ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: An Assessment of Technology, Policy and Financial Issues Relating to CMM in China, based on Interviews Conducted at Coal Mines in Guizhou and Sichuan Provinces.

Description / Table of Contents: Transport accounts for nearly one-quarter of global energy-related CO2 emissions. To achieve the necessary deep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, transport must play a significant role. Transport accounts for nearly one-quarter of global energy-related CO2 emissions. To achieve the necessary deep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, transport must play a significant role.However, without strong global action, car ownership worldwide is set to triple to over two billion by 2050. Trucking activity will double and air travel could increase four-fold. These trends will lead to a doubling of transport energy use, with an even higher growth rate in CO2 emissions as the planet shifts toward high-CO2 synthetic fuels. How can we enable mobility without accelerating climate change? Transport, Energy and CO2: Moving Toward Sustainability provides answers to this question. It finds that if we change the way we travel, adopt technologies to improve vehicle efficiency and shift to low-CO2 fuels, we can move onto a different pathway where transport CO2 emissions by 2050 are far below current levels, at costs that are lower than many assume. The report discusses the prospects for shifting more travel to the most efficient modes and reducing travel growth rates, improving vehicle fuel efficiency by up to 50% using cost-effective, incremental technologies, and moving toward electricity, hydrogen, and advanced biofuels to achieve a more secure and sustainable transport future. If governments implement strong policies to achieve this scenario, transport can play its role and dramatically reduce CO2 emissions by 2050. This publication is one of three new IEA end-use studies, together with industry and buildings, which look at the role of technologies and policies in transforming the way energy is used in these sectors.

Description / Table of Contents: This fourth edition of the IEA Medium-Term Oil Market Report (MTOMR) confronts an economic landscape unrecognisable from that seen at the time of the release of the summer 2008 edition. Crude prices are now 55% lower as financial and economic meltdown have slashed demand, with worldwide contraction in oil use at levels not seen since the early 1980s. This fourth edition of the IEA’s Medium-Term Oil Market Report (MTOMR) confronts an economic landscape unrecognisable from that seen at the time of the release of the summer 2008 edition. Crude prices are now 60% lower as financial and economic meltdown have slashed demand, with worldwide contraction in oil use at levels not seen since the early 1980s. But how long will the downturn last, and what is the likely profile of global and regional demand recovery when economic rebound eventually takes root? Has almost a decade of rising prices and costs changed the demand-side blueprint and forced the world onto a lower oil intensity path for the period through 2014? Equally importantly, the report identifies the impact that weaker demand, low prices and a credit squeeze are having on supply-side investment – in upstream OPEC/non-OPEC supply, biofuels capacity and refining infrastructure alike. The 2009 edition of the MTOMR also delves into the issues of diversifying FSU crude exports, evolving crude and product qualities, the importance of petrochemical markets and perceptions on oil price formation in the down-cycle. Two demand scenarios are presented based on differing economic growth assumptions, with a lower non-OPEC supply scenario also accompanying the lower GDP case. Summary oil balances highlight how OPEC spare capacity could develop during 2008-2014. This year, the MTOMR also consolidates analysis of future crude availability and trade flows, refining capacity and oil products supply implications under one cover. The MTOMR remains required reading for policy makers, market analysts, industry participants and anyone with an interest in oil market trends. It contains detailed statistical appendices and a wealth of insightful graphics. Alongside its monthly sister publication, the Oil Market Report, the MTOMR is a cornerstone of the IEA’s commitment to enhancing oil market transparency.

Description / Table of Contents: China’s rapid economic growth has aroused intense interest around the world. Policy makers, industrialists, investors, environmentalists, researchers and others want to better understand the issues that this populous nation faces as it further develops an already thriving economy largely fuelled by coal. This study sheds light on the Chinese coal supply and transformation sectors. China’s rapid economic growth has aroused intense interest around the world. Policy makers, industrialists, investors, environmentalists, researchers and others want to better understand the issues that this populous nation faces as it further develops an already thriving economy largely fuelled by coal. This study sheds light on the Chinese coal supply and transformation sectors. China’s coal, mined locally and available at a relatively low cost, has brought enormous benefits to energy consumers in China and to those outside the country who enjoy the products of its coal-based economy. Yet from another perspective, China’s coal use has a high cost. Despite progress, health and safety in the thousands of small coal mines lag far behind the standards achieved in China’s modern, large mines. Environmental degradation is a real and pressing problem at all stages of coal production, supply and use. Adding to these burdens, emissions of carbon dioxide are of concern to the Chinese government as it embarks on its own climate protection strategy. Technology solutions are already transforming the way coal is used in China and elsewhere. This study explores the context in which the development and deployment of these technologies can be accelerated. Providing a large amount of new data, it describes in detail the situation in China as well as the experiences of other countries in making coal cleaner. Above all, the report calls for much greater levels of collaboration – existing bi-lateral and multi-lateral co-operation with China on coal is found lacking. China’s growing openness presents many commercial opportunities. Establishing a global market for cleaner coal technologies is key to unlocking the potential of technology – one of ten major recommendations made in this study.

Description / Table of Contents: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an important part of the lowest-cost greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation portfolio. This roadmap was published in 2009 using data from the Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 publication. An update was released in July 2013

Description / Table of Contents: By 2010 there will be over 3.5 billion mobile phones subscribers, 2 billion TVs in use around the world and 1 billion personal computers. Electronic devices are a growing part of our lives and many of us can count between 20 and 30 separate items in our homes, from major items like televisions to a host of small gadgets. The communication and entertainment benefits these bring are not only going to people in wealthier nations - in Africa, for example, one in nine people now has a mobile phone. But as these electronic devices gain popularity, they account for a growing portion of household energy consumption. How “smart” is this equipment from an energy efficiency perspective and should we be concerned about how much energy these gadgets use? What is the potential for energy savings? This new book, Gadgets and Gigawatts: Policies for Energy Efficient Electronics, includes a global assessment of the changing pattern in residential electricity consumption over the past decade and an in-depth analysis of the role played by electronic equipment. It reviews the influence that government policies have had on creating markets for more energy efficient appliances and identifies new opportunities for creating smarter, more energy efficient homes. This book is essential reading for policy makers and others interested in improving the energy efficiency of our homes.

Description / Table of Contents: The global economic crisis has not spared the gas sector. Over the past year, we have moved from a tight supply and demand balance with extremely high gas prices to an easing one with plummeting gas prices. Since the last quarter of 2008, demand has been declining dramatically, essentially because of the global recession. The global economic crisis has not spared the gas sector. Over the past year, we have moved from a tight supply and demand balance with extremely high gas prices to an easing one with plummeting gas prices. Since the last quarter of 2008, demand has been declining dramatically, essentially because of the global recession. Yet significant new volumes of liquefied natural gas will come on stream within the next few years, and United States unconventional gas production has risen rapidly, with global consequences. It remains to be seen how these demand and supply pressures will play out, particularly in the pivotal power sector, in both OECD and non-OECD countries. Meanwhile, the security of gas supplies has once again become a critical issue, in particular in Europe after it experienced its worst supply disruption during the Russian-Ukraine crisis in January 2009. Moreover, the current market climate of weakening demand, lower prices and regulatory uncertainties added to the tough financial environment are likely to jeopardise investments, in particular in capital-intensive projects, further undermining long-term energy security in the most fundamental way when economies recover. The Gas Market Review 2009 looks at these and other major developments and challenges in the different parts of the gas value chain in a selection of IEA countries – The United States, Canada, Spain, Norway, the Netherlands, and Turkey – as well as in non-IEA member countries in the Middle East, North Africa, Southeast Asia, and China.

Description / Table of Contents: Renewable Energy is energy generated from natural resources - such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat - which are naturally replenished. In 2008, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood burning. Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3% (15% of global electricity generation), followed by solar hot water/heating, which contributed with 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal energy, wind power, solar power, and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption. The book provides a forum for dissemination and exchange of up - to - date scientific information on theoretical, generic and applied areas of knowledge. The topics deal with new devices and circuits for energy systems, photovoltaic and solar thermal, wind energy systems, tidal and wave energy, fuel cell systems, bio energy and geo-energy, sustainable energy resources and systems, energy storage systems, energy market management and economics, off-grid isolated energy systems, energy in transportation systems, energy resources for portable electronics, intelligent energy power transmission, distribution and inter - connectors, energy efficient utilization, environmental issues, energy harvesting, nanotechnology in energy, policy issues on renewable energy, building design, power electronics in energy conversion, new materials for energy resources, and RF and magnetic field energy devices.

Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF HYPOGENE SPELEOGENESIS Alexander Klimchouk HYPOGENE CAVE PATTERNS Philippe Audra, Ludovic Mocochain, Jean-Yves Bigot, and Jean-Claude Nobécourt MORPHOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF SPELEOGENESIS: HYPOGENIC SPELEOGENS Philippe Audra, Ludovic Mocochain, Jean-Yves Bigot, and Jean-Claude Nobécourt HYPOGENE CAVES IN DEFORMED (FOLD BELT) STRATA: OBSERVATIONS FROM EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND CENTRAL EUROPE R.A.L. Osborne IDENTIFYING PALEO WATER-ROCK INTERACTION DURING HYDROTHERMAL KARSTIFICATION: A STABLE ISOTOPE APPROACH Yuri Dublyansky and Christoph Spötl MICROORGANISMS AS SPELEOGENETIC AGENTS: GEOCHEMICAL DIVERSITY BUT GEOMICROBIAL UNITY P.J.Boston, M.N. Spilde, D.E. Northup, M.D. Curry, L.A. Melim, and L. Rosales-Lagarde SIDERITE WEATHERING AS A REACTION CAUSING HYPOGENE SPELEOGENESIS: THE EXAMPLE OF THE IBERG/HARZ/GERMANY Stephan Kempe SIMULATING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOLUTION CONDUITS IN HYPOGENE SETTINGS C. Rehrl, S. Birk, and A.B. Klimchouk EVOLUTION OF CAVES IN POROUS LIMESTONE BY MIXING CORROSION: A MODEL APPROACH Wolfgang Dreybrodt, Douchko Romanov, and Georg Kaufmann SPELEOGENESIS OF MEDITERRANEAN KARSTS: A MODELLING APPROACH BASED ON REALISTIC FRACTURE NETWORKS Antoine Lafare, Hervé Jourde, Véronique Leonardi, Séverin Pistre, and Nathalie Dörfliger GIANT COLLAPSE STRUCTURES FORMED BY HYPOGENIC KARSTIFICATION: THE OBRUKS OF THE CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY C. Serdar Bayari, N. Nur Ozyurt, and Emrah Pekkans ON THE ROLE OF HYPOGENE SPELEOGENESIS IN SHAPING THE COASTAL ENDOKARST OF SOUTHERN MALLORCA (WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN) Joaquín Ginés, Angel Ginés, Joan J. Fornós, Antoni Merino and Francesc Gràcia HYPOGENE CAVES IN THE APENNINES (ITALY) Sandro Galdenzi STEGBACHGRABEN, A MINERALIZED HYPOGENE CAVE IN THE GROSSARL VALLEY, AUSTRIA Yuri Dublyansky, Christoph Spötl, and Christoph Steinbauer HYPOGENE CAVES IN AUSTRIA Lukas Plan, Christoph Spötl, Rudolf Pavuza, Yuri Dublyansky KRAUSHÖHLE: THE FIRST SULPHURIC ACID CAVE IN THE EASTERN ALPS (STYRIA, AUSTRIA) (Abstract only) Lukas Plan, Jo De Waele, Philippe Audra, Antonio Rossi, and Christoph Spötl HYDROTHERMAL ORIGIN OF ZADLAŠKA JAMA, AN ANCIENT ALPINE CAVE IN THE JULIAN ALPS, SLOVENIA Martin Knez and Tadej Slabe ACTIVE HYPOGENE SPELEOGENESIS AND THE GROUNDWATER SYSTEMS AROUND THE EDGES OF ANTICLINAL RIDGES Amos Frumkin SEISMIC-SAG STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN TERTIARY CARBONATE ROCKS BENEATH SOUTHEASTERN FLORIDA, USA: EVIDENCE FOR HYPOGENIC SPELEOGENESIS? Kevin J. Cunningham and Cameron Walker HYPOGENE SPELEOGENESIS IN THE PIEDMONT CRIMEA RANGE A.B. Klimchouk, E.I. Tymokhina and G.N. Amelichev STYLES OF HYPOGENE CAVE DEVELOPMENT IN ANCIENT CARBONATE AREAS OVERLYING NON-PERMEABLE ROCKS IN BRAZIL AND THE INFLUENCE OF COMPETING MECHANISMS AND LATER MODIFYING PROCESSES Augusto S. Auler MORPHOLOGY AND GENESIS OF THE MAIN ORE BODY AT NANISIVIK ZINC/LEAD MINE, BAFFIN ISLAND, CANADA: AN OUTSTANDING EXAMPLE OF PARAGENETIC DISSOLUTION OF CARBONATE BEDROCKS WITH PENE-CONTEMPORANEOUS PRECIPITATION OF SULFIDES AND GANGUE MINERALS IN A HYPOGENE SETTING Derek Ford THE INFLUENCE OF HYPOGENE AND EPIGENE SPELEOGENESIS IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE VAZANTE KARST MINAS GERAIS STATE, BRAZIL Cristian Bittencourt, Augusto Sarreiro Auler, José Manoel dos Reis Neto, Vanio de Bessa and Marcus Vinícios Andrade Silva HYPOGENIC ASCENDING SPELEOGENESIS IN THE KRAKÓW-CZĘSTOCHOWA UPLAND (POLAND) ? EVIDENCE IN CAVE MORPHOLOGY AND SURFACE RELIEF Andrzej Tyc EVIDENCE FROM CERNA VALLEY CAVES (SW ROMANIA) FOR SULFURIC ACID SPELEOGENESIS: A MINERALOGICAL AND STABLE ISOTOPE STUDY Bogdan P. Onac, Jonathan Sumrall, Jonathan Wynn, Tudor Tamas, Veronica Dărmiceanu and Cristina Cizmaş THE POSSIBILITY OF REVERSE FLOW PIRACY IN CAVES OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAIN BELT (Abstract only) Ira D. Sasowsky KARSTOGENESIS AT THE PRUT RIVER VALLEY (WESTERN UKRAINE, PRUT AREA) Viacheslav Andreychouk and Bogdan Ridush ZOLOUSHKA CAVE: HYPOGENE SPELEOGENESIS OR REVERSE WATER THROUGHFLOW? V. Eirzhyk (Abstract only) EPIGENE AND HYPOGENE CAVES IN THE NEOGENE GYPSUM OF THE PONIDZIE AREA (NIECKA NIDZIAŃSKA REGION), POLAND Jan Urban, Viacheslav Andreychouk, and Andrzej Kasza PETRALONA CAVE: MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON ITS SPELEOGENESIS Georgios Lazaridis HYPOGENE SPELEOGENESIS IN MAINLAND NORWAY AND SVALBARD? Stein-Erik Lauritzen VILLA LUZ PARK CAVES: SPELEOGENESIS BASED ON CURRENT STRATIGRAPHIC AND MORPHOLOGIC EVIDENCE (Abstract only) Laura Rosales-Lagarde, Penelope J. Boston, Andrew Campbell, and Mike Pullin HYPOGENE KARSTIFICATION IN SAUDI ARABIA (LAYLA LAKE SINKHOLES, AIN HEETH CAVE) Stephan Kempe, Heiko Dirks, and Ingo Bauer HYPOGENE KARSTIFICATION IN JORDAN (BERGISH/AL-DAHER CAVE, UWAIYED CAVE, BEER AL-MALABEH SINKHOLE) Stephan Kempe, Ahmad Al-Malabeh, and Horst-Volker Henschel ASSESSING THE RELIABILITY OF 2D RESISTIVITY IMAGING TO MAP A DEEP AQUIFER IN CARBONATE ROCKS IN THE IRAQI KURDISTAN REGION Bakhtiar K. Aziz and Ezzaden N. Baban FEATURES OF GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE ORDINSKAYA UNDERWATER CAVE, FORE-URALS, RUSSIA Pavel Sivinskih

Description / Table of Contents: This volume provides a comprehensive, up-to-date account of how the physical and biological environment of the Antarctic continent and Southern Ocean has changed from Deep Time until the present day. It also considers how the Antarctic environment may change over the next century in a world where greenhouse gas concentrations are much higher than occurred over the last few centuries. The Antarctic is a highly coupled system with non-linear interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, ice and biota, along with complex links to the rest of the Earth system. In preparing this volume our approach has been highly cross-disciplinary, with the goal of reflecting the importance of the continent in global issues, such as sea level rise, the separation of natural climate variability from anthropogenic influences, food stocks, biodiversity and carbon uptake by the ocean. One hundred experts in Antarctic science have contributed and drafts of the manuscript were reviewed by over 200 scientists. We hope that it will be of value to all scientists with an interest in the Antarctic continent and the Southern Ocean, policy makers and those concerned with the deployment of observing systems and the development of climate models.

Description / Table of Contents: This article assesses the long-term economic and climatic effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical global climate change mitigation policy. Based on emission trends, abatement costs and equilibrium climate sensitivity from IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms that price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends.In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. Furthermore,this analysis shows that rigid targets may entail greater economic risks with little or no comparative advantage for the climate. More ambitious emission objectives, combined with price caps and price floors, could still entail significantly lower expected costs while driving similar, or even slightly better, climatic outcomes in probabilistic terms.

Description / Table of Contents: Industry accounts for one-third of global energy use and almost 40% of worldwide CO2 emissions. Achieving substantial emissions reduction in the future will require urgent action from industry. Industry accounts for one-third of global energy use and almost 40% of worldwide CO2 emissions. Achieving substantial emissions reduction in the future will require urgent action from industry. What are the likely future trends in energy use and CO2 emissions from industry? What impact could the application of best available technologies have on these trends? Which new technologies are needed if these sectors are to fully play their role in a more secure and sustainable energy future? Energy Technology Transitions for Industry addresses these questions through detailed sectoral and regional analyses, building on the insights of crucial IEA findings, such as Energy Technology Perspectives 2008: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050. It contains new indicators and methodologies as well as scenario results for the following sectors: iron and steel, cement, chemicals, pulp and paper and aluminium sectors. The report discusses the prospects for new low-carbon technologies and outlines potential technology transition paths for the most important industrial sectors. This publication is one of three new end-use studies, together with transport and buildings, which look at the role of technologies in transforming the way energy is used in these sectors.

Description / Table of Contents: This paper first reviews proposals for the design of sectoral and related market mechanisms currently debated, both in the UNFCCC negotiations, and in different domestic legislative contexts. Secondly, it addresses the possible principles and technical requirements that Parties may wish to consider as the foundations for further elaboration of the mechanisms. The third issue explored herein is domestic implementation of sectoral market mechanisms by host countries, incentives to move to new market mechanisms, as well as how the transition between current and future mechanisms could be managed.

Description / Table of Contents: Measurable, Reportable and Verifiable Mitigation Actions and Support

Description / Table of Contents: This paper compares model estimates of national and sectoral GHG mitigation potential across six key OECD GHG-emitting economies: Australia, Canada, the EU, Japan, Mexico and the US. It examines the implications of model structure, baseline and policy assumptions, and assesses GHG mitigation potential estimates across a variety of models, including models that are used to inform climate policy-makers in each of these economies.

Description / Table of Contents: Coal Mine Methane in China

Description / Table of Contents: Investment in the energy system of tomorrow requires substantial resources and informed policy making to achieve energy-security,economic and environmental objectives. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates 26 trillion USD in investments will be needed in the energy sector by 2030 to sustain current energy trends. Energy business-as-usual, however, and the resulting environmental impacts, are not sustainable as they result in energy insecurity and climate damages. Investment in the energy system of tomorrow requires substantial resources and informed policy making to achieve energy-security, economic and environmental objectives. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates 26 trillion USD in investments will be needed in the energy sector by 2030 to sustain current energy trends. Energy business-as-usual, however, and the resulting environmental impacts, are not sustainable as they result in energy insecurity and climate damages.

Description / Table of Contents: In a clear style, the atlas describes the origin and major characteristics of the different soil types that can be found in this environment. The atlas discusses the possible impacts of climate change on permafrost-affected soils and explains the critical role that they play in the global climate and global carbon cycles. 6. For the first time ever, the distribution of soil types for the entire northern circumpolar region can be visualised in a comprehensible manner by the lay-person. Information on the major soil types is presented in detail on twenty six map plates (the atlas has an A3 page size giving a dramatic A2 spread for maps). In a novel exercise, the World Reference Base for Soil Resources has been used as a framework for correlating knowledge from diverse national soil classification systems into a single, coherent, inter-continental product. The atlas illustrates the diversity of soil in the permafrost and seasonally frozen environments through a series of maps supported by explanatory and easily readable texts, high quality photographs and descriptive graphics. The atlas presents the reader with a series of maps that show the variation of soil properties in a circumpolar context and from a polar perspective, allowing comparisons to be made across international boundaries. In addition, larger scale maps show the distribution of major soil types by regions with descriptions of the major issues. The maps have been produced through the elaboration of harmonized soil databases for the northern circumpolar areas by Geographic Information Systems software (GIS).Through supporting texts, the atlas describes the major soil types found in northern latitudes, together with their principal properties and characteristics, the main soil forming processes, the importance of soil classification and the use of soil. Special attention is given to impact of cold climates on soil characteristics and on the relationship between climate change and soils properties (e.g. carbon dynamics, carbon sinks and sources, methane emission). In addition, the atlas illustrates how soil can be used as indicators of past climate change and present examples local and regional perspectives of the importance and functions of soil for society as a whole and particularly for indigenous northern cultures.

Description / Table of Contents: The report, released at the COGEN Europe meeting in Brussels on 21 April 2009, provides “best practice” policy approaches used by different countries to expand CHP and district energy use. The report follows the 2008 IEA CHP study as part of the IEA International CHP Collaborative effort.

Description / Table of Contents: This information paper provides policy makers and managers, facing tough energy policy challenges, with a wider perspective of how the same issues are being addressed by different IEA member countries. The topics included are: Government structures for co-ordinating energy and climate policies The use of long-term energy forecasts and scenarios Progress in the delivery of key energy security policies

Description / Table of Contents: This paper is a background document on the global chemical and petrochemical sector for the IEA publication Energy Technology Transitions in Industry (IEA, 2009). It provides further, more detailed information on the methodology and data issues for energy efficiency indicators for the sector. The indicators discussed offer insight regarding the energy efficiency improvement potential in the short- to medium-term (by proven technologies). This paper is a background document on the global chemical and petrochemical sector for the IEA publication Energy Technology Transitions in Industry (IEA, 2009). It provides further, more detailed information on the methodology and data issues for energy efficiency indicators for the sector. The indicators discussed offer insight regarding the energy efficiency improvement potential in the short- to medium-term (by proven technologies).

Description / Table of Contents: Addressing climate change requires nothing short of an energy revolution. Electricity, mostly generated from fossil fuels, is at the core of this challenge, accounting for more than 40 % of global energy-related CO2 emissions. This issue is most pressing for developing countries where growth in power demand is particularly high, fueling the risk of irreversible investment in CO2-intensive capacity, the so-called “carbon lock-in”. Addressing climate change requires nothing short of an energy revolution. Electricity, mostly generated from fossil fuels, is at the core of this challenge, accounting for more than 40 % of global energy-related CO2 emissions. This issue is most pressing for developing countries where growth in power demand is particularly high, fueling the risk of irreversible investment in CO2-intensive capacity, the so-called “carbon lock-in”. Sectoral Approaches in Electricity – Building Bridges to a Safe Climate shows how the international climate policy framework could effectively support a transition towards low-CO2 electricity systems in developing countries. Sectoral approaches are intended to address sectors that require urgent actions, without waiting for countries to take nation-wide commitments. Once built, power generation capacity lasts for decades. Investing massively in CO2-intensive technologies to meet surging electricity demand will either make it impossible or overly costly to stabilise CO2 concentrations at sustainable levels. The technology mix needed to avoid such a development is clear: higher generation efficiency, CO2 capture and storage, nuclear and renewables. Earlier IEA publications have extensively reviewed developed countries’ efforts to steer generation away from carbon-intensive production modes, from dedicated support to low-carbon technologies to, increasingly, the reliance on CO2 pricing via emissions trading. Following the same logic, there are proposals seeking to use the international carbon market to drive changes at sectoral level in developing countries. This publication illustrates the pros and cons of such an approach in a few key emerging economies. It also asks how international climate policy could support and enhance ongoing efforts on end-use energy efficiency - an essential piece of the climate change/electricity puzzle.

Description / Table of Contents: The IEA has identified energy efficiency as essential to achieving a sustainable energy future. In order to improve energy efficiency in industry one of the priority areas for further action is the promotion of more and higher quality energy management (EM) activity. However, there are significant gaps in the current implementation of EM. One method of bridging these gaps would be the creation of an EM Action NetworK (EMAK) to bring practical support to energy managers, connect energy managers to energy policy makers, and interconnect these networks globally.

Description / Table of Contents: Recognising the urgency of identifying technology to reduce the CO2 intensity of cement production, the IEA has worked together with the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) to develop a technology roadmap for cement. This is currently the only industry-specific roadmap; others focus on specific technologies. This joint effort shows willingness to build on progress already made, as well as the industry’s understanding that further progress lies ahead. CO2 emissions from cement production currently represent about 5% of anthropogenic global CO2 emissions. The cement roadmap outlines a possible transition path for the industry to make continued contributions towards a halving of global CO2 emissions by 2050. As part of this contribution, this roadmap estimates that the cement industry could reduce their emissions 18% from current levels by 2050. A reduction of global emissions does not imply a linear reduction by the same percentage in all industries. This roadmap should be understood as a deep analysis of potentials and challenges in one industry.

Description / Table of Contents: The 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ICSMGE) convened on 5-9 October 2009 at the international award-winning Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Alexandria, Egypt to explore the future of our profession under the conference's main theme: "The Academia and Practice of Geotechnical Engineering." Volumes 1, 2 and 3 of these proceedings contain the accepted papers addressing these five topics: 1) Material Behavior and Testing; 2) Analysis and Design; 3) Prediction, Monitoring and Evaluation of Performance; 4) Construction Process; 5) Management, Training and Education Volume 4 of the proceedings contains the State-of-the-Art lectures on the five topics, as well as the Terzaghi Oration, Heritage Lecture, Great Project Lecture, and 16 general reports that present an overview of the accepted papers for each of the 15 technical sessions. Post-conference Volume 5, which will include the Practitioners/Academia Forum and a summary of the 4th International Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference, will be distributed after the conference to participating delegates.

Description / Table of Contents: Since WEO-2008, the economic downturn has led to a drop in energy use, CO2 emissions and energy investment. Is this an opportunity to arrest climate change or a threat that any economic upturn might be stifled at birth? What package of commitments and measures should the climate negotiators at Copenhagen put together if they really want to stop global temperatures rising? How much would it cost? And how much might the developed world have to pay to finance action elsewhere? How big is the gas resource base and what is the typical pattern of production from a gas field? What does the unconventional gas boom in the United States mean for the rest of the world? Are we headed for a global gas glut? What role will gas play in the future energy mix? And how might the way gas is priced change? All these questions and many others are answered in WEO-2009. The data are extensive, the projections more detailed than ever and the analyses compelling.

Description / Table of Contents: The chapters in this volume represent an extensive review of the material presented by the invited speakers at a short course on Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Water-Rock Interaction held prior to the 19th annual V. M. Goldschmidt Conference in Davos, Switzerland (June 19-21, 2009). This volume stems from a convergence of a number of factors. First, there is a compelling societal need to resuscitate the field of the thermodynamics and kinetics of natural processes. This field is essential to quantify and predict the response of the Earth’s surface and crust to the disequilibria caused by the various natural and anthropic inputs of energy to our planet. As such, it serves as the basis for sustainable development and assuring the quality of life on the Earth; it serves as the key to understanding the long term future of radioactive waste storage, toxic metal mobility in the environment, the fate of CO2 injected into the subsurface as part of carbon sequestration efforts, quantifying the quality of petroleum reservoirs and generating novel methods of petroleum extraction, and the identification of new ore deposits. The recent interest in the weathering of continental surfaces and its impact on global elemental cycles and climate evolution has also brought new attention to the thermodynamics and kinetics of water-rock interactions as it has become evident that only a true mechanistic approach based on robust thermodynamic and kinetic laws and parameters can accurately model these processes. Yet, this field has, in many ways, atrophied over the past two decades. Relatively few students have pursued graduate research in this field; many of the great contributors to this field have retired or otherwise moved on. No doubt some of this atrophy was caused by economic factors. For roughly two decades from the mid-1980’s to the mid-2000’s the price of base metals and petroleum, when adjusted for inflation, were at lows not seen for over a generation. Some of this atrophy was also caused by past successes in this field; the development and success of computer generated thermodynamic databases, for example, giving the illusion that the work of scientists in this field was complete. A second factor motivating the creation of this volume was that it was requested by our graduate students. We currently coordinate two European Research Networks: MIR and MIN-GRO, and participate in two others GRASP and DELTA-MIN. As part of these networks we ran summer schools on the thermodynamics and kinetics of water-rock interaction in La Palma, Spain and in Anglet, France. In total theses classes were attended by roughly 100 students. By the end of these schools, we received numerous demands from our students requesting a book to help them follow the subject, as they, like most when introduced to thermodynamics and kinetics, got rapidly lost among the equations, symbols, and conventions, and standard states. This volume is an attempt to help these and others through these formalities towards applying the many advances available in thermodynamics and kinetics towards solving academic and societal problems. A third factor is that we felt this volume would be a great way of getting many of our friends to write up that review paper that we have been hoping they would write for years. The chapters in this volume represent our effort to do just this. We recall Dave Sherman first explaining to us how to perform first principle thermodynamics calculations at an European Research Conference in Crete, Greece during 1999. We recall that his explanations were so clear that we wished to have recorded it. Manolo Prieto gave in La Palma, Spain a lecture summarizing decades of research on the thermodynamics of solid solutions. This lecture opened up our eyes to how little we know about the chemistry of minor and trace elements, and how they can drastically alter the pathways of reactions in nature. He also made us aware of the thermodynamic formalism available for advancing our ability to quantify the behavior of these elements in complex natural systems. Another lecture we left knowing that we needed a permanent record of was that of Dmitrii Kulik on the thermodynamics of sorption in Jena, Germany. After leaving Dmitrii’s talk, we felt that we finally understood the differences between the various models used to describe sorption. Yet another chapter we felt essential to see published is a summary of the latest advances in mineral precipitation kinetics. We have followed the work of Bertrand Fritz for years as he developed a new formalism for quantifying mineral nucleation and growth, and in particular practical approaches to apply this formalism to complex systems. We are very pleased we were able to convince him to contribute his chapter to this volume. Other chapters we believed were essential to include was that of Andrew Putnis, who has gathered extensive evidence for the existence of mineral transformation reactions, a novel and widespread mechanism in nature. Through this volume we were able to get Andrew to bring all this evidence together in a single place, where we can see clearly the significance and pervasiveness of these reactions. Similarly Jichwar Ganor has, over the past two decades, gathered a variety of evidence showing how organic compounds affect both thermodynamics and kinetics. Jichwar’s chapter brings all this evidence together in one place for the first time. This volume is completed with the future of this field, the application of thermodynamics and kinetics to natural phenomena. Two of the leaders in the development and application of reactive transport modeling are Carl Steefel and Chen Zhu. Carl, who has written what may be the most advanced reactive transport modeling code currently available, together with Kate Malher has written an informative summary of recent advances in reactive transport modeling. Chen then shows how the use of these models provides insight into the relative role of dissolution and precipitation kinetics in natural processes. This volume finishes with insightful applications of reactive transport modeling together with field observations to understand chemical weathering from the centimeter to the regional scale by Susan Brantley, Art White and Yves Goddéris.

Description / Table of Contents: This paper discusses coal mine methane emissions (CMM) in the Russian Federation and the potential for their productive utilisation. It highlights specific opportunities for cost-effective reductions of CMM from oil and natural gas facilities, coal mines and landfills, with the aim of improving knowledge about effective policy approaches.

Description / Table of Contents: Since 2005, the OECD and IEA have been examining the possibility to expand international carbon markets by granting broader access to developing countries. This note summarises key elements in this area, drawing on earlier publications done under the aegis of the Annex I Expert Group on the UNFCCC (AIXG).

Description / Table of Contents: This special early excerpt of WEO-2009 is a contribution from the energy sector to inform the negotiations leading into Copenhagen. It summarises the results of a fully-updated Reference Sceario, detailing by sector and by country/region the trends in energy use and emissions and the investments and funding needed to meet the 450 Scenario.

Description / Table of Contents: This article assesses the long-term economic and climatic effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical global climate change mitigation policy. Based on emission trends, abatement costs and equilibrium climate sensitivity from IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms that price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends. In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. Furthermore,this analysis shows that rigid targets may entail greater economic risks with little or no comparative advantage for the climate. More ambitious emission objectives, combined with price caps and price floors, could still entail significantly lower expected costs while driving similar, or even slightly better, climatic outcomes in probabilistic terms.

Description / Table of Contents: This study assesses the long-term economic and environmental effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical climate change mitigation architecture, which aims to reduce global energy-related CO2 emissions by 50% by 2050. Based on abatement costs in IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms what qualitative analyses have already suggested: introducing price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends. In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. With price caps, the expected costs could be reduced by about 50% and the uncertainty on economic costs could be one order of magnitude lower. Reducing economic uncertainties may spur the adoption of more ambitious policies by helping to alleviate policy makers’ concerns of economic risks. Meanwhile, price floors would reduce the level of emissions beyond the objective if the abatement costs ended up lower than forecasted. If caps and floors are commensurate with the ambition of the policy pursued and combined with slightly tightened emission objectives, climatic results could be on average similar to those achieved with “straight” objectives (i.e. with no cost-containment mechanism). This papers reviews current proposals in the UNFCCC negotiations for future mechanisms to report and record Parties’ GHG mitigation actions and commitments, as well as support provided for such actions. It explores the possible purposes, coverage and form of a reporting/recording mechanism post-2012 and highlights the decision points that are needed in order to establish such a mechanism. It examines what information such a mechanism could include in terms of actions, commitments and support, as well as the institutional implications of different design options.

Description / Table of Contents: This report seeks to inform decision makers seeking to prioritise RD&D investments in a time of financial uncertainty. It is an update of the December 2009 IEA report Global Gaps in Clean Energy Research, Development and Demonstration, which examined whether rates of LCET investment were sufficient to achieve shared global energy and environmental goals (IEA,2009a). It discusses the impact of the green stimulus spending announcements, and provides private sector perspectives on priorities for government RD&D spending. Finally, it includes a revised assessment of the gaps in public RD&D, together with suggestions for possible areas for expanded international collaboration on specific LCETs. The conclusion re-affirms the first Global Gaps study finding that governments and industry need to dramatically increase their spending on RD&D for LCETs.

Description / Table of Contents: Recent IEA analysis highlights member countries’ significant progress with developing energy efficiency policy (International Energy Agency 2009). The 28 member countries of the IEA are engaged in promoting innovative financial instruments, energy efficiency strategies and action plans. They are designing policies to promote energy efficiency in buildings, the adoption of standby power, the phase out of inefficient lighting, proper tyre-inflation and related policies, and energy efficiency in utilities.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Acknowledgements ; Foreword by Sir Nicholas Stern ; Introduction ; 1 Climate Change ; 2 Emissions Trading: A New Tool for Environmental Management ; 3 The Kyoto Protocol ; 4 The EU Emissions Trading Scheme ; 5 US Carbon Markets ; 6 Emissions Trading in Australia ; 7 Other Emerging Mandatory Schemes ; 8 Voluntary Offsetting Market ; 9 Conclusion: Carbon Markets in the Age of Uncertainty ; Index

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction ; 1.1 Historical Context of Computational Optimal Control ; 1.2 Problem Formulation ; 1.3 Outline of the Book ; 2 Optimal Control: Outline of the Theory and Computation ; 2.1 Optimisation: From Finite to Infinite Dimension ; 2.2 The Optimal Control Problem ; 2.3 Variational Approach to Problem Solution ; 2.4 Nonlinear Programming Approach to Solution ; 2.5 Numerical Solution of the Optimal Control Problem ; 2.6 Summary and Discussion ; 3 Minimum Altitude Formulation ; 3.1 Minimum Altitude Problem ; 3.2 Qualitative Analysis ; 3.3 Mathematical Analysis ; 3.4 Indirect Method Solution ; 3.5 Summary and Discussion ; 4 Minimum Time Formulation ; 4.1 Minimum Time Problem ; 4.2 Qualitative Analysis ; 4.3 Mathematical Analysis ; 4.4 Indirect Method Solutions ; 4.5 Summary and Discussion ; 5 Software Implementation ; 5.1 DIRCOL implementation ; 5.2 NUDOCCCS Implementation ; 5.3 GESOP (PROMIS/SOCS) Implementation ; 5.4 BNDSCO Implementation ; 5.5 User Experience ; 6 Conclusions and Recommendations ; 6.1 Three-stage Manual Hybrid Approach ; 6.2 Generating an Initial Guess: Homotopy ; 6.3 Pure State Constraint and Multi-objective Formulation ; 6.4 Final Remarks ; Appendix BNDSCO Benchmark Example ; A.1 Analytic Solution ; A.1.1 Unconstrained or Free Arc (l ?1/4) ; A.1.2 Touch Point Case (1/6 ?l ?1/4) ; A.1.3 Constrained Arc Case (0 ?l ?1/6) ; Bibliography ; Index

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Kap.1 - Welt in der Krise ; Kap.2 - Leben auf Pump ; Kap.3 - Das große Bankensterben ; Kap.4 - Warum Wall Street zum Spielkasino wurde ; Kap.5 - Auch Main Street hat gezockt ; Kap.6 - Heise Kartoffeln ; Kap.7 - Politikversagen ; Kap.8 - Wie weit rollt die Lawine ; Kap.9 - Rettungsversuche ; Kap.10 - Bleibt Europa stabil? ; Kap.11 - Wege zu einem besseren Bankensystem ; Epilog und Dank ; Chronologie der Finanzkrise ; Sachregister ; Personen- und Firmenregister ; Autorenregister

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Acknowledgements ; Introduction ; 1. Why there is a problem and how we can deal with it ; 2. The dangers ; 3. How emissions can be reduced, and at what cost ; 4. Adapting to climate change ; 5. Ethics, discounting and the case for action ; 6. Policies to reduce emissions ; 7. Individuals, firms, communities: the power of example ; 8. The structure of a global deal ; 9. Building and sustaining action ; 10. A planet in peril ; Notes ; Bibliography ; Index

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Biochar for environmental management: an introduction -- Physical properties of biochar -- Characteristics of biochar: micro-chemical properties -- Characteristics of biochar: organo-chemical properties -- Biochar: nutrient properties and their enhancement -- Characteristics of biochar: biological properties -- Developing a biochar classification and test methods -- Biochar production technology -- Biochar systems -- Changes of biochar in soil -- Stability of biochar in soil -- Biochar application to soil -- Biochar and emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases from soil -- Biochar effects on soil nutrient transformations -- Biochar effects on nutrient leaching -- Biochar and sorption of organic compounds -- Test procedures for determining the quantity of biochar within soils -- Biochar, greenhouse gas accounting and emissions trading -- Economics of biochar production, utilisation and emissions -- Socio-economic assessment and implementation of small scale biochar projects -- Taking biochar to market: some essential concepts for commercial success -- Policy to address the threat of dangerous climate change: a leading role for biochar

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface ; 1 What Caused the Financial Crisis ; 2 What Prolonged the Crisis ; 3 Why the Crisis Worsened Dramaticallya Year after it Began ; 4 What Went Right in the Two Decades before the Crisis ; 5 Why a Black Swan Landed in the Money Market in August 2007 ; Epilogue ; Frequently Asked Questions ; References ; Acknowledgments ; About the Author ; Index

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; Part I: Climate Change and Water , The Art of Predicting Climate Variability and Change , Climate Change Scenarios at the Global and Local Scale , The Impacts of Climate Change on Water , Managing Water Under Current Climate Variability , Using Seasonal Climate Forecasts for Water Management , Adapting to Climate Change in the Water Sector , Climate Proofing ; Part II: Case Studies , Adaptation to Climate Change and Social Justice: Challenges for Flood and Disaster Management in Thailand , Water and Spatial Planning in The Netherlands: Living with Water in the Context of Climate Change , Climate Change and Alluvial Aquifiers in Arid Regions - Examples from Yemen , A Water Utility's Approach to Addressing the Potential Impacts of Climate Change , Adaptation Measures for the Metropolitan Water Supply for Perth, Western Australia , Benefits and Costs of Measures for Coping with Water and Climate Change: Berg River Basin, South Africa , Institutional Adaptation to Climate Change: Current Status and Future Strategies in the Elbe Basin, Germany , The Use of Seasonal Climate Forecasts Within a Shared Reservoir System: The Case of Angat Reservoir, Philippines ; Index

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction ; Part I: Global Environmental Governance: An Essay , Global Environmental Governance: An Essay ; Part II: A Dictionary of Selected Terms, Concepts, Jargon, Acronyms and Abbreviations Used in Global Environmental Governance , Sources Used to Develop the Dictionary and List of Acronyms ; Dictionary ; Acronyms and Abbreviations ; Bibliography

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Die Wissenschaft hat ihre gesellschaftliche Vorreiterrolle verloren ; 2. Humboldt 2.0 in der reflexiven Moderne - welche Wissenschaft braucht eine nachhaltige Gesellschaft? ; 3. Forschung für Nachhaltigkeit - ein Flickenteppich ; 4. Nachhaltigkeit als Motor für eine engagierte Lehre ; 5. Wie umsteuern? Konkrete Impulse für eine umfassende Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie im Wissenschaftssystem ; Literatur ; Sachwortregister

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Foreword ; Acknowledgments ; Executive Summary ; About the Primer ; Acronyms and Abbrevations ; Section 01: Understanding the Impacts of Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management ; Section 02: Explaining Climate Change Impacts and Disaster Risk Management ; Section 03: Assessment Exercise: Discovery of a "Hot Spot" ; Section 04: Information Exercise: Creating a City Information Base ; Section 05: Sound Practice Examples of Adaptation and Mitigation ; Section 06: Conclusions ; Annex A-D

Description / Table of Contents: Lake Baikal is the oldest, deepest and most voluminous lake on Earth, comprising one fifth of the World's unfrozen fresh water. It hosts the highest number of endemic animals recorded in any freshwater lake. Until recently it remained enigmatic why such a high diversity evolved in the isolated Lake Baikal. Focusing on the sponges (phylum Porifera) as an example, some answers are provided to fundamental questions on evolutionary forces. The characteristic feature of these animals is that they form their polymeric silicic acid skeleton enzymatically. This process is explored using modern molecular biological and cellular biological techniques to outline strategies to fabricate novel materials applicable in biomedicine and nanooptics.f

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Zusammenfassung für Entscheidungsträger ; 1 Einleitung ; 2 Motivation für die Nutzung von Bioenergie ; 3 Anforderungen an die Nachhaltigkeit von Bioenergie ; 4 Bioenergie, Landnutzung und Energiesysteme: Status Quo und Trends ; 5 Nutzungskonkurrenzen ; 6 Modellierung des globalen Potenzials von Energiepflanzen ; 7 Anbau und energetische Nutzung von Biomasse ; 8 Optimale Einbindung und Nutzung der Bioenergie in Energiesystemen ; 9 NBachhaltige Produktion von Biomasse und Nutzung von Bioenergie: Synthese ; 10 Globale Bioenergiepolitik ; 11 Forschungsempfehlungen ; 12 Handlungsempfehlungen ; 13 Literatur ; 14 Glossar ; 15 Index

Description / Table of Contents: Data Assimilation comprehensively covers data assimilation and inverse methods, including both traditional state estimation and parameter estimation. This text and reference focuses on various popular data assimilation methods, such as weak and strong constraint variational methods and ensemble filters and smoothers. It is demonstrated how the different methods can be derived from a common theoretical basis, as well as how they differ and/or are related to each other, and which properties characterize them, using several examples.It presents the mathematical framework and derivations in a way which is common for any discipline where dynamics is merged with measurements. The mathematics level is modest, although it requires knowledge of basic spatial statistics, Bayesian statistics, and calculus of variations. Readers will also appreciate the introduction to the mathematical methods used and detailed derivations, which should be easy to follow, are given throughout the book. The codes used in several of the data assimilation experiments are available on a web page.The focus on ensemble methods, such as the ensemble Kalman filter and smoother, also makes it a solid reference to the derivation, implementation and application of such techniques. Much new material, in particular related to the formulation and solution of combined parameter and state estimation problems and the general properties of the ensemble algorithms, is available here for the first time. Table of contens: ntroduction.- Statistical definitions.- Analysis scheme.- Sequential data assimilation.- Variational inverse problems.- Nonlinear variational inverse problems.- Probabilistic formulation.- Generalized Inverse.- Ensemble methods.- Statistical optimization.- Sampling strategies for the EnKF.- Model errors.- Square root analysis schemes.- Rank issues.- An ocean prediction system.- Estimation in an oil reservoir simulator.- Other EnKF issues.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: List of boxes ; Acknowledgements ; Introduction ; Kyoto2 summary ; What's the problem? ; The policy response ; The atmospheric commons ; Applying market economics ; Non-market solutions , Allocating resources ; The Great Dying ; Questions and answers ; Notes ; Glossary ; Index

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Gemeingüter, Bürgerschaft und Eigentum: Gemeingüter - eine vernachlässigte Quelle des Wohlstands ; Gemeingüter und (Staats-)Bürgerschaft ; Freie Software - Vom Elfenbeinturm auf unseren Schreibtisch ; Kann ein Mensch seine Mutter besitzen? ; Der manipulierte Geist ; Die Tragödie der »Tragedy of the Commons« ; Die Politische Ökonomie der Gemeingüter ; Die Gemeingüter überdenken ; Entgrenzungen und Eingrenzungen: Gemeingüter und Innovationen ; Die Bodenfrage neu stellen: Aber wie? ; Forstgemeinschaften in Mexiko ; Die Hüter unserer Zukunft - Territorialpolitik in Gurupá ; Fischen in der Allmende ; Wenn Märkte wirklich für Menschen arbeiten ; Genbanken - Die Archivierung des kulturellen Erbes ; Tierische Perspektiven - Erhalt und Entwicklung genetischer Ressourcen ; Zur Wiederentdeckung kulinarischer Traditionen ; Patente gefährden die Versorgung mit Medikamenten ; Schöner neuer Weltkrieg ; Creative Commons - ein rechtliches Laienwerkzeug in der digitalen Welt ; Die Wissenschaftsallmende - Vom Urheberrecht zu Open Access ; Gegen Zäune und Schranken: Eine Flatrate für die kulturelle Allmende ; Was sind Science Commons? ; Trusted Computing ; Das Recht zu lesen ; Die Commons der Zukunft ; Institutionen des Commons-Managements: Gemeingütermanagement - Perspektive für bürgerschaftliches Engagement ; Die Atmosphäre als Gemeingut - Zukunft des Europäischen Emissionshandels ; Das Zusammenwirken von Bewegungen - Commons als kritisch-emanzipatorische Weltsicht und strategische Perspektive ; Zwei Wurzeln der Allmendebewegungen, eine Politik ; Statt eines Nachworts: Gemeingüter - Eine große Erzählung ; Schützt die Gemeingüter

Description / Table of Contents: This text contains the first comprehensive presentation of methods and algorithms used in basin modeling. It provides geoscientists and geophysicists with an extensive in-depth view of the theory behind the models. Heat flow analysis, chemical kinetics of petroleum generation, pressure analysis, PVT modeling and several fluid flow models are discussed in detail. Advanced topics such as probabilistic methods for risk assessment or new approaches such as modeling of migration with invasion percolation are also included. Comprehensive lists of rock and fluid properties and parameters of geochemical kinetics make the book a unique reference in geological process modeling.Preface.- 1 Introduction to Quantitative Basin Modeling.- 2 Pore Pressure, Compaction and Tectonics.- 3 Heat Flow Analysis.- 4 Chemical Kinetics.- 5 PVT Analysis.- 6 Migration and Accumulation.- 7 Risk Analysis.- 8 Mathematical Methods.- Appendices: A Unit Conversions and Constants.- B Thermal Properties.- C Compaction and Flow Parameter.- D Methane Density.- E Component Properties.- F Analytic Groundwater Flow Solution from Tóth.- G One Dimensional Consolidation Solution from Gibson.- H Analytic Solutions to Selected Heat Flow Problems.- I Composition and Components for Fig. 5.13.- J Flowpath Bending.- Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Who are the New Middle Classes and Why are They Given So Much Public Attention?- Part I. Modernities, Globalization and Consumption.- 2. Convergence and Divergence in Societal Modernization: Global Trends, Regional Variations, and Some Implications for Sustainability.- 3. Consumerist Lifestyles in the Context of Globalization - Investigating Scenarios of Homogenization, Diversification and Hybridization.- 4. Who are the Globalizers? The Role of Education and Educational Elites.- 5. Provider Strategies and the Greening of Consumption Practices - Exploring the Role of Companies in Sustainable Consumption.- 6. From Small Objects to Cars: Consumption Expansion in East Asia.- Part II. New Middle Classes in China, Brazil, Ecuador and Israel.- 7. Rising Capitalism, Emerging Middle-Classes and Environmental Perspectives in China: A Weberian Approach.- 8. Globalization of Lifestyle: Golfing in China.- 9. Who are the Knowledge Workers of Campinas, SP, Brazil and How Do They Live? Local Impacts of Global Trends.- 10. Sustainability of a Life Más Cómodo? Agricultural Change, Remaking Families, and the Emerging Indigenous Middle Class in the Ecuadorian Andes.- 11. New Middle Class and Environmental Lifestyle in Israel.- Part III. New Middle Classes in India.- 12. The Political Economy of Lifestyle - Consumption, India's 'New Middle Class' and State-led Development.- 13. 'Environmentality' in the Neoliberal City: Attitudes, Governance and Social Justice.- 14. India's 'New Middle Class' and the Globalising City: Software Professionals in Bangalore, India.- 15. The Changing Food Scenario and the Middle Classes in the Emerging Megacity of Hyderabad, India.- 16. Highly Qualified Employees in Bangalore, India - Consumerist Predators?- Index

Description / Table of Contents: Contents:1. Introduction; 2. Space environment; 3. Transport equations; 4. Collisions; Simplified transport equations; 6. Wave phenomena; 7. Magnetohydrodynamic formulation; 8. Chemical processes; 9. Ionization and energy exchange processes; 10. Neutral atmospheres; 11. The terrestrial ionosphere at middle and low latitudes; 12. The terrestrial ionosphere at high latitudes; 13. Planetary ionospheres; 14. Ionospheric measurement techniques; Appendix A. Physical constants and conversions; Appendix B. Vector relations and operators; Appendix C. Integrals and transformations; Appendix D. Functions and series expansions; Appendix E. System of units; Appendix F. Maxwell transfer equations; Appendix G. Collision models; Appendix H. Maxwell velocity distribution; Appendix I. Semilinear expressions for transport coefficients; Appendix J. Solar fluxes and relevant cross sections; Appendix K. Atmospheric models; Appendix L. Scalars, vectors, dyadics and tensors; Appendix M. Radio wave spectrum

Description / Table of Contents: The Central European Basin System (CEBS) is a complex intracontinental system of sedimentary basins that have evolved through several geodynamic phases since Late Carboniferous times. The basin system is framed by the Tornquist Zone in the north and the Elbe Fault System in the south. The main structural configuration of the basin system is well established due to decades of scientific research and intense industrial exploration for mineral resources. The scope of this PhD thesis is to assess which paleostress fields controlled the evolution of the basin system. The present thesis introduces the "Stress Inversion via Simulation" (SVS) as a new strategy for estimating paleostress states. For a set of striated fault planes with known sense of slip (fault-slip data), this stepwise technique identifies the corresponding "reduced stress tensor" comprising (1) the directions of the principal stress axes with sigma1?sigma2?sigma3 and (2) the ratio of principal stress differences, R=(sigma2-sigma3)/(sigma1-sigma3). For heterogeneous fault-slip data, SVS separates the different corresponding "reduced stress tensors". Any estimated stress tensor thereby fulfils both the criterion of low misfit angles and the criterion of high shear-to-normal-stress ratios for the associated fault-slip data. The base for the present study is provided by fault-slip data gathered from outcrops in the Elbe Fault System area (906 fault-slip data) and in the Oslo Graben area north of the Tornquist Zone (2191 data). 77 paleostress tensors have been estimated for the Elbe Fault System area and 194 tensors for the Oslo Graben area. These locally estimated stress states can be related to a small number of regionally traceable paleostress fields. The paleostress fields that have demonstrably controlled the Oslo Graben area include (1) a Caledonian compressional stress field with a horizontal NW-SE-directed sigma1, (2) a Permo-Carboniferous tensional stress field with a horizontal WNW-ESE-directed sigma3 (rifting phase) and (3) a (post?-)Permian wrench regime with a roughly N-S-directed sigma1. Thus, the Oslo Graben area probably remained widely unaffected by any major tectonic activity during much of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The regional stress fields reconstructed for the Elbe Fault System area comprise a compressional and a younger wrench regime both with a horizontal N S- to NE-SW-directed sigma1 and both related to the Late Cretaceous/Early Tertiary phase of basin inversion. Stress fields (wrench and tensional) that post-dated the inversion phase are much weaker, while signs of any pre-inversion stress fields have not been detected at all. While the Late Cretaceous/Early Tertiary phase of inversion widely overprinted traces of earlier deformation across the Elbe Fault System area, it had minor if not no effects on the Oslo Graben area. The respective strain localisation in particular zones of crustal weakness of the CEBS is one of the major aspects of the present study.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Teil A Grußworte: Der SRU - 35 Jahre zwischen Wissenschaft und Politik ; Der Sachverständigenrat für Umweltfragen - eine unverzichtbare Einrichtung der Politikberatung ; SRU als Scharnier und Dolmetscher zwischen Politik und Wissenschaft ; Teil B Fachvorträge: Umweltverwaltungen im politischen Mehrebenensystem ; Föderalismusreform und Entwicklung des Umweltrechts ; Zur Begründung der Konzeption starker Nachhaltigkeit ; Auf dem Weg zur starken Nachhaltigkeit ; Klimaschutz als Innovationsstrategie ; Klimaschutz durch Innovationen in der Arbeit des SRU ; Die unvollendete Transformation der Agrarpolitik aus der Sicht des Umweltschutzes ; Naturschutz in der Landwirtschaft ; Teil C Podiumsdiskussion: Perspektiven wissenschaftlicher Beratung der Umweltpolitik ; Teil D Wirkungs- und Leistungsbilanz: 35 Jahre Gutachten des SRU - Rückschau und Ausblick ; Teil E Publikationen des SRU

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Einleitung: Die Organisation wissenschaftlicher Entwicklung. Forschungspolitik und (inter-)disziplinäre Dynamik ; 2. Klimaforschung: Simulation - Analyse der organisationeilen Etablierungsbestrebungen der epistemischen Kultur des Simulierens am Beispiel der Klimamodellierung ; Organisation in Verbundprojekten: Konzeptionelle Darstellung anhand der Projekte ENIGMA und BALTIMOS aus dem Bereich der Klimaforschung ; Zur Wechselwirkung von Klimatheorie und Forschungsorganisation ; 3. Wissenschaftssoziologie: Kontexte der Forschung - Validierung von Wissen ; Von der Beratung zur Verhandlung - Der Fall IPCC ; 4. Organisationssoziologie: "Grenzorganisationen" und funktionale Differenzierung ; Offene Großforschung in der atmosphärischen Chemie? Befunde einer empirischen Studie ; Exzellent? Organisiert? Interdisziplinär? Zur Organisation interdisziplinärer Klimaforschung in außeruniversitären Forschungseinrichtungen ; 5. Forschungspolitik: Wann ist konsensuelle Wissenschaft "Politische Wissenschaft"? Drei Paradoxien autoritativen Assessments ; Das Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) als boundary organization