigkeit von der Erstellungszeit analysiert.
    Abstract: Summary Stability Analysis of a Tunnel Driven in a Rock Mass in Taking Account of the Post-failure Behaviour An analytical solution of the stability of a tunnel excavated in a rock mass is given, taking account of the post failure behaviour. The rock mass is assumed to be elastic up to the maximal strength, then it is characterized by a gradual loss of strength with dilatancy down to the residual strength. The three dimensional effect of the tunnel face is considered. Unstabilities may appear when the residual strength is reached at the tunnel wall. The support action is analysed for this type of short term behaviour in function of the time of its installation.
    Notes: Résumé Analyse de la stabilité d'un tunnel creusé dans un massif rocheux en tenant compte du comportement après la rupture On donne une solution analytique de la stabilité d'un tunnel creusé dans un massif rocheux caractérisé par un comportement élastique jusqu'à la résistance maximale, puis par une chute de résistance progressive jusqu' à la résistance résiduelle. Cette chute de résistance s'accompagne d'une dilatance du massif rocheux. On tient compte de l'aspect tridimensionnel du problème dû au front de taille. Des instabilités peuvent apparaître lorsque la résistance résiduelle est atteinte à l'intrados du tunnel. On analyse pour ce type de comportement à court terme le rôle du soutènement en fonction du temps de mise en place.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 8 (1976), S. 35-48 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Elastische Anisotropie eines regelmäßig geklüfteten Mediums Das Kontinuumsmodell eines Felsmassives, welches eine größere Anzahl von regelmäßig angeordneten parallelen Fugen besitzt, ist so ausgelegt, daß die Längenabmessungen groß im Vergleich zu der Fugenstärke werden. Der ungestörte Fels verhält sich isotrop und elastisch. Es wird eine umkehrbare lineare Beziehung zwischen den Zugspannungen in der Fuge und den relativen Verschiebungen (bei Außerachtlassung von Gleiten) angenommen, was zu einem in der Gesamtheit quer durchgehend anisotrop elastischem Modell führt. Der Grad der Anisotropie hängt vom Verhältnis des überschlägigen Fugenmoduls zum Elastizitätsmodul des Felses ab und wird unter Zugrundelegung von ebenen Dehnungs- und Spannungsverhältnissen für Flächen normal auf die Fugen überprüft. Verschiedene Grenzwerte werden in Betracht gezogen, es wird nämlich gezeigt, daß einige Bereiche nicht mit Isotropie oder Anisotropie in Einklang zu bringen sind, in anderen wiederum ist es möglich, mit Näherungen niedrigerer Ordnung zu arbeiten, was die Berücksichtigung von Randeffekten gestattet. Letztere Bereiche gehören zu einem relativ niedrigen Fugenmodul, was das ganze Modell stark anisotrop werden läßt.
    Abstract: Résumé Anisotropie élastique dans un milieu à joints réguliers Un modèle continu d'une masse rocheuse contenant un ensemble majeur de joints parallèles équidistants est adopté pour le cas où les dimensions longitudinales sont grandes en comparison des intervalles entre les joints. Le rocher intact est isotropique et élastique, et l'on suppose des relations linéaires réversibles entre les tractions sur les joints et les déplacements relatifs (avant le glissement), menant à un milieu transversalement isotropique et élastique dans son ensemble. Le degré d'isotropie dépend du rapport entre les modules de l'ensemble des joints et les modules élastiques du rocher; ce rapport est examiné pour le cas de déformations planes et de tensions planes dans des plans contenant la normale à l'ensemble des joints. On considère plusieurs limites de ces rapports montrant que certaines gammes ne sont que des perturbations régulières de la théorie isotropique ou anisotropique, tandis que d'autres donnent des approximations d'ordre inférieur qui impliquent des effets de couches frontières. Les dernières gammes correspondent à des modules de joints relativement petits, qui tendent la réaction de l'ensemble très anisotropique.
    Notes: Summary Elastic Anisotropy of Regularly Jointed Media A continuum model of a rock mass containing a major set of regularly spaced parallel joints is adopted for length scales large compared with joint spacing. The intact rock is isotropic and elastic; reversible linear relations between the joint tractions and relative displacements (ignoring slip) are assumed, leading to an overall transversely anisotropic elastic medium. The degree of anisotropy depends on the ratios of the gross joint moduli to the elastic moduli of the rock, and is examined for plane strain and plane stress conditions in planes containing the normal to the joint set. Various ratio limits are considered, showing that some ranges are just regular perturbations of isotropic or anisotropic theory, while others give rise to lower order approximations which can involve boundary layer effects. The latter ranges corresponds to the relatively low joint moduli which make the overall response strongly anisotropic.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 8 (1976), S. 73-113 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Stability Analysis of Rock Slopes for Plane and Wedge Failure A simple formula for plane slope failure is derived, which may be used for the design of anchors to ensure the safety of rock masses endangered by slides. The cohesional strength component appears explicitly in the formula, while the geometrical parameters, the friction angle and the safety factor are included in only two factors,k 1 andk 2. The discovery of a formal analogy between the plane failure problem and that of wedge failure on two intersecting plane surfaces makes it possible to use the basic formula also for the solution of the complicated three-dimensional wedge problem. The basic formula may in both cases also be used to make a detailed parametric study to investigate the sensitivity of the rock slope construction to variations in individual parameters. This investigation may be carried out quickly, without time consuming calculations, even at the site. As an aid for this either the accompanying charts or the given program for the “Hewlett Packard HP-65” pocket calculator may be used. The application of the method is illustrated in several practical examples of the design of rock slopes.
    Abstract: Résumé Calculs de stabilité de talus rocheux à deux et trois dimensions Dans le cas du problème plan, on a mis au point une formule fondamentale pour le dimensionnement des ancrages qui doivent retenir une masse rocheuse susceptible de glisser. L'influence de la cohésion y figure explicitement, celle de la géométrie, de l'angle de frottement et du coefficient de sécurité y apparaissent implicitement dans deux facteurs. On a découvert une analogie formelle entre le glissement sur un plan et le glissement d'un coin de roche le long de deux plans. Ceci permet d'appliquer directement la formule fondamentale, du problème plan, qui est simple, à la résolution du problème enchevêtré qui se présente dans l'espace. Dans les deux cas, la formule de dimensionnement permet aussi la réalisation d'une vaste analyse paramétrique pour déterminer la sensibilité de la construction à la variation des paramètres individuels. Ces investigations peuvent êtres faites à la fois rapidement et sans calculs fastidieux sur le terrain-même, si on se sert soit des diagrammes ci-joints, soit du programme indiqué pour la calculatrice de poche “Hewlett Packard HP-65”. Quelques exemples illustrent l'application à des cas concrets.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Stabilitätsberechnung ebener und räumlicher Felsböschungen Für die Bemessung der Ankerkräfte zur Sicherung einer gleitgefährdeten Felsmasse wird für das ebene Problem eine Grundformel hergeleitet. Der Einfluß der Kohäsion kommt dabei explizit zum Ausdruck, die Einflüsse der Geometrie, des Reibungswinkels und des Sicherheitsfaktors treten in zwei Faktoren zusammengefaßt in Erscheinung. Die Aufdeckung einer formalen Analogie zwischen dem Abgleiten auf einer Ebene und dem Abgleiten eines Felskeiles auf zwei Ebenen erlaubt es, die einfache Grundformel des ebenen Problems direkt für die Lösung des verwickelten räumlichen Problems anzuwenden. Die Bemessungsformel dient in beiden Fällen auch zur Durchführung einer umfangreichen Parameteranalyse um die Empfindlichkeit der Konstruktion auf die Variation der einzelnen Parameter zu ermitteln. Diese Untersuchungen können rasch und ohne langwierige Rechnungen selbst im Felde durchgeführt werden. Als Hilfsmittel hiezu dienen entweder die beiliegenden Diagramme oder das für den programmierbaren Taschenrechner „Hewlett Packard HP-65“ angegebene Programm. Anhand einiger Beispiele wird die Anwendung auf praktische Fälle des Felsbaues illustriert.
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 8 (1976), S. 169-184 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Keywords: Dilatation ; friction law ; friction of rock joints ; model friction test ; rock friction test ; roughness analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Reibungs- und Verformungsverhalten von Klüften Die vorliegende Untersuchung war dem Einfluß der Kluftflächenunebenheit und der Materialfestigkeit auf das Reibungs- und Verformungsverhalten rauher, verzahnter Kluftflächen gewidmet. Neben der analytischen Bestimmung der Kluftflächenunebenheit anhand des Dilatationsverhaltens der Kluftfuge wurden Reibungsversuche an Modellkörpern mit natürlicher Kluftmorphologie und an Gesteinen durchgeführt. Es wird ein Stoffgesetz entwickelt, mit welchem der Reibungswiderstand und das Dilatationsverhalten in Abhängigkeit von der Normalspannung und der Materialfestigkeit bei längeren Gleitwegen beschrieben werden kann.
    Abstract: Résumé Le comportement des fissures au frottement et aux déformations La présente étude traite de l'influence de la rugosité d'une diaclase et de la résistance de la roche sur le comportement au frottement et aux déformations d'une fissure âpre et endentée. La rugosité de la fissure a été déterminée d'après la dilatation maximale. Des éssais de frottement ont été exécutés à l'aide de modèles ayant une surface de fissure naturelle et à l'aide d'échantillons de roche. Une loi a été développée qui décrit la resistancé au frottement et le comportement à la dilatation de la fissure pour de grandes déformations en fonction de la contrainte normale et de la résistance des matériaux.
    Notes: Summary The Friction and Deformation Behaviour of Rock Joints The present investigation deals with the influence of joint roughness and material strength on the friction and deformation behaviour of rough indented joints. Besides the analytical determination of the joint roughness by the dilatation behaviour of the joint, friction tests on models with natural joint morphology and rock samples have been conducted. A material law is developed, describing the friction resistance and the dilatation behaviour at large deformations in their dependence on normal stress and material strength.
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    Materials and structures 9 (1976), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1359-5997
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On décrit des essais de gonflement au gel réalisés sur des schistes houillers calcinés et non calcinés, avec des échantillons provenant de 19 houillères de différentes régions. Si 11 des 12 schistes calcinés se sont révélés susceptibles au gel, cela n'a été le cas que pour 4 des 17 échantillons non calcinés: cet écart de comportement entre les deux formes de schiste est attribué à des différences d'absorption, ainsi que de quantité et de nature des fines présentes. Une étude limitée des conditions d'essai suggère que le gonflement s'accroît avec l'augmentation de la teneur en humidité de l'échantillon au moment du compactage, avec la diminution de la dinsité sèche de l'échantillon et avec la diminution de la dimension maximale des particules. Cette étude s'accompagne de recommandations pour la modification de la méthode d'essai habituelle et l'interprétation des résultats.
    Notes: Abstract The paper gives details of frost heave tests carried out on burnt and on unburnt colliery shales, the samples being obtained from 19 collieries in various parts of the country. Whereas 11 of the 12 burnt shales tested were frost susceptible, this was the case for only 4 of the 17 unburnt samples and the relative behaviour of the two forms of shale is attributed to differences in absorption and in the amount and nature of the fine material present. A limited study of the test conditions suggests that heave increases with increase in specimen moisture content at the time of compaction, with decrease in specimen dry density and with decrease in maximum particle size. Recommendations are included for changes in the current test procedure and in the interpretation of the results.
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    Materials and structures 9 (1976), S. 115-117 
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    Materials and structures 9 (1976), S. 141-144 
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    Materials and structures 9 (1976), S. 83-89 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is necessary to consider the advantages and limitations of each of the numerous methods available today for the analysis of stress. Systematic studies are lacking on this subject. The author deals in a qualitative manner with the relative efficiency of the so-called finite element methods in respect with the experimental stress analysis methods. He also makes considerations on the relative merits of: 1) photoplasticity and moiré to solve problems in plasticity; 2) photo-ortho-elasticity, photoelastic coatings, and moiré to solve anisotropic problems; 3) several of the methods used today to solve problems in dynamic photoelasticity; 4) the methods used in three-dimensional photoelasticity, and in general about the photoelasticity methods, moiré, holography, brittle coatings, and the point-by-point methods. The analysis presented in the paper can be considered only preliminary. The author, however, gives reasons for his preference for the whole-field methods and for the diffused light polariscopes, for the use of moiré to solve problems in plasticity and in anisotropy, and for the use of the methods of repeated flashes to solve reproduceable problems in dynamic photoelasticity. He also shows that in general the “freezing” method is the most pratical and the most precise to solve three-dimensional problems. He thinks that the method of finite elements has replaced, or will soon replace, two-dimensional static photoelasticity. On the other hand, photoelasticity seems to be the most efficient method to solve dynamic problems, optimization problems, and three-dimensional problems.
    Notes: Résumé Il est nécessaire de considérer les avantages et les limitations des nombreuses méthodes dont on dispose aujourd'hui pour l'analyse des contraintes. Des études systématiques manquent sur cette question. L'auteur s'occupe qualitativement de l'efficacité relative des méthodes dites des éléments-finis par rapport aux méthodes expérimentales d'analyse des contraintes. Il fait quelques considérations aussi sur la valeur relative de: 1o la photoplasticité et le moiré pour résoudre des problèmes de plasticité; 2o la photo-ortho-élasticité, la couche photoélastique et le moiré pour résoudre des problèmes d'anisotropie; 3o plusieurs des méthodes employées maintenant pour résoudre des problèmes de photoélasticité dynamique; 4o les méthodes employées en photoélasticité tridimensionnelle, et en général sur les méthodes photoélastiques, du moiré, de l'holographie, des pellicules fragiles et des méthodes ponctuelles.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This investigation relates to the identification of possible relations existing between the porous structure of the marble of “Montagnola Senese” and its behaviour under artificial ageing. To this end, the structure of a “quarry” material was analysed, as well as that of the same material previously submitted to some cycles either freeze thaw cycles, or sodium sulfate crystallisation. The investigation was carried out by measuring porosity with a mercury porosimeter and by observing the samples with a scanning electron microscope.
    Notes: Résumé Cette étude porte sur l'identification d'éventuelles relations existant entre la structure poreuse du marbre de la Montagnola Senese et son comportement au vieillissement artificiel. Dans ce but on a analysé la structure d'un matériau de «carrière» et celle du même matériau soumis au préalable à quelques cycles soit de gel-dégel, soit de cristallisation au sulfate sodique. L'étude a été effectuée en mesurant la porosité avec un porosimètre à mercure et en observant les échantillons au microscope électronique à balayage (S.E.M.)
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    Materials and structures 9 (1976), S. 129-140 
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    Notes: Résumé Les activités de la RILEM dans le domaine du bétonnage en hiver ont été marquées par un premier Colloque international qui s'est tenu à Copenhague en 1956. Une commission a été ensuite constituée, qui a conclu ses travaux par la publication de deux recommandations: -RILEM Recommendation for winter concreting,Bulletin de la RILEM, no 21, décembre 1963. Texte français publié dans lesAnnales de I'ITBTP, no 190, octobre 1963, série béton armé 72. -Recommendations for winter weather forecasting for the building industry,Bulletin de la RILEM, no 26, mars 1966. Avant de poursuivre dans cette voie, il avait paru indispensable de recueillir de nouvelles informations sur les idées, les méthodes et les techniques qui se développent dans différents pays. C'est pour répondre à cette condition que s'est réuni à Moscou, du 14 au 16 octobre 1975, le second Colloque international sur le bétonnage en hiver. Ce colloque, qui a réuni une assistance considérable, a permis de rassembler un matériel important dont la plus arande partie a été publiée en russe. C'est pourquoi il nous a paru utile d'analyser ici les rapports aénéraux relatifs à chacun des thèmes du colloque, qui étaient: -Durcissement du béton sous des températures de gel et mécanisme de la congélation. Rapporteur: S. A. Mironov. -Utilisation du durcissement accéléré du béton dans le cas du bétonnage par temps froid. Rapporteur: J. M. Scanlon. -Bétonnage en hiver—Pratique canadienne. Rapporteur: R. G. Turenne et P. J. Sereda. -Méthodes de bétonnage avec chauffage des structures. Ràpporteur: B. A. Krylov. -Bétonnage en hiver en Finlande. Rapporteur: H. Poijärvi.
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    Materials and structures 9 (1976), S. 383-394 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On présente ici une étude analytique et expérimentale des propriétés mécaniques et physiques des panneaux de laine de bois. Analytiquement, le matériau est étudié comme un composite où la pate de ciment joue le rôle de la matrice et la laine de bois celui de fibres longues disposées dans tous les sens. Les effets de cette disposition, des fibres sont pris en considération par l’introduction, de facteurs sans dimension qu’on obtient, en supposant que le centre géométrique des fibres se trouve distribué uniformément et que toute, fibre possède la même probabilité d’être disposée à quelque angle que ce soit par rapport à la direction de la sollicitation exercée. Les propriétés mécaniques, du composite sont obtenues à partir de compositions définies et l’on donne des expressions explicites tant des différentes rigidités élastiques des panneaux que des résistances maximales en flexion, traction et compression. On a essayé en flexion des échantillons de laine de bois à teneurs en bois et rapports bois/ciment différents, en flexion, traction directe, compression, axiale, torsion: on a également déterminé absorption d’eau, résistance au choc, perméabilité, combustibilité, fluage et retrait. On a aussi déterminé séparément diverses propriétés du ciment d’enrobage et des fibres de laine de bois. Les résultats d’essai montrent que les propriétés mécaniques du composite peuvent être déterminées avec une précision suffisante à partir de compositions définies où le ciment joue le rôle de la matrice et les fibres de bois celui du renforcement. Les résistances des panneaux de laine de bois sont fortement influencées par la présence de laine de bois sont fortement influencées par la présence de vides qui sont pris en considération par l’introduction de certains facteurs de réduction. Le moment maximal des panneaux de laine de bois peut être calculé avec précision si l’on admet que le ciment d’enrobage seul subit les efforts de compression tandis que les efforts de traction sont supportés par les fibres de bois. Les résultats d’essai indiquent que la plus grande partie de la déformation de fluage se produit durant les 7 premiers jours de l’essai et que les échantillons à faible rapport bois/ciment montrent un fluage plus prononcé que ceux à rapport bois/ciment élevé. Le retrait au jeune âge débute après que le panneau de laine de bois ait montré une expansion initiale qui dure approximativement 5 jours, et le retrait des éprouvettes à haute teneur en bois varie avec le rapport bois/ciment tandis que le retrait des éprouvettes à faible teneur en bois reste constant. L’étude des propriétés physiques des panneaux de laine de bois montre que les échantillons à haute teneur en bois absorbent plus d’eau que ceux à faible teneur en bois, et que les panneaux de laine de bois ont une bonne résistance au choc: cependant, ce sont des matériaux combustibles.
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with an analytical and experimental investigation of the mechanical and physical properties of wood-wool slabs. Analytically, the material is treated as a composite where the cement paste acts as the matrix and the wood-wool as randomly oriented long fibers. The mechanical properties of the composite are derived by the laws of mixture. The effect of the random orientation of the wood fibers is taken into consideration by the introduction of dimensionless factors which are derived on the assumption that the geometric centers of the wood fibers are uniformly distributed in space and that any fiber has an equal probability to being oriented at any angle to the direction of the applied stress. Explicit expressions are derived for the various elastic rigidities of the slabs as well as the ultimate strengths in bending, tension and compression. Wood-wood samples with varying wood content and wood-cement ratio are tested in flexure, direct tension, axial compression, torsion, water absorption, impact, permeability, combustibility, creep and shrinkage. The test results are shown to be in good agreement with theoretically predicted values.
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    Materials and structures 9 (1976), S. 407-410 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On décrit ici l’effet des sorptions d’eau sur le module d’élasticité dynamique du béton, du mortier et de la pâte de ciment. Les résultats indiquent que le module dynamique décroît en désorption et reprend une partie de sa valeur initiale lors d’une sorption subséquente. On attribue la baisse de valeur du module au cours du premier séchage à certains changements irréversibles de la structure de la pâte de ciment durcie et au retrait la microfissuration produite. L’action d’humidification/séchage cyclique est cause de la diminution ultérieure du module dynamique; cette réduction est plus prononcée dans les séries de pâtes où la propagation des microfissures est plus susceptible de se produire. Le module dynamique est moindre que le module statique dans les éprouvettes séchées. Cependant, d’après les articles parus, l’inverse serait vrai pour les éprouvettes humides. Le module d’élasticité dynamique du béton est une fonction de son état hygrique et toute étude de la résistance et de la déformation du béton devrait tenir compte des variations concomittantes du module. Enfin, des variations du module dynamique peuvent servir d’évaluation qualitative de la microfissuration qui exerce aussi une grande influence sur la résistance et la déformation du béton.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of desorption and water sorption on the dynamic modulus of concrete, mortars and hardened Portland cement paste are investigated. Desiccation of the latter results in a significant reduction in the dynamic modulus. Cyclic drying and wetting of the concrete system further decreases the modulus value. Shrinkage induced microcracking is proposed as the major mechanism of the modulus variation. It is concluded that the first drying of the concrete system results in some irreversible changes in the structure of the hardened cement paste.
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    Materials and structures 9 (1976), S. 425-431 
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    Materials and structures 9 (1976), S. 91-98 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La vérification et l'identification des lois théoriques de fluage à partir des résultats d'essai se trouvent renouvelées par les algorithmes d'optimisation depuis peu disponibles dans les informathèques. On peut, à présent, opérer des comparaisons bien détaillées avec les résultats d'essais de fluage, et cela sans trop de peine. En formulant les conditions d'optimalité dans les termes d'une fonction objective de somme des carrés, et en exprimant par des substitutions quadratiques des contraintes de différentes valeurs positives, on peut appliquer l'algorithme de Marquardt. C'est de cette façon qu'on étudie ici deux formulations récemment proposées: (a) le modèle viscoélastique avec réduction du temps, et (b) la méthode de la «vitesse de déformation plastique». On sait qu'aucune de ces formulations ne peut bien rendre compte des résultats d'essai de fluage pour toute l'étendue des valuers intéressantes de durée de fluage et d'âge de chargement, bien qu'on ait précédemment obtenu une certaine concordance avec les résultats d'essai dans un intervalle restreint. Cette même méthode a fait déjà révéler que la formulation du fluage récemment proposée par les Recommandations du C.E.B. était entachée des mêmes limitations. Celle-ci, ainsi que les deux formulations qu'on étudie ici ont en commun le même concept sous-jacent de séparation de la déformation totale de fluage en fluage réversible et fluage irréversible. Nos résultats démontrent que ce concept est en contradiction avec les résultats de fluage obtenus dans un intervalle de temps qui ne soit pas trop limité.
    Notes: Abstract Optimization algorithms that have recently become available in computer libraries revolutionize checking and identification of theoretical creep laws from test data. Much more detailed comparisons with creep test data are now feasible, and with little effort. Formulating the optimality condition in terms of a sum-of-squares objective function and expressing various positiveness constraints by quadratic substitutions, one can apply the Marquardt algorithm. In this manner, two recently proposed formulations are examined: (a) the viscoelastic model with reduced time, and (b) the rate-of-flow method. It is shown that none of these formulations is capable of giving a satisfactory description of creep data which cover the full range of interest in creep durations and ages at loading, even though an acceptable agreement has previously been demonstrated for creep data of narrow time range. Previously it has been found by the same method that the recently proposed creep formulation for C.E.B. Recommendations suffers by the same limitations. That formulation and the two formulations examined herein share the underlying concept of separating the total creep strain in reversible creep and irreversible creep. The present demonstrate that this (theoretically unfounded) concept is contradicted by creep data of not too limited time range.
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    Materials and structures 9 (1976), S. 411-417 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A partir de l’analyse des mécanismes de la déformation plastique on arrive à déduire une expression qui nous donne la déformation plastique en fonction d’une variable qui dépend de la contrainte de la température et du temps: c’est la contrainte effective. En appliquant cette expression au phénomène de la relaxation des aciers de précontrainte, on déduit une nouvelle formule qui détermine la perte de contrainte en fonction de la contrainte effective de l’acier. Cette expression est valable dans un certain intervalle de températures (20 à 60°C), et de tensions (jusqu’à 80% de la charge unitaire maximale) et l’influence du matériel n’est représentée que par deux paramètres empiriques. Pour vérifier la validité de cette expression on expose les résultats des essais qui ont été réalisés sur deux aciers stabilisés. Pour l’un de ces aciers on a exploré l’intervalle de tension et de températures considéré auparavant. Les essais à hautes températures ont été réalisés suivant une nouvelle méthode: tandis que pour les essais à 20°C la vitesse de mise en charge a été de 3,3 MN/m2.s, pour les essais à 40°C la vitesse employée a été de 33 MN/m2.s et pour les essais à 60°C elle était de 250 MN/m2.s. Le temps de maintien de la charge initiale a été réduit à 13 secondes pour les essais à 40°C et à 1,8 secondes pour les essais à 60°C. Les résultats de ces essais s’accordent très bien avec l’expression théorique. Finalement on applique cette expression à d’autres essais qui ont été publiés par le C.U.R. et par Brachet, Jacques et Atallah et on vérifie sa validité avec les résultats de ces essais.
    Notes: Abstract From the basic mechanisms of plastic deformation, a new equation for the isothermal relaxation has been derived, depending on two empirical parameters. Relaxation tests show the validity of the formula to explain isothermal relaxation losses in stress-relieved steels and to take into account the influence of the temperature up to 60°C and the initial stress up to 0.80 u.t.s. A new testing method, as deduced from the formula, for high temperature relaxation tests is proposed. Finally, the equation has been applied to test results from other authors obtaining again an excellent agreement with them.
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    Materials and structures 9 (1976), S. 433-434 
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    Materials and structures 9 (1976), S. 145-147 
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    Materials and structures 9 (1976), S. 119-127 
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    Notes: Summary Resinous binders and plastic materials are generally sensitive to the action of solar rays. The solar radiation acts together on aspect (colour alteration) and on mechanical properties. The first chapter is devoted to the study of the actual solar radiation, an attempt is made to identify the reasons why this radiation can be aggressive for resinous binders. Chapter 2 gives as examples some deterioration mechanisms of plastic materials under the action of light combined to that of the oxygen of atmosphere. The 3rd chapter covers the simulation of radiation; the different models of lamps used for the study of simulated or artificial ageing are described with their advantages and drawbacks, and practical advice is given concerning the utilization of these lamps.
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    Materials and structures 9 (1976), S. 395-406 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On propose une série de formules algébriques qui traduisent le retrait et le fluage du béton considéré pour toutes les durées intéressantes. Ces formules prennent en compte: les effets du séchage à diverses humidités relatives ambiantes, dimensions et formes de la section, le vieillissement (dû à l’hydratation), l’effet retardé du chargement après le début du séchage, le fluage d’éprouvettes préséchées à diverses humidités, la fonction non linéaire de contrainte, l’accroissement de la non-linéarité durant le séchage, et la diminution de la résistance sous charge de longue durée. On a obtenu comme un cas particulier une simplification sous forme de fonction linéaire de la contrainte. La formulation est une extension de la loi de fluage dite «à double puissance» qui a été récemment proposée pour l’étude du fluage en l’absence d’échange d’humidité. La forme des courbes de fluage en fonction du temps dépend des conditions d’humidité. On montre qu’on obtient une assez bonne concordance avec les nombreuses données expérimentales disponibles.
    Notes: Abstract A set of algebraic formulas is proposed to describe the shrinkage and creep of concrete over the entire range of time durations of interest. The formulas cover: the effects of drying at various environmental relatire humidities, the size and shape of cross section, aging (due to hydration), the effect of time lag of loading after the start of drying, creep of specimens predried to various humidities, the nonlinear dependence of stress, the increase of nonlinearity at simultaneous drying, and the decrease of strength for long-time loads. Simplification in the form of a linear dependence on stress is obtained as special case. The formulation is an extension of the double power creep law, which has been recently proposed for creep in absence of moisture exchange. The shape of the time curves of creep depends on the humidity. A rather close agreement with the extensive experimental data available in the literature is demonstrated.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 16-28 
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    Notes: Abstract This is a research on the optimality of the distribution of the cities by their size. The theory of the hierarchical distribution of cities--or central place theory is reviewed from view-point of intercities commodity flows in this paper. Theoretically, the system of cities is expressed as linear transformation, based on the matrix which represents the efficiency of transportation among the cities. By the model, we can prove that the distribution of cities depend not only on the transportation-network, but also on the differences of per capita-income, or of productivity of each city, and on the demand of rural area and foreign trade of the system. Based on this model, by trying simulation on the various city-systems, it is possible to make clearer the nature of the city system.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 41-44 
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    Notes: Abstract Data have recently been published on migration flows among New Zealand's urban areas [9]. Using regression analysis on these data, this study examines the determinants of inter-city movement in New Zealand. One important feature emerging from the analysis is the revealed existence of extensive migrationamong the relatively large urban areas, as well as to the largest urban conurbation which forms the only real growth centre in the country.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 29-40 
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    Notes: Abstract A paradigm of relationships influencing the growth and development of rural economies is developed. Causal relationships depicted in the paradigm are used as the basis for the delineation of a mathematical model. The mathematical model forms the foundation of an empirical analysis of forces influencing the growth and development of rural communities in Indiana. Parameters of the model are estimated via OLS regression. Alternative model estimation techniques are discussed. Empirical findings provide quantitative estimates of relative weights on forces influencing growth and development. Implications of the analysis for community decision makers are outlined.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 45-60 
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    Notes: Abstract The political organization of space responds to several potentially conflicting problems. These logically divide between functional problems, which deal with the spatial requirements of a specific service, and system problems, which deal with the spatial requirements of the area and clientele being served. The functional arguments call for thresholds so that jurisdictions are large enough, and accessibility to assure that they are small enough. The systems arguments are also split. Externalities problems require larger jurisdictions, public choice problems require small ones. The solutions to the simultaneous problems may be in conflict, so trade-offs may have to be made. Adapting services to an area, one may assess jointness and distributional efficiency in an effort to derive a solution.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 1-15 
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    Notes: Abstract In the current concern over the behavior and performance of the oil industry attention has frequently been drawn to possible alternative market structures for that industry-trustbusting, public ownership, etc. This paper applies the traditional tests of a public utility to one segment of the oil and gas industry-refineries-and finds that the fit is fairly neat. The presumed beneficial results would be an incision into the problems occasioned by intensive vertical integration and a closer relation of cost to price for the buyer.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 71-82 
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    Notes: Abstract Declining numbers of cotton warehouses in Oklahoma is of concern to the cotton industry. Increased competition at home and abroad and synthetic fibers are hypothesized to partially account for the decline. This paper estimates the strength of the Oklahoma cotton warehouse industry throughout the next twenty years. Two Dynamic Markov chain models have been developed to make the necessary estimations. These models (linear and dynamic) improve upon static Markov chain estimations and results indicate the industry will be composed of only a few very large firms, the remaining either merging or going out of business.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 61-70 
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    Notes: Abstract Industrial Development has tended to be oriented to the attraction of manufacturing facilities. This paper discusses the trend towards service industries in the North American Economy, and the potential impact of developing office industries on a local economy. The literature on office location theory is reviewed and the results of the literature review are related to decentralization of offices to a planned new town near Metropolitan Toronto. The results of a survey of Toronto offices is presented and the results compared to that of the literature. Policy recommendations are proposed for the new town to attract office developments.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 98-103 
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    Notes: Abstract Studies which estimate the economic and socialimpacts of a public project can be confused with studies whichevaluate the economic and social merit of a project relative to alternatives. This paper contrasts the different purposes and orientation of these two types of studies and outlines their respective roles in the planning and evaluation of public projects.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 83-97 
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    Notes: Abstract A multivariate regression model incorporating both objective economic opportunity and objective quality-of-life measures is able to explain 65% of the variation in young adult in-migration rates for thirty Venezuelan cities in 1971. The objective variables mean annual temperature, level of secondary education, and objective income at the destination are largely responsible for this explanation. A second model, incorporating variables which measure perceived economic opportunity and perceived quality-of-life at the urban destination is then formulated. This perceptual model raises the level of explanation to 83%. Moreover, analysis of the regression coefficients for the objective variables in both models indicates that attractive factors are perceived correctly by migrants while repulsive factors are not.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 131-132 
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 104-117 
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    Notes: Abstract The study examines the spatial arrangement of convenience food stores in the Denver metropolitan area. It deviates from the traditional approach in that not only the overall locational pattern of the stores was examined, but it also identified stores of different chains, and hypotheses were formulated to investigate various locational strategies as manifested in the spatial pattern the stores assumed. Site economics, a location factor rarely treated empirically, was also closely studied. Among the findings worthy of note are first, income and household density provide unexpectedly low statistical explanation of the spatial pattern of the stores; and second, stores of a given chain tend to locate closer to each other than to stores of a competing chain.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 118-127 
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    Notes: Abstract This study investigates the effect of population concentration, a regional issue, on automobile ownership and use. The approach is simple, straightforward and based on two empirical relationships: The first is an empirically determined function based on the hypothesis that lower population densities and higher incomes cause higher levels of automobile ownership. The second relationship expresses gasoline used per auto per year as a function of the density of population. Two important conclusions result. First, the long range policy goal of reducing automobile congestion in a region might be met by proper land use planning to change population distribution which in turn effects the total number of automobiles and automobile congestion in the region. Second, a policy option that tends to reduce the number of automobiles in a region may not reduce air pollution and gasoline consumption. The methodology developed in this paper also permits the measurement of the tradeoff between automobile congestion and gasoline consumption.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 128-131 
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 171-174 
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 1-8 
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 9-23 
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    Notes: Abstract This study estimates sectoral electricity demand for the Tennessee Valley, employing retail distributor level pooled data. Its design is structured around availability of natural gas. Demand parameters are sufficiently different from those estimated from state data to warrant similar studies for meeting regional power planning and policy evaluation needs.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 36-49 
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    Notes: Abstract Much of the available analysis of policies for the disposal of publicly held resources is based on comparatively straightforward extensions of the neoclassical pricing and allocation theory. As such, these analyses have to a large extent not fully incorporated the fact that firms normally acquire rights to these resources in sealed tender markets. In this paper, a simple bidding model is used to show that the choice of disposal policies can influence the firm's bid and also the public revenues obtained from the sale of the resource. It is additionally shown that the implications of such policy choices are conditioned by the firm's attitudes towards risk. Finally, it is argued that a modification of existing prescriptions may be necessary if a more realistic specification of the disposal problem taking account of the sealed tender market in which rights are obtained, is considered.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 50-57 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the influence of urban size on the variations of public expenditure per capita in Morocco. The conclusion is that urban size may be considered as an intervening variable and that public expenditure is dependent upon urban wealth. In a dynamic perspective, it is shown that the elasticity of public expenditure in relation to population is negatively linked to population growth, and that the elasticity is independent from urban size.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 24-35 
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    Notes: Abstract Although various social and economic problems associated with urban development in Tropical Africa have received considerable attention by social scientists, less attention has been paid to the physical problems. The paper outlines the relationship between urban environmental problems in Tropical Africa and the processes of urban development in the region. The paper shows that the urban environmental problems of Tropical Africa are mainly associated with the process of uncontrolled urban settlement, the poverty of a large proportion of urban dwellers and the discriminatory housing policy of many countries in the region. With specific reference to Nigeria, the paper characterizes the urban environmental problems of Tropical Africa. These include poor housing quality, bad layout of streets, poor drainage, lack of facilities for solid waste disposal and water pollution. Finally, the paper suggests some strategies for ameliorating the urban environmental problems in Nigeria.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 58-70 
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    Notes: Abstract In recent years export-base related models have come under increasing criticism by regional economists. At the same time, the framework is being used implicitly in the great many studies including most socioeconomic environmental impact studies. The paper shows that the various alternatives commonly used at each step in the process of an export-base analysis (i.e., that is to specify one or more equations and estimate an indirect-direct employment multiplier) generates widely varying estimates of that multiplier, A recommendation is made that regional scientists turn their attention to other types of models including input-output frameworks and case studies for determining appropriate multiplier values.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 71-87 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the authors propose to review the changed and changing economic structure of New England, and to project to the year 2000 New England's real gross regional product together with the real gross products of the region's ten component industries. Utilizing the time series data from 1958 to 1973 provided by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, the authors found that the overall movements of expansion and contraction are surprisingly similar at the regional and national levels, but New England's economic structure of industry mix as measured by each industry's contribution to the total is different from that of the United States. To further delineate the difference, semi-logarithmic functions were fitted to estimate the annual growth rates of the real gross products as well as the rates of shift of the industrial shares themselves.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 88-103 
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    Notes: Abstract The United States is becoming an increasingly service-oriented economy. The rapid growth of the tertiary sector has been accompanied by equally rapid technological change in the area of communications, information and data processing. What are the implications for regional growth policies? Are services becoming more “footloose” in their locational orientation and amenable to policy manipulation? This paper tests these propositions by applying, to the tertiary sector, a stochastic model reflecting central-place or other market-oriented theory. The results indicate that, in 1969, the model accurately predicted service activity in 155 Bureau of Economic Analysis areas. Despite recent developments in the sector, service activity remains market oriented. As such, these activities are likely to respond to, but not initiate, regional growth. Unlike export-base or infrastructure stimulation, growth through service development does not represent ageneral policy prescription.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 104-115 
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    Notes: Abstract Washington State serves as a marketing and transportation center for Alaska trade. This study estimates, via a Location Quotient Input-Output model for Alaska, the impact Alaskan oil development will have on various economic sectors in both states. A “From-To” table and the existing Washington Input-Output table quantified the impacts on Washington. The Alaska oil development impact will result in a tripling of the Alaskan economy's output from 1972 to 1980. The largest impact in Alaska will be on the Service, Finance, Agriculture, Trade, and State and Local Government sectors. The impact on Washington will be felt in sectors of Transportation, Finance, Trade, and Agriculture resulting in an aggregate increase in the Washington economy of 10.6 percent if 50 percent of Alaska's import requirements are provided by Washington, and 5.3 percent if the import movement is 25 percent.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 128-129 
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 116-127 
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    Notes: Abstract In the past a number of studies on the economics of crime have emphasized the importance of deterrence in crime prevention while assigning lesser importance to socio-economic determinants. Others have concentrated on the role of the socio-economic variables in crime production and have utilized the multiple regression analysis which has produced ambiguous results due to the presence of strong multicollinearity among independent variables. This paper is concerned with socio-economic determinants of urban property crimes, and utilizes factor analysis to overcome the problems associated with multicollinearity. Three factors are extracted out of twelve variables with data from the 47 of the largest cities in Ohio in 1970. The three factors are used as independent variables in the linear regression analysis for different types of property crimes. The highlights of the findings are that economic forces play an important role in the determination of property crimes but in addition other sociological variables which represent attitudes, tradition, mores and values are also important. “Ethnicity” or variables associated with community stability seem to discourage deviant behavior and thus crime. Economists may, therefore, need to give greater attention to these variables.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 130-131 
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 169-172 
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 1-14 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Attempts to estimate social benefits of public services by use of a willingness-to-pay metric have been hampered by the inability to generate the relevant demand curves. In this paper a novel technique for computing demand curves for existing and proposed direct and indirect public service facilities is developed. The technique is an extension of the Hotelling-Clawson-Knetsch method for estimating benefits associated with certain types of outdoor recreation facilities. The method relies upon the use of travel cost as a proxy for price; extensions are made in the way that substitution effects are incorporated into the model. After the model and its properties are specified a successful empirical application is made in the estimation of the benefits of selected outdoor recreation sites in the northeast United States. Results indicate that realistic estimates can be made at a relatively low cost.
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  • 85
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 15-18 
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    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is to show how the density gradient can be modified to take account of population increase and income growth (reflected in a decline in the slope of the gradient). It is shown that central city densities and the slope of gradient are related exponentially. Given certain assumptions about the income elasticity of demand for space, it is possible to draw inferences about the relative contribution of income growth and population growth. An illustration using four American cities suggested population changes have been more important than income, effects, especially since 1930.
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  • 86
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 19-30 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract There is a growing body of literature that analyzes the Phillips curve model in the context of subnational labor markets. To date the results of these analyses have been mixed. This paper estimates a tiered version of a modified Phillips curve for local labor markets in the midwest region of the U.S. The purpose of the model is to test the significance of a wage-unemployment trade-off at the metropolitan level, and to determine the significance of a downward wage transmission effect through the tiers of an urban hierarchy. Using the method of ordinary least squares, the results provide no evidence of a significant Phillips curve type of relationship between wages and unemployment at the local level. However, the wage transmission effect from the upper order cities of the hierarchy to the lower order cities appears to be a significant determinant of the rate of change of wages in metropolitan areas.
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  • 87
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 31-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The awareness that residential use is by far the largest consumer of urban land has led to the development of numerous models of residential location. One useful and fruitful approach to residential location modelling employs spatial interaction models with the embellishments of the entropy maximizing methodology. When disaggregated in terms of human attributes and spatially, interaction models could be made to reflect much of the theoretical underpinnings of residential location. A singly constrained version of such model is developed and calibrated for Jos, a city in the Benue Plateau State of Nigeria using the hypotheses that residential location is determined by the proximity of workers to the place of work, the benefits that could be derived from living in particular areas of the city and the ability of a worker to match transport costs and housing rents. The degree of correspondence between reality and the model's prediction confirms not only the assumptions but also highlights the need for the maximum level of disaggregation.
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  • 88
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 55-66 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The alleged benefits of municipal public land banking are discussed in the context of the following issues: 1) lower housing costs through lower land prices; 2) the elimination of private speculation in land on the urban fringe; and 3) more effective planning of future urban expansion. The arguments presented are illustrated with examples from the Canadian experience. It is concluded that the present case for municipal public land banks as an alternative to existing planning controls is not a convincing one.
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  • 89
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 67-75 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Data from a cross-section of Mexican municipios (administrative units approximating metropolitan counties) are used to estimate manufacturing production functions, at the two-digit SIC level. The population of the municipio enters the production functions as a variable, in a manner similar to the treatment of time as a proxy for development in time series studies. In this way, we are able to test for external economies as well as for the usual properties of manufacturing industry. It is suggested that these findings are critical to formulation of a growth centers policy as well as for a spatial decentralization policy in Mexico. The approach, however, is of wider interest.
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  • 90
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 79-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract One of the most serious difficulties facing the African nations in their attempts to develop their economies stems from the excessive political and economic fragmentation of the African continent. Most of the African nations are too small to provide them with an adequate basis for economic and social progress. To overcome this difficulty, close economic cooperation and eventual integration of various African nations has been frequently suggested. This study analyzes the issues involved in this process of cooperation and integration in the African context and examines the difficulties experienced in recent past.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 91-105 
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    Notes: Abstract Large scale computer-based land use simulation models are being used increasingly in the transportation planning process. This paper discusses one aspect of these models' development: the projection of employment. More specifically, it describes the process of employment projection in the Georgia Transportation Planning Land Use Model, a rural transportation corridor impact analysis model. The employment projection method chosen for use in the Phase I model is shift and share combined with regression analysis to incorporate the impact of transportation facility improvements. Further refinement is needed to better incorporate transportation and other locational factors.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 106-116 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper quantifies and analyzes the flow of human capital caused by the migration of Blacks within the U.S. over time. Detailed characteristics of migration flows for Blacks moving in and out of each of the nine divisions in the U. S. were determined and multiplied by the appropriate value of human capital (discounted earnings approach). These flows were then summed to determine the aggregate inter-regional flows of Black human capital. The effects of age and education on these flows are analyzed as are the probable effects of such flows on regional economic growth. Results of the study show that there is a significant “ageeducation” interaction effect for Blacks. In addition, these interregional flows suggest that there is a substantial flow of Black human capital from the South to the North and West, and from the North to the West. Significant losses in Black human capital on the part of the South have several rather important public policy implications.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 117-126 
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    Notes: Abstract Erosion and sedimentation in agriculture has traditionally been thought to result in substantial costs to the producer implying that voluntary measures at soil conservation would be in the individual's and society's interest. The research reported here indicates that off-site sediment damages are far greater than the on-site productivity effects of erosion and that there is considerable justification for stronger public policies in this area. The development of the efficient production frontier reveals that conventional production techniques are quite inefficient compared to procedures that could be adopted.
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 127-129 
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    The annals of regional science 10 (1976), S. 171-174 
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  • 96
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 20 (1976), S. 10-38 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The properties of the partial derivatives of dispersion curves, amplitudes and theoretical seismograms, in particular the occurrence of short-period phases, are studied on four crustmantle models. The individual models differ in the number of low-velocity channels. The fundamental and first higher mode of Love waves are studied in detail.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 20 (1976), S. 52-63 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Gamma-ray absorption coefficients $$\mu _{Cs^{137} } $$ for a set of 83 Teritary volcanic rocks from the Bohemian Massif were measured; the set of samples included a broad range of related rock types from alkaline rocks of trachytic and phonolitic composition to basic and ultrabasic alkaline rocks of basaltic and nephelinitic composition. The values of $$\mu _{Cs^{137} } $$ varied in the range from 0.1775 cm−1 to 0.2464 cm−1. The dependence of $$\mu _{Cs^{137} } $$ on the density ϱ could be expressed by the linear relation μ=0.0730ϱ+0.0124. The correlation of the absorption coefficient with the content of several oxides confirmed, in accordance with [1], that the absorption coefficient increased with the content of oxides bound to dark minerals (Fe2O3, FeO, MgO, CaO), as well as with the colour index, and decreased with the increasing content of oxides bound to light minerals (SiO2, Al2O3, Na2O). Specific behaviour of phonolites was observed in several cases.
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    Studia geophysica et geodaetica 20 (1976), S. 81-99 
    ISSN: 1573-1626
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The computational procedure and numerical results of preliminary testing of the so-called individual Ma-operation, which forms a constructional element of the model of a convective cloud[1], are described. In the pattern of this model, the Ma-operation represents a separate formulation of the dynamic aspects of the development of the cloud. It is tested here for the liquid stage of the cloud at three levels below the zero isotherm. An artificially constructed set of input data is used and several simplifications of the original procedure are applied. The results of the preliminary testing have indicated that some of the simplifying assumptions used cannot be applied to a real input set in connecting up the Ma-operation to the previous Mi-operation, describing the micro-physical processes within the model proposed. The objective of future work will therefore be more accurate testing of the Ma-operation for the liquid stage with a real set of data and, eventually, its extension to cover the mixed part of the cloud.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-1626
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Methodik der approximativen Lösung des Variationstypes der Abbildung eines geographischen Trapezes nach dem Kriterium von Airy. Bei der Anwendung der Polynome nach dem Weierstrasschen Satze auf die Abbildungsgleichungen werden Koeffizienten gesucht, die das charakteristische Funktional minimalisieren. Wie es sich zeigt, kommt man zu einer approximativen Lösung bei der Anwendung von kubischen Polynomen und bei der Einführung der Symmetrie des abgebildeten geographischen Trapezes zum gegebenen mittleren Meridian. Als Kriterium für die erzielte Lösung wird der Wert des charakteristischen Funktionals sowie die Erfüllung natürlicher Randbedingungen benutzt. Die Methode wird als Beispiel auf das geographische Trapez angewandt, dessen Grenzen auf dem dreissigsten bis achzigsten geographischen Breitegrad liegen und die geographischen Längen einen Unterschied von 100° aufweisen. Es zeigt sich, dass bei der Benutzung der Zylinderprojektion des geographischen Trapezes das Variationskriterium von Airy durch die konforme (Mercatorsche) Abbildung exakt erfüllt ist. Bei der approximativen numerischen Lösung der Abbildung des gegebenen Trapezes resultiert bei der quadratischen Form der Abbildungsgleichungen ebenfalls die konforme Abbildung. M. Pick
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