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  • Other Sources  (52)
  • Institut für Meereskunde  (37)
  • AMS (American Meteorological Society)  (15)
  • 2015-2019  (15)
  • 1970-1974  (16)
  • 1955-1959  (21)
  • 1945-1949
  • 2015  (15)
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  • Other Sources  (52)
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  • 2015-2019  (15)
  • 1970-1974  (16)
  • 1955-1959  (21)
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  • 1
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 72 (7). pp. 2786-2805.
    Publication Date: 2019-01-08
    Description: In Ammassalik, in southeast Greenland, downslope winds can reach hurricane intensity and represent a hazard for the local population and environment. They advect cold air down the ice sheet and over the Irminger Sea, where they drive large ocean–atmosphere heat fluxes over an important ocean convection region. Earlier studies have found them to be associated with a strong katabatic acceleration over the steep coastal slopes, flow convergence inside the valley of Ammassalik, and—in one instance—mountain wave breaking. Yet, for the general occurrence of strong downslope wind events, the importance of mesoscale processes is largely unknown. Here, two wind events—one weak and one strong—are simulated with the atmospheric Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with different model and topography resolutions, ranging from 1.67 to 60 km. For both events, but especially for the strong one, it is found that lower resolutions underestimate the wind speed because they misrepresent the steepness of the topography and do not account for the underlying wave dynamics. If a 5-km model instead of a 60-km model resolution in Ammassalik is used, the flow associated with the strong wind event is faster by up to 20 m s−1. The effects extend far downstream over the Irminger Sea, resulting in a diverging spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the heat fluxes. Local differences in the heat fluxes amount to 20%, with potential implications for ocean convection.
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  • 2
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 45 . pp. 1709-1734.
    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Description: We perform eddy-resolving and high-vertical-resolution numerical simulations of the circulation in an idealized equatorial Atlantic Ocean in order to explore the formation of the deep equatorial circulation (DEC) in this basin. Unlike in previous studies, the deep equatorial intraseasonal variability (DEIV) that is believed to be the source of the DEC is generated internally by instabilities of the upper ocean currents. Two main simulations are discussed: Solution 1, configured with a rectangular basin and with wind forcing that is zonally and temporally uniform; and Solution 2, with realistic coastlines and with an annual cycle of wind forcing varying zonally. Somewhat surprisingly, Solution 1 produces the more realistic DEC: The large-vertical-scale currents (Equatorial Intermediate Currents or EICs) are found over a large zonal portion of the basin, and the small-vertical-scale equatorial currents (Equatorial Deep Jets or EDJs) form low-frequency, quasi-resonant, baroclinic equatorial basin modes with phase propagating mostly downward, consistent with observations. We demonstrate that both types of currents arise from the rectification of DEIV, consistent with previous theories. We also find that the EDJs contribute to maintaining the EICs, suggesting that the nonlinear energy transfer is more complex than previously thought. In Solution 2, the DEC is unrealistically weak and less spatially coherent than in the first simulation probably because of its weaker DEIV. Using intermediate solutions, we find that the main reason for this weaker DEIV is the use of realistic coastlines in Solution 2. It remains to be determined, what needs to be modified or included to obtain a realistic DEC in the more realistic configuration.
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  • 3
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 32 (8). pp. 1536-1543.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: A yet unexplained drift of (some) oxygen optodes during storage/transport and thus significant deviations from factory/laboratory calibrations have been a major handicap for autonomous oxygen observations. Optode drift appears to be systematic and is predominantly a slope effect due to reduced oxygen sensitivity. A small contribution comes from a reduced luminophore lifetime, which causes a small positive offset. A reliable in situ reference is essential to correct such a drift. Traditionally, this called for a ship-based reference cast, which poses some challenges for opportunistic float deployments. This study presents an easily implemented alternative using near-surface/in-air measurements of an Aanderaa optode on a 10-cm stalk and compares it to the more traditional approaches (factory, laboratory, and in situ deployment calibration). In-air samples show a systematic bias depending on the water saturation, which is likely caused by occasional submersions of the standard-height stalk optode. Linear regression of measured in-air supersaturation against in-water supersaturation (using ancillary meteorological data to define the saturation level) robustly removes this bias and thus provides a precise (0.2%) and accurate (1%) in situ correction that is available throughout the entire instrument’s lifetime.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-10-24
    Description: Predictability on seasonal time scales over the North Atlantic–Europe region is assessed using a seasonal prediction system based on an initialized version of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). For this region, two of the dominant predictors on seasonal time scales are El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events. Multiple studies have shown a potential for improved North Atlantic predictability for either predictor. Their respective influences are however difficult to disentangle, since the stratosphere is itself impacted by ENSO. Both El Niño and SSW events correspond to a negative signature of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which has a major influence on European weather. This study explores the impact on Europe by separating the stratospheric pathway of the El Niño teleconnection. In the seasonal prediction system, the evolution of El Niño events is well captured for lead times of up to 6 months, and stratospheric variability is reproduced with a realistic frequency of SSW events. The model reproduces the El Niño teleconnection through the stratosphere, involving a deepened Aleutian low connected to a warm anomaly in the northern winter stratosphere. The stratospheric anomaly signal then propagates downward into the troposphere through the winter season. Predictability of 500-hPa geopotential height over Europe at lead times of up to 4 months is shown to be increased only for El Niño events that exhibit SSW events, and it is shown that the characteristic negative NAO signal is only obtained for winters also containing major SSW events for both the model and the reanalysis data.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-10-21
    Description: Classical theory concerning theEliassen–Palmrelation is extended in this study to allowfor a unified treatment of midlatitude inertia–gravity waves (MIGWs), midlatitude Rossby waves (MRWs), and equatorial waves (EQWs). A conservation equation for what the authors call the impulse-bolus (IB) pseudomomentum is useful, because it is applicable to ageostrophic waves, and the associated three-dimensional flux is parallel to the direction of the group velocity of MRWs. The equation has previously been derived in an isentropic coordinate system or a shallow-water model. The authors make an explicit comparison of prognostic equations for the IB pseudomomentum vector and the classical energy-based (CE) pseudomomentum vector, assuming inviscid linear waves in a sufficiently weak mean flow, to provide a basis for the former quantity to be used in an Eulerian time-mean (EM) framework. The authors investigate what makes the three-dimensional fluxes in the IB and CE pseudomomentum equations look in different directions. It is found that the two fluxes are linked by a gauge transformation, previously unmentioned, associated with a divergence-form wave-induced pressure L. The quantity L vanishes for MIGWs and becomes nonzero for MRWs and EQWs, and it may be estimated using the virial theorem. Concerning the effect of waves on the mean flow, L represents an additional effect in the pressure gradient term of both (the three-dimensional versions of) the transformed EM momentum equations and the merged form of the EMmomentumequations, the latter of which is associated with the nonacceleration theorem.
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  • 6
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96, Special supplement (7). S157-S160.
    Publication Date: 2018-06-20
    Description: [in “State of the Climate in 2014” : Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 96, No. 7, July 2015]
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  • 7
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 72 . pp. 4029-4045.
    Publication Date: 2018-04-16
    Description: Atmospheric deposition contributes potentially significant amounts of the nutrients iron, nitrogen and phosphorus (via mineral dust and anthropogenic aerosols) to the oligotrophic tropical North Atlantic Ocean. Transport pathways, deposition processes and source strengths contributing to this atmospheric flux are all highly variable in space and time. Atmospheric sampling was conducted during 28 research cruises through the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic (ETNA) over a 12 year period and a substantial dataset of measured concentrations of nutrients and trace metals in aerosol and rainfall over the region was acquired. This database was used to quantify (on a spatial- and seasonal-basis) the atmospheric input of ammonium, nitrate, soluble phosphorus and soluble and total iron, aluminium and manganese to the ETNA. The magnitude of atmospheric input varies strongly across the region, with high rainfall rates associated with the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone contributing to high wet deposition fluxes in the south, particularly for soluble species. Dry deposition fluxes of species associated with mineral dust exhibited strong seasonality, with highest fluxes associated with winter-time low-level transport of Saharan dust. Overall (wet plus dry) atmospheric inputs of soluble and total trace metals were used to estimate their soluble fractions. These also varied with season and were generally lower in the dry north than in the wet south. The ratio of ammonium plus nitrate to soluble iron in deposition to the ETNA was lower than the N:Fe requirement for algal growth in all cases, indicating the importance of the atmosphere as a source of excess iron.
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  • 8
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96 (9). pp. 1561-1564.
    Publication Date: 2015-11-11
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  • 9
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 32 . pp. 2305-2317.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: We investigated the effect of hydrostatic pressure of up to 6000 dbar on Aanderaa and Sea-Bird oxygen optodes both in the laboratory and in the field. The overall pressure response is a reduction in the O2 reading by 3 – 4 % per 1000 dbar which is closely linear with pressure and increases with temperature. Closer inspection reveals two superimposed processes with opposite effect: an O2-independent pressure response on the luminophore which increases optode O2 readings and an O2-dependent change in luminescence quenching which decreases optode O2 readings. The latter process dominates and is mainly due to a shift in the equilibrium between sensing membrane and sea water under elevated pressures. If only the dominant O2-dependent process is considered, Aanderaa and Sea-Bird optodes differ in their pressure response. Compensation of the O2-independent process, however, yields a uniform O2 dependence for Aanderaa optodes with standard foil and fast-response foil as well as Sea-Bird optodes. A new scheme to calculate optode O2 from raw data is proposed to account for the two processes. The overall uncertainty of the optode pressure correction amounts to 0.3 % per 1000 dbar, mainly due to variability between sensors.
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  • 10
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Climate, 28 (24). pp. 9697-9706.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: The upper tropical Atlantic Ocean has markedly warmed since the 1960s. It has been shown that this warming was not due to local heat fluxes, and that the trade winds that drive the coastal and equatorial upwelling have intensified rather than weakened. Remote forcing might thus have played an important role. Here model experiments are used to investigate the contribution from an increased inflow of warm Indian Ocean water through Agulhas leakage. A high-resolution hindcast experiment with interannually varying forcing for the time period 1948 to 2007, in which Agulhas leakage increases by about 45% from the 1960s to the early 2000s, reproduces the observed warming trend. To tease out the role of Agulhas leakage, a sensitivity experiment designed to only increase Agulhas leakage is used. Compared to a control simulation it shows a pronounced warming in the upper tropical Atlantic Ocean. A Lagrangian trajectory analysis confirms that a significant portion of Agulhas leakage water reaches the upper 300m of the tropical Atlantic Ocean within two decades, and that the tropical Atlantic warming in the sensitivity experiment is mainly due to water of Agulhas origin. Therefore, it is suggested that the increased trade winds since the 1960s favor upwelling of warmer subsurface waters, which in parts originate from the Agulhas, leading to higher SSTs in the tropics
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  • 11
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Climate, 28 (1). pp. 168-185.
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: Variations in the global tropospheric zonal mean zonal wind ([U]) during boreal winter are investigated using Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Functions applied to monthly means. The first two modes correspond to the Northern and Southern Annular Mode and modes 3 and 4 represent variability in the tropics. One is related to El Niño Southern Oscillation and the other has variability that is highly correlated with the time series of [U] at 150 hPa between 5°N and 5°S ([U150]E) and is related to activity of the Madden-Julian Oscillation. The extratropical response to [U150]E is investigated using linear regressions of 500 hPa geopotential height onto the [U150]E time series. We make use of reanalysis data and of the ensemble mean output from a relaxation experiment using the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts model in which the tropical atmosphere is relaxed towards reanalysis data. The regression analysis reveals that a shift of the Aleutian low and a wave train across the North Atlantic are associated with [U150]E. We find that the subtropical waveguides and the link between the North Pacific and North Atlantic are stronger during the easterly phase of [U150]E. The wave train over the North Atlantic is associated with Rossby wave sources over the subtropical North Pacific and North America. Finally, we show that a linear combination of both [U150]E and the Quasi Biennial Oscillation in the lower stratosphere can explain the circulation anomalies of the anomalously cold European winter of 1962/63 when both were in an extreme easterly phase.
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2020-08-04
    Description: To investigate the influence of atmospheric model resolution on the representation of daily precipitation extremes, ensemble simulations with the atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5 at different horizontal (T213 to T31) and vertical (L31 to L19) resolutions and forced with observed sea surface temperatures and sea ice concentrations have been carried out for 01/1982 - 09/2010. All results have been compared with the highest resolution, which has been validated against observations. Resolution affects both the representation of physical processes and the averaging of precipitation across grid boxes. The latter, in particular, smoothes out localized extreme events. These effects have been disentangled by averaging precipitation simulated at the highest resolution to the corresponding coarser grid. Extremes are represented by seasonal maxima, modeled by the generalized extreme value distribution. Effects of averaging and representation of physical processes vary with region and season. In the tropical summer hemisphere, extreme precipitation is reduced by up to 30% due to the averaging effect, and a further 65% owing to a coarser representation of physical processes. Towards mid- to high latitudes, the latter effect reduces to 20%; in the winter hemisphere it vanishes towards the poles. A strong drop is found between T106 and T63 in the convection dominated tropics. At the lowest resolution, northern hemisphere winter precipitation extremes, mainly caused by large scale weather systems, are in general represented reasonably well. Coarser vertical resolution causes an equatorward shift of maximum extreme precipitation in the tropics. The impact of vertical resolution on mean precipitation is less pronounced; for horizontal resolution it is negligible.
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  • 13
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    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96 (7). ES1-ES32.
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
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  • 14
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    Institut für Meereskunde
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: Von den im 1. Teil genannten Arten gehören zwei der typischen Brackwassserfauna an. Drei Arten sind Arten des offenen Meeres, eine Art wurde neu beschrieben. Im Anhang wurden zwei Arten des Küstengrundwassers neu beschrieben. Der mediterrane Charakter des Etang de Séte tritt bedeutend stärker hervor als das beim Etang de Salses und Etang de Canet der Fall ist. Vor allem die Funde von Philomedes aspera und Asterope mariae sind bemerkenswert. Schlußbemerkung: Die Benennung einer Cythereis-Gattung mit dem Namen Paracythereis durch DELACHEAUX 1929 macht die Umbenennung der Untergattung Paracythereis ELOFSON 1941 notwendig. Wie mir Herr ELOFSON mitteilte, wird die Umbenennung durch Herrn Doz. VLADIMlR PoKORNY in nächster Zeit erfolgen. Ich habe den Untergattungsnamen darum vorerst unverändert gelassen. Die Typen der neuen Arten befinden sich in der Sammlung des Verfassers. Siehe auch Fußnote auf Seite 4.
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
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  • 17
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    Institut für Meereskunde
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: In der sublitoralen Region der Kieler Bucht, in Wassertiefen zwischen 2 und 28 Metern, wurden 254 verschiedene Arten freilebender Nematoden gefunden. Zählt man die Nematoden des Eulitorals hinzu, dann ergibt sich eine Gesamtzahl von 302 Meeresnematoden für das Gebiet der Kieler Bucht. Es werden Angaben über die Verbreitung dieser Arten in den verschiedenen Lebensräumen des Sublitorals gemacht. Es können vier ökologische Gruppen unter den Nematoden unterschieden werden: 1. eurytope Formen, die sich in verschiedenen Lebensräumen finden. 2. Charakterarten des Sandbodens. 3. Charakterarten des Schlickbodens. 4. Charakterarten der Algenzone (Phytal). Während so die Hauptlebensräume - Sand, schlickiger Boden und Algenregion - gut durch ihre Nematodenfauna gekennzeichnet sind, wird eine weitere Unterteilung der Lebensräume nur durch wenige für diese Zonen charakteristische Arten gerechtfertigt. Die Korngrößenunterschiede reiner Sandböden prägen nur in verhältnismäßig geringem Maße das Bild der Fauna, ebenso fallen innerhalb der sublitoralen Zone Unterschiede in der Wassertiefe nur wenig ins Gewicht. Die reinen Schlickgebiete zeichnen sich vor den ähnlich besiedelten Sandschlickzonen durch das Dominieren weniger Arten aus.
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
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  • 19
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    Institut für Meereskunde
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: The productivity of lake Qarun is declining rather quickly and the present work was undertaken as a preliminary contribution for explaining the causes of the prevailing conditions in the lake. The important physico-chemical factors affecting thebiological productivity in lake Qarûn were studied. Water samples taken from 13 stations, chosen to represent in a general way the different regions in the lake, were analysed. Salinity, pH, alkalinity and oxygen content, as well as nutrients including nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, 'silicates' and iron were determined in these samples. The fact that the lake is a closed basin for drainage water is responsible for the observed increase in salinity with the lapse of time due to the accumulation of salts conveyed into it. The seasonal salinity variations are controlled by the fresh drainage flood invading the lake in autumn and early winter on the one hand, and by the excessive evaporation caused by high temperature in summer on the other hand. Minimum and maximum salinities of about 18 ‰ and 25.5 ‰ respectively were recorded in the year 1954. The pH of water did not show marked seasonal variations, oscillating all the time around 8. The pH values of the sediments were slightly lower than that. During autumn this decrease in pH was more eminant (pH 7.1) apparently due to the products of fermentation formed in that season. This process of bottom sediments fermentation causes an oxygen-deficient bottom during autumn, while during the other seasons the bottom is well aerated. The lake was found to be of the bicarbonate type, the concentration of carbonates present is rather low. The factors affecting carbonate-bicarbonate intertransformation is discussed. The lake was found to be very rich in nitrates and organic nitrogen. These substances are conveyed into the lake annually by the drainage water coming from lands fertilized with nitrogenous manure. The fact that the income of these nitrogenous material exceeds the arnount utilized, caused the accumulation of these substances in the lake. On the other hand nitrites were occasionally present as a link in the nitrogen cycle discussed. Phosphates in water was found in low concentration in winter, spring and autumn while completely absent in summer. A correlation between phosphate content and phytoplankton production was observed. Since a big decrease of phytoplankton coincided with the period of the absence of phosphates probably indicates that phosphate is a limiting factor in phytoplankton production in the lake. The silicate cycle in the lake is discussed, and it appears that silicate content does not represent a limiting factor in the life of the lake. The seasonal changes in the concentration of the nutrients in the surface water was found to follow the distribution of drainage water in the different parts of the lake. On the other hand, the increase in the concentration of the bottom water nutrients was found to be during the time in which the fermentation of the bottom sediments took place, and that happens in autumn, as indicated by the low oxygen content and high organic production in the bottom water, as well as high sulphide formation in the sediments during that season. Quantitative examination of the alimentary canal contents of the four species of fish predominating in the lake showed that these fish depend, to a certain extent, on a planktonic diet. Defficiency in the planktonic crop, whether phytoplankton or zooplankton, together with the other direct limiting, and sometimcs lethal faclors as: changes in salinity, high summer temperature, deficiency of oxygen, etc., as is discussed later, seem to be responsible for low fish production in the lake.
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: Nach einer Übersicht über die Grundlagen der polarographischen Sauerstoffbestimmung werden der Aufbau und die Handhabung einer Analyseneinrichtung beschrieben, die für Sauerstoff-Serienbestimmungen in See- und Süßwasser geeignet ist. Die Genauigkeit bei der Analyse luftgesättigter Lösungen beträgt etwa 0,5%. Die Abhängigkeit der polarographischen Methode von verschiedenen Faktoren wird untersucht. Maxima erster Art entstehen vornehmlich bei niedrigen, Maxima zweiter Art vorwiegend bei höheren Elektrolytkonzentrationen. Es wird eine auch für physiologische Untersuchungen unbedenkliche Vorbehandlung des Versuchswassers angegeben, die das Auftreten von Maxima verhindert. Das elektrokapillare Nullpotential liegt in den untersuchten Elektrolytkonzentrationen einheitlich bei -0,55 Volt. Die geringe Abhängigkeit der Stufenhöhe von der Elektrolytkonzentration beruht auf der Veränderung des Sauerstoff-Diffusionskoeffizienten mit der Elektrolytkonzentration. Der Diffusionskoeffizient beträgt bei 20°C und Luftsättigung in Leitungswasser 2,92, in 16 ‰ Seewasser 2,80 und in 35 ‰ Seewasser 2,72 cm2 mal 10-5cm2/sec. Der Temperaturkoffizient der Stufenhöhe wird zu 1,5% (bezogen auf den Diffusionsstrom bei 20°C) bestimmt. Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, das die direkte Ablesung der absoluten Sauerstoffkonzentration an der Galvanometerskala gestattet. Es werden Versuchsanordnungen angegeben, um den Sauerstoffverbrauch wasserlebender Tiere in einer abgeschlossenen Wassermenge und in fließendem Wasser zu bestimmen. Ferner wird eine Methode beschrieben, die zur Bestimmung des Sauerstoffverbrauches isolierten Gewebes geeignet ist.
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: Es wurden die stationären Substratkonzentrationen von Brenztraubensäure und α-Ketoglutarsäure in Laminaria saccharina mit dem optischen Test bestimmt. Die Thalli zeigen in der meristematischen Zone keine identische Querverteilung. Die Konzentration an Brenztraubensäure ist größer als an α-Ketoglutarsäure. In jungen Pflanzen aus der laufenden Vegetationsperiode wird, verglichen mit meristematischen Thallusstücken von Vorjahrspflanzen, in Laminaria saccharina und L. digitata eine höhere Konzentration von Brenztraubensäure bestimmt. Die Untersuchungen wurden mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft durchgeführt.
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  • 24
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    Institut für Meereskunde
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
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  • 25
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    Institut für Meereskunde
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: If only the periode of internal waves is governed by tide generating force the wave length is a free parameter. Then in a two-layered ocean (horicontal unbounded) internal waves with large amplitude and with the same periode as tide generating force are possible. The wave length of these waves corresponds to the case of resonance which follows from theory of free waves.
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: Das untersuchte Material stammt aus 7 Grundwasserproben von verschiedenen Stränden der Bimini-Inseln. Es enthält 6 Arten, von denen 2 bereits bekannt und auch im gleichen Lebensraum gefunden worden sind, während 4 Arten und 1 Gattung neu beschrieben wurden. Die bekannten Arten zeigen eine diskontinuierliche Verbreitung, was jedoch darauf zurückzuführen ist, daß die übrigen Gebieten noch nicht genügend untersucht worden sind. Von den neuen Arten zeigt Hesionura fragilis n. gen. am deutlichsten in der langgestreckten Form die Anpassung an die Lebensweise im Grundwasser. Vertreter der Gattungen Sphaerosyllis und Eusyllis sind bisher in diesem Biotop nicht gefunden worden; aber aus der verwandten Gattung Pionosyllis ist P. subterranea HARTMANN-SCHRÖDER aus dem Küstengrundwasser des Mittelmeeres bekannt (HARTMANN-SCHRÖDER, 1956). Das zeigt, daß aus den verschiedensten Gattungen Vertreter entwickelt werden können, denen eine solche Anpassung gelingt. Bezeichnend ist für diese Arten die Augenlosigkeit. Bei einer der neuen Arten, Tylorrhynchus bahamensis, besteht der Verdacht, daß sie aus fremdem Lebensraum eingespült ist.
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  • 27
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    Institut für Meereskunde
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
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  • 28
    facet.materialart.
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    Institut für Meereskunde
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
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  • 31
    facet.materialart.
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    Institut für Meereskunde
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
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  • 34
    facet.materialart.
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    Institut für Meereskunde
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2022-03-09
    Description: Many aspects of the coupling between the ocean and atmosphere at the mesoscale (on the order of 20–100 km) remain unknown. While recent observations from the Southern Ocean revealed that circular fronts associated with oceanic mesoscale eddies leave a distinct imprint on the overlying wind, cloud coverage, and rain, the mechanisms responsible for explaining these atmospheric changes are not well established. Here the atmospheric response above mesoscale ocean eddies is investigated utilizing a newly developed coupled atmosphere–ocean regional model [Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling–Regional Ocean Modelling System (COSMO-ROMS)] configured at a horizontal resolution of ~10 km for the South Atlantic and run for a 3-month period during austral winter of 2004. The model-simulated changes in surface wind, cloud fraction, and rain above the oceanic eddies are very consistent with the relationships inferred from satellite observations for the same region and time. From diagnosing the model’s momentum balance, it is shown that the atmospheric imprint of the oceanic eddies are driven by the modification of vertical mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer, rather than secondary flows driven by horizontal pressure gradients. This is largely due to the very limited ability of the atmosphere to adjust its temperature over the time scale it takes for an air parcel to pass over these mesoscale oceanic features. This results in locally enhanced vertical gradients between the ocean surface and the overlying air and thus a rapid change in turbulent mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer and an associated change in the vertical momentum flux.
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2022-03-09
    Description: This study examines the role of processes transporting tracers across the Polar Front (PF) in the depth interval between the surface and major topographic sills, which this study refers to as the “PF core.” A preindustrial control simulation of an eddying climate model coupled to a biogeochemical model [GFDL Climate Model, version 2.6 (CM2.6)– simplified version of the Biogeochemistry with Light Iron Nutrients and Gas (miniBLING) 0.1° ocean model] is used to investigate the transport of heat, carbon, oxygen, and phosphate across the PF core, with a particular focus on the role of mesoscale eddies. The authors find that the total transport across the PF core results from a ubiquitous Ekman transport that drives the upwelled tracers to the north and a localized opposing eddy transport that induces tracer leakages to the south at major topographic obstacles. In the Ekman layer, the southward eddy transport only partially compensates the northward Ekman transport, while below the Ekman layer, the southward eddy transport dominates the total transport but remains much smaller in magnitude than the near-surface northward transport. Most of the southward branch of the total transport is achieved below the PF core, mainly through geostrophic currents. This study finds that the eddy-diffusive transport reinforces the southward eddy-advective transport for carbon and heat, and opposes it for oxygen and phosphate. Eddy-advective transport is likely to be the leading-order component of eddy-induced transport for all four tracers. However, eddy-diffusive transport may provide a significant contribution to the southward eddy heat transport due to strong along-isopycnal temperature gradients.
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, wie aus der Messung von Frequenz und Wellenlänge von Schallwellen die Schallgeschwindigkeit bestimmt werden kann. Die Messung der Wellenlänge geschieht mit Hilfe von optischen Interferometern, deren Aufbau und Konstruktion näher beschrieben wird. The paper describes a method for absolute determination of velocity of sound in water by measuring wavelength and frequency of acoustical sinewaves. The measurement of wave-length is done by optical interferometers. The arrangement of these interferometers and the construction of themselves are described in this paper.
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: Von 39 Agrobacterium-Stämmen aus Brackwasser, die auf Geißeln gefärbt wurden, besaßen 33 Fimbrien. Lange polare Fimbrien, die einzeln oder in Büscheln auftraten, waren am häufigsten (23 Stämme). Ein Stamm besaß peritriche Fimbrien, 9 weitere Isolierungen wiesen beide Anordnungen auf. Für einen ungewöhnlich breiten Fimbrientyp wurde die Entwicklung in Abhängigkeit von den Wachstumsbedingungen untersucht. Frühere Befunde über Geißelanordnungen wurden bestätigt. Of 39 Agrobacterial strains from brackish water stained for flagella, 33 possessed fimbriae. Long polar filaments occutring singly or in tufts were most common(23 strains). One strain bore pritrichous fimbriae only, and 9 isolations both arrangements. For an unusually wide fimbrial type the development in dependence of the growth conditions was studied. Former findings about the flagellar arrangement were confirmed.
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: Die Toxizität und Nesselwirkung von sieben mediterranen Aktinien unterschiedlicher taxonomischer Stellung wird untersucht und mit der Morphologie der Nesselkapseln, speziell der p-Rhabdoiden, verglichen. Obwohl die Toxizitätsunterschiede auch bei nahverwandten Arten relativ groß sind, ergeben sich folgende Befunde: 1. Die Toxizität, gemessen an der Reaktion von Carcinus maenas nach parenteraler Applikation von Rohtoxin, entspricht nicht der Nesselwirkung (=lokale Reaktion der menschlichen Haut bei Berührung) und dem Grad der morphologischen Differenzierung der Nesselkapseln. Es wird vermutet, daß Toxizität und Nesselwirkung durch unterschiedliche Stoffe hervorgerufen werden. 2. Arten mit morphologisch differenzierteren Nesselkapseln und starker Nesselwirkung können von Arten mit einfacher gebauten Nesselkapseln und schwacher Nesselwirkung aber mit höherer Toxizität gefressen werden. Arten mit gleichen Nesselkapseltypen können unterschiedlich toxisch sein. 3. Hohe Nesselwirkung und große, morphologisch stärker differenzierte Nesselkapseln sind die Kennzeichen ursprünglicher Aktinienarten. Phylogenetisch jüngere Aktinienarten nesseln dagegen nur schwach und weisen kleinere, weniger differenzierte Nesselkapseln aber eine größere Toxizität auf. Daraus ist zu schließen, daß die morphologische Differenzierung und die Nesselwirkung der Nesselkapseln im Verlauf der Stammesgeschichte der Aktinien reduziert und durch eine zunehmende Toxizität kompensiert wurden.
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: Die Leistungsfähigkeit -zusammengesetzt aus Retention, Durchlaufgeschwindigkeit und Variabilität-verschiedener in der marinen Produktionsbiologie verwendeter Filtersorten wurde mit Hilfe der Chlorophyll-a Bestimmung untersucht. Jeweils zwei der zehn getesteten Filtersorten wurden mit dem t-Test (nach STUDENT) statistisch ausgewertet. Außer bei den vier untersuchten Glasfaserfiltern konnten keine bedeutenden Unterschiede in der Retention der untersuchten Filter festgestellt werden. Dies stimmt nicht überein mit den Ergebnissen anderer Autoren, die die 14C-Methode zur Bestimmung der Retention von photosynthetisierendem Phytoplankton durch Filter verschiedener Porengröße verwendeten. Eine Erklärung für diese Diskrepanz ist, daß viele Flagellaten durch die Filtration beschädigt werden. Das Zellplasma und die kleineren Organellen gehen dadurch verloren, die relativ großen und festen Chloroplasten werden jedoch von den meisten Filtern vollständig zurückgehalten. Filter efficiency, consisting of retention, variability and filtration time of different filters used in biological oceanography was tested with the help of the chlorophyll-a method. Of the ten filters tested, two were compared with one another in each case. The chlorophyll-a content of the filters after filtration was used as an index for their retention. The results obtained were statistically evaluated with the Student's t-test. With the exception of the four fibreglass-filters tested, no significant difference in the retention of the filters was found. This does not tally with the results of other authors who used the 14C method to determine the retention of photosynthesizing phytoplankton by filters of varying poresize. This discrepancy could be explained by the fact that many flagellates that are damaged in the course of filtration, lose their plasma and the smaller organelles; the large and firm chloroplasts however, are retained by most filters.
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: The quantitative determination of hydrocarbons in nature with either gaschromatography or infrared has several major drawbacks. Therefore a special method was developed. The material obtained by extraction with non-polar solvent was separated on a very short thin layer plate of 10% AgN03 silica gel with hexane as the solvent. The saturated and benzyl hydrocarbons were found near the front, separated from non-hydrocarbon material. An attempt to separate the unsaturated hydrocarbons from non-hydrocarbon material was unsuccessful. The silica gel containing the hydrocarbons was eluted with hexane, and the hydrocarbons were determined in a CHN analyzer. Amounts as small as 1 μg could be determined. Dissolved hydrocarbons and hydrocarbons within particulate matter were determined in the Gotland Deep, a Baltic Basin. An average value of 57.2±4.2 μg C/l as non olefinic, dissolved hydrocarbon was determind, which is about 1,5% of the total dissolved organic carbon. The average of non-olefinic hydrocarbon on particulate material was 1.1±0,75 μg C/l, which is equivalent to 0.8% of the total particulate organic carbon. The ratio of particulate, non-olefinic hydrocarbon to total, particulate organic carbon was the highest at 110 m and lowest at 10 m. The hydrocarbon content had no significant influence on the Corg/N ratios of the particulate material.
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: Bodenproben aus dem Aestuar des Rivers Leven, der Morecombe-Bay (Lancashire, Nord-England) und vom Meeresstrand an der Westküste Cumberlands wurden auf Niedere Pilze untersucht. Mit der Pinus-Pollen-Ködermethode konnten 7 Arten als häufigste Organismen identifiziert werden, wobei es sich teils um uniflagellate CHYTRIDIALES, teils um biflagellate Thraustochytriacea handelte. Während im Aestuar des Rivers Leven uni- und biflagellate Pilze nebeneinander angetroffen wurden, ergaben die Proben vom Meeresstrand nur biflagellate Formen. Es wird angenommen, daß der Salzgehalt eine wichtige Rolle bei dieser Verteilung der Organismen spielt. Soil-samples from River Leven estuary, the Morecombe-Bay (Lancashire, North-England), and from the sea shore of the west-coast of Cumberland have been investigated for Lower Fungi. By means of the pinus-pollen baiting-method 7 species have been identified as prevalent organisms, being partly uniflagellate CHYTRIDIALES, partly biflagellate Thraustochytriaceae. While in the estuary of River Leven and the Morecombe Bay uni- and biflagellate forms occured, from the samples of the sea shore (westcoast) only biflagellate fungi have been obtained. lt is suggested that salinity plays an important role in this distribution pattern.
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: The contents of the stomach and intestine of 272 gobies of five species, viz. Ciystallogobius linearis, Aphia minuta, Chaparrudo flavescens, Pomatoschistus microps, and Pomatoschistus minutus, collected with Beyer's 50 cm epibenthic closing net were studied. All proved to be principally carnivorous and crustaceans were the most important food organisms. Although Diastylis rathkei was the most frequently found crustacean of suitable size in the net samples, this cumacean was of minor importance as food for P. minutus, the most common goby in the material. This discrepancy is explained by the nature of the exo-skeletone of Diastylis. In night samples the number of P. minutus caught was much higher than in the hauls taken during day, a result which might be due to higher nocturnal activity in the goby, and/or the fish perceiving the approaching net on daylight and being able to escape. A day and night feeding activity is suggested.
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  • 44
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Institut für Meereskunde
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: Im Rahmen der Untersuchungen über die Abwasserbelastung der Küstengewässer der westlichen Ostsee wird über den Zustand der Untertrave im August 1967 berichtet. An Hand eines Längsschnittes durch dieses fjordartige Gewässer von 25 km Länge mit geringem Süßwasserdurchfluß und ausgeprägter Salzgehaltsschichtung wird gezeigt, daß sich die Wasserbeschaffenheit in diesem für städtische und industrielle Abwässer genutzten Vorfluter gegenüber den Befunden im Jahre 1950 trotz Sanierung der Stadtentwässerung nicht gebessert hatte. Sauerstoffarmes bzw. durch Schwefelwasserstoff verseuchtes und mit Nährstoffen angereichertes Wasser beherrschte nach wie vor den oberen Gewässerabschnitt im Bereich der Hansestadt Lübeck, erst im unteren Teil führte die Vermischung mit dem eindringenden Ostseewasser zum allmählichen Abbau der Verunreinigungen. In connection with investigations on the effect of sewage in coastal waters of the Western Baltic a report is given on the situation in the Untertrave in August 1967. By means of a longitudinal section through the river-like fjord 25 km in length with low fresh water influx and marked salinity stratification, it is demonstrated that the water condition in this outlet of waste waters showed no improvement compared with the situation in 1950, in spite of the renovation of the canalization. Water poor in oxygen or poisoned by H2S and enriched with nutrients still dominated in the upper part within the region of the Hanse town of Lübeck, only in the lower part the reduction of the polution was preceeding gradually by mixing with the inflowing Baltic sea water.
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: In der Seeanemone Anemonia sulcata wurden zwei krabbenlähmende Toxine (I und II) nachgewiesen und partiell gereinigt. Es wurde gezeigt, daß es sich dabei um wasserlösliche, in saurer und neutraler Lösung recht hitzestabile Polypeptide handelt. Diese Neurotoxine kommen nicht nur in den Tentakeln, sondern auch im Anemonenkörper in annähernd gleicher Konzentration vor. Zur Extraktion der Toxine aus den zerkleinerten Seeanemonen wurde warmer 50%iger Äthanol verwendet. Die weitere Reinigung erfolgte durch fraktionierte Alkohol- und Acetonfällung, Kationenaustauscherchromatographie und Gelfiltration. Die Reinheit wurde mit der Stärkegel- und Polyacrylamidgelektrophorese geprüft. Die letale Dosis für Krabben liegt bei Toxin I unter 30 μ g/kg Carcinus maenas und bei Toxin II unter 7 μ g/kg. Auch an Warmblütern wurde eine stark krampfauslösende Wirkung der Toxine festgestellt. Das Molekulargewicht der toxischen Polypeptide liegt in der Größenordnung von 5000 bis 10000. Es wurde gezeigt, daß für die krabbenparalysierende Wirkung ausschließlich Polypeptidtoxine verantwortlich sind.
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: Phagen für Agrobacterium stellulatum A 18 und A 22 sind im Wasser der Kieler Bucht regelmäßig anzutreffen. Die höchsten Werte lagen hier bei 3700 bzw. 8100 pfu/ml. Die Zahl der Phagen für A 18 ist unabhängig von Abwassereinflüssen. Die Phagenzahl sinkt mit fallenden Salzgehalten des Brackwassers, wenn 8‰ unterschritten werden. In der Kieler Förde zeigte die Entwicklung von Agrobakterien und Phagen kurzzeitige gleichsinnige Schwankungen. Hier wurden die absolut höchsten Phagenzahlen mit 25500 bzw. 36500 pfu/ml festgestellt. Phagen für A. stellulatum und A.ferrugineum befallen selektiv wenige Stämme der Art; zwischen den Arten erfolgt keine Reaktion. - Die Wurfgröße (burst-size) betrug für einen Phagen von A. stellulatum 35 Phagen/Zelle, für einen Phagen von A. ferrugineum 120 Phagen/Zelle. 105 pfu/ml des ersten Phagen starben in Brackwasser innerhalb 4 Wochen völlig ab. Beim zweiten Phagen starben 2·106 pfu/ml in 2 Wochen ab. Phages active against Agrobacterium stellulatum strains A 18 and A 22 are regularly found in water from the Kiel Bay. The highest values for this area were 3700 and 8100 pfu/ml, respectively. The number of phages against strain A 18 is independent of waste-water of domestic origine. Below S 8‰, the phage counts drop with decreasing salinities of brackish water. In the Kiel Fjord the development of Agrobacteria and phages show short-term fluctuations corresponding to each other. The highest phage counts in all made up 25500 and 36500 pfu/ml, respectively. Phages for A. stellulatum and A. ferrugineum react with comparatively few strains of the species. There are no cross-reactions between species. The burst-size of phage 369 active against A. stellulatum A 18 made up 35 phage particles per cell, that of phage 360 for A. ferrugineum A 7 was 120 phages per cell. 105 pfu/ml of the former died off in brackish water within 4 weeks, 2·106 pfu/ml of the latter died off within a fortnight.
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  • 47
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Institut für Meereskunde
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: Die Sestonbestimmung hat den Vorteil, eine einfache, vielseitig anwendbare Methode in der biologischen Meereskunde zu sein. Ihre Genauigkeit hängt in erster Linie von der Beschaffenheit des Filtermaterials, der Größe der Filter und den Wägebedingungen ab. In diesem Zusammenhang werden drei Filtersorten miteinander verglichen: Papierfilter (Schleicher & Schüll 575), Sartorius-Membranfilter (SM 11304) und Glasfaserfilter (Whatman GF/C). Die Glasfaserfilter wurden hierbei, soweit bekannt, zum ersten Mal für die Sestonbestimmung benutzt. In der Filtrationsleistung sind sie den Membranfiltern vergleichbar. Aus voneinander unabhängigen Doppelbestimmungen wird die Standardabweichung der Methode bei der Verwendung der verschiedenen Filtersorten ermittelt. Die größte Genauigkeit erreichten Whatman-Glasfaserfilter (⌀ 2,5 cm) mit ± 0,15 mg auf der 95% Wahrscheinlichkeitsebene. Zum Schluß wird eine neue Filtationsapparatur beschrieben und eine ausführliche Arbeitsvorschrift gegeben. Seston determination has the advantage of being a simple method with a wide range of application in biological oceanography. Its accuracy depends mainly on the quality of the filter material, the size of the filters and the weighing conditions. Under these aspects three filter types are compared: paper filters (Schleicher& Schüll 575), Sartorius membrane filters (SM 11304) and glassfibre filters (Whatman GF/C). The glassfibre filters have been used here, as far as is known, for the first time for seston determination. Their filtration efficiency is comparable to that of the membrane filters. By means of independent double determinations the standard deviation of the method shown by the three filter types tested is calculated. The highest accuracy was attained by Whatman glassfibre filters (⌀ 2.5 cm) with ± 0.15 mg on the 95% probability level. Finally, a new filtration apparatus is described and detailed directions for determining seston given.
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: Der Verfasser gibt in Form einer Tabelle eine Liste der 252 vom deutschen Meeresbereich bekannten Harpacticoiden-Arten (Crustacea Copepoda) mit Angaben über das Vorkommen an einzelnen Küstenabschnitten, in verschiedenen Lebensräumen und Zonen einschließlich der Halinitätsansprüche der einzelnen Arten. Heteropsyllus masculus KLIE 1950 (nicht SARS) wird in H. masculus n. sp. umbenannt. Parastenocaris törökae PONYI wird als synonym mit P. phyllura KIEFER betrachtet. The author gives as a table a list of the 252 harpacticoid species known from the german coast, with data on the occurence in the different districts, biotopes and zones, including their claims of halinity. The name of Heteropsyllus major KLIE (1950) not SARS -is changed into H. masculus n. sp. Parastenocaris törökae PONYI is considered synonymous with P. phyllura KIEFER.
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  • 49
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Institut für Meereskunde
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: Lage und Bedeutung der Laichplätze sowie das Larvenwachstum konnten für beide Heringspopulationen (Frühjahrs- und Herbstlaicher) der westlichen Ostsee ermittelt werden. a) An der schleswig-holsteinischen Küste liegen die bedeutendsten Laichplätze des Frühjahrsherings in der Schlei und dem Nord-Ostsee-Kanal an der Kieler Förde. b) Die Laichplätze für den Herbsthering der Kieler Bucht befinden sich außerhalb dieses Meeresteils an den Ostküsten von Langeland und Fehmarn. Für diese Feststellung spricht sowohl der alljährliche Fang von Schwärmen laichreifer Herbstheringe als auch die Larvenverteilung kurz nach dem Schlüpfen. c) Die Herbstheringslarven werden mit Hilfe der "Larvenpumpe", eines Randeffekts des Austausches von Wassermassen der Beltsee und Ostsee, in die Kieler Bucht transportiert: Sowohl die geographische Lage dieses Gebietes an der wichtigsten Verbindung zwischen Ostsee und Kattegat als auch die Verteilung der Laichplätze nahe des nördlichen und östlichen Ausgangs bieten günstige Voraussetzungen dafür. d) Das Wachstum der Heringslarven ist temperaturabhängig. Es betrug für die Nachkommen des Herbstherings, die die westliche Ostsee bevölkern, im Oktober 1967 mehr als 0,2 mm/Tag.
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: Zur Untersuchung des Einflusses verschiedener produktionsbiologischer Parameter auf die Sichttiefe wurden an sechs Stationen der Kieler Bucht monatliche Sichttiefenmessungen vorgenommen und je nach deren Größe 1 bis 5 Schöpfproben gewonnen und zur Bestimmung folgender Größen verwendet: Das Sestongewicht wurde gemessen und der Detritusgehalt berechnet. Das Phytoplankton wurden mittels Chlorophyllbestimmung und durch Auszählung der Zellzahlen erfaßt. Mit der Biuretmethode wurde der Eiweißgehalt des Gesamtplanktons bestimmt. Zur Kontrolle wurden Licht- und Durchsichtigkeitsmessungen durchgeführt. 1966 ergab sich zusätzlich die Möglichkeit, in der Nordsee von Bord eines Feuerschiffes aus (P 8) die dortigen Verhältnisse im Februar, im Mai und im August zu untersuchen. Wie sich aus den Untersuchungen in der Ostsee zeigt, kann man auf Grund mehrmaliger Sichttiefenmessungen einzelne Stationen in einem bestimmten Gebiet statistisch sicher unterscheiden. Die jahreszeitlichen Schwankungen der Sichttiefe an einem Ort können beträchtlich sein. Stationen, die im relativ freien Wasser außerhalb der Kieler Förde liegen, zeigen keinen statistisch gesicherten Unterschied. Die Sichttiefenbestimmungen in der Nordsee ergaben charakteristische Mittelwerte für die einzelnen Monate (Februar: 4,97 m; Mai: 8,27 m; August: 5,83 m). Den größten Einfluß auf die Sichttiefe übt der Sestongehalt aus. Da seine Beschaffenheit sehr variabel ist, beeinflußt eine bestimmte Sestonmenge die Sichttiefe verschieden stark. Mittels der Sestonwerte ließen sich die Stationen der Ostsee schlechter trennen als auf Grund der Sichttiefe. Bei einem Vergleich der Veränderung von Sichttiefe und Sestongehalt ergab sich für die gesamte Untersuchungsperiode in 70% der Fälle eine negative Korrelation zwischen ihnen. Die Probennahme auf P 8 zeigt, daß die negative Korrelation zwischen Sichttiefe und Sestongehalt beträchtlichen jahreszeitlichen Schwankungen unterworfen ist, was auf die verschiedene Zusammensetzung des Sestons zurückzuführen ist. So ergab sich für den Februar in 83,3% der Fälle eine negative Korrelation, während sie im Mai nur in 56,2% und im August in 54,5% der Fälle bestätigt werden konnte. Ähnliche Verhältnisse wie für den Sestongehalt wurden auch für das Verhalten des Detritusgehaltes gefunden. In 69,8 % der Fälle wurde während der gesamten Untersuchungsperiode für die Ostseestation eine negative Korrelation angetroffen. Die Verhältnisse auf P 8 zeigten, daß der Detritusgehalt jahreszeitlich bedingt eine verschieden stark ausgeprägte Korrelation zur Sichttiege aufweist. So fand sich im Februar in 83,3% der Fälle eine negative Korrelation, während im Mai nur 43,7% der Fälle eine negative Korrelation aufwiesen. Im August stieg der Prozentsatz wieder auf 54,5%. Die Beeinflussung der Sichttiefe durch das Gesamtplankton, gemessen mittels des Eiweißgehaltes, variierte stark. Die Ostseestationen ergaben für die gesamte Untersuchungsperiode in 46,6% der Fälle eine Bestätigung der negativen Korrelation. Die Probennahme auf P 8 ergab für den Februar in 66,6% der Fälle eine negative Korrelation, im Mai stieg sie auf 75,0% und fiel im August auf 40,9%. Für die Stationen in der Ostsee zeigte sich außerdem, daß eine signifikante Verschiedenheit der Stationen in bezug auf den Eiweißgehalt vorhanden ist. In 57,7% der untersuchten Fälle ließ sich eine negative Korrelation zwischen Sichttiefe und Chlorophyllgehalt für die Stationen der Ostsee und für den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum feststellen. Im Februar 1966 fand sich in der Nordsee bei P 8 nur in 25,0% der Fälle eine negative Korrelation. Im Mai stieg sie auf 56,2% und fiel im August wieder auf 50,0% der untersuchten Fälle. Trotz der Verschiedenartigkeit der Phytoplanktonformen fand sich für die gesamte Untersuchungsperiode in der Ostsee in 51,1 % der untersuchten Fälle eine negative Korrelation zwischen Gesamtzellzahl und Sichttiefe. Eine Bestätigung der negativen Korrelation erfolgte für P 8 im Februar in 75,0% der Fälle, im Mai waren es 50,0%, im August 31,8%. Die Beleuchtungsmessungen an den Ostseestationen ergaben, daß im Mittel 9,40% des Oberflächenlichtes bis zur Sichttiefe dringt. Das sind, im Vergleich zum Feuerschiff P 8, geringe Werte. Dort fanden sich für den Februar 24,37% des Oberflächenlichtes in der Sichttiefe. Im Mai waren es 18,80%, im August 18,78%. Für das Zusammenfallen einer Sichttiefenzunahme (- abnahme) mit einer Zunahme (- abnahme) der Beleuchtungsintensität ergaben sich folgende Werte: Februar: 58,3% aller Fälle. Mai: In 50,0% aller Fälle. August: In 31,8% aller Fälle.
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: Sediments from Baltic basins, the relatively well aerated Bornholm Basin and the poorly aerated Gotland Deep, were collected in order to see what effect a relative lack of oxygen at the sediment-water interface has on the diagenesis of organic material deposited in nature. From hydrographic considerations one can assume that the Gotland Deep has a perennial deficiency of oxygen when compared to the Bornholm Basin. This was also shown from the manganese (HARTMANN, 1964) content in the two sediments. Both sediments were also found to have a similar mineral composition and particle size distribution. That they were of a similar age could be shown by the fact that they both had a relatively large amount of organic material (GRIPENBERG, 1955) and similar concentrations of ammonia. Since the two basins have different rates of primary productivity, it was necessary to adjust the quantitative results with a compensating factor. This factor was based upon the pristane, a highly stable hydrocarbon, content, and it was determined that the Bornholm Basin had a primary productivity 1.5 times as high as the Gotland Deep. Quantitatively the lower oxygen concentrations in the Gotland Deep resulted in the preservation of more total soluble amino acids, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, and organic carbon. In addition a greater percentage of the total organic carbon in the Gotland Deep was, in a non-condensed form. Qualitatively no major difference was found in the distribution in the two sediments of the total soluble amino acids (with the possible exception of tyrosine), fatty acids, or hydrocarbons, however unsaturated fatty acids and hydrocarbons showed considerable difference in their qualitative distribution. The low oxygen basin was found also to contain considerable more unsaturated compounds, and its material seemed to have been less influenced by bacteria, as determined by a higher linear/iso fatty acid ratio. A study of the fatty acids and hydrocarbons that were released from the mineral matrix of the sediments by acid digestion, indicates an additional preservative effect in that a still greater degree of unsaturation was present and in that the linear/iso ratios were higher. This preservative effect in the relatively well aerated basin was either less or absent.
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: Das Makrobenthos der tieferen Teile der Kieler Bucht wurde im Jahr 1968 auf 24 Bodengreiferstationen im Abstand von zwei Monaten quantitativ erfaßt, um ein Bild der Nahrungsvoraussetzungen für bodenlebende Fische zu erhalten. Im einzelnen wurden der Anteil von Fischnährtieren am Gesamtbenthos, die Menge an Fischnahrung in wichtigen Fischereigebieten sowie jahres- und tageszeitliche Veränderungen des Nahrungsangebots untersucht. Nach einem Vergleich von Biomasse und Produktion verschiedener Benthosarten wird der Versuch gemacht, die Mindestproduktion an Makrobenthos für die Abra alba-Zönose der Kieler Bucht abzuschätzen. A quantitative study of macrobenthos in the deeper parts of Kiel Bay was conducted every two months in 1968 to get a picture of the food available for demersal fish. The share of fish food in the total benthos, the amount of food animals in important trawling localities, and seasonal and diurnal changes in the food offer are particularly discussed. After a comparison of biomass and production of different benthos species, the minimum production of macrobenthos in the Abra alba-coenosis of Kiel Bay is fixed by estimate.
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