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  • Chemistry  (15,101)
  • General Chemistry  (1,979)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (1,512)
  • AERODYNAMICS  (1,144)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER  (923)
  • Engineering  (739)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994  (11,412)
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  • 1991  (11,412)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994  (11,412)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (6,495)
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  • 1
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    Clathrate hydrate formation in amorphous cometary ice analogs in vacuo (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-10-25
    Description: The presence of clathrate hydrates in cometary ice has been suggested to account for anomalous gas release at large radial distances from the sun as well as the retention of volatiles in comets to elevated temperatures. However, how clathrate hydrates can form in low-pressure environments, such as in cold interstellar molecular clouds, in the outer reaches of the early solar nebula, or in cometary ices, has been poorly understood. Experiments performed with the use of a modified electron microscope demonstrate that during the warming of vapor-deposited amorphous ices in vacuo, clathrate hydrates can form by rearrangements in the solid state. Phase separations and microporous textures that are the result of these rearrangements may account for a variety of anomalous cometary phenomena.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blake, D -- Allamandola, L -- Sandford, S -- Hudgins, D -- Freund, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 25;254:548-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Planetary Biology Branch, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11538372" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Crystallography ; Earth (Planet) ; Hydrocarbons/chemistry ; Ice/*analysis ; *Meteoroids ; Microscopy, Electron ; *Solar System
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Manifest destiny at the Scripps Research Institute (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-07-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baskin, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 12;253(5016):140-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1853198" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes ; Biology ; California ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Research Support as Topic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    At the crossroads of chemistry and immunology: catalytic antibodies (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-05-03
    Description: Immunochemistry has historically focused on the nature of antigenicity and antibody-antigen recognition. However, in the last 5 years, the field of immunochemistry has taken a new direction. With the aid of mechanistic and synthetic chemistry, the vast network of molecules and cells of the immune system has been tapped to produce antibodies with a new function--catalytic antibodies. Because antibodies can be generated that selectively bind almost any molecule of interest, this new technology offers the potential to tailor-make highly selective catalysts for applications in biology, chemistry, and medicine. In addition, catalytic antibodies provide fundamental insight into important aspects of biological catalysis, including the importance of transition-state stabilization, proximity effects, general acid and base catalysts, electrophilic and nucleophilic catalysis, and strain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lerner, R A -- Benkovic, S J -- Schultz, P G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 3;252(5006):659-67.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2024118" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antibodies/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology/metabolism ; Antibody Specificity ; Antigens/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Binding Sites, Antibody ; *Catalysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Haptens ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrolysis ; Metals ; Molecular Conformation ; Recombinant Proteins ; Thermodynamics ; Zinc
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    A general approach for the prediction of localized instability generation in boundary layer flows (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The present approach to the prediction of instability generation that is due to the interaction of freestream disturbances with regions of subscale variations in surface boundary conditions can account for the finite Reynolds number effects, while furnishing a framework for the study of receptivity in compressible flow and in 3D boundary layers. The approach is illustrated for the case of Tollmien-Schlichting wave generation in a Blasius boundary layer, due to the interaction of a freestream acoustic wave with a localized wall inhomogeneity. Results are presented for the generation of viscous and inviscid instabilities in adverse pressure-gradient boundary layers, supersonic boundary layer instabilities, and cross-flow vortex instabilities.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: In: Boundary layer transition and control; Proceedings of the Conference, Univ. of Cambridge, United Kingdom, Apr. 8-12, 1991 (A93-17251 04-34); p. 45.1-45.20.
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  • 5
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    Effect of heat release on the stability of compressible reacting mixing layer (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Reacting free shear layers are of fundamental importance in many industrial systems including gas turbine combustors and rockets. Efficient propulsion systems are essential for air breathing supersonic ramjets in the high Mach number range. A limiting factor in these engines is the time for fuel and oxidizer to mix in the combustion chamber; for fast mixing, the flow must be vigorously turbulent which requires the laminar flow to be unstable. Understanding the stability characteristics of compressible reacting free shear layers is, therefore, very important and may allow one to control the flow. Low speed shear layers are highly unstable but, as chemical reaction and compressibility effects tend to stabilize them, it is important to investigate the stability of high speed reacting mixing layers. The latter consists of two fluid streams containing fuel and oxidizer respectively, and the conclusions are expected to apply, with quantitative modifications, to other shear flows, e.g., jets. Since low speed reacting cases have been studied earlier, we concentrate on the effects of Mach number and heat release. We are primarily interested in solving the stability problem over a large range of Mach number and heat release. In order to understand the effect of the heat release on the stability of this flow, one must first study the characteristics of the non-reacting flow. Inviscid theory is a reliable guide for understanding stability of compressible shear flows at moderate and large Reynolds numbers and is the basis for this work.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 327-338
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  • 6
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    Direct simulations of compressible wall-bounded turbulence (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Several direct numerical simulations of high-speed turbulent Couette flow were performed with a new spectral code. Mach numbers up to three and a Reynolds number of 3000 were used. A new time-integration scheme was developed to handle Mach numbers above 1.5, which require greater accuracy and stability than lower Mach numbers. At low Mach number, the large streamwise eddies found by M. J. Lee in high incompressible Couette flow simulations were reproduced. At higher Mach numbers these structures still exist, but they become considerably less organized (although the disorganization may be a function of the spanwise box size). While the same types of vortical structures seen in the incompressible flow are observed at higher Mach numbers, a new structure involving the divergence of the velocity is also observed. This structure is generally associated with low shear areas next to the walls, but it has not been determined whether it is a cause or an effect of the low shear. A 'nonphysical' simulation was performed to determine by what mechanism the Mach number affects the flow. It appears that pressure gradient (acoustic) effects are more important than variable viscosity effects in determining the wall shear, but the size of vortical structures is determined more by the local kinematic viscosity. Low-order mean statistics are provided to help quantify these effects.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 347-356
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  • 7
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    Modeling turbulent boundary layers in adverse pressure gradients (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Many of the turbulent layers encountered in practical flows develop in adverse pressure gradients; hence, the dynamics of the thickening and possible separation of the boundary layer has important implications for design practices. What are the key physical processes that govern how a turbulent boundary layer responds to an adverse pressure gradient, and how should these processes be modeled? Despite the ubiquity of such flows in engineering and nature, these equations remain largely unanswered. The turbulence closure models presently used to describe these flows commonly use 'wall functions' that have ad hoc corrections for the effects of pressure gradients. There is, therefore, a practical and theoretical need to examine the effects of adverse pressure gradients on wall bounded turbulent flows in order to develop models based on sound physical principle. The evolution of a turbulent boundary layer on a flat wall with an externally imposed pressure gradient is studied.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 73-76
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  • 8
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    Recursive renormalization group theory based subgrid modeling (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Advancing the knowledge and understanding of turbulence theory is addressed. Specific problems to be addressed will include studies of subgrid models to understand the effects of unresolved small scale dynamics on the large scale motion which, if successful, might substantially reduce the number of degrees of freedom that need to be computed in turbulence simulation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 59-63
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  • 9
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    Large-eddy simulation of compressible turbulence (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The increase in the range of length scales with increasing Reynolds number limits the direct simulation of turbulent flows to relatively simple geometries and low Reynolds numbers. However, since most flows of engineering interest occur at much higher Reynolds number than is currently within the capabilities of full simulation, prediction of these flow fields can only be obtained by solving some suitably-averaged set of governing equations. In the traditional Reynolds-averaged approach, the Navier-Stokes equations are averaged over time. This in turn yields correlations between various turbulence fluctuations. It is these terms, e.g. the Reynolds stresses, for which a turbulence model must be derived. Turbulence modeling of incompressible flows has received a great amount of attention in the literature. An area of research that has received comparatively less attention is the modeling of compressible turbulent flows. An approach to simulating compressible turbulence at high Reynolds numbers is through the use of Large-Eddy Simulation (LES). In LES the dependent variables are decomposed into a large-scale (resolved) component and a sub-grid scale component. It is the small-scale components of the velocity field which are presumably more homogeneous than the large scales and, therefore, more easily modeled. Thus, it seems plausible that simpler models, which should be more universal in character than those employed in second-order closure schemes, may be developed for LES of compressible turbulence. The objective of the present research, therefore, is to explore models for the Large-Eddy Simulation of compressible turbulent flows. Given the recent successes of Zeman in second order closure modeling of compressible turbulence, model development was guided by principals employed in second-order closures.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 39-49
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  • 10
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    Compressible turbulent flows: Modeling and similarity considerations (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: With the recent revitalization of high speed flow research, compressibility presents a new set of challenging problems to turbulence researchers. Questions arise as to what extent compressibility affects turbulence dynamics, structures, the Reynolds stress-mean velocity (constitutive) relation, and the accompanying processes of heat transfer and mixing. In astrophysical applications, compressible turbulence is believed to play an important role in intergalactic gas cloud dynamics and in accretion disk convection. Understanding and modeling of the compressibility effects in free shear flows, boundary layers, and boundary layer/shock interactions is discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 11-21
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  • 11
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    The hypersonic double ellipse in rarefied flow (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The problem of the hypersonic double ellipse in rarefied flow is treated by a particle method using the collision model first described by McDonald (1988). In the approach used here, the computational overhead is reduced by using simple cubic cells. The problem of the definition of complex geometries is addressed by developing an algorithm to define the relation of a body surface to the network of cells.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: Hypersonic flows for reentry problems. Vol. 2 (A93-42576 17-02); p. 912-923.
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  • 12
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    Application of program LAURA to thermochemical nonequilibrium flow through a nozzle (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Program LAURA (Langley Aerothermodynamic Upwind Relaxation Algorithm) is an upwind-biased, point-implicit relaxation algorithm for obtaining the numerical solution to the governing equations for 3D viscous hypersonic flows in chemical and thermal nonequilibrium. The algorithm is derived using a finite-volume formulation in which the inviscid components of flux across cell walls are described with a modified Roe's averaging and with second-order corrections based on Yee's Symmetric Total Variation Diminishing scheme. The code has been applied to Problem 8.2 of this workshop for the case of thermochemical nonequilibrium flow through a nozzle. Chemical reaction rates are defined with the model of Park (1987). Thermal nonequilibrium is modeled using a two-temperature approximation in which the vibrational energies of all molecules are assumed to be in equilibrium at a single temperature which is generally different from the translational-rotational temperature. Two grids were used to define the flow for the original problem, with a stagnation temperature of 6500 K. A third case with a stagnation temperature of 10,000 K is also presented. The solution domain includes the converging nozzle, subsonic flow domain in which the gas is substantially in thermochemical equilibrium and the diverging nozzle, hypersonic flow domain in which the gas is substantially in thermochemical nonequilibrium.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: Hypersonic flows for reentry problems. Vol. 2 (A93-42576 17-02); p. 1145-1158.
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  • 13
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    Hypersonic cone flow predictions using an implicit upwind space-marching code (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Solutions have been computed and results are presented for Problem 1, the case of Mach 9 transitional flow past a 7 deg half-angle cone at zero incidence. The solutions were computed using a code developed for the integration of the parabolized Navier-Stokes equations. The algorithm employed in the code is based on a Roe-type flux-difference-splitting scheme applied following a finite-volume approach. The basic algorithm has been modified to make it implicit and second-order accurate in the crossflow directions. Results are presented in terms of surface pressure and heat transfer as well as boundary layer profiles of pitot pressure, Mach number, and tangential velocity. The case was recalculated several times in an effort to determine sensitivities to such parameters as grid density, wall temperature, turbulence model parameters, as well as freestream expansion. Comparisons with the experimental data are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: Hypersonic flows for reentry problems. Vol. 2 (A93-42576 17-02); p. 75-91.
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  • 14
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    Correlation of airloads on a two-bladed helicopter rotor (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Airloads measured on a two-bladed helicopter rotor in flight, from the Tip Aerodynamic and Acoustic Test, are compared with calculations from a comprehensive helicopter analysis (CAMRAD/JA), and the pressures compared with calculations from a full-potential rotor code (FPR). The flight test results cover an advance ratio range from 0.19 to 0.38. The lowest speed case is characterized by the presence of significant blade-vortex interactions. Good correlation of peak-to-peak vortex-induced loads and the corresponding pressures is obtained. The results of the correlation for this two-bladed rotor are substantially similar to the results for three- and four-bladed rotors, concerning the tip vortex core size for best correlation, calculation of the peak-to-peak loads on the retreating side, and calculation of vortex-induced loads on inboard radial stations.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: AHS and Royal Aeronautical Society, Technical Specialists' Meeting on Rotorcraft Acoustics(Fluid Dynamics, Philadelphia, PA, Oct. 15-17, 1991, Proceedings (A93-29401 10-71); 38 p.
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  • 15
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    The development of a CFD potential method for the analysis of tilt-rotors (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A new CFD potential code, FPX (eXtended Full-Potential), has been developed for application to both helicopters and tilt-rotors. The code solves the unsteady, three-dimensional full potential equation and is an extension of the rotor code, FPR. Both entropy and viscosity corrections are included to enhance the physical modeling capabilities. A number of efficiency related modifications have yielded a factor of two speed-up in the code. An axial flow capability has been added to treat tilt-rotor in forward flight (cruise mode). In order to employ streamwise periodicity and accurately solve for the propagation of acoustic signals in the tip region, an H-H topology has been added to the basic O-H grid system. Computations are performed for the XV-15 Standard and ATB blades at high-speed conditions. Comparisons are made for the blade aerodynamics and the induced fuselage cabin pressure for a range of Mach numbers. Grid generation, wake treatment, and far-field wall treatment are identified as problem areas with recommendations for future research.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: AHS and Royal Aeronautical Society, Technical Specialists' Meeting on Rotorcraft Acoustics(Fluid Dynamics, Philadelphia, PA, Oct. 15-17, 1991, Proceedings (A93-29401 10-71); 15 p.
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  • 16
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    Recent developments in rotor wake modeling for helicopter noise prediction (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A preliminary test/theory correlation evaluation is conducted for wake measurement test results obtained by LDV for a B360 helicopter rotor, at conditions critical to the understanding of wake-rollup and blade-vortex interaction phenomena. The LDV data were complemented by acoustic, blade pressure, rotor performance, and blade/control load measurements.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: AHS and Royal Aeronautical Society, Technical Specialists' Meeting on Rotorcraft Acoustics(Fluid Dynamics, Philadelphia, PA, Oct. 15-17, 1991, Proceedings (A93-29401 10-71); 16 p.
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  • 17
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    Simulations of curved turbulent boundary layers (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The objective of this work is to develop a space-time accurate numerical method for the solution of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in generalized coordinates. The resulting code is to be used for direct and large-eddy simulation of turbulence in complex geometries. In a previous paper, the system of Navier-Stokes equations in general curvilinear coordinates was solved by a second-order accurate finite-difference scheme. Satisfactory results were obtained for several flows in two and three dimensions. The system of Navier-Stokes for the fluxes are given in Orlandi (1989). The main deficiency of the numerical scheme was the large CPU time required for the solution of the Poisson equation for the 'pressure' field. The point SOR relaxation, in conjunction with a multigrid scheme, was used for the Poisson equation. In some cases, particularly with very fine grids, it was impossible to obtain a divergent-free flow. A preliminary attempt is made to compute the spatially evolving flow of Swearingen & Blackwelder. To reduce the streamwise distance, the inflow was at a distance x = 60 cm from the leading edge.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 301-308
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  • 18
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    The interaction of superfluid vortex filaments with a normal fluid channel flow (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Vortex filaments in superfluids such as helium 2 may provide new insights into very high Reynolds number flows. The behavior of a superfluid vortex ring interacting with a normal fluid shear flow, specifically channel flow, is simulated. The vortex ring evolves into a stable horseshoe configuration which propagates without further change of form. In this simulation, a boundary layer behavior in a superfluid through the coupling of the superfluid and the normal fluid is demonstrated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 295-300
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  • 19
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    Stationary turbulent closure via the Hopf functional equation (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Explicit solutions of the stationary Hopf equation are discussed and their computational possibilities are explored. The motivation is to circumvent the infinite hierarchy of coupled equations for the velocity moments and obtain an exact closure of the steady-state 3D Navier-Stokes equations, without modeling assumptions or truncation. The Hopf formulation of the Navier-Stokes equation is reviewed. A stationary homogeneous solution for 2D flow is displayed and discussed. It is shown how depletion of nonlinearity may arise for 3D forced homogeneous flow. The general 3D forced case is considered and a method for closing the 3D unforced equations with arbitrary boundary conditions is derived.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 277-293
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  • 20
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    Numerical simulations of turbulent thermal convection with differential rotation (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The solar nebula, from which the planets in our solar system formed, featured a disk of gas and dust grains in rapid, differential rotation, and at some stage was likely to have been unstable to thermal convection. This situation is suspected by many to lead to significant turbulent Reynolds stress production and angular momentum transport in such systems, and estimates of transport rates have been attempted from unsubstantiated phenomenological models. In order to determine the circumstances and physical conditions under which our own planetary system formed and to explain recent observations of young stellar systems, it is necessary to develop realistic models of heat and angular momentum transport for such flows. Developing an understanding of complicated flows featuring thermal convection, rotation, and shear is also of wide interest in stellar astrophysics and in planetary and terrestrial atmospheric studies. The ultimate objective is to develop workable models based on the numerical simulations for constructing global solar nebula models; viz., relatively simple prescriptions for heat and angular momentum fluxes from given system parameters (e.g., ratios of rotation, shear, and convective lapse rates) are characterized, quantified, and developed. Toward this end, our program has been to attempt to understand the behavior of the direct numerical simulations of Boussinesq convection, which, despite the complexity of the results, is still an overly simplified approximation to the real system and should be more amenable to analysis. These results are also intended to be tested against turbulence models, especially those designed for atmospheric boundary layers, and may provide a basis for subgrid-scale models. In order to make the numerical simulations more realistic with regard to the solar nebula problem, a fully compressible code that will allow incorporation of large density stratifications and realistic thermodynamic and radiative properties is developed. In order to explore the properties of these flows at the very high values of Re found in natural systems and the very low values of Pr found in most astrophysical contexts, we will need to employ large-eddy simulations for which we want to determine the most appropriate subgrid-scale model to incorporate.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 339-346
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  • 21
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    Direct numerical simulation of turbulent plane Couette flow (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Turbulent plane Couette flow was numerically simulated at a Reynolds number (U(sub w)h/nu) of 6000, where U(sub w) is the relative wall speed and h is half the channel-height. Unlike in Poiseuille flow, where the mean shear rate changes its sign at the centerline, the sign of mean shear rate in plane Couette flow remains the same across the whole channel. This difference is expected to yield several differences between the two flows, especially in the core region. The most significant and dramatic difference observed was the existence of large-scale structures in the core region of the plane Couette flow. The large eddies are extremely long in the flow direction and fill the entire channel (i.e., their vertical extent is 2h). The large-scale structures have the largest contribution from the wavenumber (k(sub x)h,k(sub z)h) = (0, plus or minus 1.5), corresponding to a wavelength lambda(sub z)/h is approximately equal to 4. The secondary motion associated with the k(sub x)h = 0 mode consists of the large-scale vortices. The large eddies contribute about 30 percent of turbulent kinetic energy.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 133-143
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  • 22
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    Thermal performance of a proposed evacuated multi-layer insulation system for the National Aerospace Plane (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The National Aerospace Plane (NASP) will require thermal insulation systems which are consistent with cryogenic fluids, high thermal loads, and design restrictions such as weight and volume. Test sections of the proposed system have been constructed and evaluated. In this paper we discuss the components of the insulation system, the application of the insulation system to the NASP liquid hydrogen fuel tank system, and thermal conductivity measurements performed on test sections of the system. Both steady-state and transient thermal measurements are presented.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: In: Advances in cryogenic engineering. Vol. 37A - Proceedings of the 1991 Cryogenic Engineering Conference, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, June 11-14, 1991 (A93-48578 20-37); p. 285-291.
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    Grid-refinement study of hypersonic laminar flow over a 2-D ramp (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Computations were made for those test cases of Problem 3 which were designated as laminar flows, viz., test cases 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, and 3.5. These test cases corresponded to flows over a flat plate and a compression ramp at high Mach number and at high Reynolds number. The computations over the compression ramps indicate a substantial streamwise extent of separation. Based on previous experience with separated laminar flows at high Mach numbers which indicated a substantial effect with spatial grid refinement, a series of computations with different grid sizes were performed. Also, for the flat plate, comparisons of the results for two different algorithms were made.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: Hypersonic flows for reentry problems. Vol. 2 (A93-42576 17-02); p. 244-254.
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  • 24
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    Computational fluid dynamics for hypersonic airbreathing aircraft (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A development status evaluation is presented for CFD methods applicable to fuselage-integrated scramjet powerplant incorporating hypersonic vehicles; these methods are critically important due to the unavailability of experimental facilities for such elevated Mach number/high-enthalphy conditions. Advancements are required in algorithm robustness and speed, geometric flexibility, and the inclusion of more complete flow physics. The most serious deficiencies lie in turbulence modeling, the lack of complete transition-prediction methods, and combustion modeling.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: Hypersonic flows for reentry problems. Vol. 1 (A93-42576 17-02); p. 55-71.
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    CFD for hypersonic propulsion (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An overview is given of research activity on the application of computational fluid dynamics (CDF) for hypersonic propulsion systems. After the initial consideration of the highly integrated nature of air-breathing hypersonic engines and airframe, attention is directed toward computations carried out for the components of the engine. A generic inlet configuration is considered in order to demonstrate the highly three dimensional viscous flow behavior occurring within rectangular inlets. Reacting flow computations for simple jet injection as well as for more complex combustion chambers are then discussed in order to show the capability of viscous finite rate chemical reaction computer simulations. Finally, the nozzle flow fields are demonstrated, showing the existence of complex shear layers and shock structure in the exhaust plume. The general issues associated with code validation as well as the specific issue associated with the use of CFD for design are discussed. A prognosis for the success of CFD in the design of future propulsion systems is offered.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: Hypersonic flows for reentry problems. Vol. 1 (A93-42576 17-02); p. 170-186.
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  • 26
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    A model for the evaporation of clusters of drops embedded in jet vortices. I - Steady injection of identical clusters (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A model is developed for describing the interaction of vortex-drop clusters in a flowing gaseous jet, convecting downstream from an injection location. Results are presented for a stationary case representing the situation when identical clusters are continuously injected and the injection rate is constant. The results indicate that, in a rich mixture high-drop-number density regime, the mass evaporated from the drops controls the velocity of the cluster-in-vortex as it propagates downstream.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ; : Ultraviolet techno
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  • 27
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    An efficient and robust algorithm for two dimensional time dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equations - High Reynolds number flows (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An algorithm is presented for unsteady two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes calculations. This algorithm is based on the fourth order partial differential equation for incompressible fluid flow which uses the streamfunction as the only dependent variable. The algorithm is second order accurate in both time and space. It uses a multigrid solver at each time step. It is extremely efficient with respect to the use of both CPU time and physical memory. It is extremely robust with respect to Reynolds number.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: In: Numerical methods in laminar and turbulent flow; Proceedings of the 7th International Conference, Stanford Univ., CA, July 15-19, 1991. Vol. 7, pt. 2 (A93-34301 13-34); p. 1612-1622.
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  • 28
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    Calculations of separated 3-D flows with a pressure-staggered Navier-Stokes equations solver (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A Navier-Stokes equations solver based on a pressure correction method with a pressure-staggered mesh and calculations of separated three-dimensional flows are presented. It is shown that the velocity pressure decoupling, which occurs when various pressure correction algorithms are used for pressure-staggered meshes, is caused by the ill-conditioned discrete pressure correction equation. The use of a partial differential equation for the incremental pressure eliminates the velocity pressure decoupling mechanism by itself and yields accurate numerical results. Example flows considered are a three-dimensional lid driven cavity flow and a laminar flow through a 90 degree bend square duct. For the lid driven cavity flow, the present numerical results compare more favorably with the measured data than those obtained using a formally third order accurate quadratic upwind interpolation scheme. For the curved duct flow, the present numerical method yields a grid independent solution with a very small number of grid points. The calculated velocity profiles are in good agreement with the measured data.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: In: Numerical methods in laminar and turbulent flow; Proceedings of the 7th International Conference, Stanford Univ., CA, July 15-19, 1991. Vol. 7, pt. 2 (A93-34301 13-34); p. 1454-1464.
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  • 29
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    The L sub 1 finite element method for pure convection problems (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The least squares (L sub 2) finite element method is introduced for 2-D steady state pure convection problems with smooth solutions. It is proven that the L sub 2 method has the same stability estimate as the original equation, i.e., the L sub 2 method has better control of the streamline derivative. Numerical convergence rates are given to show that the L sub 2 method is almost optimal. This L sub 2 method was then used as a framework to develop an iteratively reweighted L sub 2 finite element method to obtain a least absolute residual (L sub 1) solution for problems with discontinuous solutions. This L sub 1 finite element method produces a nonoscillatory, nondiffusive and highly accurate numerical solution that has a sharp discontinuity in one element on both coarse and fine meshes. A robust reweighting strategy was also devised to obtain the L sub 1 solution in a few iterations. A number of examples solved by using triangle and bilinear elements are presented.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: In: Numerical methods in laminar and turbulent flow; Proceedings of the 7th International Conference, Stanford Univ., CA, July 15-19, 1991. Vol. 7, pt. 1 (A93-34301 13-34); p. 502-511.
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  • 30
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    Methods for direct simulation of transition in hypersonic boundary layers (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An implicit numerical algorithm for the time accurate solution of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations is described. Results for steady flow past a finite flat plate are presented, together with preliminary results for the temporal simulation of second mode instability in a flat plate boundary layer at Mach 4.5.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 309-326
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    Characterization of length and velocity scales of free stream turbulence and investigation of their effects on surface heat transfer (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The main objective of this research is to address two important but unresolved problems: (1) the measurement of vertical and transverse length scales via space correlations for all Reynolds stress components and velocity-temperature correlations, both in the free stream and within the boundary layer using the existing triple and quad-wire probes; and (2) to relate the character of the free stream turbulence to the character of the turbulence within the boundary layer in order to determine the effect on surface heat transfer.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 253-262
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  • 32
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    Effect of initial conditions on secondary vortex structure in mixing layers (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An experimental research project aimed at obtaining quantitative data on the behavior of the secondary vortex structure in a turbulent mixing layer at moderate Reynolds numbers (Re(sub delta) = 2.9 x 10(exp 4)) is discussed. This project was terminated before all the contemplated measurements could be made, and data were obtained only on the spatially stationary part of the secondary structure. Nonetheless, these data reveal some interesting facets of mixing layer behavior which are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 237-252
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  • 33
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    Dual spectra and mixed energy cascade of turbulence in the wavelet representation (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The wavelet-transformed Navier-Stokes equations are used to define quantities such as the transfer of kinetic energy and the flux of kinetic energy through scale r at position x. Direct numerical simulations of turbulent shear flow reveal that although their mean spatial values agree with their traditional counterparts in Fourier space, their spatial variability at every scale is very large, exhibiting non-Gaussian statistics. The local flux of energy involving scales smaller than some r also exhibits large spatial intermittency, and it is negative quite often, indicative of local inverse cascades.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 263-275
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  • 34
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    Phase-averaged measurements of perturbations introduced into boundary layers (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Large-scale structures in turbulent and transitional wall-bounded flows make a significant contribution to the Reynolds stress and turbulent energy. The behavior of these structures is examined. Small perturbations are introduced into a laminar and a turbulent boundary layer to trigger the formation of large-scale features. Both flows use the same inlet unit Reynolds number, and they experience the same pressure gradient history, i.e. a favorable pressure gradient (FPG) followed by an adverse pressure gradient (APG). The perturbation consists of a small short duration flow repetitively introduced through a hole in the wall located at the C(sub p) minimum. Hot-wire data are averaged on the basis of the phase of the disturbance, and automation of the experiment was used to obtain measurements on large spatially dense grids. In the turbulent boundary, the perturbation evolves into a vortex loop which retains its identity for a considerable streamwise distance. In the laminar layer, the perturbation decays to a very small magnitude before growing rapidly and triggering the transition process in the APG. The 'time-like' animations of the phase-averaged data are used to gain insight into the naturally occurring physical mechanisms in each flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 221-236
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    Fractal interfaces and product generation in the two dimensional mixing layer (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The dependence of product generation on Peclet and Reynolds numbers in a numerically simulated, reacting, two dimensional, temporally growing mixing layer is related theoretically to the fractal dimension of the passive scalar interfaces. This relation is verified using product generation measurements and dimensions derived from a standard box counting technique. A transition from a low initial dimension to a higher one of approximately 5/3 is identified and shown to be associated to the kinematic distortion on the flow field during the first pairing interaction. It is suggested that the structures responsible for this transition are non-deterministic, non-random, inhomogeneous fractals. Only the large scales are involved. No further transitions, either in the spectra of the vorticity field or in the mixing behavior, are found for Reynolds numbers up to 90,000.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 169-185
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    Studies of supersonic mixing (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Studies of supersonic mixing which were accomplished over the last year with Center for Turbulence Research (CTR) support are described. During this period, a Nd:YAG laser, optical components, and data acquisition computer were obtained. This allowed detailed visualizations of the flow structure to be performed at a rapid rate, representing a significant improvement over our previous attempts. Aspects of the flow structure are described below. In addition, preliminary findings on a possible mixing enhancement strategy are also shown using the flow visualization technique.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 187-194
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    A model of the evaporation of binary-fuel clusters of drops (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A formulation has been developed to describe the evaporation of dense or dilute clusters of binary-fuel drops. The binary fuel is assumed to be made of a solute and a solvent whose volatility is much lower than that of the solute. Convective flow effects, inducing a circulatory motion inside the drops, are taken into account, as well as turbulence external to the cluster volume. Results obtained with this model show that, similar to the conclusions for single isolated drops, the evaporation of the volatile is controlled by liquid mass diffusion when the cluster is dilute. In contrast, when the cluster is dense, the evaporation of the volatile is controlled by surface layer stripping, that is, by the regression rate of the drop, which is in fact controlled by the evaporation rate of the solvent. These conclusions are in agreement with existing experimental observations. Parametric studies show that these conclusions remain valid with changes in ambient temperature, initial slip velocity between drops and gas, initial drop size, initial cluster size, initial liquid mass fraction of the solute, and various combinations of solvent and solute. The implications of these results for computationally intensive combustor calculations are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Atomization and Sprays (ISSN 1044-5110); p. 367-388.
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    Investigation of supersonic modes and three-dimensionality in bounded, free shear flows (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: It is found through two-dimensional temporal simulations of high-speed free shear layers that mean flow distortion is significantly increased when supersonic disturbances are introduced as initial conditions. The shear layer exhibits no subharmonic growth or roll-up, but rather a spectral broadening as energy is distributed into higher harmonics. Increasing the velocity of one side of the mixing layer (u2) to roughly 1/5 the speed of the high speed side (u1), allows a slight subharmonic growth at a very slow rate for two-dimensional modes. A first look at three-dimensional free shear flows is also presented for M = 2. No effect is seen for incompressible flow; however, stabilization is seen with respect to maximum temporal growth rates as the transverse velocity is increased. A much stronger, but similar effect is seen if u2 is increased. The wave direction of maximum growth for u2 is greater than 0.4 is found to be the direction of the faster stream (u1) over a broad range of transverse velocities.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Computer Physics Communications (ISSN 0010-4655); p. 201-208.
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    An experimental study of the effects of rapid rotation on turbulence (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The effects of rotation on grid turbulence were studied in a low speed tunnel. Results are presented for both axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric flows. As observed by previous workers, the cascade process was seen to be effectively blocked by rotation leading to reduced dissipation. In the non-axisymmetric case, rotation caused the flow to tend rapidly towards axisymmetry; however, for the length studied, the flow tended to move away from isotropy. Based on the results, some recommendations are made on the design of a larger facility for studying similar flows.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 203-220
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    On the origin of the streak spacing in turbulent shear flows (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: It is shown that the ideas of selective amplification and direct resonance, based on linear theory, can not provide an explanation for the well-defined streak spacing of about 100 wall units (referred to as 100(+) hereafter) in wall-bounded turbulent shear flows. In addition, for the direct resonance theory, the streaks are created by the non-linear self-interaction of the vertical velocity rather than of the directly forced vertical vorticity. In view of the failure of these approaches, it is then proposed that the selection mechanism must be inherently non-linear and correspond to a self-sustaining mechanism. The 100(+) value should thus be considered as a critical Reynolds number for that mechanism. Indeed, in the case of Poiseuille flow, this 100(+) criterion for transition to turbulence corresponds to the usually quoted value of 1000 based on the half-width and the centerline velocity. In Couette flow, it corresponds to a critical Reynolds number of about 400 based on the half width and half velocity difference.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 159-168
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    Automated pattern eduction from turbulent flow diagnostics (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The development of an automated technique for the eduction of 3-D spatial patterns in vector or scalar diagnostics was completed. The method is based on an iterative convolution between a trial pattern and the data field. It was applied to the analysis of low Reynolds number turbulent channel flow and homogeneous shear flow. The results yielded new information on the dominant flow structures in these flows, particularly with respect to the spatial relationships between various forms of organized motion. A particular application of the pattern eduction method, which is tentatively referred to as an 'adaptive wavelet transformation', is proposed with the objective of investigating the way turbulence structure changes with scale. Preliminary results using data from homogeneous turbulent shear flow simulations are presented. At the low Reynolds numbers of the simulations, there is no evidence of scale similarity. The small scales appear to be associated with the edges of the larger scale vortical structures.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 145-157
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    An experimental study of curved mixing layers: Flow visualization using volume rendering (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The existence and importance of large-scale spanwise vortical structures for 2-D straight mixing layers has been well documented in the last decade. Computer models and simulations have sought to reproduce these vortical structures associated with the Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) instability mode which is due to the shear per se. Secondary streamwise vortical structures for the same flows were also seen experimentally and have recently been given importance in computational efforts. Curved mixing layers can be characterized as stable (the high-speed stream is placed on the outside of the longitudinal bend), leading to a suppression of the Taylor-Gortler (T-G) instability, and unstable (high-speed stream on the inside of the bend), leading to an enhancement of the T-G instability. The T-G instability is associated with the centripetal acceleration that the curvature imparts. Thus, curvature superimposed on 2-D shear layer flows provides a way for studying the importance of streamwise vorticity, its competition with spanwise vorticity, and changes to entrainment and mixing. Furthermore, the outcome of the competition of a relatively enhanced or suppressed T-G instability with the K-H instability offers the possibility of achieving passive mixing enhancement. As a first step in understanding the competition between the K-H and the T-G instabilities and the resulting changes to the structure of the flow, highly resolved visualizations of the flow structure for the stable and the unstable configurations are provided. The straight layer is also visualized for comparison with earlier works.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 195-201
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    A dynamical systems analysis of the kinematics of time-periodic vortex shedding past a circular cylinder (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Computer flow simulation aided by dynamical systems analysis is used to investigate the kinematics of time-periodic vortex shedding past a two-dimensional circular cylinder in the context of the following general questions: (1) Is a dynamical systems viewpoint useful in the understanding of this and similar problems involving time-periodic shedding behind bluff bodies; and (2) Is it indeed possible, by adopting such a point of view, to complement previous analyses or to understand kinematical aspects of the vortex shedding process that somehow remained hidden in previous approaches. We argue that the answers to these questions are positive. Results are described.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 121-131
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    Modeling hypersonic boundary-layer flows with second-moment closure (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An ongoing research effort designed to apply the best possible second-moment-closure model to simulate complex hypersonic flows is presented. The baseline model under consideration is the Launder-Reece-Rodi Reynolds stress transport turbulence model. Two add-ons accounting for wall effects, namely, the Launder-Shima low-Reynolds-number model and the compressible wall-function technique, are tested. Results are reported for flow over a flat plate, both adiabatic-wall and cooled-wall cases. It has been found that further improvements of the existing models are necessary to achieve accurate prediction in high Mach number flow range.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 77-89
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    Investigations of turbulent scalar fields using probability density function approach (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Scalar fields undergoing random advection have attracted much attention from researchers in both the theoretical and practical sectors. Research interest spans from the study of the small scale structures of turbulent scalar fields to the modeling and simulations of turbulent reacting flows. The probability density function (PDF) method is an effective tool in the study of turbulent scalar fields, especially for those which involve chemical reactions. It has been argued that a one-point, joint PDF approach is the one to choose from among many simulation and closure methods for turbulent combustion and chemically reacting flows based on its practical feasibility in the foreseeable future for multiple reactants. Instead of the multi-point PDF, the joint PDF of a scalar and its gradient which represents the roles of both scalar and scalar diffusion is introduced. A proper closure model for the molecular diffusion term in the PDF equation is investigated. Another direction in this research is to study the mapping closure method that has been recently proposed to deal with the PDF's in turbulent fields. This method seems to have captured the physics correctly when applied to diffusion problems. However, if the turbulent stretching is included, the amplitude mapping has to be supplemented by either adjusting the parameters representing turbulent stretching at each time step or by introducing the coordinate mapping. This technique is still under development and seems to be quite promising. The final objective of this project is to understand some fundamental properties of the turbulent scalar fields and to develop practical numerical schemes that are capable of handling turbulent reacting flows.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 65-72
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    Progress in understanding the renormalization group skewness and kappa-epsilon models (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The immediate goal is to understand and validate the Yakhot-Orszag model of the velocity-derivative skewness and model equation for the rate of energy dissipation epsilon. A summary of a more detailed manuscript in preparation is presented. The purpose is to clarify some limitations of the theory by careful examination of key assumptions and approximations, and thereby to encourage its improvement.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 51-58
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  • 47
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    Single and double point modeling of homogeneous turbulence (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Investigations carried out for revisiting homogeneous turbulent flows in the presence of mean shear, rotation, or external compression are summarized. The simplest and most concise RDT (Rapid Distortion Theory) formulation, which includes a comprehensive linear stability analysis, is used for this purpose. Such a linear approach could be extended by a generalized EDQNM (Eddy Damped Quasi-Normal Markovian) to two point closure in order to model non-linear interactions, especially when pure Coriolis effects are present. The results are discussed in connection with databases obtained by DNS (Direct Numerical Simulations), including previous Center for Turbulence Research (CTR) results and new calculations in progress. The main goal is to contribute to and significantly improve on the rational one-point closure models in progress at the CTR and at Ecole Centrale de Lyon (ECL).
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 23-37
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    Turbulence closure modeling near rigid boundaries (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The near-wall region plays an essential role in turbulent boundary layers: it is a region of high shear; the peak rate of production and peak intensity of turbulence occurs there; and the peak rate of dissipation occurs right at the wall. Nevertheless, this region has received less attention from modelers than have more nearly homogeneous flows. One reason for this is that when the boundary layer is near equilibrium, experimental data can be used to prescribe the flow in the wall layer. Another reason is that most turbulence models are developed under assumptions of near homogeneity. This is a poor approximation in the wall region. A single-point moment closure model for the strongly non-homogeneous A turbulent flow near a rigid boundary is developed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Annual Research Briefs, 1990; p 3-10
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    Construction and testing of ceramic fabric heat pipe with water working fluid (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A prototype ceramic fabric/titanium water heat pipe has been constructed and tested; it transported 25 to 80 W of power at 423 K. Component development and testing is continuing with the aim of providing an improved prototype, with a 38 micron stainless steel liner covered by a biaxially-braided Nextel (trademark) sleeve that is approximately 300 microns thick. This fabric has been tested to 800 K, and its emittance is about 0.5 at that temperature. Advanced versions of the water heat pipe will probably require a coating over the ceramic fabric in order to increase this emittance to the 0.8 to 0.9 range.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: In: Space nuclear power systems; Proceedings of the 8th Symposium, Albuquerque, NM, Jan. 6-10, 1991. Pt. 2 (A93-13751 03-20); p. 875-879.
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  • 50
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    Towards large eddy and direct simulation of complex turbulent flows (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Recent advances in the methodology for direct numerical simulation of turbulent flows and some of the current applications are reviewed. It is argued that high-order finite difference schemes yield solutions with comparable accuracy to the spectral methods with the same number of degrees of freedom. The effects of random inflow conditions on the downstream evolution of turbulence are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering (ISSN 0045-7825); 87; 2-3,
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    Computational methods for shock waves in three-dimensional supersonic flow (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A central artificial-viscosity and an upwind-biased difference method are contrived to solve the Euler equations for flowfields over typical spacecrafts. The spatial discretization is based on either nodal or cell-vertex formulation in the domain extending from free stream to the end of the vehicle. The outer boundary is treated as a bow shock in the first method but is placed in the free stream in the second, which captures both bow and internal shocks using an approximate Riemann solver based on high-order extrapolation to the cell face. These methods were tested for the Shuttle and Hermes orbiters at wind-tunnel conditions and angles of attack ranging from 0 to 60 deg. The artificial-viscosity method incorporated with a shock-fitting procedure shows smeared crossflow and wing-shock positions and required 15 percent more CPU per node than the upwind method. Greater flexibility and robustness is demonstrated by the latter on a fixed grid for all cases considered.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering (ISSN 0045-7825); 87; 2-3,
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    A variable multi-step method for transient heat conduction (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A variable explicit time integration algorithm is developed for unsteady diffusion problems. The algorithm uses nodal partitioning and allows the nodal groups to be updated with different time steps. The stability of the algorithm is analyzed using energy methods and critical time steps are found in terms of element eigenvalues with no restrictions on element types. Several numerical examples are given to illustrate the accuracy of the method.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering (ISSN 0045-7825); 86; 1, Ma; 61-71
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    KC-135 zero-gravity two phase flow pressure drop - Experiments and modeling (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A methodology for correcting raw pressure-drop data on the influence of acceleration on the instrumentation in two-phase flow thermal management systems is described. Such systems are now being considered as an alternative to conventional single-phase systems in future space missions because of the potential to reduce overall system mass, size, and pumping power requirements. Corrected pressure-drop measurements are presented and compared with predictions of two-phase flow pressure-drop models. A set of flow and acceleration conditions is defined for which the frictional pressure drop does not increase upon entry into 0-'g' pressure drop.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: In: Space nuclear power systems; Proceedings of the 8th Symposium, Albuquerque, NM, Jan. 6-10, 1991. Pt. 3 (A93-13751 03-20); p. 1236-1243.
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    Quasi-steady turbulence modeling of unsteady flows (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This article describes the results of numerical simulations of oscillating wall-bounded developing flows. The full phase-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved. The application of quasi-steady turbulence modeling to unsteady flows is demonstrated using an unsteady version of the k-epsilon model. The effects of unsteadiness on the mean flow and turbulence are studied. Critical evaluation of the applicability of the quasi-steady approach to turbulence modeling is presented. Suggestions are given for the future efforts in turbulence modeling of unsteady flows.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow (ISSN 0142-727X); 12; 2, Ju
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    Mixing and mixing enhancement in supersonic reacting flowfields (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Propulsion systems planned for use late in this century and beyond will require appropriate physical models for describing supersonic combustion and numerical techniques for solving the model governing equations. A computer program to study these flows is reported which considers the multicomponent diffusion and convection of important chemical species, the finite-rate reaction of these species, and the resulting interaction of the field mechanics and the chemistry. The application of the program to a spatially developing and reacting mixing layer, which serves an an excellent physical model for the mixing and reaction processes that take place in a scramjet combustor, is reported. Several techniques to enhance the fuel-air mixing and growth of that layer and improve its overall combustion efficiency are considered.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Three-component laser velocimeter surveys of the flow over a backward-facing step (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A three-component laser velocimeter is used to investigate the flow over a backward-facing step. The backward-facing step had an expansion ratio of 2, a boundary layer height to step height ratio of 0.34 and a Reynolds number based on step height of 19,000. Results from three-component velocimeter surveys of the flow over the backward-facing step are presented with comparisons of the current experiment with previous experiments and computational results. The present results compared well with previous experiments with the exception of the reattachment length. The short reattachment length was due to the short length of the channel downstream. The measurement of the lateral velocity component showed that there is a mean flow in and out of the centerline plane as high as 7 percent of the freestream velocity. However, the shear stresses show no correlation between the lateral fluctuations and the longitudinal and vertical fluctuations, indicating that the flow is 2D in terms of the turbulence quantities.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: In: Laser anemometry - Advances and applications 1991; Proceedings of the 4th International Conference, Cleveland, OH, Aug. 5-9, 1991. Vol. 2 (A93-23776 08-35); p. 529-539.
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    High-Reynolds-number test requirements in low-speed aerodynamics (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Research requirements to an ultra-high-Reynolds-number liquid helium facility are reviewed. Aerodynamic research areas under consideration include wave vortex hazard reduction, vortex control and diagnostics for maneuvering fighter aircraft, and performance of high-lift devices.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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    Pressure dependence of the melting temperature of solids - Rare-gas solids (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A method presented by Schlosser et al. (1989) for analyzing the pressure dependence of experimental melting-temperature data is applied to rare-gas solids. The plots of the logarithm of the reduced melting temperature vs that of the reduced pressure are straight lines in the absence of phase transitions. The plots of the reduced melting temperatures for Ar, Kr, and Xe are shown to be approximately straight lines.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physical Review B - Condensed Matter, 3rd Series (ISSN 0163-1829); 43; 13305-13
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    Engineering calculations of three-dimensional inviscid hypersonic flowfields (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 28; 628-635
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  • 60
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    Short-time Lyapunov exponent analysis and the transition to chaos in Taylor-Couette flow (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The physical mechanism driving the weakly chaotic Taylor-Couette flow is investigated using the short-time Liapunov exponent analysis. In this procedure, the transition from quasi-periodicity to chaos is studied using direct numerical 3D simulations of axially periodic Taylor-Couette flow, and a partial Liapunov exponent spectrum for the flow is computed by simultaneously advancing the full solution and a set of perturbations. It is shown that the short-time Liapunov exponent analysis yields more information on the exponents and dimension than that obtained from the common Liapunov exponent calculations. Results show that the chaotic state studied here is caused by a Kelvin-Helmholtz-type instability of the outflow boundary jet of Taylor vortices.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 233; 83-118
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    Static aeroelastic analysis for generic configuration wing (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A static aeroelastic analysis capability that calculates flexible air loads for generic configuration wings was developed. It was made possible by integrating a finite element structural analysis code (MSC/NASTRAN) and a panel code of aerodynamic analysis based on linear potential flow theory. The framework already built in MSC/NASTRAN was used, and the aerodynamic influence coefficient matrix was computed externally and inserted in the NASTRAN by means of a DMAP program. It was shown that deformation and flexible air loads of an oblique wing configuration including asymmetric wings can be calculated reliably by this code both in subsonic and supersonic speeds.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 28; 801
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    Numerical study on using sulfur hexafluoride as a wind tunnel test gas (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 2179
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    Algebraic turbulence modeling for unstructured and adaptive meshes (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 2086-209
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    Numerical prediction of subsonic turbulent flows over slender bodies at high incidence (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 2054-206
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    A study of baroclinic instability in a cylindrical annulus with the temperature gradient imposed on the lower surface (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Results are presented from experimental and numerical-modeling studies carried out on a rotating thermally driven fluid system in a cylindrical annulus with the horizontal gradient imposed upon the lower horizontal surface. The rotation rate and the temperature difference were varied to construct a regime diagram in thermal Rossby-number/Taylor-number space. It is shown that the curve separating the axisymmetric flow from the wave flow is 'knee-shaped', similar to the conventional side-heated and side-cooled baroclinic annulus. The experimentally observed transition curve agrees well with numerical calculations and the agreement between the predicted and measured wavenumbers is good both near the transition and within the wave regime. Away from the transition curve and well within the wave regime, there is an evolution from larger to smaller wavenumbers as the flow equilibrates, which is well captured by the numerical model for these cases.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 233; 495-518
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    Some characteristics of small-scale turbulence in a turbulent duct flow (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The fine-scale structure of turbulence in a fully developed turbulent duct flow is examined by considering the 3D velocity derivative field obtained from direct numerical simulations at two relatively small Reynolds numbers. The magnitudes of all mean-square derivatives (normalized by wall variables) increase with the Reynolds number, the increase being largest at the wall. These magnitudes are not consistent with the assumption of local isotropy except perhaps near the duct center-line. When the assumption of local isotropy is relaxed to one of local axisymmetry, or invariance with respect to rotation about a coordinate axis (here chosen in the streamwise direction), satisfactory agreement is indicated by the data outside the wall region. Support for axisymmetry is demonstrated by anisotropy invariant maps of the dissipation and vorticity tensors.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 233; 369-388
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    Probe systems for static pressure and cross-stream turbulence intensity (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A recent study of total-pressure probes for use in highly turbulent streams is extended herein by developing probe systems that measure time-averaged static or ambient pressure and turbulence intensity. Arrangements of tubular probes of circular and elliptical cross section are described that measure the pressure at orifices on the sides of the probes to obtain different responses to the cross-stream velocity fluctuations. When the measured data are combined to remove the effect of the presence of the probes on the local pressure, the time-averaged static pressure and the cross-stream components of turbulence intensity can be determined. If a system of total pressure tubes, as described in an accompanying paper, is added to the static pressure group to form a single cluster, redundant measurements are obtained that permit accuracy and consistency checks.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 28; 750-755
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    Implicit flux-split Euler schemes for unsteady aerodynamic analysis involving unstructured dynamic meshes (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 1836-184
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    Application of two-point implicit central-difference methods to hyperbolic systems (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This paper presents a general solution algorithm for the set of difference equations that arise when two-point central differences are used to approximate the flux difference terms in systems of hyperbolic differential equations. The general algorithm eliminates the weak points associated with the nonstandard algorithm reported by Wornom and Hafez (1986). The disadvantages of their algorithm relate to its implementation. It consists of separate algorithms for subsonic, supersonic, sonic and shock cells, applied individually, which presents a major bookkeeping problem when multiple sonic and shock cells are present. The general algorithm eliminates this problem and introduces an improved shock treatment which produces shocks with at most one interior shock point.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Computers and Fluids (ISSN 0045-7930); 20; 3, 19
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    Viscous flow solutions for slender bodies of revolution at incidence (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Flow over slender prolate spheroids at incidence is examined. The incidence angle is chosen high enough to cause streamwise separation of the flow in addition to crossflow separation generally observed at lower incidence angles. The freestream Mach number for the cases investigated here is subsonic, thus precluding the use of parabolized procedures. Laminar, transitional and turbulent flow cases are investigated.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Computers and Fluids (ISSN 0045-7930); 20; 3, 19
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    A dynamic subgrid-scale model for compressible turbulence and scalar transport (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) model of Germano et al. (1991) is generalized for the large eddy simulation (LES) of compressible flows and transport of a scalar. The model was applied to the LES of decaying isotropic turbulence, and the results are in excellent agreement with experimental data and direct numerical simulations. The expression for the SGS turbulent Prandtl number was evaluated using direct numerical simulation (DNS) data in isotropic turbulence, homogeneous shear flow, and turbulent channel flow. The qualitative behavior of the model for turbulent Prandtl number and its dependence on molecular Prandtl number, direction of scalar gradient, and distance from the wall are in accordance with the total turbulent Prandtl number from the DNS data.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids A (ISSN 0899-8213); 3; 2746-275
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    Surface-tension-induced mixing following coalescence of initially stationary drops (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The momentumless coalescence of drops of the same liquid, separated by an immiscible host, is studied experimentally. Observations show that for low-viscosity drops of unequal sizes, there is considerable mixing following coalescence, with the smaller drop penetrating the larger drop as a vortex. The extreme case of coalescence of a small drop with the bulk of the same liquid at a flat interface with an immiscible liquid is studied in detail. The penetration depths of small drops (1-5 mm) following coalescence are measured and correlated with theoretical predictions. It is found that in the range of the investigation, the penetration depth is proportional to the 5/4 power of drop diameter and inversely proportional to the square root of the drop viscosity.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids A (ISSN 0899-8213); 3; 2587-259
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    Static shape and instability of an acoustically levitated liquid drop (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Dynamical aspects of a drop drastically flattened by acoustic radiation stress are considered. Its static equilibrium has been studied, starting with a dislike shape and modeling the sound field and the associated radiation stress according to this geometry. It is suggested that, at low viscosity, the ripples are capillary waves generated by the parametric instability excited by the membrane vibration, which is driven by the sound pressure. Atomization occurs whenever the membrane becomes so thin that the vibration is sufficiently intense. Buckling occurs when an existent equilibrium is unstable to a radial oscillation of the membrane because of the Bernoulli effect. The radiation stress at the rim of the flattened drop is also destabilizing and leads to horizontal expansion and subsequent breakup.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids A (ISSN 0899-8213); 3; 2497-251
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    Thermochemical nonequilibrium issues for earth re-entry of Mars mission vehicles (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 28; 552-559
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    Vapor condensation on liquid surface due to laminar jet-induced mixing (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 5; 607-612
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    Evaluation of an adaptive unstructured remeshing technique for integrated fluid-thermal-structural analysis (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 5; 599-606
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    Transient cooling of a square region of radiating medium (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A time-accurate numerical solution was carried out for transient radiative cooling of a gray emitting and absorbing medium in a square two-dimensional region. The integro-differential energy equation for transient temperature distributions was solved in two stages. At each time increment, the local radiative source term was obtained by numerical integration of the temperature field using two-dimensional Gaussian integration over rectangular subregions. Then the differential portion of the equation was integrated forward in time by use of the local first and second time derivatives. The results were compared with available limiting case, and excellent agreement was obtained. Transient results are given for a wide range of optical thicknesses of the region. Optimum transient cooling is obtained when the optical side length is about 4.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 5; 495-501
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    Aeroassist flight experiment heating-rate sensitivity study (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 5; 456-462
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    On the rotation and skew-symmetric forms for incompressible flow simulations (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A variety of numerical simulations of transition and turbulence in incompressible flow are presented to compare the commonly used rotation form with the skew-symmetric (and other) forms of the nonlinear terms. The results indicate that the rotation form is much less accurate than the other forms for spectral algorithms which include aliasing errors. For de-aliased methods the difference is minimal.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Applied Numerical Mathematics (ISSN 0168-9274); 7; 27-40
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    Characterization of MOCVD fluid dynamics by laser velocimetry (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Three-component laser velocimetry techniques are applied to characterize the fluid dynamics of an MOCVD reactor. These methods provide three-dimensional quantitative measurements of the gas velocities inside the reactor at typical growth temperatures. The effects of buoyancy-induced convection are examined by comparing data from the hot reactor with cold reactor results. It was found that thermal convection dominated the fluid dynamics of the reactor at growth temperatures. Cold reactor tests showed unstable flow patterns that were subject to fluidic switching effects.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Crystal Growth (ISSN 0022-0248); 109; 24-30
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    Hyperbolic heat conduction with convection boundary conditions and pulse heating effects (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 5; 110-116
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    Vapor condensation at the free surface of an axisymmetric liquid mixed by a laminar jet (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper presents numerical solutions of jet-induced mixing in a partially full cryogenic tank. An axisymmetric laminar jet is discharged from the central part of the tank bottom toward the liquid-vapor interface. Liquid is withdrawn at the same volume flow rate from the outer part of the tank. The jet is at a temperature lower than the interface, which is maintained at a certain saturation temperature. The interface is assumed to be flat and shear free and the condensation-induced velocity is assumed to be negligibly small compared with radial interface velocity. Finite-difference method is used to slove the nondimensional form of steady-state continuity, momentum, and energy equations. Calculations are conducted for jet Reynolds numbers ranging from 150 to 600 and Prandtl numbers ranging from 0.85 to 2.65. The effects of previously stated parameters on the condensation Nusselt and Stanton numbers that characterize the steady-state interface condensation process are investigated. Detailed analysis is performed to gain a better understanding of the fundamentals of fluid mixing and interface condensation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 5; 69-75
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    Parallelized solvers for heat conduction formulations (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Based on multilevel partitioning, this paper develops a structural parallelizable solution methodology that enables a significant reduction in computational effort and memory requirements for very large scale linear and nonlinear steady and transient thermal (heat conduction) models. Due to the generality of the formulation of the scheme, both finite element and finite difference simulations can be treated. Diverse model topologies can thus be handled, including both simply and multiply connected (branched/perforated) geometries. To verify the methodology, analytical and numerical benchmark trends are verified in both sequential and parallel computer environments.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B: Fundamentals (ISSN 1040-7790); 19; 127-152
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    Effect of geometrical disturbance on vortex asymmetry (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 560-566
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  • 85
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    Steady and unsteady solutions of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An algorithm for the solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in three-dimensional generalized curvilinear coordinates is presented. The algorithm can be used to compute both steady-state and time-dependent flow problems. The algorithm is based on the method of artificial compressibility and uses a third-order flux-difference splitting technique for the convective terms and the second-order central difference for the viscous terms. The accuracy is obtained in the numerical solutions by subiterating the equations in pseudotime for each physical time step. The equations are solved with a line-relaxation scheme that allows the use of very large pseudotime steps leading to fast convergence for steady-state problems as well as for the subiterations of time-dependent problems. The steady-state solution of flow through a square duct with a 90-deg bend is computed, and the results are compared with experimental data. Good agreement is observed. Computations of unsteady flow over a circular cylinder are presented and compared to other experimental and computational results. Finally, the flow through an artificial heart configuration with moving boundaries is calculated and presented.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 603-610
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  • 86
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    Flight stagnation-point heating calculations on Aeroassist Flight Experiment vehicle (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: NASA's Aeroassist Flight Experiment (AFE) vehicle will be deployed from the Space Shuttle Orbiter in 1994 to make a data-gethering aeropass through the upper atmosphere before returning to orbit for Shuttle pickup. An axisymmetric, chemically-reacting viscous shock-layer code is presently used to calculate AFE heating rates which automatically accounts for the viscous-inviscid interaction and entropy layer-swallowing effects which are ignored by the conventional boundary-layer methods. Results are presented for the stagnation-point heating of the current AFE baseline trajectory.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 28; 125-128
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  • 87
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    Supersonic aerodynamic characteristics of monoplanar missiles with low-profile quadriform tails (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 28; 9-15
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  • 88
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    Fully coupled implicit method for thermochemical nonequilibrium air at suborbital flight speeds (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 28; 31-39
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  • 89
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    Shedding patterns of the near-wake vortices behind a circular cylinder (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations have been accurately solved for the laminar flow past a circular cylinder in the Reynolds number range 50-200. A direct elliptic solver called the SEVP is used to rapidly advance the streamfunction in time, facilitating the overall convergence to the fully periodic or quasi-steady state. A new integral-series method is developed for the far-field streamfunction condition on a finite two-dimensional computational domain. The use of fourth-order Hermitain relations for the convection terms in the conservation-form vorticity transport equation has also contributed to the good comparison of the present results with the earlier experimental data. The vortex-shedding patterns visualized by the experimentalist are numerically reproduced here in the given Reynolds number range. Discussions that may be helpful in interpreting the behavior of the shedding frequency are presented in the main text.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (ISSN 0271-2091); 12; 463-474
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  • 90
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    Computational study on the interaction between a vortex and a shock wave (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 174-179
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  • 91
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    Source function approach to turbulence bulk properties (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A turbulence model to compute bulk properties is presented in which a prescribed source function is used to provide the rate of energy input into the turbulent flow, and the EDQNM model is used to treat the nonlinear transfer in the Navier-Stokes equations. The predictions of the model are tested against (1) the measured Nusselt number versus Rayleigh number relation in turbulent laboratory convection, and (2) the measured bulk kinetic energies and dissipation rates in turbulent channel flow for Reynolds numbers Re = 12,300 and 30,800. In addition, a sensitivity study is performed with respect to the choice of Kolmogorov constant. Generally, the predictions of the model are in reasonable accord with the available experimental data.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids A (ISSN 0899-8213); 3; 1633-164
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  • 92
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    Cell centered and cell vertex multigrid schemes for the Navier-Stokes equations (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 697-703
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  • 93
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    Numerical simulation of Shuttle ascent transonic flow using an unstructured-grid approach (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An unstructured-grid, finite-volume method has been developed for simulating the inviscid flow over spacecrafts of realistic configuration. The grid generation is accomplished by a new technique on the basis of the advancing-front concept. This simple technique is shown to be equally as powerful for a complex multibody as for a single vehicle. Second- or third-order accuracy is obtained via an innovative interpolation procedure similar to the conventional MUSCL approach. This method has been applied to the Shuttle orbiter and a representative Shuttle launch vehicle consisting of the orbiter, the external tank, and the solid rocket boosters. A comparison is discussed between the present results and other results obtained from structured- and unstructured-grid methods.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Computers and Structures (ISSN 0045-7949); 39; 1-2,
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  • 94
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    Skin friction law for compressible turbulent flow (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 380-386
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  • 95
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    Separated flow in a driven trapezoidal cavity (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations governing shear flow in a trapezoidal enclosure have been obtained at fine grid resolutions using an efficient multigrid calculation procedure. The effects of flow Reynolds number and wall boundary conditions are studied in detail. Interesting flow patterns are observed to develop, especially at high Reynolds numbers.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids A (ISSN 0899-8213); 3; 385-392
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  • 96
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    Analytical solution for boundary heat fluxes from a radiating rectangular medium (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Reference is made to the work of Shah (1979) which demonstrated the possibility of partially integrating the radiative equations analytically to obtain an 'exact' solution. Shah's solution was given as a double integration of the modified Bessel function of order zero. Here, it is shown that the 'exact' solution for a rectangular region radiating to cold black walls can be conveniently derived, and expressed in simple form, by using an integral function, Sn, analogous to the exponential integral function appearing in plane-layer solutions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 113; 258-261
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  • 97
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    The minimal flow unit in near-wall turbulence (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Direct numerical simulations of unsteady channel flow were performed at low to moderate Reynolds numbers on computational boxes chosen small enough so that the flow consists of a doubly periodic (in x and z) array of identical structures. The goal is to isolate the basic flow unit, to study its morphology and dynamics, and to evaluate its contribution to turbulence in fully developed channels. For boxes wider than approximately 100 wall units in the spanwise direction, the flow is turbulent, and the low-order turbulence statistics are in good agreement with experiments in the near-wall region. For a narrow range of widths below that threshold, the flow near only one wall remains turbulent, but its statistics are still in fairly good agreement with experimental data when scaled with the local wall stress. For narrower boxes only laminar solutions are found. In all cases, the elementary box contains a single low-velocity streak, consisting of a longitudinal strip on which a thin layer of spanwise vorticity is lifted away from the wall.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 225; 213-240
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  • 98
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    Evolution and dynamics of shear-layer structures in near-wall turbulence (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Near-wall flow structures in turbulent shear flows are analyzed, with particular emphasis on the study of their space-time evolution and connection to turbulence production. The results are obtained from investigation of a database generated from direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow at a Reynolds number of 180 based on half-channel width and friction velocity. New light is shed on problems associated with conditional sampling techniques, together with methods to improve these techniques, for use both in physical and numerical experiments. The results clearly indicate that earlier conceptual models of the processes associated with near-wall turbulence production, based on flow visualization and probe measurements need to be modified. For instance, the development of asymmetry in the spanwise direction seems to be an important element in the evolution of near-wall structures in general, and for shear layers in particular. The inhibition of spanwise motion of the near-wall streaky pattern may be the primary reason for the ability of small longitudinal riblets to reduce turbulent skin friction below the value for a flat surface.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 224; 579-599
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  • 99
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    Nonlinear evolution of subsonic and supersonic disturbances on a compressible free shear layer (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of a nonlinear-nonequilibrium-viscous critical layer on the spatial evolution of subsonic and supersonic instability modes on a compressible free shear layer is considered. It is shown that the instability wave amplitude is governed by an integrodifferential equation with cubic-type nonlinearity. Numerical and asymptotic solutions to this equation show that the amplitude either ends in a singularity at a finite downstream distance or reaches an equilibrium value, depending on the Prandtl number, viscosity law, viscous parameter and a real parameter which is determined by the linear inviscid stability theory. A necessary condition for the existence of the equilibrium solution is derived, and whether or not this condition is met is determined numerically for a wide range of physical parameters including both subsonic and supersonic disturbances. it is found that no equilibrium solution exists for the subsonic modes unless the temperature ratio of the low-to-high-speed streams exceeds a critical value, while equilibrium solutions for the most rapidly growing supersonic mode exist over most of the parameter range examined.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 224; 551-578
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  • 100
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    Newton's method applied to finite-difference approximations for the steady-state compressible Navier-Stokes equations (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Finite-difference approximations for steady-state compressible Navier-Stokes equations, whose two spatial dimensions are written in generalized curvilinear coordinates and strong conservation-law form, are presently solved by means of Newton's method in order to obtain a lifting-airfoil flow field under subsonic and transonnic conditions. In addition to ascertaining the computational requirements of an initial guess ensuring convergence and the degree of computational efficiency obtainable via the approximate Newton method's freezing of the Jacobian matrices, attention is given to the need for auxiliary methods assessing the temporal stability of steady-state solutions. It is demonstrated that nonunique solutions of the finite-difference equations are obtainable by Newton's method in conjunction with a continuation method.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 93; 108-127
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