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  • Articles  (1,858)
  • Chemistry  (1,736)
  • Male  (122)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (1,597)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1950-1954  (261)
  • 1983  (1,597)
  • 1954  (261)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (1,291)
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  • Articles  (1,858)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (1,597)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1950-1954  (261)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compatibility of some fluorosubstituted styrene polymers and copolymers in blends with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and with polystyrene (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 219-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of poly(p-fluorostyrene) (PpFS), poly(o-fluorostyrene) (PoFS), poly(styrene-co-p-fluorostyrene) (SP46), poly(styrene-co-o-fluorostyrene) (SO49), with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) and with polystyrene (PS), have been prepared by compression molding of coprecipitated polymers. Compatibility of these systems has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Detection of one or two glass transition regions was used to classify the blends as compatible or incompatible. Homopolymers of pFS and oFS were found to be incompatible with PPO and PS. The SP46 copolymer and SO49 copolymer were compatible with PPO in all proportions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280119
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The low pressure pyrolysis of newsprint (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 367-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The isothermal pyrolysis of 100 mg samples of shredded newsprint, both untreated and 1% HCI washed, at pressures below 1 torr has been examined between 260°C and 340°C. Pyrolysis occurs via a rapid initial reaction followed by a slower degradation that can be modeled as first order in remaining newsprint. The effect of a 1% HCI wash pretreatment is to increase the fractional tar yield by 40%, to decrease the gas yield by an equivalent amount, and to increase the extent of initial reaction. Arrhenius parameters have been obtained for rate constants describing both the initial and the slower degradation reactions for both untreated and acid washed newsprint.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280132
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanochemical process in cotton cellulose fiberCorrected proofs received October 22, 1982 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical processing of cotton cellulose by means of a fiber cutter resulted in the disaggregation and defiberation of fiber bundles, shortening of fiber length, and loss of degree of polymerization. It is evident that the mechanical energy supplied by shear forces is sufficient to cause homolytic scission of cellulose main chains. Mechanoradicals formed in the interim were verified by ESR studies. The crystallinity of cellulose was not influenced by mechanical treatments, but accessibility of the polymer was substantially increased due to the creation of new surfaces. The mechanically treated fiber inclined to proceeded oxidative chain reaction during aging. Regardless of their treatment conditions, cellulose fiber reached its limiting lower molecular weight after 100 days of aging.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280101
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on polymer ignition and development of a relative hazard ranking method (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 45-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The argument is presented that a primary determinant for polymer ignition is the rate of heat input during thermal decomposition. An experimental protocol is described in which a conventional thermogravimetric analyzer is used to monitor the behavior of polymeric solids brought to ignition by exposure to preheated air. The data obtained are used to establish the minimum heating rate required for ignition and the initial decomposition temperature at that critical rate. These two properties are then combined to give a numerical ranking value which seems to be a reasonable indicator of a material's ignitability hazard potential. Data for a variety of polymers and mixed systems are presented.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280105
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Longitudinal growth of polymer crystals from flowing solutions. X. Conditions for continuous growth on the rotor surface (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 57-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ultrahigh strength polyethylene fibers can be generated by stress-induced crystallization from a supercooled solution subjected to Couette flow, usually referred to as the “surface-growth” process. Under appropriate conditions, continuous fiber production can be realized for a period as long as 19 days, whereas under other circumstances a rapid interruption of the growth process is met. The present investigation deals with the origin of fiber fracture during “surface growth.” The limiting values of process variables required to maintain continuous growth have been established. Interruption of the continuous growth can occur in three different ways: (1) formation of a closed fiberloop around the rotor; (2) limited crystal growth rate; (3) rapid crystallization, leading to depletion of the gel on the rotor surface. The gel layer is being formed by adsorption of long molecules on to the rotor surface and subsequent “reptation,” resulting in a dense entanglement network of these molecules. These factors determine the boundaries of the triangularly shaped domain for continuous growth in a graph of the two main variables, namely the takeup speed and the rotor speed. Furthermore, it was noticed that the introduction of a wedge-shaped groove in the surface of the Couette rotor leads to a substantial reduction of failure. Continuous growth could be established in the temperature range from 103-125°C when p-xylene was used as a solvent. For p-xylene solutions at a crystallization temperature of 110°C and using a teflon rotor of 115 mm diameter, a maximum takeup speed and rotor speed were 16 and 180 mm/s, respectively. Basically the restrictions of the process appeared to be due to the limited rate of crystallization and rate of adsorption of polyethylene molecules on the surface of the rotor.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280106
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative studies by differential scanning calorimetry of the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and lignocellulose (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 647-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Heat of reaction and kinetic parameters were determined by differential scanning calorimetry for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, reaction of hydrogen peroxide with lignocellulosic materials, glucose and pinitol, and for the reaction of the same materials with produced or introduced oxygen. The heat of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide obtained in N2 (720 cal/g H2O2) was in fair agreement with literature data, considering the different temperature and pressure conditions. The heats of reaction of hydrogen peroxide and lignocelluloses were higher when determined in N2 (1670-2500 cal/g H2O2) than in O2 (1450-2020 cal/g H2O2) atmosphere. The activation energy for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide amounted to 20.3 kcal/mol in N2 and 15.9 kcal/mol in O2 with frequency factors of 5.7 × 109 and 3.7 × 107 min-1, respectively. The activation energies for the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and lignocellulosic materials tested were similar and not influenced by the atmospheric composition, ranging overall between 19.7 and 22.4 kcal/mol. The corresponding frequency factors ranged between 2.77 × 109 and 2.23 × 1011.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280220
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of butadiene with Co(acac)3-(i-Bu)3Al-H2O catalyst (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 145-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization of butadiene in toluene using Co(acac)3-(i-Bu)3Al-H2O catalyst system was studied. Presented are the effects of the addition order, aging time, and composition of catalysts on rates, polymer microstructure, and molecular weights. The polymerization was found to be initiated by the Co(acac)3-hydrolized aluminum alkyl complex. The chain propagation proceeds according to a first-order reaction with respect to monomer and active species and is a strong function of Al/H2O with an optimum ratio of 1.0, but independent of Al/Co. The nature of polymerization seems to change as Al/H2O increases from less than 1 to greater than 1. Transfer reaction is significant. From the kinetic data it was found that the termination reaction is most likely to be by combination.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280113
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Addition polyimides. I (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 191-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Crosslinking of 4,4′(bismaleimido)diphenyl ether (BM) was investigated in presence of bis(m-aminophenyl)methylphosphine oxide (BAP), tris(m-aminophenyl)phosphine oxide (TAP), diaminodiphenyl ether (E) and 3,3-bis(p-aminophenyl)phthalide (AP). These crosslinked resins were examined for thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis. A slight decrease in initial decomposition temperature, the temperature of maximum rate of weight loss, was observed, though the char yield in nitrogen atmosphere at 800°C did not change appreciably. Glass-cloth-reinforced laminates were fabricated from BM and amine mixtures. An improvement in mechanical properties was observed in the presence of phosphorus-containing di- and triamines.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280116
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface protection of poly(vinyl chloride) by photografting of epoxy-acrylate coatings (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 97-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: UV-curable epoxy-acrylate coatings were used to protect poly(vinyl chloride) against superficial degradation. With α-hydroxy-acetophenone photoinitiators, the crosslinking polymerization develops in the ms time scale; 50% degree conversion is reached after irradiation times of 2.5 ms in a nitrogen atmosphere and 17 ms in air. The adhesion of the coating on to the PVC substrate can be greatly improved by inducing a photochemical grafting process. The best results are obtained by incorporating the photoinitiator into the top layer of the PVC sheet. Highly crosslinked epoxy-acrylate coatings are very stable toward UV radiations and chemical agents like organic solvents and strong acids. By their light-screening effect they provide an excellent protection against photodegradation for light-sensitive polymeric materials.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280109
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aging and performance of structural film adhesives. II. Comparison of two nitrile-epoxy systems (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 283-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The room-temperature aging of two nitrile rubber-epoxy adhesives has been examined. Both are 121°C curing systems, based on DGEBA-type epoxy resins, one of which has been available for about 15 years while the other is a more recent development. It has been found that hydrolysis of the epoxide and polymerization both occur slowly, reducing the epoxide content and solubility. A major reduction in honeycomb peel strength of joints made with aged material was evident in the older system and to a lesser extent in the newer adhesive. This is a result of diminished adhesive flow. Tensile strength was less affected by aging.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280124
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immobilization of mortierella vinacea cells by radiation polymerization (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 295-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Immobilization of Mortierella vinacea cells, which contain active α-galactosidase, by radiation polymerization at low temperatures was studied. The durability of the enzymatic activity of the immobilized cells was examined by repeating the batch enzyme reaction. The enzymatic activities of the immobilized cells obtained with hydrophilic monomers was affected by the concentrations of the cells and monomer in which optimum conditions were observed. The enzymatic activity of the immobilized cells obtained with hydrophilic monomer was compared to that of hydrophobic monomers. Michaelis constants of the immobilized cells varied with monomer concentration. The effect of addition of porous solid substances on the immobilization of the cells was studied.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280125
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fungal degradation of polycaprolactones (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 327-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Three high molecular weight polycaprolactones (M̄w = 35,000, 18,600, and 7,130) were utilized as the sole carbon source by five of six fungi tested by the American Standards for Testing and Materials (ASTM) agar plate method. The fungi were Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus, Chaetomium globosum, Pencillium funiculosum, and a Fusarium sp. Quantitative analysis of degradation was performed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). GPC analysis demonstrated differences between the activities of organisms which appeared similar by the ASTM method, and showed that, while all molecular weight species within each polymer were hydrolyzed, in several cases low molecular weight end products were not assimilated. Depending on the organism, the dominant factor determining degradability was either polymer molecular weight or degree of crystallinity.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280128
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyphenylquinoxalines containing pendant phenylethynyl groups: Preliminary mechanical properties (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 355-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyphenylquinoxalines (PPQ's) containing various amounts of crosslinkable pendant phenylethynyl groups were prepared from the reaction of 3,3′,4,4′-tetraaminodiphenyl ether, 4,4′-oxydibenzil, and 4,4′-oxybis(4″-phenylethynylbenzil). The distribution of the pendant phenylethynyl groups along the polymer chain was varied in an attempt to alter the properties of the polymers. Preliminary film, adhesive, and laminate properties of PPQ void of pendant crosslinkable groups and containing pendant phenylethynyl groups were determined. The thermally induced reaction of the phenylethynyl group crosslinked the polymer which resulted in better dimensional stability at elevated temperatures.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280131
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polycaprolactone degradation by mixed and pure cultures of bacteria and a yeast (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 335-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The degradability of three high molecular weight polycaprolactones (M̄w = 35,000, 18,600, and 7,130) and one low molecular weight polycaprolactone diol(M̄w = 2060) by mixed and pure cultures of microorganisms was assayed. A yeast, Cryptococcus laurentii, a gram-negative rod, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. lwoffi, and a gram-positive coryneform rod were used in the pure culture assays. The analysis of degradation by gel permation chromatography (GPC) allowed for quantitation independent of the growth of the organisms or the addition of supplementary growth factors. GPC analysis showed that the degradation effected by pure cultures was often enhanced when alternate carbon sources were present. This was not the case for mixed cultures. Mixed cultures. Mixed cultures completely metabolized polymer breakdown products while in some cases pure cultures did not.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280129
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of metal cyanourates on some properties of PVCCorrected proofs received November 10, 1982 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 443-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of barium, lead and calcium cyanourate on the properties of poly(vinyl chloride) and its compositions were investigated. In concentrations up to 2 vol. % they decreased the Tg and Tm of the polymer. Physical and mechanical properties (tensile strength, impact strength, and hardness) are improved. The thermostability (dynamic and static) increases with increasing concentration.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280201
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comments on “effect of crystallinity of condensation polymers on platelet adhesion” (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 437-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280137
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some properties and chemical structure of phenolic resins and their derivativesCorrected proof received December 6, 1982 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 531-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some physical and chemical properties of novolac and resole resins are described, IR spectra are given, and average structures of the examined resins are proposed. It was supposed that the gelation kinetics depend on the ratio of the reagents and on the structure of the resin.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280209
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Precipitative polymerization for polycarbonate: A simultaneous reaction-precipitation technique (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 587-593 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel phenomenon, termed precipitative polymerization, is described. In it, the BPA - phosgene reaction is conducted with simultaneous precipitation of polycarbonate granules. Very low organic-to-aqueous phase ratio and high pH medium are primarily required to cause this in-situ precipitation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280214
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Curing reactions in elastomers. II. Carboxy-terminated polybutadiene (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 595-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Attempts have been made to understand the curing reactions in carboxy-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB), which happens to be the most practical binder in advanced solid composite propellants. The curing of CTPB has been studied for different ratios of curing agents (MAPO and Epoxide) by gel content, molecular weight, crosslink density, and penetration temperature measurements, and the optimum composition of curators for effective curing of CTPB has been determined. Activation energy calculations on the curing of CTPB with 9.5% epoxide and 0.5% MAPO in the temperature range 75-100°C gave 14.1 kcal/mol for which a diffusion-controlled or acid-catalyzed epoxide ring opening mechanism has been suggested for the curing process in CTPB.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280215
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of clay on vulcanization, network structure, and technical properties of natural rubber in the presence of silane coupling agents (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 659-683 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The presence of silane coupling agents do not cause a change in network structure in clay-filled natural rubber vulcanizates, both in sulfur vulcanization and peroxide vulcanization systems. However, the improvement in technical properties in the presence of silane coupling agents is more in the peroxide vulcanization system and is accompanied by enhanced polymer - filler interactions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies have been made in order to understand the failure behavior.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280221
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of synthesis and permeabilities of special polymer membranes. LI. Active transport of halogen ions through chitosan membranes (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1361-1370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Anion exchange membranes containing amino groups, insoluble in acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions, were prepared from chitosan, poly(vinyl alcohol), and glutaraldehyde. Using the membrane in a diaphragm cell, one side being adjusted to be acidic and the other alkaline, it was possible to transport actively halogen ions through the membrane from the acidic side to the alkaline side against the concentration gradient between both sides of the membrane. The active transport of halogen ions through the membrane was significantly influenced by the pH difference and electric potential difference between both sides of the membrane.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Extending the continuum of molecular weight distributions based on the generalized exponential (Gex) distributions (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 795-805 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Literature data on the average molecular weights Mn, MW, Mz, and/or Mv for several polymers indicated that they fell outside the continuum originally proposed to model molecular weight distribution (MWD), where the log-normal (LN) distribution, or positively valued Gex parameters m and k, define the continuum. Following the papers of Kubin, it is possible to embrace these polymers in an extended continuum by including these parameters, both negatively valued, in it. To the extent that m ≥ -1 and k 〈 -5, the extended continuum models average molecular weights through Mz+2. The correspondence of Gex models of MWD of a polymer obtained from data on its Mn, Mw, and Mz with that obtained from data on its Mn, Mv, and Mw is indicated, using published data. The numerical value of the m parameter in a Gex model is of use in polymerization kinetics; when m values are obtained for each analysis from multiple analyses upon a given polymer, their consistency indicates the concordance of the three average molecular weights from each test run. The Gex parameters based upon Mn, Mw, and Mv or Mz can be used to estimate values for higher average molecular weights of linear, unimodal homopolymers. This is of use in interpreting rheological data on such polymers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280231
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    Radiation-induced crystallinity changes in linear polyethylene: Influence of aging (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 861-872 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A previous paper described an unusual crystallinity effect observed in ultrahigh molecular weight linear polyethylene (UHMW PE) and conventional high density polyethylene (HDPE). It was discovered that upon exposure to high energy radiation, these polymers experience a significant increase in the degree of crystallinity. The present paper describes another equally unexpected and surprising phenomenon observed in irradiated UHMW PE and HDPE. It was accidentally found that the irradiated polyethylenes exhibit an aging effect; their heat of fusion and hence their degree of crystallinity increases monotonically with the aging time (since initial irradiation) at ambient conditions. Surprisingly, the aging process in irradiated polyethylenes was observed to persist even after 31 months. The magnitude of the aging effect is a strong function of the initial molecular weight of the unirradiated polymers and the irradiation dose. The aging phenomenon could not be accelerated by thermal annealing. The exact mechanisms causing the aging phenomenon remain rather elusive at the present time, but possible reasons are explored.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    On the frequency shift of the C=O band in the infrared spectrum of gamma-irradiated cellulose I and cellulose II (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 879-881 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280238
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    Ethylene-styrene diblock copolymers: Synthesis by Ziegler-Natta catalysis and identification (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 961-968 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new way of directly synthesizing ethylene-styrene diblock copolymer by Ziegler-Natta catalysis was studied. It consists of using a soluble complex prepared by the reaction of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm polystyrene}\frac{{}}{{\overline {{\rm DP}_n } = x}}{\rm (butadiene)}\frac{{}}{{\overline {{\rm DP}_n } = 3}}{\rm Li} $$\end{document} with TiCl4 in the ratio r = [Li]/[Ti] = 2 to initiate the formation of the polyethylene block. The well-defined linear diblock structure was established both by GPC of the polyethylene block and by 13C NMR and DSC analyses of the copolymer. Moreover, by using such a catalytic system, the efficiency was found to be 0.88 with respect to carbon-titanium bond. This value is relatively high compared to those of conventional Ziegler-Natta catalytic systems.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    The microwave dielectric constants of water-paper mixtures: The role of sheet structure and composition (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 969-981 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A precise technique for determining dielectric constants at microwave frequencies from slotted line measurements is adapted to paper samples. The effects of refining, wet pressing, calendering, and TiO2 addition on the dielectric constants vs. moisture curves are reported and discussed. The observed in-plane dielectric anisotropy is discussed. The importance of considering geometry at the fiber level in explaining the dielectric behavior of paper is stressed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    The mechanism of cure of tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane with diaminodiphenyl sulfone (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1011-1024 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The curing reaction of tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) with diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, and ESR spin trapping techniques. A mechanism has been proposed, and the cure kinetics has been obtained at 177°C. The major conclusion is that cure proceeds mainly through chain extension, while crosslinking occurs through the reaction of hydroxyl groups with epoxides, resulting in formation of ether linkages.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280309
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    Phosphorus-Containing polymers. I. Low temperature polycondensation of phenylphosphonic dichloride with bisphenols (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1119-1123 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper describes the synthesis of aryl polyphosphonates from the reactions of phenylphosphonic dichloride [benzene phosphorus oxydichloride (BPOD)] with 4,4′-thiodiphenol (TDP) and with 4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol (SDP) employing a dry chlorinated hydrocarbon polymerization solvent, an amine acid acceptor and under low temperature conditions. The glass transition temperatures of the polymers from BPOD/TDP are 146°C and 83°C, respectively, and the polymers begin to lose weight at about 395°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. These polymers have good flame retardancy (FR), as indicated by high limiting oxygen indices (LOI) of 50-60. Thermoplastic polybutylene terephthalate containing 7% BPOD/SDP or BPOD/TDP polymer as an FR additive has LOI values of 29 and 30, respectively.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280317
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    Glass transitions of poly(bisphenol-A carbonate)/ultraviolet light stabilizer blends by DSC and TOA (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1685-1700 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Glass transition temperatures are reported for poly(bisphenol-A-carbonate) plasticized by 0-12 wt % of the ultraviolet light stabilizers 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-n-octooxy-benzophenone, and 2-hydroxy-4-dodecyloxy-benzophenone. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermooptical analysis (TOA) were employed. The glass transition temperatures increased somewhat with shelf time for the room temperature air-dried 1-mil films drawn from methylene chloride solutions. A Bierbaum scratch hardness of 8.8 kg·mm-2 was observed for a 10-mil poly(bisphenol-A carbonate) film. The effect of load applied to the diamond point (Bierbaum scratch technique) on the shape of TOA transmitted light intensity vs. temperature curves for the resultant scratches was examined. Although the curve shapes are greatly affected, the characteristic TOA temperatures derived therefrom remain essentially unchanged. The glass transition regions are not quite as broad for these polymer/plasticizer blends as they are for compatible polymer/polymer blends. TTOA, the temperature at which birefringence disappears in the scratched films, is found identical to Tf (DSC), the temperature at which the specific heat transition is completed.
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    Intumescent flame retardants for polymers. I. The poly(acrylonitrile)-ammonium polyphosphate-hexabromocyclododecane system (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1743-1750 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The influence of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) as flame retardant (FR) on poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) has been examined. The APP-HBCD system behaves as an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) formulation, APP being the char-forming agent and HBCD the blowing agent. A negligible gas-phase mode of action was ascertained for HBCD with this substrate. A synergism between the two FR agents was observed, corresponding to about 50% increased efficacy with respect to the separate effects of the two components. Thermogravimetry (TG), oxygen index (OI), nitrous oxide index (NOI) experiments and phosphorous residue measurements were performed to substantiate the conclusion that a conclusion that a condensed phase mechanism of action accounts for all the facts observed.
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    Graft polymerization of methyl methacrylate onto silk fibers with Ce(VI)-sucrose redox system (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1811-1813 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280523
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    Effects of sucrose on the rheological behavior of wheat starch pastes (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1829-1836 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The rheological properties of starch-water-sucrose pastes have been determined under steady and oscillatory shear conditions. The results show that the effect of sucrose at concentrations of less than about 20% w/w is to increase the apparent viscosity, yield stress, dynamic viscosity, and dynamic rigidity. At higher surose concentrations the yield stress and dynamic rigidity tend to zero while values of the dynamic viscosity and apparent viscosity are reduced compared with controls. Sucrose causes the dispersed gel particles in pastes to change volume, and it is suggested that this is one of the factors responsible for the observed effects of sucrose on rheological behavior.
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    Dynamic mechanical properties of elastomers for use in circulatory assist devices (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1871-1877 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic mechanical properties of several polyurethane and polyolefinic elastomers for use in circulatory assist devices have been studied. This work was a part of a project on the characterization of elastomers suitable for cardiovascular application. In this paper, changes in the dynamic modulus and internal friction of these elastomers (Avcothane-51®, Biomer®, butyl rubber, Pellethane®, and Hexsyn®) are described as a function of long-term static and dynamic exposure to whole human blood. The dynamic moduli of control of Pellethane and Hexsyn are higher than that of Avcothane, NBS butyl rubber, and Biomer at human body temperature (at 37°C). The dynamic moduli of Biomer specimen fatigued in whole human blood at 37°C are least affected in temperature range of 25°C to 140°C as compared with the control. The loss tangents are decreased slightly. It indicates small structural changes after fatigue in whole human blood. These five materials should be considered for use in most or some cardiovascular applications because their mechanical properties do not change appreciably. Biomer performs well under a variety of experimental conditions, long-term exposure to blood, uniaxial and biaxial fatigue test, and dynamic mechanical properties of specimen fatigued in whole human blood.
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    Highly deacetylated chitosan and its properties (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1909-1917 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A preparative method has been established for obtaining chitosan products which have a desired degree of deacetylation of up to virtually 100%. Effective deacetylation was attained by intermitently washing the intermediate product in water two or more times during the alkali treatment. The weight average molecular weight (M̄w) of the product, which was measured by gel permeation liquid chromatography, was about 5 × 105 at the highest deacetylation of nearly 100%, and the degradation of the molecular chain was not so significant. Tensile strength of the wet film increased markedly with increasing degree of deacetylation, while the dry film did not show a corresponding significant increase of the tensile strength. In the infrared spectra of chitosan film new sharp bands appeared especially at the high degree of deacetylation. This was attributed to increased “crystallization” brought about by high deacetylation.
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    Pervaporation of methanol-water mixture by poly(γ-methyl L-glutamate) membrane and synergetic effect of their mixture on diffusion rate (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 1949-1956 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The pervaporation behaviors of methanol-water by poly(γ-methyl L-glutamate) (PMLG) membrane at non-steady- and steady-state permeation were investigated. The values of t1/2 (time required to reach a half value of steady-state permeation flux) for methanol and water changed and did not change with the component in feed, respectively. Both of the average diffusion coefficients for methanol-and water-PMLG from the mixture changed exponentially with the sorption amount of methanol by the synergetic effect on diffusion. The difference in behavior of non-steady and steady state diffusion was explained by whether Do (diffusion coefficient at zero penetrant concentration) was influenced by the concentration distribution of penetrant in PMLG membrane.
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    Some practical aspects of preparing polymeric hydrogels via γ-irradiation (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2451-2454 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Polysaccharide-g-polystyrene copolymers by persulfate initiation: Preparation and properties (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2455-2461 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280730
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    Synthesis of rigid polyurethane foams from oligoester alcohols based on the residues from the distillation of crude dimethyl terephthalate and recrystallization of the dimethyl terephthalate/dimethyl isophthalate fraction (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2491-2498 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Oligoester alcohols are synthesized from the resudes from the distillation of crude dimethyl terephthalate and recrystallization of the fraction dimethyl terephthalate/dimethyl isophthalate, diols, triols, tetrols, and tall oil. The polyol component containing various oligoester alcohols is suitable for preparing rigid polyurethane foams with good thermal stability and improved resistance to combustion.
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    Silylation of water glass. IV. Synthesis and characterization of silylated silicic acids (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2499-2508 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Trimethylsilylated (TMSS) and dimethylphenylsilylated silicic acids (DMPS) were prepared via extraction with tetrahydrofuran, started from aqueous sodium silicate. Characterization of these silylates based on the 13C and 29Si NMR spectra, X-ray diffraction, gel permeation chromatography, and solution viscosity were conducted to study their molecular structures. It was found that the GPC elution volume was significantly deviated from the calibration curve and also the exponents in solution viscosity vs. molecular weight (M̄n) relationship were very low, almost 0.3. These solution properties suggest that such silylates have compact spherical structures with a high degree of branching, also supported from the other data.
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    Compatibility of low-density polyethylene-poly(ε-caprolactone) blends (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2541-2551 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The compatibility of low-density polyethylene (LDPE)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) was examined using the microscopic, the dynamic mechanical, and the DSC techniques. Morphological examination revealed that at low PCL concentrations, when specimens are severaly quenched, a uniform microspherulitic structure is formed. The dynamic mechanical spectra, at isochronous conditions (110 Hz), indicate very limited mixing of the amorphous phase of the two components at the intermediate compositions. More drastic relaxation shifts were observed at the extremes of the composition range. Ultimate strength and elongation at break are characteristic of a mechanically compatible system at high and low PCL contents. In the intermediate composition range their low value indicates phase separation. DSC measurements showed a nonlinear dependence of bulk crystallinity on blend composition; also, that the presence of PE enhances the degree of PCL crystallinity. Thermal history strongly affects bulk crystallinity. At elevated temperatures, near the mp of PE, thermal treatment affects considerably the melting point of the PE crystals.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280808
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    The simulation of hydrolytic polymerization of ε-caprolactam in various reactors: A simulation model for the tubular reactor with heat exchanger and its numerical solution (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2527-2540 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A concrete simulation model which deals with the hydrolytic polymerization of ε-caprolactam (CL) in the tubular reactor (TR) with the heat exchangers (HEx's) was described, and a method for its numerical solution was presented. The numerical calculations were carried out for 13 cases, where the position and number of the HEx's in the TR were varied. The effects of the HEx on the distribution of the temperature in the TR and of the characteristic data of the polymerization (the concentration of CL and number average degree of polymerization) in the TR and at the outlet of the TR were investigated. The results suggested that the HEx positioned at the upper half of the TR and the HEx positioned at the lower half of the TR are effective to narrow the temperature distribution in the TR and to produce the polymer product with narrower molecular weight distribution, respectively.
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    Photooxidation of amine crosslinked epoxies I. The DGEBA-DDM system (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2599-2609 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The photooxidation in the solar UV range of tridimensional networks based on the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) is characterized by the formation of carbonyl, amide, and hydroperoxide groups and by at least two types of chromophores. One absorbs strongly in the near UV, violet, and blue regions, and is responsible for the development of an internal screening effect leading to a decrease of photooxidation rate during exposure. The other, which absorbs in the red region (γmax = 615 nm), is responsible for the green color of oxidized smaples and is derived from the oxidation of the diamine bridge. The influences of hardener concentration and thermal treatments are explained in terms of a stabilizing effect of unreacted DDM molecules and a photoinitiating effect of some thermal-oxidation products, presumably hydroperoxides.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280812
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    Solubility and diffusion of propane in blends of polystrene and poly(vinyl methyl ether) at T 〉 Tg (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2937-2946 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solubility and diffusion of propane in rubbery blends of polystyrene and poly(vinyl methyl ether) were investigated at low diffusant pressure. Solubibity is characterized by Henry's law and diffusion by Fick's law with concentration-independent diffusion coefficients. The composition dependence of the solubility and diffusion parameters is presented. The diffusion coefficients for propane in the blends are related to those for the component polymers by using the glass transitions as reference temperatures.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280921
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    Microcavity formation in engineering polymers exposed to hot water (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2925-2936 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Microcavity formation in engineering polymers exposed to boiling water has recently been noted in the technical literature. This study describes this observation and presents photomicrographs of the microcavity morphology. The microcavities are lens-shaped cracks emitting from a nucleation site with regular concentric ridges observed at regular intervals with characteristics similar to fatigue cracking. Cyclic exposure [intervals of hot (96deg;C) followed by cold (23°C) water immersion] was found to significantly increase the microcavity formation in specific polymers. Polymers studied under these conditions included polycarbonate, polysulfone, poly(ether sulfone), and polyetherimide. Only polycarbonate and polyetherimide exhibited internal crack formation. The microcavities of polyetherimide were quite different than those of polycarbonate as the cracks were concentrated in regions of highest molded-in stress. When polysulfone was purposely spiked with 0.1 wt % NaCl inclusions, microcavity formation was observed but at a magnitude significantly lower than that of polycarbonate (unmodified). A hypothesis is presented to explain this failure mechanism in polycarbonate. Localized regions, (nucleation sites) of higher water solubility can result in higher internal pressure and stress-induced hydrolysis causing microcavity formation. Additional internal pressure (cyclic conditions) can result from water phase separation yielding further crack propagation. Polycarbonate exhibits a larger difference in equilibrium water solubility between 23°C and 96°C than do the other plymers studied, thus yielding a greater potential for internal pressure resulting from phase separation.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280920
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    Mechanical compatibilization of high density polyethylene-poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2947-2959 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) exhibit extremely poor mechanical properties owing to the incompatibility of these two polymers. Such blends, however, would result from the reprocessing of certain carbonated beverage bottles. Addition of small amounts of a commercially available triblock copolymer greatly improved the ductility of these incompatible blends, whereas addition of an ethylene-propylene elastomer did not. The results are discussed in terms of phase morphology and interfacial adhesion among the various components.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280922
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    Analysis of the packing stage in injection molding of disk cavities (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2999-3002 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280925
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    Foam extrusion characteristics of thermoplastic resin with fluorocarbon blowing agent. II. Polystyrene foam extrusionCorrected proofs Received July 21, 1983 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 2983-2998 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The foam extrusion characteristics of three different grades of polystyrene resin were investigated. For the study, cylindrical dies with various values of length-to-diameter ratio, entrance angle, and reservior-to-capillary diameter ratio were used. Fluorocarbon blowing agents were used, and mixtures of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate were used as nucleating agent. It was found that the die temperature, shear rate, the type and concentration of blowing agent, and die geometry affect the quality of the extruded polystyrene foam. Foam density and open cell fraction were used in determining the quality of extruded foams. We have found that the extrudate swell ratio is correlatable to foam density, independent of the die temperature employed. However, the die temperature has been found to be a very sensitive processing variable governing the quality of extruded foams.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070280924
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    Studies of jute fiber composites with polyesteramide polyols as interfacial agent (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3029-3040 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyesteramide polyols have been synthesized by melt condenstion using a mixture of alkanolamines, polyethylene glycols, and dicarboxylic acids/anhydrieds, and the behavior or resin samples as interfacrial agents in unidirectional as well as random composites of jute/epoxy and jute/polyester has been evaluated. Mechanical properties of these composties with or without interfacial agents have been determined along with the effect of water uptake on such properties. The incorporation of polyesteramide polyol (PEAP) resins as interfacila agents has been found to significantly improcve the mechanical properties of jute fiber composites. It has also been found that increasing the hydroxyl value of PEAP results in a better bonding of the composities up to a certain optimum limit of hydroxyl value beyond which the molecular weight of the interfacila agent as well as its bonding strenght decreases. Use of PEAP resin of optimum hydroxyl value and molecular weight also significantly improves the water resistance capacities of jute/epoxy composites.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281003
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    Permeation characteristics of poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(vinyl acetate) composite porous membranes (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3041-3048 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAc) composite porous membrane has been prepared from PVAc latex film by extraction with acetone. The PVAc latex was prepared by emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate in the presence of PVA, employing the hydrogen peroxide-tartaric acid systemm as an initiator. The extraction degree of PVAc could be controlled in a wide range by changing the addition method of the initiator, and, acoordingly, PVA-PVAc omposite porous membranes which had variosu void volumes were obtained. The maximum void volume attained was ca. 90%. Permation characteristics of organic solvents wre investigated on the membranes whose extraction degrees were 95.6% and 80.7%. Thge feeds were benzene, n-hexane, cyclohexane, and their mixtures. neither swelling nor shrinkage in tje appearance size of the while benzene hardly permeated even at 20 kg/cm2. The grafted PVAc in the mebrane was removed or converted into grafted PVA by treatment with sodium methylate, and then the depression of benzene permeation was lost. The grafted PVAc was suggested to be localizd on the cell wall and was found to function as a valve which closes with nenzene or a good solvent for PVAc and opens with n-haxane or a poor solvent for PVAc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281004
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    Equilibrium disperse-dye sorption by isotactic polypropylene films of varied thermal histories (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3049-3062 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Spherulitic polypropylene (PP) films prepared by a melt-quenched process and then exposed to isothermal annealing treatments at various temperatures ranging from 120°C to 155°C have been dyed at 80°C with C.I. Disperse Yellow 7(Y-7) or p-aminoazobenzene. Different PP films as crystallized isothermally in the range of 60°C to 155°C have also been dyed with the same dyes. The equilibrium dye sorption (Mo) obtained for these films increased slightly with an increase in polymer volume crystallinity (Cu). Using fine structural data of these films, the change in Mo were analyzed in terms of the mosaic-block structural model; e.g., the values of Mo were divided into sorption by the amorphous end region (Me) located between lamella surfaces and sorption by the amorphous side region (Ms) located between crystalline cores parallel to the molecular chain axis. The value of Ms increased with increasing Cv in both cases of the dyeing systems, while the value of Me decreased monotonically in an opposite manner. The amorphous chains in the side region seem to have a strong affinity to a long rodlike dye molecule of Y-7; this feature is considered to be associated with the extended chain conformation of the side region which originates from distorted lattice chains.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281005
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    Effect of a filler on the dielectric properties of an epoxy resin (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3075-3080 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of aluminum hydroxide upon the dielectric properties of an epoxy resin has been studied in a wide frequency and temperature range. An interfacial polarization effect, known as the Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars polarization is evidenced for the filled resin, which shows a higher permittivity, a higher dielectric loss, and a β transition with a larger relaxation time. The glass transition temperature is, on the contrary, mostly unaffected by the presence of the filler.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281007
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    Ionically crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) membranes. IV. Composite reverse osmosis membranesPaper presented at the American Chemical Society Biennial Polymer Symposium, San Juan, Puerto Rico, November 20-24, 1982. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3063-3073 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Composite reverse osmosis membranes of ionically crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) have been prepared. The process consists of coating a porous polysulfone membrane with a thin layer of dilute solution of PAA, drying the thin liquid layer, and ionically crosslinking the PAA in solutions of different salts. The influence of some important preparation parameters on the properties of these membranes was investigated. It was found that all these membranes possessed ion exchange properties and could be ion exchanged; some of them have been found to be suitable for the desalination of low concentration salt solutions. By comparison to cellulose acetate (CA) membranes, higher rejection of phenols may be an interesting property of these membranes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281006
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    Solid-state polymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3289-3300 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Solid -state polymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is carried out by heating the low molecular weight prepolymer at temperatures below its melting point but above its glass transition temperature. Postcondensation occurs and the condensation byproducts can be removed by applying vacuum or inert gas. Polymers obtained usually have high molecular weight, low carboxyl and acetaldehyde content, and can be used for beverage bottle or industrial yarns. Polyesters for textile purposes are manufactured by a melt process. Chemical reactions involved in the solid state polymerization are transesterification, esterification, as well as the diffusion of byproducts. Overall reaction rate was governed by the molecular weight, carboxyl content of prepolymer, crystallinity, particle size, reaction temperature, and time. Prepolymer for solid state polymerization should have intrinsic viscosity 0.4 dL/g or more, density 1.38 g/mL, and minimum dimension 3 mm or less. The reaction temperature could be 200-250°C. When textile grade PET is used as prepolymer, crystallization at 180-190°C for 1-2 h increases the density to 1.38 g/mL. Polymerization at 240-245°C for 3-5 h can raise the intrinsic viscosity to 0.72 dL/g and carboxyl content less than 20 meq/kg. Appropriate reaction conditions are subject to the properties of prepolymers and the design of reactors. Reactor used for solid state polymerization could be vacuum dryer type or stationary bed. The former is suitable for a small capacity and is run batchwise. The latter is a continuous process and is economically feasible for large -scale production.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281023
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    Distribution of molecular weights and branching of high-density polyethylene (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3453-3466 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Samples of industrial high-density polyethylenes (Liten Macro, Liten FB 29, and Hostalen GM 9255 F) were divided into fractions by precipitation fractionation. The original samples and their fractions were characterized by light scattering, GPC, and viscometry. For all samples the molecular weight distribution is of logarithmic-normal type. High-density polyethylenes under investigation contain also high-molecular-weight fractions of pronouncedly branched structure, the content of branched molecules being, of course, considerably smaller than that in low-density polyethylenes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281111
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    Isothermal degradation of cis-1,4-polyisoprene vulcanizates (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3467-3484 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The isothermal degradation of high cis-1,4-polyisoprene vulcanizates having different crosslinking structures was investigated by a measurement of weight loss of sample, IR and NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and gas chromatography (GC). The degradation behavior of dicumy peroxide-cured sample is similar to that of the uncrosslinked one. On the other hand, a sulfur-cured sample is very different from the other samples. At the initial stage of the degradation, weight loss in this sample is faster than that in an uncrosslinked one. Furthermore, a microstructural change in this polymer occurring by thermal degradation is also very much larger than microstructural changes in the others. This will be attributed to polythiyl radicals produced by the scission of polysulfide crosslinkages. Although the polyisoprene chain undergoes random scission along the main chain above 473 K under inert gas or in vacuo, a molecular weight distribution of the residue after thermal degradation was broadened as the degradation proceeded. That is to say, the fragments having enormous molecular weight increase together with the production of lower molecular weight compounds. This indicates the occurrence of crosslinking reaction and the addition of polymer radicals to carbon-carbon double bonds in another polymer molecule in the thermal degradation process. Such reactions are thought to take place in the crosslinked polymers, in particular the sulfur-cured polymer, in larger quantities. Thermal degradation mechanisms were discussed in some detail.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281112
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    Viscoelastic properties of short-fiber-reinforced rubber composites and the role of adhesion (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3485-3495 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Viscoelastic properties of short-fiber-reinforced natural rubber composites have been studied as a function of temperature and at different levels of adhesion. The effect of adhesion on the viscoelastic properties of the composites has been assessed, and it is found that the increase in adhesion increases the mechanical loss per cycle and modulus. With the increase in temperature the mechanical loss and modulus drop, indicating a possible deterioration of the adhesion at higher temperatures. Presence of carbon black increases the mechanical loss but does not necessarily increase the level of adhesion. The effect of overcuring has also been studied. Complex modulus of the composites displays an exponential behavior with the increase in volume fraction of fiber.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281113
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    Effects of low molecular weight aliphatic diols on the polyurethane elastomers prepared from hydroxyl-terminated polybutadienesNCL Communication No. 3251. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3559-3563 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadienes were prepared by using azo initiators such as di(4-hydroxybutyl)-2,2′-azobisisobutyrate and di(3-hydroxybutyl)-2,2′-azobisisobutyrate, one of which contains primary and the other secondary hydroxyl groups. The effects of aliphatic diols and 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in the presence of dibutyltindilaurate (DBTDL) as catalyst, on crosslinking of primary and secondary hydroxyl groups, were studied. Polyurethane elastomers from these polymers are prepared by using different ratios of diols, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate and catalyst. Physical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, 100% modulus, and elongation at break of these polymers were studied with a view to compare them with the physical properties of elastomers prepared from ARCO R-45M.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281119
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    Reactions of functional polymethacrylates grafted on phosphate-modified calcium carbonate (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3549-3558 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Five methacrylate monomers of methyl (MMA), dimethylaminoethyl (AEMA), 2-chloroethyl (CEMA), 2,3-epoxypropyl (GMA), and 2-hydroxyethyl (HEMA) were graft-polymerized in fine yields onto the calcium carbonate, which surface had been modified with 2,2′-dimethyl-2,2′-azobisbutyronitrile-4,4′-dicarboxyethyl bisdihydrogenphosphate (AZDP). For the GMA and HEMA, styrene (St) was used as a hydrophobic comonomer for convenience to make homopolymers easily removed. The resulting grafted polymers were treated with such reagents: methyl iodide for the poly-AEMA (pAEMA), sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (NaETC) for the poly-CEMA (pCEMA), 2,2′-iminodiethanol for the poly-co-GMA-St (pGMA-St), and m-trifluoromethylphenyl isocyanate for the poly-co-HEMA-St (pHEMA-St). Diffusive reflectance infrared spectroscopy indicated that these reactions resulted in excellent yields, whereas the detection of the product from NaETC and 6-chlorohexyl dihydrogenphosphate (CHP)-modified calcium carbonate failed. The results of thermal analyses (DSC-TG), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and changes of their surface wettabilities toward water are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281118
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    Radiation crosslinking of poly(vinyl chloride) with trimethylolpropanetrimethacrylate. IV. Effect of diundecyl phthalate: Dependence of physical properties on composition (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3527-3548 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with polyfunctional monomers may be crosslinked by ionizing radiation. The physical properties of PVC blended with trimethylolpropanetrimethacrylate (TMPTMA) and diundecyl phthalate (DUP) were studied. The TMPTMA monomer crosslinked the blend by homopolymerization and/or grafting to PVC. The plasticizer, DUP, was chemically inert under irradiation but, by plasticizing the macromolecules and diluting the monomer, changed the kinetics extensively. Characteristics of the glass transitions and the tensile mechanical properties have been correlated with blend composition and radiation dose. Before irradiation, poly(vinyl chloride) was plasticized by both DUP and TMPTMA monomer. The increase in glass transition temperature and mechanical strength following irradiation to 5 Mrad was correlated with the TMPTMA content of the blend. Both the molecular structure of the network and the DUP content of the blend were factors in determining the physical properties of the final crosslinked blend. The molecular structure was determined by the kinetics of the crosslinking reactions, which in turn were determined by the blend composition. A molecular interpretation consistent with the physical properties, chemical kinetics, and mechanism of the crosslinking system has been presented.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281117
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    Coupling of polystyrene to a silane-treated mica (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3565-3572 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper deals with the coupling of polystyrene to a closely packed and highly ordered cationic vinylbenzyl silane (CVBS) on mica. It is shown that a thermal treatment is required for maximum retention of polystyrene on treated mica. Moreover, a thermal treatment at 250°C is much more effective than one at 170°C. The effect of the number of silane monolayers on mica was investigated. In general, one monolayer of CVBS gave optimum retention of polystyrene. The addition of peroxides further improved this retention and at the same time allowed the use of lower treatment temperatures. Some data are presented which consider the importance of the silane solution concentration and silane functional groups.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281120
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    Determination of residual monomer in polymer emulsions by extractive distillation and gas chromatography (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3585-3588 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281122
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    The preparation of high-viscosity, partially hydrolyzed polymethacrylamides (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3607-3610 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Due to the high chain transfer to monomer, the homopolymerization of methacrylamide yields polymers of extremely low molecular weight. On partial alkaline hydrolysis, the viscosities of these polymers in aqueous solution are much inferior to those of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM). However, polymethacrylamides prepared by room temperature, persulfate-initiated polymerization in the presence of small amounts of N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide demonstrate posthydrolysis reduced viscosities in 0.01% NaCl comparable to typical commercial HPAM materials.
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    Partially imidized, water-soluble polymeric amides. I. Partially imidized polyacrylamide and polymethacrylamide (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3611-3617 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Five to six million molecular weight polyacrylamide and polymethacrylamides of comparable post-alkaline hydrolysis viscosities were imidized by dissolution and heating in 6N HCl. After alkaline hydrolysis, the imidized polymers demonstrated significantly better retention of viscosity to 2% NaCl than did similar partially hydrolyzed polymers. Viscosities in 0.01% NaCl and resistance to shear were not markedly affected by this modification. It is assumed that this improved performance in brine is the result of chain stiffening due to intrachain imide rings.
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    Properties of filaments spun from poly(ethylene terephthalate) chips containing PET-dustSPRC Contribution No. 89. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3619-3628 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is observed that the thick portions in a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) filament differ from the rest in their solution viscosity and birefringence, indicating that they are caused by the inhomogeneity of the polymer melt. To identify the cause of the latter, the PET chips are critically examined. It is found that the waferlike tails on the edge of the PET chips and PET-dust have slightly higher viscosity than the chips. The behavior of the chips and the dust during drying and melt spinning are examined to find whether the dust becomes postpolymerized during drying. Such dried PET-dust exhibits substantially different melting behavior than the chips. The filaments spun from the mixture of chips and PET-dust exhibit significantly higher nonuniformity in properties than the filaments spun from the chips only. It is concluded that the PET-dust entering the extruder with the chips can cause thick portions in the filaments.
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    Glow discharge polymerization of tetramethylsilane by capacitive coupling of 20 kHz frequency and surface hardening of polyethylene sheet (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3629-3640 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Glow discharge polymerizations of tetramethylsilane (TMS) were performed by the capacitive coupling of a 20 kHz frequency in comparison with those by the inductive coupling of a 13.56 MHz frequency. The polymers prepared by the former coupling were poorer in carbon and hydrogen, but richer in silicon than those prepared by the latter coupling. These two polymers showing similar infrared spectra contained CH3, CH2, CH, Si—O—C, Si—O—Si, Si—CH3, and Si—CH2—CH2—Si groups. Some physical properties involving surface energy, thermal stability, and absorption spectra in the regions of the UV and visible light were determined. This coating procedure was applied for surface hardening of a polyethylene sheet. The surface hardness of the polyethylene sheet was enhanced by a coating of plasma films prepared from TMS or the TMS/O2 mixtures. Surface hardness was determined by the pencil method and hardness was enhanced from 2B to 2H. The adhesion between these plasma films and polyethylene sheet was good even when immersed in 0.9% NaCl solution at 40°C for 10 days.
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    Retardation spectra for the existence of interphase in fiber composites (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3641-3649 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Retardation spectra, derived from dynamic measurements of extension compliances along three decades on the logarithmic scale of frequencies in standard specimens prepared from a fiber-reinforced composite with their fibers parallel to the longitudinal axis of the specimens, have revealed the structure of the matrix material of the composite. The experimental results were used to prove that the physicochemical rearrangements in the vicinity of the inclusions, consisting of restrained development of the macromolecules and especially their side chains due to the presence of the other phase, concentration of voids and dirt, shrinkage stresses developed during curing and creating microcracks (radial as well as along the interface), are activated by the existence of high stress gradients and eventually stress singularities due to the strong adhesion developed between phases.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281205
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    Hybrid copolymerization of alkyl vinyl ethers with glycidyl ethersCorrected proofs Received October 3, 1983 (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3651-3663 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Homopolymerization and copolymerization experiments of isobutyl and dodecyl vinyl ether with propylene oxide, and some glycidyl ethers have been carried out by using both conventional cationic initiators (BF3, BF3·OEt2) and 4-chlorophenyldiazonium tetrafluoborate as cationic photoinitiator. Conventional polymerization experiments performed under vacuum at low and room temperature gave rise to a mixture of the two homopolymers, indicating that the epoxide and vinyl ethers are incompatible with respect to chemical reactivity and that apparently no hybrid copolymerization occurs. Analogous results were obtained in parallel photoinitiated polymerization experiments.
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    Photoinduced graft copolymerization. IX. Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto nylon 6 in the presence of pyridine-bromine charge-transfer complex as photoinitiator (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3665-3670 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Photoinduced graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto nylon 6 was investigated by using pyridine-bromine (Py-Br2) charge-transfer complex as initiator. The graft yield increased with increasing monomer and initiator concentration at the initial stages, and therefore it decreased. The initiator exponent was computed to be 0.5. The reaction was carried out at three different temperatures, and the overall activation energy was computed. A suitable mechanism has been suggested.
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    A combustibility study of the gaseous pyrolysates produced from some high-performance fabricsIssued as NRCC #21348. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3681-3693 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The flammability limits of the gaseous pyrolysates obtained from a series of conventional, flame-retarded, and high-performance textile fabrics have been measured, and the results compared. These data have been utilized to develop a fire hazard index associated with the ignitability and combustibility of the gaseous products of thermal degradation as a result of exposure to a high radiative thermal fire load. Generally, it was found that the high-performance fabrics behaved better than the flame-retarded fabrics, which themselves were superior to untreated materials.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281209
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    Studies of tetrazoles as rubber chemicals. I. Preparation and characterization of reactive antioxidants based on tetrazoles (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3671-3679 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The novel reactive antioxidants based on tetrazoles that are stable at room temperature and convertible into the highly reactive nitrileimines by pyrolysis were prepared and the reactivity for carbon-carbon double bonds was evaluated. Antioxidants, i.e., 2-substituted phenyl-5-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)tetrazoles (PHPT) were prepared with the reaction of p-toluenesulfonylhydrazone of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and substituted phenyl diazonium chloride in a mixed solvent of pyridine, ethanol, and water at -10°C to -20°C in 31-61% yields. To evaluate the reactivities of PHPT for carbon-carbon double bonds, m-chloro-substituted PHPT was pyrolyzed in an excess of styrene at 160-170°C for 0.5 h to give the 1-(3′-chlorophenyl)-3-(3″,5″-di-tert-butyl-4″-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-2-pyridazoline in a 44.1% yield by 1,3-dipolar addition reaction of the nitrileimine formed from the m-chloro-substituted PHPT. The thermogravimetric analysis of a mixture of proton isomer of PHPT and liquid polybutadiene showed that PHPT attached to liquid polybutadiene with an accompanying evolution of nitrogen.
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    Equilibrium acid concentrations in hydrolyzed polyesters and polyester-polyurethane elastomersPresented in part at the 184th meeting of the American Chemical Society, Kansas City, MO, September 12-17, 1982, Ref. 1. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3779-3792 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Equilibrium acid concentrations, [Ae], were determined in butylene adipate and caprolactone polyesters, of low molecular weight, and in thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers based on these polyesters. Values of [Ae] of the polyesters at 85°C were 0.7, 1.3, and 3-4 × 10-3 mol/g at relative humidities (RH) of 25%, 50%, and 93%, respectively. [Ae] of the thermoplastic elastomers at 85°C were about 3 and 7 × 10-4 mol/g at 10% and 25% RH, respectively. Values of [Ae] were not very dependent on temperature at constant RH. Equilibrated thermoplastic elastomers had low molecular weights and poor physical properties. Consequently, equilibration does not set a practical limit on hydrolytic degradation, even at low RH. Equations were developed that described the variation in acid content with time. Rate constants for hydrolysis and esterification increased as RH decreased. Reesterification in the elastomers in the absence of water is too slow to be a useful method of decreasing hydrolytic damage.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1983.070281218
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    Crosslinking of poly(ethylene glycol) with divalent metal salts of mono(hydroxyethyl) phthalate, anhydride, and bisepoxide (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 28 (1983), S. 3793-3808 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEG) were crosslinked with divalent metal salts of mono(hydroxyethyl) phthalate, anhydride, and bisepoxide to give metal-containing cured rubbers. As the anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride was used, and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether was the bisepoxide used. As for the physical properties of the cured rubbers obtained, the rubbers containing Mg showed much better physical properties than those containing Ca. In addition, the rubbers with high hard block contents and high overall crosslinking densities exhibited high tensile strength and Shore A hardness, and so did the rubbers having a high degree of crystallinity of the PEG soft block. The occurrence of crystallization became easy as the soft block length became longer and the soft block content became higher, or as the crosslinking density of the hard block became lower. The PEG-based rubbers showed much higher water absorption than the previously reported poly(propylene glycol)-based rubbers, due to the much higher hydrophilicity of the PEG block. Resistance to chemical attack and stress-relaxation are also discussed.
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    Continuos IBE fermentation by immobilized growing Clostridium beijerinckii cells in a stirred-tank fermentor (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 281-299 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The potential of continuous isopropanol-butanol-ethanol (IBE) fermentation by Ca-alginate-immobilized Clostridium beijerinckii cells in a continuous stirred-tank reactor is investigated. A mathematical model is presented to describe steady-state reactor performance. It appeared to be possible to use the biocatalyst particles repeatedly for successive fermentations (at least three times for a total duration of two months). Reactor productivity was 6-16 times higher than that of a batch fermentation (free cells), while the solvents yield was also increased. Measurements of substrate, product, and biomass concentrations were only partially in agreement with the model; however, a solid basis for further technological developement of the process has been laid.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250121
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    Production of Spirulina biomass: Maintenance of monoalgal culture outdoors (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 341-349 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of sodium bicarbonate concentration, population density, and temperature on the maintenance of an outdoor monoculture of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis were studied. A clear response by Spirulina to the concentration of bicarbonate was evident, with 0.2M bicarbonate representing the lowest concentration in which a monoculture could be maintained. When the temperatures fell during the winter period to some 20-25°C below the optimum for Spirulina, Chlorella sp. gradually increased and became the dominant species in the culture. Raising the temperature by covering the pond with transparent polyethylene resulted in a sharp decline in the population of Chlorella, and a gradual resumption of species dominance by Spirulina. In winter, there was an inverse relationship in the pond between the population density of Spirulina and the extent of contamination by Chlorella sp.; but no such effect was observed under field conditions at temperatures higher than 25°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250204
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    The half-saturation coefficient for dissolved oxygen: A dynamic method for its determination and its effect on dual species competition (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 403-416 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple approach was developed to determine the half-saturation coefficient for dissolved oxygen (KDO) for three bacteria by maintaining a constant oxygen concentration in continuous culture, and employing a dynamic method to obtain the specific growth rate (μ) for each species. Measurement of μ at selected dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO) resulted in a typical Monod curve for a plot of μ vs. DO. Values for KDO and μmax were obtained from the Lineweaver-Burk reciprocal plot. The bacteria studied included representative strains of three microorganisms isolated in pure culture from poorly settling activated sludge: two filamentous microorganisms, Sphaerotilus natans and a second Sphaerotilus sp., and an unidentified floc-forming microorganism. The KDO values obtained for Sphaerotilus sp., S. natans, and the floc former were 0.014, 0.033, and 0.073 mg/L, respectively. Dual species competition experiments were conducted in continuous culture under low and high DO conditions. Successful growth competition by these microorganisms under DO-limiting conditions was consistent with experimentally determined KDO values. The finding of lower KDO values for the two Sphaerotilus species, compared to the floc former, confirmed the hypothesis that these filamentous microorganisms can outgrow floc-forming microorganisms in activated sludge when DO in the aeration basin is low.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250209
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    Factors affecting cell attachment, spreading, and growth on derivatized microcarriers. I. Establishment of working system and effect of the type of the amino-charged groups (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 469-480 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A working system for studying the effects of factors involved in the chemical nature of microcarriers on cell attachment, spreading, and growth was established. The system is based on polyacrylamide beads, prepared by the emulsion polymerization technique. Sieved beads of desirable mean diameter were derivatized to generate controlled amounts of primary and tertiary amino groups. These microcarriers were used for the propagation of four different cell strains: BHK, MDCK, CEF, and MRC-5. It was found that BHK cells attach and spread significantly faster on primary amino-derivatized beads than those with tertiary amino groups, and at a lower degree of charging. Cell yields of MDCK cells (with pronounced epithelial morphology) propagated on primary amino-derivatized beads were higher than that obtained for the tertiary amino-derivatized microcarriers. On the other hand, CEF and MRC-5 cells (with pronounced fibroblast morphology) achieved higher cell yields on the tertiary amino-derivatized microcarriers.
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    Anodic reactions in microbial fuel cells (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 559-568 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Potentiometric and amperometric measurements were made with microbial fuel cells containing E. coli or yeast as the anodic reducing agent and glucose as the oxidizable substrate. The catalytic effects of thionine and resorufin on the anode reaction were investigated. Results on the potentiometry, polarization, and coulombic output of the cells support a mediator-coupled mechanism for the transfer of electrons from the organism to the electrode in preference to a mechanism of “direct” electrochemical oxidation of glucose or its degradation products. Experiments with 14C-labeled glucose show that when a microbial fuel cell produces a current under load, exogenous glucose is metabolized to produce 14CO2. The Coulombic yields of the cells indicate a high degree of energy conversion in these systems.
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    The effects of limiting nutrients, dilution rate, culture pH, and temperature on the yield constant and anthocyanin accumulation of carrot cells grown in semicontinuous chemostat cultures (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 569-579 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With carrot cells grown in semicontinuous culture with phosphate as limiting nutrient. Dougall and Weyrauch (1980) found that the steady-state culture density was different at different dilution rates. They suggested that the yield constant for biomass was different at different dilution rates. Here the yield constant for biomass for PO43-, NH4+, Mg2+, and glucose-limited semicontinuous cultures has been measured directly at two dilution rates. The yield constants for PO43-, NH4+, and Mg2+ but not for glucose are different at the two dilution rates. The effects of pH and temperature on the biomass yield constant was measured to extend the number of system parameters examined. Biomass yield constant was changed little with change from 25 to 28°C or from pH 4.2 to pH 5.5. The steady-state levels of anthocyanin were also measured. The responses of anthocyanin levels to the system parameters are different to the biomass responses. The data suggest that at different values of each of the system parameters, the composition and metabolic activities of the cells at steady state in semicontinuous cultures are different.
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    Assay of solid-substrate fermentation by means of reflectance infrared analysisThe mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 603-607 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250224
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    Anaerobic growth of Alcaligenes faecalis var. denitrificans at the expense of ether glycols and nonionic detergents (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 627-630 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250229
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    Sorption of Talaromyces emersonii cellulase on cellulosic substrates (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 271-280 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sorption characteristics of the cellulase system of Talaromyces emersonii on various cellulosic substrates were examined. Analysis of reaction mixture supernatants by electrophoresis and enzyme assay showed that all components of the cellulase system were rapidly adsorbed by cellulose and then gradually returned to the liquid phase as the hydrolysis of the substrate progressed. The extent of adsorption in the rapid phase was influenced by pH, temperature, the nature of the substrate, and its concentration.
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    Purification and properties of extracellular β-glucosidase from Scytalidium lignicola (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 307-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250123
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    Confining mycelial growth to porous microbeads: A novel technique to alter the morphology of non-newtonian mycelial cultures (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 967-983 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In an effort to alter the filamentous morphology of Penicillium chrysogenum cells, a technique was developed to confine the growth of the mycelia to porous celite beads. The pore matrix of these beads was found to be very effective for entrapping mycelial cells and spores. The entrapped spores were used to initiate the fermentations in shake flask cultures. Significant increases in final cell densities were obtained in the confined cell cultures reaching up to 60 g/L cells. This is nearly double the cell concentration attainable in free cell cultures grown in the absence of beads. Cell loadings up to 0.55 g cells per bead were obtained in the confined cell cultures. In the later stages of the fermentations, the specific oxygen uptake rates in the confined cell cultures were found to decrease with respect to free cell cultures.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250407
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    A simple, sensitive, and accurate alcohol electrode (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1049-1055 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The construction and performance of an enzyme electrode is described which specifically detects lower primary aliphatic alcohols in aqueous solutions. The electrode consists of a commercial Clark-type oxygen electrode on which alcohol oxidase (E.C. 1.1.3.13) and catalase were immobilized. The decrease in electrode current is linearly proportional to ethanol concentrations between 1 and 25 ppm. The response of the electrode remains constant during 400 assays over a period of two weeks. The response time is between 1 and 25 min. Assembly of the electrode takes less than 1 h.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250413
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  • 85
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    Continuous production of L-tryptophan from indole and L-serine by immobilized Escherichia coli cells (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1013-1025 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Escherichia coli B 10, which has high activity of tryptophan synthetase, was grown in a 50-L batch culture in order to determine in which growth phase the cells have the highest specific tryptophan productivity. Accordingly, whole cells of the stationary phase were used for immobilization in polyacrylamide beads. After immobilization, these immobilized cells had 56% activity of tryptophan synthetase compared with that of free cells. First, the properties of immobilized cells were investigated. Next, discontinuous productions of L-tryptophan were carried out by using immobilized cells. In discontinuous production of L-tryptophan by the batch, the activity remaining of immobilized cells was 76-79% after 30 times batchwise use. In continuous production of L-tryptophan with a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), the activity remaining of the immobilized cells was 80% after continuous use for 50 days. The maximum productivity of L-tryptophan in this CSTR system was 0.12 g tryptophan L-1 h-1.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250411
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  • 86
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    Immobilization of the exo-maltohexaohydrolase by the irradiation method (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1095-1107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Exomaltohexaohydrolase (E.C.3.2.1.98) was immobilized by radiocopolymerization of some synthetic monomers which were mixed in various combinations. Irradiation was carried out while the mixture of monomers and enzymes was frozen in petroleum ether-dry-ice bath. Recovery of the immobilized enzyme was 44-75%.The optimum pH of the enzyme slightly shifted to the acidic side. The pH stability was improved remarkably by immobilization. The enzyme was stable retaining more than 90% of its original activity in the range pH 4-11. The optimum reaction temperature of the enzyme increased about 2°C. Heat stability was also improved by immobilization, and that the enzyme retained about 40% of its original activity after treatment at 75°C for 15 min. The immobilized enzyme was stable to the repeated use of 20 cycles. The Km value of the enzyme for short-chain amylose was almost the same as that of native enzyme. When soluble starch was used as the substrate, the Km, value of the enzyme was three times as large as that of native enzyme. Effects of various metal ions and inhibitors on the immobilized enzyme were also studied compared to the native enzyme.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250417
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  • 87
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    Cellulose hydrolysis by the cellulases produced by Talaromyces emersonii when grown on different inducing substrates (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1169-1173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250423
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250501
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  • 89
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    Fermentation process air filtration via cartridge filters (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1215-1221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of cartridge air filters for process air sterilization in commercial fermentation has proliferated in recent years. Sterile air cartridge filter performance is discussed. The use of dispersed oil particle (DOP) tests for in situ integrity testing is described and discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250504
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  • 90
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    Preparation and properties of trypsin chemically attached to EEDQ activated styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 713-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers of varying combinations crosslinked with p-DVB (1-2%) and porous structure were synthesized to be used as carriers in trypsin immobilization. The styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers containing free carboxy groups were activated by conversion into the mixed carbonic anhydride with N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) at pH 4.0. The degree of activation of copolymers were determined from the amount of p-aminobenzoic acid each could bind. The activated copolymers were incubated with trypsin in phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) at 4°C for 24 h. The optimum conditions for enzymatic activity measurements determined and the activity tests were carried out in 1.5 × 10-2M CaCl2 solution (pH 8.0) at 0.05 ionic strength with a pH-stat instrument. The dependence of the activity of styrene-methacrylic acid (SMA)/trypsin derivatives to pH was investigated and it was observed that the optimum pH of the immobilized trypsin derivatives moved to the basic region compared to the native trypsin. It was found that as the ionic strength increased, the shift in the optimum pH decreased and the activity increased. The Michaelis constants for the SMA-trypsin derivatives were determined with aid of Lineweaver-Burk diagrams. The thermal, storage, and operational stabilities of SMA-trypsin derivatives were assessed. It was found that the above stabilities for all the immobilized trypsin derivatives were better than that for the native trypsin.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250308
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  • 91
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    Some fluidization characteristics of biological beds (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1321-1330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The free-fall terminal velocity of particles coated with a nitrifying biofilm was investigated. The drag force exerted by the liquid on a biocoated particle was found larger than that for an uncoated particle. A new formula for the drag coefficient was proposed. The wet density of biofilm was estimated as 1.14 g/cm3. A proposed modification of the Zaki-Richardson method was successfully used for calculations of the porosity of a fluidized bed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250512
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  • 92
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    Enzyme management in the iotech process (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1393-1399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the Iotech process, steam explosion of wood chips potentials hydrolysis of the cullulose by enzymes. A small portion of the exploded wood is used as substrate for the production of enzymes for hydrolysis of the remaining wood. Explosions conditions degrade some of the hemicellulose, creating factors (probably related to furfural) that impair enzymatic hydrolysis and destablized the cellulases. Fortunately, simple washing with water paremits more rapid hydrolysis while enzyme stability is greatly improved. Enzymes can be recovered from the hydrolysis residue by adjusting the pH to neutrality, and additional enzymes from hydrolysis filtrate can be adsorbed on fresh exploded wood en route to hydrolysis. A simple mass balance calculation shows proportions of various activities in a mix of fresh and recycled enzymes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250517
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250601
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  • 94
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    Continuous transformation of benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa immobilized in an ultrafiltration cell (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1441-1452 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microbiological transformation of benzaldehyde accomplished by the fungus Rhodotorula mucilaginosa immobilized in the ultrafiltration cell was studied. A polysulfone membrane formed on a sintered PVC support was used for the separation of the transformation product from the cellular material. Kinetic investigations have led to results which are typical of continuously fed stirred tank reactors (CFSTR) - the value of the maximum reaction rate (Vmax) and apparent Michaelis constant (K′m) are practically independent of the substrate retention time (calculated in terms of the flow intensity value). A strong relationship was found to occur between Vmax and biomass concentration in the reactor. Study of the apparent enzyme stability shows that the decrease in the biocatalyst activity is chiefly caused by penetration of the cells through the membrane. The experimental results were approximated in terms of the adopted mathematical model. Based on this model, the half-lives (t1/2) of enzyme activities were determined. The t1/2 value varies from 35 to 82 days and depends both on the permeate flux through the membrane and on the separation properties of the membrane.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250603
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    Effect of immobilization on stability and kinetic properties of α-L-fucosidase from Turbo cornutus (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1501-1508 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An amount of α-L-fucosidase from T. cornutus liver was copolymerized with glutaraldehyde using bovine serum albumin as the carrier protein. The properties of the native, the soluble enzyme polymer complex, and the insoluble enzyme polymer complex were studied and compared under various conditions of pH, temperature, substrate, and inhibitor concentration. Native α-L-fucosidase was heat labile and lost more than 85% of its activity when incubated at 55°C for 5 min. In contrast, under equivalent incubation conditions, both the soluble and the insoluble enzyme polymer complexes exhibited enhanced resistance to thermal inactivation and after 5 min lost only 65 and 40% of their original activity, respectively. Polymerzation also resulted in the shift of pH optima towards the acidic range, a decrease in activation energy and a change in the apparent Km values towards the p-nitrophenyl-α-L-fucopyranoside substrate.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250607
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  • 96
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    Producton of single-cell protein from cellulose by Aspergillus terreus (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1509-1519 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cellulose fermentation studies were conducted with a thermotolerant strain of Aspergillus terreus. Batch cultivation of A. terreus using purified or complex cellulose showed that 80-88% of the available cellulose was utilized in 30-36 h with an average doubling time of 7.5-8.3 h. The protein content in the biomass ranged from 23 to 38%. Semicontinuous cultivation studies, in which 90% of the biomass was withdrawn at the end of growth cycle, indicated that 84% of added cellulose was utilized with the biomass containing 32% crude protein. No loss in cellulose consumption, growth rate, or protein production occurred through two growth cycles. Continuous cultivation of A. terreus showed that 78-84% cellulose consumption occurred over growth temperatures ranging from 35 to 45°C. Maximum specific growth rates (0.14 h-1) occurred at 40 and 45°C with a minimum doubling time of 4.9 h.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250608
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    Theory and modelling of ethanol evaporative losses during batch alcoholic fermentation (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1597-1612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Evaporative loss of ethanol during batch alcoholic fermentation has been modelled, employing modern concepts of kinetics and stoichiometry and the best available phase equilibrium thermodynamic data. Theoretical results demonstrate that loss is proportional to the second power of the sugar concentration utilized and that the logarithm of loss is proportional to reciprocal absolute temperature. Good agreement is demonstrated among the theory, the numerical model, and the literature results. A master correlation for predicting ethanol loss is presented.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250613
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    Effects of temperature and ethanol concentration on the maintenance and yield coefficient of Zymomonas mobilis (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1655-1660 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250618
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    A useful sampling device for small fermentors with thick mycelial suspensionsNCL Communication No. 3084. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1677-1678 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250622
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  • 100
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    Efficiency of lipid synthesis by yeasts (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 1693-1700 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The efficiency of lipid synthesis by ethanol-grown yeasts is characterized using the coefficient of the lipid energetic yield (η1). This coefficient is defined as the fraction of energy in an organic substrate that is converted to lipids. The advantages of η1 compared with the “fat coefficient” (Fs) as well as the biomass energetic yield (η) compared with Ys are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250702
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