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  • GEOPHYSICS  (2,964)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (1,556)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (1,036)
  • 1970-1974  (5,556)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1973  (3,661)
  • 1971  (1,895)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1970-1974  (5,556)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
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    Radiography (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Radiography is discussed as a method for nondestructive evaluation of internal flaws of solids. Gamma ray and X-ray equipment are described along with radiographic film, radiograph interpretation, and neutron radiography.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nondestructive Testing; p 63-99
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  • 2
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    Ultraviolet spectrometer experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The original scientific objectives and the achieved results are discussed. The upper atmosphere was found to have a variable temperature, with a mean exospheric temperature of 325 K; composed predominantley of CO2. Measurements of hydrogen and ozone are analyzed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 5; p 53-61
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  • 3
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    Zodiacal light photography (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Polarized and red- and blue-filter photographs of zodiacal light obtained by Apollo 17 are analyzed. Attempts were made to identify the cause of subtle change in the observed light and determine the dust composition of the light. A comparison of red and blue images indicates such changes may be caused by particle size distribution and range, number of particles along any given line of sight, particle surface characteristics including dielectric compared to metallic properties, and variations of the parameters as a function of distance from the sun.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 3 p
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  • 4
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    Effect of photogrammetric reading error on slope-frequency distributions (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The effect of reading error on two hypothetical slope frequency distributions and two slope frequency distributions from actual lunar data in order to ensure that these errors do not cause excessive overestimates of algebraic standard deviations for the slope frequency distributions. The errors introduced are insignificant when the reading error is small and the slope length is large. A method for correcting the errors in slope frequency distributions is presented and applied to 11 distributions obtained from Apollo 15, 16, and 17 panoramic camera photographs and Apollo 16 metric camera photographs.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 5
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    Infrared scanning radiometer (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Apollo 17 infrared scanning radiometer (ISR) experiment for mapping lunar surface thermal emission is reported. The instrument, lunar surface coverage, and the data obtained are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 6
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    Lunar atmospheric composition experiment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: On the Apollo 17 mission, a miniature mass spectrometer, called the lunar atmospheric composition experiment (LACE), was carried to the moon as part of the Apollo lunar surface experiments package (ALSEP) to study the composition of and variation in the lunar atmosphere. The instrument was successfully deployed in the Taurus-Littrow valley with its entrance aperture oriented upward to intercept and measure the downward flux of gases at the lunar surface. Initial activation of the LACE instrument occurred on December 27, 1972, approximately 50 hr after sunset, and operation continued throughout the first lunar night. Sunrise brought a high background gas level and necessitated discontinuing operation during lunar daytime except for a brief check near noon. Near sunset, operation was resumed and continued throughout the night. This sequence was repeated for the second and third lunations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 7
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    Near-terminator and earthshine photography (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Photographic results obtained during the Apollo 17 flight for the near terminator and earthshine conditions are discussed. Lunar surface photographs taken in the vicinity of the sunshine terminator provide important information that is not obtained on photographs taken at higher sun evaluation angles. Earthshine photography also provides data on low relief, crater morphology, and small scale structures. Examples of photographs of the lunar surface taken under both conditions are provided.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 7 p
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  • 8
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    Atmospheric electricity (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: Atmospheric electricity must be considered in the design, transportation, and operation of aerospace vehicles. The effect of the atmosphere as an insulator and conductor of high voltage electricity, at various atmospheric pressures, must also be considered. The vehicle can be protected as follows: (1) By insuring that all metallic sections are connected by electrical bonding so that the current flow from a lightning stroke is conducted over the skin without any gaps where sparking would occur or current would be carried inside; (2) by protecting buildings and other structures on the ground with a system of lightning rods and wires over the outside to carry the lightning stroke into the ground; (3) by providing a zone of protection for launch complexes; (4) by providing protection devices in critical circuits; (5) by using systems which have no single failure mode; and (6) by appropriate shielding of units sensitive to electromagnetic radiation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Terrest. Environ. (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Develop., 1973 Rev.; 28 p
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  • 9
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    Analysis of the dynamics and frequency spectrum synthesis of an optical-mechanical scanning device (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: A two-coordinate optical-mechanical scanning device (OMSD), the operating unit of which is a scanning disk, with directional and focusing optics and a board, on which the data carrier is placed, is examined. The disk and board are kinematically connected by a transmission mechanism, consisting of a worm and complex gear drive and a tightening screw-nut with correcting device, and it is run by a synchronous type motor. The dynamic errors in the system depend, first, on irregularities in rotation of the disk, fluctuations in its axis and vibrations of the table in the plane parallel to the plane of the disk. The basic sources of the fluctuations referred to above are residual disbalance of the rotor and other rotating masses, the periodic component of the driving torque of the synchronous motor, variability in the resistance, kinematic errors in the drive and other things. The fluctuations can be transmitted to the operating units through the kinematic link as a flexural-torsional system, as well as through vibrations of the housing of the device.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 301-305
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  • 10
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    Experimental research on aerostatic suspensions (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: Suspensions for carrying out experimental investigations, for the purpose of studying a number of problems in dynamics and stability of a suspended cylindrical body at various dynamic loads were investigated in the work. The results of the experimental investigations served as a basis for building a stand with a variable resonator. The experimental stand for suspension of cylindrical object, with a comparatively high natural free vibration frequency in the vertical direction, coinciding with the axis of the suspended object, is distinguished by the possibility of regulating the size of the clearance and is intended for carrying out preliminary experimental studies, for the purpose of selection of optimum aerostatic suspension parameters.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 289-291
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  • 11
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    Measurement of the vibration of structures with a three-component vibration sensor (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The effects of transverse waves and longitudinal displacements on transverse displacements in a plate are studied using a three component vibration sensor. Limitations of using the sensor in such measurements are: (1) sensor connection to the plate leads to changes in transverse displacement points on the plate surface, (2) the sensor has a finite magnitude of selectivity with respect to vibrations in the direction of the different channel axes, (3) longitudinal displacements of plate surface create restrictions on relative sensitivity of sensor to longitudinal-transverse waves, and (4) tranverse displacement of plate surface during longitudinal wave propagation also creates a restriction on sensor sensitivity to transverse waves.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 190-192
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  • 12
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    Vibrational sensitivity of a measuring instrument and methods of increasing the accuracy of its determinations (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The properties and peculiarities of two groups of measuring systems reacting to vibrations are discussed. Specifically, results of the action of a three dimensional, cophasal, monoharmonic vibration on the linear system of a measuring instrument was analyzed. Data are also given on the connection between vibration sensitivity and vibration resistance for instruments, methods for estimating vibration resistance, and formulas for expressing test results of vibration resistance. Experimental data are also given for decreasing errors in nonlinear systems during vibrations.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 188-189
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  • 13
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    New principles of construction of electromechanical vibration inducers (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: Electromechanical vibration inducers with high reliability and low noise level were created to study premature operating losses in their support bearings. An investigation was also made of the feasibility of developing stable synchronous operation of two vibrational inducers, rigidily fastened to a solid body with and without flexible suspension.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 176-178
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  • 14
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    The use of correlation receiving systems for detection of noise sources at short distances (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The use of a directional receiving system to detect noise sources masked by isotropic noise field interference at distances comparable with the distance between the two receivers, was discussed. Wide band noise was also examined. Results indicate the following limitations must be considered when using the method: (1) the system is directional only in the plane of the base, (2) directional power of the system is impaired with a decrease in the bandwidth of the noise source spectrum, (3) the system does not permit unambiguous determination of the direction to noise sources, located on both sides of the base line, and (4) the system has a comparatively low output signal-to-noise ratio.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 171-175
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  • 15
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    The use of film actinometry in low intensity ultraviolet irradiation measurement (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: High resolution film was used to measure solar ultraviolet irradiation at a wavelength of 254 nanometers between energy levels of 3 x 10 to the minus 7 power and 130 x 10 to the minus 7 power joules (3 and 130 ergs). The results imply that the film recorded exposure to energy levels from 2.5 to 13 times the expected values. These high values are being evaluated for the influences of other factors that could affect the recorded values.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 155-168
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  • 16
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    Cuvette loading and unloading procedures (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The cuvettes for the flight hardware used in the Microbial Response to Space Environment Experiment (M191) were loaded with the biological test systems according to the methods described. After the flight, the experiment package was returned and dismantled. Then, the individual cuvettes were removed from the hardware and unloaded according to the procedures described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 41-48
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  • 17
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    Description of the microbial ecology evaluation device, flight equipment, and ground transporter (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Exposure of test systems in space required the fabrication of specialized hardware termed a Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device that had individual test chambers and a complex optical filter system. The characteristics of this device and the manner in which it was deployed in space are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 21-39
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  • 18
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    Electrical and acoustical resonances of vibrators (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The basic sources of vibration in electrical machines are identified as: (1) unbalanced masses of the rotor, (2) condition of the bearings, and (3) the electromagnetic field gap. Methods for improving the vibration characteristics of electrical machines are proposed. A mathematical model is developed for calculating the damping elements located between the bearings and the mounts.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 235-238
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  • 19
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    A silicon vidicon camera for slow scan operation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-22
    Description: A silicon vidicon camera was designed, built, and tested to determine its potential for use aboard future Mariner spacecraft. Slow scan operation is made possible by cooling the vidicon to -40 C. Cooling is achieved by a simple thermal condition path between the vidicon and a radiator mounted on top of the camera head. The camera was successfully operated under simulated space flight conditions and has survived vibration designed to simulate the launch of a Mariner spacecraft. A description of the camera and its operation along with the results of the testing is presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev., Vol. 3, No. 2 (NASA-CR-133863); p 27-36
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  • 20
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    Solar corona photography (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An analysis was made of Apollo 17 solar corona photographs in an effort to identify coronal streamers observed from earth. The photographs corroborate earth based observations; moreover, visual observations made by the Apollo crew indicate clearly identifiable streamers which extend to approximately 100 solar radii.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 3 p
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  • 21
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    Apollo 17 laser altimeter (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The performance and operation of the Apollo 17 laser altimeter after several modifications are discussed. Functions of the instrument include precise altitude measurement of the CSM above the lunar surface, and measurement of broad scale topographic relief around the entire circumference of the moon.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 4 p
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  • 22
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    Repeatability of elevation measurements: Apollo photography (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Sun elevation angle effects on repeatability, using Apollo 15 photographs are analyzed and results extended to slope related effects. Preliminary results indicate repeatibility of elevation measurement is related to contrast in the stereoscopic image.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 23
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    Photographic summary (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The photographic objectives of the Apollo 17 mission are discussed. The photographic requirements are divided into lunar surface photographs and orbital photographic tasks. The cameras used during the mission are listed and a general description of the tasks for which each was used is provided. Examples of photographs taken during lunar orbit and on the lunar surface are included. The cameras used and the photographic coverage obtained during specific phases of the mission are reported.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 32 p
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  • 24
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    Atmospheric attenuation relative to earth-viewing orbital sensors (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: Earth viewing space missions offer exciting new possibilities in several earth resources disciplines - geography, hydrology, agriculture, geology, and oceanography, to name a few. A most useful tool in planning experiments and applying space technology to earth observation is a statistical description of atmospheric parameters. Four dimensional atmospheric models and a world wide cloud model are used to produce atmospheric attenuation models to predict degradation effects for all classes of sensors for application to earth sensing experiments from spaceborne platforms. To insure maximum utility and application of these products, the development of an interaction model of microwave energy and atmospheric variables provides a complete description of the effects of atmospheric moisture upon microwaves.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Terrest. Environ. (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Develop., 1973 Rev.; 21 p
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  • 25
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    Identification of a mechanical vibration system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The actual values of the parameters of a precision instrument assembly vibration system are determined according to experimental amplitude-frequency characteristics. The assembly is considered as a complex mechanical vibrating system, consisting of elements with concentrated and distributed parameters. A calculation procedure was compiled.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 36-37
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  • 26
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    Automatic measuring device for octave analysis of noise (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: An automatic decoder is described that counts noise levels by pulse counters and forms audio signals proportional in duration to the total or to one of the octave noise levels. Automatic ten fold repetition of the measurement cycle is provided at each measurement point before the transition to a new point is made.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 25-27
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  • 27
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    Use of the mathematical modelling method for the investigation of dynamic characteristics of acoustical measuring instruments (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The schematic diagram of a noise measuring device is presented that uses pulse expansion modeling according to the peak or any other measured values, to obtain instrument readings at a very low noise error.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 10-12
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  • 28
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    System for automated measurement of full-scale noises and vibrations (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: On-line devices are described for measuring the electrical spectrum of a signal in the presence of full scale noise and vibrations. The system includes a set of parallel filters with detectors at the filtration channel outlet. A reciprocal spectral density matrix is used to process the information contained in the interacting signals from various noise and vibration sources.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 3-6
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  • 29
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    Multiple-point unit for remote automatic spectral analysis (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: An experimental model of a mechanical spectrometer is reported that permits vibration measurements at 297 points on a mechanical device and processes this information by digital computer for automatic printout.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 1-2
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  • 30
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    Photogrammetric evaluation of Mariner 9 photography (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Some attempts to produce, with an AP/C analytical plotter, stereo models using Mariner 9 pictures are reported. The first attempt using geometrically uncorrected mission test video system (MTVS) imagery failed; the second, using corrected reduced data record (RDR) pictures also failed, probably because they were reconstructed through a vidicon display which introduces additional distortion. By using images obtained from RDR tape data through the Optronics Photowrite device, models were successfully obtained.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 587-592
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  • 31
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    Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer experiment: Mars atomic oxygen 1304-Angstrom emission (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Selected results are presented for a considerable quantity of Mariner 9 1304-A data for the first 100 revolutions from both the bright limb and disk of Mars. The limb data suggest that the exospheric temperature is less than it was in 1969 when Mariners 6 and 7 encountered the planet. Similar (O) concentrations (0.5 to 1%) are derived for a temperature of about 300 K. Structure in the limb profiles below 200 km suggests the possibility that about 0.2 kR of the observed approximately 0.8 kR near 150 km is due to dissociative excitation of CO2. Significant differences in selected limb profiles suggest that local as well as random variations in (O) occur.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 355-368
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  • 32
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    Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer experiment: Seasonal variation of ozone on Mars (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: On Mars, the Mariner observations show a twenty-fold variation in the amount of ozone, depending on the presence or absence of another minor constituent, water vapor, in the atmosphere. In the evolution of earth's primitive atmosphere, the formation of an ozone layer may have played an important role in the prebiotic chemistry that took place on the surface. The seasonal formation and disappearance of ozone in the contemporary Martian atmosphere may be of consequence in any prebiotic chemistry that may be occurring there.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Mariner Mars 1971 Proj., Vol. 4; p 369-372
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  • 33
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    The origin of intermediate and deep focus earthquakes (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: An elastic plate model is used to describe the origin of intermediate and deep earthquakes. It is shown that the earth is covered by about eight tectonic plates that have relative motions; along plate boundary lines, one plate thrusting under the other, causes deflection and buckling of the elastic plate structure in regions of maximum curvature that may trigger earthquakes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 220-223
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  • 34
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    Polar motion (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Tracking of the Beacon Explorer-C satellite by a precision laser system was used to measure the polar motion and solid earth tide. The tidal perturbation of satellite latitude is plotted as variation in maximum latitude in seconds of arc on earth's surface as a function of the date, and polar motion is shown by plotting the variation in latitude of the laser in seconds of arc along the earth's surface as a function of date
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 216-219
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  • 35
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    A detailed gravimetric geoid of North America, the North Atlantic, Eurasia, and Australia (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: A computer program was developed for the calculation of a goid based upon a combination of satellite and surface gravity data. A detailed gravimetric geoid of North America, the North Atlantic, Eurasia, and Australia was derived by using this program.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 212-215
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    Earth physics, overview (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Satellite applications in earth and ocean dynamic studies are considered for: earthquake hazard assessment and alleviation; prediction of general ocean circulation, surface currents, and heat transport; monitoring of transient phenomena of the ocean surface, such as sea state and wave conditions, wind-surface interactions and storm searches; and refinement of the global geoid, the gravity and magnetic fields of the earth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 211
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    Tides in the upper atmosphere: A controversy resolved? (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Diurnal temperature variations in the upper atmosphere are caused by heating resulting from the absorption of solar energy by ozone near the stratopause and by water vapor in the troposphere. Theoretical temperature variations given as a function of time and height show a discrepancy for the maximum temperature variation. A comprehensive set of acoustic grande soundings establish phase changes with altitude in agreement with the theory although times of maximum and minimum are not aligned at all altitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 205-208
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  • 38
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    Effects of the atmosphere on ERTS observations (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Atmospheric radiation models and methods of computing radiation effects are reported that are important both in the meteorological and Earth Resources Satellite programs. Results of using them to compute the atmospheric effects on just the ERTS observations are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 193-195
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  • 39
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    Satellite observations during the rapid intensification of hurricane Camille (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Medium resolution infrared radiometer observations at the 6.7 micrometer and the 11 micrometer regions by satellite during the maximum intensification phase of hurricane Camille show increasing black body temperatures near the center. This is attributed to increased upward vertical motion in the interior of the cyclone, which is an indication of rapid intensification.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 196-200
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  • 40
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    Oceanic turbidity and chlorophyll as inferred from ERTS-1 observations (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Spectral signatures of phytoplankton and other obscuring effects are considered in order to determine how to best use satellite data. The results of this study were then used to analyze the spectral data obtained from the ERTS-1 multispectral scanner (MSS). The analyzed satellite data were finally compared with surface ship measurements of chlorophyll concentration. It was found that the effects of water turbidity on the multispectral imagery can be discriminated by rationing the two shortest wavelength channels so that the effect of phytoplankton is enhanced.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 190-192
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  • 41
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    Remote sensing of sea ice motion (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Remote sensing by ERTS-1 provides overlapping coverage on sequential days of dynamic changes in Arctic Sea ice and allows for route planning of shipping in the polar region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 182-186
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  • 42
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    Passive microwave images of lake ice (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: Photographic data and microwave emission images from the Great Lake ice formation are compared for their applicability to commercial shipping interests. A synoptic view of the microwave radiation from the lake area ice shows a large variation in brightness temperature. The snow ice appears to have the highest microwave brightness temperatures, whereas the thick clear ice shows up some 30 degrees kelvin colder, and the thin clear ice is colder still with a 1.55 cm radiation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 187-189
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  • 43
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    Polar mapping with ERTS-1 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: The applicability of multispectral ERTS-1 imagery to polar ice detection, local current effects, map corrections, relative lake depth measurements, and estimates of ice breakup is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 178-181
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  • 44
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    Earth observations, overview (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-26
    Description: An overview is given of research and development activities at the Laboratory for Meteorology and Earth Sciences. Highlights of satellite techniques in earth observation missions and projects are outlined, as are remote sensing methods by aircraft overflights; most noteworthy among these is the development of multispectral scanners that monitor both the reflected infrared solar radiation and the emitted terrestrial radiation. The application of observations to the survey of environmental conditions and resource management is emphasized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci.; p 161-177
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    A new method of measurement of tension on a moving magnetic tape (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The possibility of no-contact measurement of the tension on a moving magnetic tape, assuming the tape is uniform, is discussed. A scheme for calculation of the natural frequency of transverse vibrations of magnetic tape is shown. Mathematical models are developed to show the relationships of the parameters. The method is applicable to the analysis of accurate tape feed mechanisms design.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 229-231
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    Method of accounting for instrumental distortions during observation of signals (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: A method is proposed for accounting for instrumental distortions in linear systems with known dynamic characteristics.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 193-194
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    Low frost-point humidity generator (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A low frost-point humidity generator has been developed at NBS to provide a capability for calibration, testing, and research at very low levels of water vapor content in such gases as atmospheric air, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The generator produces frost points from -30 to -100 C at ambient pressures from 500 to 200,000 pascals (0.005 to 2 atm.). This is equivalent to mixing ratios of 4 micrograms to 51 grams of water vapor per kilogram of dry air and to vapor pressures of .0014 to 38 pascals. The generated test gas can be fed to a test chamber with independent temperature control between +25 and -100 C. The uncertainty of the frost point in the test chamber is estimated not to exceed 0.05 deg C.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Research; vol. 77A
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  • 48
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    Hot-wire coil probe for high-speed flows (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Small-diameter-wire coil probes developed for use in a hypersonic helium tunnel are discussed. The springlike properties of the coil minimize strain-gauge effects, and allow to use a higher length-to-diameter ratio for a given flow. In addition, the coil is more rugged for sudden flow changes, and since it can be mounted straight across the support tips, there is less support interference in cross flows. In addition to measuring fluctuating quantities in a boundary layer, the probes were used with a constant temperature anemometer for measuring mean mass flow profiles, and with a constant current anemometer for measuring mean total temperature profiles.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; Dec. 197
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  • 49
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    Magnetospheric current sheets (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review is presented of theories and observations of current sheets in the magnetosphere, emphasizing the magnetopause and tail current sheets. Theoretical models of the magnetopause current sheet can be divided into two types: specular reflection and fluid models containing no external magnetic field, and models with an interplanetary/magnetosheath magnetic field. Our understanding of the first type is much better than of the second, although magnetospheric observations indicate that the external magnetic field plays an important role. Most of the theoretical models of the tail current sheet attempt to arrive at an understanding of the reconnection process or start with the assumption that reconnection is important. Observations are reviewed and implications for the models are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    Increase in transmittance of unbacked aluminum filters exposed to RF or dc discharges in oxygen (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of an experimental study of the effect of discharges in oxygen on the oxide thickness and transmittance of aluminum filters. The studies were performed by exposing the filters to RF discharges and dc glow discharges in oxygen. In all experiments except one in which an aluminum ring was used as the cathode an increase in the transmittance of the filters is noted. It is thus demonstrated that the transmittance of aluminum filters increases on exposure to electrical discharges in oxygen, although it is not certain whether this phenomenon is caused by atomic oxygen.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 12; Dec. 197
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    Deformation and instability of underthrusting lithospheric plates (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    The effect of thermal stratification and evaporation on geostrophic drag coefficient in the atmospheric boundary layer (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is shown that the fields of velocity, eddy viscosity, potential temperature, and specific humidity in a planetary boundary layer are decoupled by the introduction of a free parameter, Q, which combines the effects of thermal and humidity stratification. Solutions of the whole system are shown to be obtainable by the method of trial and error on Q. Results show good agreement when both the thermal and humidity stratification are accounted for.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 101; Aug. 197
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    Magnetospheric field morphology at magnetically quiet times (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of the magnetospheric morphology, using the method of the Delta B topology, where Delta B is the difference between the observed and a reference field. It is confirmed that Delta B continuously decreases inward to close distances from the earth at all local times. Extrapolating the statistical relation between Dst at the ground and the equatorial Delta B obtained from OGO-5 near perigee, it is shown that Dst is 54 gammas, when Delta B is zero at approximately 2 to 3 earth radii. Conversely, for a magnetically quiet condition as defined by Dst = 0, the average equatorial Delta B at these distances is -45 gammas. These results demonstrate the significance of the effects of the magnetospheric equatorial current that exists even at quiet times. A preliminary study of inclination shows that the field lines on the dusk side are more stretched out than on the dawn side. A comparison of declination on both sides indicates that the bending of the field lines toward the tail is greater near dusk than near dawn. These results suggest an appreciable dawn-dusk asymmetry in the configuration of the inner magnetospheric field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 54
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    Density and temperature distributions in non-uniform rotating planetary exospheres with applications to earth (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 21; Dec. 197
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    Performance characteristics of proximity focused ultraviolet image converters (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Performance characteristics of Bendix type BX 8025-4522 proximity focused image tubes for UV to visible light conversion are presented. Quantum efficiency, resolution, background, geometric distortion, and environmental test results are discussed. The converters use magnesium fluoride input windows with Cs-Te photocathodes and P-11 phosphors on fiber optic output windows.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 12; Dec. 197
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    Molecular beam techniques applied to mass spectrometric thermospheric density measurements (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 44; Oct. 197
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    A study of the electric field in an open magnetospheric model (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recently, Svalgaard and Heppner reported two separate features of the polar electromagnetic field that correlate with the dawn-dusk component of the interplanetary magnetic field. This work attempts to explain these findings in terms of properties of the open magnetosphere. The topology and qualitative properties of the open magnetosphere are first studied by means of a simple model, consisting of a dipole in a constant field. Many such properties are found to depend on the separation line, a curve connecting neutral points and separating different field line regimes. In the simple model it turns out that the electric field in the central polar cap tends to point from dawn to dusk for a wide variety of external fields, but, near the boundary of the polar cap, electric equipotentials are deformed into crescents.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Nov. 1
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    Use of LEED, Auger emission spectroscopy and field ion microscopy in microstructural studies (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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    Band absorption in nonhomogeneous, isotropically-scattering planetary atmospheres - Theory and experiment (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A computer program is developed which predicts the vertical distribution of an absorbing species in an isotropically-scattering, finite planetary atmosphere from measurements of the upwelling band radiance determined by a vertically traversing 2-channel radiometer. Comparison is made with experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 13; Dec. 197
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    First measurements of electron temperature in the D region with a symmetric double probe (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the altitude profile of electron temperature in the ionospheric D region with the aid of a symmetric double probe flown on a Nike-Cajun payload launched on Oct. 13, 1971. The procedure for determining the electron temperature from the parameters of the double probe's current-voltage characteristic under conditions of nonnegligible ion-atom collision frequencies is described. It is shown that in its first lower ionospheric application the technique of the symmetric double probe has yielded the lowest values of electron temperature yet measured and has provided the very first direct measurement of electron temperature in the D region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Nov. 1
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    Theory of the phase anomaly in the thermosphere (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of the temperature-density phase anomaly on the basis of a quasi-three-dimensional model in which the thermosphere dynamics associated with wind circulation is considered in a self-consistent form. Included in this analysis are the first three harmonics, which involve nonlinear coupling between diurnal and semidiurnal tides. It is shown that the phase anomaly with exospheric temperature peaks near 1600 LT and mass density peaks between 1400 and 1445 LT can be reproduced in a self-consistent theory without invoking ad hoc assumptions and boundary conditions that would mask the physical processes to be explored. A number of factors and processes are found to contribute to the phase anomaly, including the semidiurnal and particularly the terdiurnal components, heat advection, diffusion, and energy coupling with the lower atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Nov. 1
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    Physics of planetary ionospheres (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The fundamental physical and chemical processes in an idealized planetary ionosphere are considered as a general abstraction, with actual planetary ionospheres representing special cases. After describing the structure of the neutral atmospheres (the barosphere, the thermosphere, and the exosphere) and noting the principal ionizing radiations responsible for the formation of planetary ionospheres, a detailed study is made of the thermal structure of these ionospheres and of the chemical processes and plasma-transport processes occurring in them. The features of equilibrium and realistic models of planetary ionospheres are discussed, and an attempt is made to determine the extent of these ionospheres. Considering the ionosphere as a plasma, a plasma kinetic approach is developed for determining the effects of interactions between individual particles and waves in this plasma. The use of remote-sensing radio techniques and direct measurement or in situ techniques is discussed. Finally, the observed properties of the ionospheres of the Earth, Mars, Venus, and Jupiter are reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    Skylab's photographic workhorse (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: There are ten Data Acquisition Cameras (DAC) aboard the Skylab workshop, and one additional is aboard each of the three command modules that ferry astronauts to Skylab. These cameras will transport approximately 40,000 feet of 16-mm film at frame rates from time exposures to 24 frames per second (fps). The heart of the 16-mm DAC system is a unique sequence camera. Approximately 80% of the Skylab 16-mm film will be exposed at 2 fps to maximize data acquisition time and remain within spacecraft return weight limitations. Of the approximately 225 accessories, the most unique item is the 400-foot magazine system.-
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Spectra; 7; Dec. 197
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    Evaluation of Raman scattering as a sensor of temperature and molecular density (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The performance of the Raman scattering technique for the remote monitoring of temperature and molecular number density in various wind tunnel and engine testing facilities has been experimentally evaluated. Temperature measurements were made by monitoring the pure rotational spectrum of nitrogen and the rotational branch separations of nu2 of CF4 for temperatures in the range 300 to 1000 K. These measurements yielded an average error of 2.6 and 7.6%, respectively, for temperature measurements at pressures near 1 atm. Molecular number density measurements with 20% error could be made at densities as low as 3.5 times 10 to the 22-nd power per cu m by monitoring the 6 to 8 rotational transition of nitrogen, 3.5 times 10 to the 23-rd power per cu m by monitoring the Q-branch of the fundamental vibrational transition of nitrogen, and 7 times 10 to the 22-nd power per cu m by monitoring the nu1 fundamental vibrational transition of CF4.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Spectroscopy; 27; Nov
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    High latitude electric fields and the modulations related to interplanetary magnetic field parameters (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The meaning and characteristics of basic and average convection (i.e., electric field) patterns are described. The continuous existence of the basic convection pattern argues against treating magnetic field merging mechanisms as the fundamental cause of magnetospheric convection. However, whether related to merging or to some other mechanism, interplanetary magnetic field conditions significantly modulate the distribution, magnitudes, and boundaries of the convection pattern. A previous correlation between azimuthal angles of the interplanetary magnetic field and asymmetries in polar cap electric field distributions as seen by OGO-6 is reviewed. A new approach is taken to reveal correlations with the north-south angle and magnitude of the interplanetary field as well as additional features which correlate with the azimuthal angle. Both significant correlations and conditions which show a lack of correlation are found. Several aspects of the correlations appear to be particularly important.
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    Observations from space of the solar corona/inner zodiacal light (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations, from the Apollo 16 Spacecraft, in lunar orbit, of the total radiance of the K + F corona, from 3 to 55 solar radii are presented and discussed. The logarithmic slope of the K + F coronal radiance, at distances greater than 20 solar radii, is found to be n equals 1.93, slightly less steep than previous determinations. The photometric axis of the radiance is found to be displaced 3 plus or minus 1 deg north of the ecliptic, at distances greater than 20 solar radii, and this displacement is interpreted as an annual variation due to non-coincidence of the ecliptic and the symmetry axis of the zodiacal cloud.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 21; Dec. 197
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    Preparation of ultra small samples for optical and microprobe analysis (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper describes a simple but satisfactory new method for the preparation of tiny, varied and specialized specimens for electron or ion-microprobe analysis developed over the past five years. Microtektites, individual chondrules, single grains, blebs from lunar samples and meteoritic minerals have been prepared by this technique. A description of the preparation of these usually difficult samples from the initial mounting through the various polishing steps to their final polish is presented in detail. The procedures used to prevent any contamination of these specimens by the polishing agents and to prevent cross contamination to the other samples used for geochronology studies are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Meteoritics; 8; Sept. 30
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    A diode-quad bridge circuit for use with capacitance transducers (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 44; Oct. 197
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    Magnetic hysteresis in natural materials (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Magnetic hysteresis loops and the derived hysteresis ratios R sub H and R sub I are used to classify the various natural dilute magnetic materials. R sub I is the ratio of saturation isothermal remanence (I sub R) to saturation (I sub S) magnetization, and R sub H is the ratio of remanent coercive force (H sub R) to coercive force (H sub C). The R sub H and R sub I values depend on grain size, the characteristics of separate size modes in mixtures of grains of high and low coercivity, and the packing characteristics. Both R sub H and R sub I are affected by thermochemical alterations of the ferromagnetic fraction. Hysteresis loop constriction is observed in lunar samples, chondrite meteorites, and thermochemically altered basaltic rocks, and is due to mixtures of components of high and low coercivity. Discrete ranges of R sub H and R sub I for terrestrial and lunar samples and for chondrite meteorites provide for a classification of these natural materials based on their hysteresis properties.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 20; 1, Se; Sept
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    A directional low energy gamma-ray detector (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The sensitivity of a directional gamma ray detector, which relies on blocking a source to determine its direction and energy spectrum, is calculated and compared to the more conventional well shaped shielded detectors. It is shown that such an anticollimator detection system provides a basis for measuring the celestial diffuse gamma ray background, gamma ray sources and bursts with good energy, angular, and time resolution, and that additionally the system is 20 to 50 times as sensitive as conventional detectors when compared on a per unit mass basis.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Goddard Contrib. to the Los Alamos Conf. on Transient Cosmic Gamma and X-ray Sources; 28 p
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    Variations in the stratospheric ozone field inferred from Nimbus satellite observations. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The ultraviolet earth radiance data from the backscatter ultraviolet experiment on Nimbus 4 have been inverted to infer ozone profiles using a single Rayleigh scattering model. Two methods of solution give essentially the same results. Comparison of these profiles with simultaneous rocket sounding data shows satisfactory agreement at low and middle latitudes. Vertical cross-sections of ozone mixing ratio along the orbital tracks indicate that while the gross characteristics of the ozone field above 10 mb are under photochemical control, the influence of atmospheric motions can be found up to the 4 mb level.
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    The Nimbus-4 backscatter ultraviolet /BUV/ atmospheric ozone experiment Two years' operation. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of some of the procedures and results of the double monochromator and colinear photometer Nimbus-4 satellite experiment that measures ultraviolet terrestrial radiance, Lambert reflectivity of the lower boundary of the scattering atmosphere, and extraterrestrial solar irradiance. The experiment has produced nearly three years of almost continuous data which are being used to infer the high-level ozone distribution and total ozone on a global basis. The high-level ozone data have been verified by independent coincident rocket ozone soundings, and the total ozone values show good agreement with Dobson spectrophotometer determinations. An increase has been observed in equatorial radiance at 2550 A relative to 2900 A, which seems to indicate that the amount of ozone in the upper stratosphere is related to the eleven-year solar cycle.
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    Spectral structure of tropospheric vertical temperature profiles over Cape Kennedy, Florida. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent Jimsphere/Jimsonde measurements of tropospheric temperature profile spectra in the wavelength band from 50 to 2000 meters above the atmospheric boundary layer, taken over Cape Kennedy, Florida, are summarized. The results suggest that the spectra can be represented in the nondimensional form (omega sub g/sigma sub w)phi(k)/sigma sub T squared = S(K), where phi(k) is the temperature profile spectrum at wave number k, omega sub g is the Brunt-Vasala frequency, sigma sub w and sigma sub T denote the standard deviations of the vertical velocity and temperature profiles, and S is a universal function of nondimensional wave number K = k sigma sub w/omega sub g.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 20
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  • 74
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    Apollo 16 far-ultraviolet camera/spectrograph - Instrument and operations. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A far-ultraviolet camera/spectrograph experiment was designed and constructed for studies of the terrestrial upper atmosphere and geocorona, the interplanetary medium, and celestial objects from the lunar surface. The experiment was successfully operated during the Apollo 16 mission 21-23 April 1972. Discussed are the design and operating principles of the instrument, the actual events and operations during the Apollo 16 mission, and also anomalies encountered and suggested improvements for future experiments of this type. This experiment demonstrated the utility of the electronographic technique in space astronomy, as well as the great potential of the lunar surface as a base for astronomical observations.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 12; Oct. 197
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  • 75
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    Confocal backscatter laser velocimeter with on-axis sensitivity. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A confocal backscatter laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) that measures two velocity components has been developed. This device requires only two incident beams polarized normally to one another. Moreover, the velocity components sensed are nearly orthogonal. The velocimeter employs a combined dual-scatter, local oscillator arrangement to obtain the bidirectional sensitivity. Two photodetectors are used, each sensing only one Doppler frequency proportional to one of the very nearly orthogonal velocity components. In addition, a single Bragg cell serves to frequency bias both velocity components in order to eliminate directional ambiguity. A differencing technique has also been incorporated to enhance the dual-scatter Doppler signal corresponding to the transverse velocity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 12; Oct. 197
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    Interference filters for the VUV /1200-1900 A/. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of modified aluminum-dielectric Fabry-Perot interference filters fabricated on a Schroeder evaporation-monitor apparatus (1962) for use at wavelengths below 1700 A. The filters were made for stellar photometers flown in the Wisconsin Experiment on the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory and for use in rocket-borne experiments and laboratory calibration work.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 12; Oct. 197
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  • 77
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    Introduction (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Since May 1970, personnel on several campuses of the University of California have been conducting investigations which seek to determine the usefulness of modern remote sensing techniques for studying various components of California's earth resources complex. Emphasis has been given to California's water resources as exemplified by the Feather River project and other aspects of the California Water Plan. This study is designed to consider in detail the supply, demand, and impact relationships. The specific geographic areas studied are the Feather River drainage in northern California, the Chino-Riverside Basin and Imperial Valley areas in southern California, and selected portions of the west side of San Joaquin Valley in central California. An analysis is also given on how an effective benefit-cost study of remote sensing in relation to California's water resources might best be made.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 7 p
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  • 78
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    Water demand studies (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The areas of focus of the Santa Barbara and Riverside groups in conducting water demand studies are the central and southern California regional test sites, respectively. Within each test site, sub-areas have been selected for use in the making of detailed investigations. Within each of these sub-areas an in-depth evaluation is being made as to the capability of remote sensing systems to provide pertinent data relative to water demand phenomena. These more limited sub-areas are: (1) Kern County and the San Joaquin Basin; (2) Chino-Riverside Basin; and (3) the Imperial Valley. Rational for the selection of these subareas included the following: Much of the previous remote sensing research had been conducted in these areas and therefore a great deal of remote sensing imagery and pertinent ground truth for the areas was already available.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 71 p
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  • 79
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    Water supply studies (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The primary test site for water supply investigations continues to be the Feather River watershed in northeastern California. This test site includes all of the area draining into and including the Oroville Reservoir. The principal effort is to determine the extent to which remote sensing techniques, when properly employed, can provide information useful to those persons concerned with the management and planning of lands and facilities for the production of water, using the Oroville Reservoir and the California Water Project as the focus for the study. In particular, emphasis is being placed on determining the cost effectiveness of information derived through remote sensing as compared with that currently being derived through more conventional means.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 110 p
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  • 80
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    Digital multichannel photometry with digicons (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The digital system is described and compared to other sensor systems. The digicon system starts with a photocathode, has magnetic focusing of the accelerated photoelectrons, and the electrons hit an array of solid-state diodes. These characteristics, however, are the only ones which are applicable to both the digicon and the other systems. With the digicon system, instead of attempting to read the resulting charges on the diodes by probing electrons, or by a charge transfer out, an actual physical wire is connected to each separate diode. This provides a huge advantage in improved signal-to-noise ratio.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Advanced Electro-Opt. Imaging Tech.; p 107-123
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  • 81
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    Using computers to analyze continuous data. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Dynamic field measurements often involve large quantities of continuous data, which must be analyzed and interpreted to obtain meaningful information. The processing can often be accomplished by tape-recording the data in analog form, performing off-line digitalization, and using the result as an input to statistical programs on a digital computer. A time series analysis was used to obtain power spectral density (PSD) curves to identify dominant frequencies. Representative PSD plots were obtained for STOL aircraft during cruise. Vibrational energy was clearly concentrated below 0.1 Hz, and was much higher in the vertical than in the lateral direction.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Instruments and Control Systems; 46; Sept
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  • 82
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    Polarization - A key to an airborne optical system for the detection of oil on water. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Skylight polarization, which varies with the position of the sun in the sky, influences the contrast of oil on water. Good contrast is most consistently obtained by viewing in azimuth directions toward or away from the sun. Contrast is enhanced by imaging selected polarization components and by taking the difference between orthogonal polarization components.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Science; 180; June 15
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  • 83
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    Experimental test of magnetospheric models. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The barium cloud injection deep into the magnetosphere of Sept. 21, 1971, has revealed that the quiet-time near-equatorial nightside magnetic field is significantly different from that predicted by existing quite-time models. The influence of currents flowing on or near the geomagnetic equator gives the field a more tail-like structure at a distance as close as 5 earth radii. Several models have been tried out to obtain a best fit to the experimental observations of the shape of the field-aligned ion cloud. Although this method does not lead to a unique solution, the most acceptable option emerging from this analysis is a quiet-time tilted image-dipole model with a Williams-Mead tail field and a disclike ring current on the geomagnetic equator.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 84
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    NASA/Max Planck Institute Barium Ion Cloud Project. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: NASA and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE), Munich, Germany, conducted a cooperative experiment involving the release and study of a barium cloud at 31,500 km altitude near the equatorial plane. The release was made near local magnetic midnight on Sept. 21, 1971. The MPE-built spacecraft contained a canister of 16 kg of Ba CuO mixture, a two-axis magnetometer, and other payload instrumentation. The objectives of the experiment were to investigate the interaction of the ionized barium cloud with the ambient medium and to deduce the properties of electric fields in the proximity of the release. An overview of the project is given to briefly summarize the organization, responsibilities, objectives, instrumentation, and operational aspects of the project.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 85
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    A high-resolution Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: We have developed a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer having a resolution of 0.5/cm over the range of wavelength from 1 to 5.5 microns. It has been used to observe the sun over this wavelength range from a Lear Jet flying at an altitude of 14 km, and to observe a number of stars from the ground, using the 229-cm telescope of the Steward Observatory and the 152-cm aluminum-mirror telescope at the Observatorio Astronomico Nacional in the Sierra de San Pedro Martir, Baja California, Mexico. The solar spectrum is given here, while the ground-based spectra are being published separately.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 85
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  • 86
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    Preliminary analysis of NASA optical data obtained in barium ion cloud experiment of September 21, 1971. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper reviews the optical data obtained by NASA in the joint NASA-MPE experiment conducted on September 21, 1971, involving the release of a barium cloud at an altitude of about 31,500 km over Colombia, South America. The data indicated an anomalously high rate of elongation and an unexpectedly large rate of deceleration of the main core of the ion cloud. The outermost striational features achieved a steady velocity within a few minutes, thus indicating that they had acquired the velocity of the ambient plasma. From the observed drift of these striations, one deduces an electric field that, when referred to a coordinate system rotating with the earth, has a meridional component directed toward the interior of the magnetic loop of 0.14 mV/m and a component perpendicular to the meridional plane of 0.15 mV/m directed to the west.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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    Diurnal and semidiurnal nitrogen density and temperature variations from thermosphere probe measurements. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Amplitudes and phases for the diurnal and semidiurnal variations of thermospheric molecular nitrogen density and temperature are determined from data obtained by six rocket-launched thermosphere probes. The semidiurnal tide is significant for the lower thermosphere variations, where it could dominate in the N2 density at 140 km and in the temperature for altitudes between 170 and 200 km. At exospheric heights, the magnitudes of the semidiurnal modes in density and temperature are significantly smaller than those of the diurnal mode. The temperature phase is height-dependent in both diurnal and semidiurnal components below 200 km, thus contributing to phase differences between N2 density and temperature in both modes. No significant phase differences are apparent between N2 density and thermospheric temperature above 250 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 88
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    An atlas of low-latitude 6300-A forbidden O I night airglow from Ogo 4 observations. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The atomic oxygen emission line at 6300 A as measured in the nadir direction by a photometer on the polar-orbiting satellite Ogo 4 has been plotted between 40 deg N and 40 deg S latitude on a series of maps for the moon-free periods between Aug. 30, 1967, and Jan. 10, 1968. Readily apparent are the longitudinal and local time variations that occur during the northern fall-winter season. The northern tropical arc is more widespread; the southern arc is not present at all longitudes. The arcs in early evening are strong and distinct, separated by very low emission rates at the magnetic equator. The arcs lie generally along magnetic parallels, move toward the magnetic equator as the night progresses, and, in the early morning hours, decrease in emission rate and degenerate into patches.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
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  • 89
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    Far ultraviolet spectral radiance calibrations at NBS. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The range of NBS radiometric calibration services has been extended into the far ultraviolet region of the spectrum where a dc high-power hydrogen wall-stabilized arc is used as a primary standard of spectral radiance. A capability in the range from 130 to 360 nm (overlapping conventional tungsten strip lamp radiometry) is presently available with estimated uncertainties between 5 and 10%, depending upon wavelength. The status of radiometric source standards in the far ultraviolet is briefly reviewed, and the hydrogen arc and NBS calibration facility are described in detail. The use of commercially available mercury Krefft-Rossler lamps and deuterium arc lamps as transfer or secondary standards is discussed, and the spectra of these lamps calibrated with the hydrogen arc standard are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 12; May-June
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  • 90
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    Mariner Mars 1969 infrared spectrometer - Gas delivery system and Joule-Thomson cryostat. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cryogenics; 13; Sept
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  • 91
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    Polar cap on Europa. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Photoelectric observations are reported of two occultations of Jupiter's satellite Europa by the satellite Io. The reductions in the intensity during these events exceeds predicted values by 80% and 55% for the nights of June 17, 1973, and June 24, 1973, respectively. It is concluded that Europa has a bright polar cap extending from the north pole to latitude 30 deg. The light curves for the Europa occultations are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 244; Aug. 31
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  • 92
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    Wind-driven currents in a shallow lake or sea. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A technique is given for obtaining exact analytical solutions for wind-driven currents in a shallow lake or sea with a large class of bottom topographies which may or may not contain an island. Welander's second-order partial differential equation for the lake's surface displacement is used for determining the lake circulation. The technique, together with some results based on conformal mapping, is used to reduce the problem of finding solutions to Welander's equation for a closed body of water to the problem of solving an ordinary differential equation. The method is applied to an elliptically shaped lake and a circular lake containing an eccentrically located circular island.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics; 26; Aug. 197
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  • 93
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    Electric field and fine structure in aurora. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Simultaneous rocket measurements of electric field and optical aurora during a weak PCA event are presented. The aurora consisted of faint structures superposed on a homogeneous glow, and on-board photometers showed that the rocket passed through two discrete auroral forms. These enhanced auroral emissions coincided with variations in the dc electric field and an increase in the ac field. A detailed comparison between electric fields and optical emissions shows that the relation is quite complex. The results are compared with earlier electric field and optical auroral measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 35; Oct. 197
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  • 94
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    High-quantum-efficiency infrared up-conversion. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experimental study in which 100% conversion of infrared photons into visible photons was achieved through three wave interactions in a nonlinear medium. The first experimental evidence of overconversion is presented, and the classical theory of up-conversion in the high-conversion-efficiency region is confirmed. A laser pump light feedback technique is described that promises to make the process practical with modestly powerful pump lasers and less than perfect nonlinear crystals. The nonlinear medium used was a LiIO3 crystal that cannot be 90-deg phase-matched. The 'walk off' that resulted helped make possible the attainment of 100% conversion efficiency.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 23; Sept. 1
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  • 95
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    A numerical study of polar ionospheric currents. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Numerical calculations for the electric current in the polar ionosphere have been made by assuming some realistic distributions of the electric field and conductivity. Two dynamo actions are taken into account; one of which is induced by ionospheric winds and the other by the solar wind. For the solar wind dynamo action, it is found that the secondary polarization field caused by nonuniform distribution of ionospheric conductivity is much larger than the primary field induced by the solar wind, suggesting its important effect on charged particles in the magnetosphere, and that the irrotational current having a source and sink is of the same order of magnitude as the solenoidal current closing its circuit in the ionosphere. It is also found that the solar wind is, in general, more effective than the ionospheric winds in producing polar current systems such as DP 1 and 2, but in some cases the ionospheric winds have a significant effect on the current distribution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 21; Aug. 197
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  • 96
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    Photoluminescence and optical transmission of diffusion-pump oils. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The photoluminescence and optical transmission of the four widely used diffusion-pump oils, DC-705, DC-704, Convalex-10, and Convoil-20, were measured. Each of the oils was found to be transparent throughout the visible region, showed some absorption in the near-UV region, and became very opaque below approximately 300 nm. Both Convalex-10 and Convoil-20 turned yellow after exposure to UV light. No such change was noted in DC-705 or DC-704. Photoluminescence was produced in each of the four oils when irradiated with UV light. Both DC-705 and DC-704 had a nearly identical luminescence spectra that peaked at 350 nm. The spectra of Convalex-10 and Convoil-20 were fairly complex, with several peaks in the visible region.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 12; Sept
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  • 97
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    The diffraction grating - An opinionated appraisal. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: As a dispersing device for spectroscopy, the prism was by 1950 being supplanted by the diffraction grating, which provided broader spectrum coverage, gave higher intrinsic dispersion, and was more flexible to use. Today most gratings are three-dimensional and blazed, being embossed with thousands of identical mirrors. The relative merits of gratings in comparison with new interferometric scanning devices are examined, taking into account Fourier spectroscopy. Problems of grating ruling are discussed together with the status of ruling engines, and questions of ruling with mechanical engines.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 12; Sept
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  • 98
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    New techniques for far-infrared filters. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The techniques considered make it possible to construct high performance low-pass wide-band, and medium-band filters at wavelengths in the range from 25 to 300 micrometers. Short wavelength rejection without appreciable loss at long wavelengths is achieved by means of small particle scattering. Spectral definition in the far infrared is obtained by cooling one or more crystalline materials to liquid-He or liquid-nitrogen temperatures. The problem of reflection losses at the various surfaces is solved by a new antireflection coating technique.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 12; Sept
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  • 99
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    A model of carbon compounds in the stratosphere and mesosphere. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A photochemical model with vertical transport is employed to compute profiles of CO, CH4, CH3, CH2, CHO, CH2O, CH3O, CH3O2, and CH4O2 from 10- to 90-km altitude. The upper boundary condition is taken as diffusive equilibrium at 120 km, and the lower boundary condition as chemical equilibrium or a flux condition at 10 km. The results are in reasonable agreement with observations and with the results of other model studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Aug. 20
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  • 100
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    Excitation of the low-luminosity Balmer emissions in the geocorona. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent high-resolution observations by Reynolds, Roesler, and Scherb identify the low-intensity nighttime H-alpha and H-beta emission components that originate in the geocorona. They suggest that a Balmer-line-producing mechanism such as the one proposed by Kondo and Kupperian is perhaps responsible for generating the H-alpha and H-beta components of the geocorona. A theoretical calculation was performed using this model in which the geocorona hydrogen is excited through collision with the electrons. The results agree well with the observed intensity ratio, H-alpha/H-beta = 4 to 5. Other consequences of this excitation mechanism are also discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 184; Aug. 15
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