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  • SPACE RADIATION  (1,190)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
  • 2025-2025
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (548)
  • 1970-1974  (820)
  • 1965-1969  (262)
  • 1986  (548)
  • 1973  (437)
  • 1970  (383)
  • 1967  (262)
  • 1951
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  • 2025-2025
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (548)
  • 1970-1974  (820)
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  • 1
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    The Capillary Pumped Loop (CPL) GAS experiment G-471 (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: The Capillary Pumped Loop (CPL) experiment, G-471 is a thermal control system with high density heat acquisition and transport capability. The CPL consists of two capillary pumped evaporators with integral heaters, a fluid loop charged with ammonia (NH3), a condenser plate (heat sink), and various control electronics. The purpose of the experiment is to demonstrate the capability of a capillary pumped system under zero gravity conditions for use in the thermal control of large scientific instruments, advanced orbiting spacecraft, and space station components.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 237-253
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  • 2
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    Thermocapillary flow and gaseous convection in microgravity: Results from GAS payload G-0518 (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-12
    Description: Thermocapillary flow and gaseous convection in microgravity were investigated in GAS payload G-0518 during Space Shuttle Mission 41-D. A cylinder of paraffin was supported and heated differentially from its ends to induce a melt from solid to liquid and drive thermocapillary flow in the resulting liquid phase. Laminar thermocapillary flow was observed in the liquid paraffin and found to show a transition to time-dependent oscillatory motion at a Marangoni number of about Ma = 34000 with a period of approximately T = 8 seconds. In addition, free convection in a gas in microgravity was observed for the first time. The gaseous convection was caused by the thermal and/or velocity boundary layers present at the heater-liquid interface. Oscillation occurred in the gaseous convection simultaneously with those in the liquid, implying the two are strongly coupled. The gaseous convection may be driven by coupled thermocapillary flow/thermal expansion convection or microgravity bouyancy convection.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 293-301
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  • 3
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    GAS payload no. G-025: Study of liquid sloshing behaviour in microgravity (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-12
    Description: The Get Away Special (GAS) G-025, which flew on shuttle Mission 51-G, examined the behavior of a liquid in a tank under microgravity conditions. The experiment is representative of phenomena occurring in satellite tanks with liquid propellants. A reference fluid in a hemispherical model tank will be subjected to linear acceleration inputs of known levels and frequencies, and the dynamic response of the tank liquid system was recorded. Preliminary analysis of the flight data indicates that the experiment functioned perfectly. The results will validate and refine mathematical models describing the dynamic characteristics of tank-fluid systems. This will in turn support the development of future spacecraft tanks, in particular the design of propellant management devices for surface tension tanks.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 165-176
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  • 4
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    Water ball collision (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-12
    Description: What happens if a stainless steel ball hits a water ball in the weightless space ot the Universe? In other words, it was the objective of our experiments in the Space to observe the surface tension of liquid by means of making a solid collide with a liquid. Place a small volume of water between 2 glass sheets to make a thin water membrane: the 2 glass sheets cannot be separated unless an enormous force is applied. It is obvious from this phenomenom that the surface tension of water is far greater than presumed. On Earth, however, it is impossible in most cases to observe only the surface tension of liquid, because gravity always acts on the surface tension. Water and stainless steel balls were chosen the liquid and solids for the experiments. Because water is the liquid most familiar to us, its properties are well known. And it is also of great interest to compare its properties on the Earth with those in the weightless space.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 81-84
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  • 5
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    Shuttle Continuous Open Wind Tunnel (SCOWT) (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The aerodynamic and heat transfer coefficients are studied within the range of thermo-fluid-dynamic conditions experienced by a satellite during Tethered Satellite System (TSS) atmospheric flights. The gasdynamic processes occuring downstream of the bow wave standing in front of the satellite are also studied. The knowledge of the chemistry and physics of the upper atmosphere related to satellite aerothermodynamics is furthered. The existence of an overshooting of the air drag coefficient of the sphere in the transition regime is validated. A complete set of measurements is performed in order to provide the data base to develop and validate theoretical models of free molecule transition flow fields.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA, Washington Applications of Tethers in Space. Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2; p 225-249
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  • 6
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    Fluid behavior in microgravity (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-11
    Description: An experiment designed to study some fundamental aspects of microgravity fluid dynamics has been built and is scheduled for flight. The purpose of the experiment is to investigate differences in behavior of wetting and nonwetting fluid systems at low Bond numbers. Methods were developed to determine liquid quantity, estimate vapor contact area and measure liquid layer thickness. Both the responses of the fluid systems to external perturbations and the transfer of liquid through a connection between two containers can be studied.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 33-40
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  • 7
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    An analysis of ullage heat transfer in the orbital refueling system (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Orbital Refueling System was an experiment flown on Shuttle Mission STS 41-G in October, 1984. Liquid hydrazine fuel was transferred back and forth from one spherical bladder tank to another using pressurized nitrogen as the driving force. Compressive heating of the ullage gas in the receiving tank could lead to a hazardous situation if any hydrazine leaked through to the ullage side of the bladder and was heated above about 175 F, where it can undergo spontaneous exothermic decomposition. Early analysis of the flight data indicated that the ullage compression process was much closer to an isothermal than an adiabatic one. In this study, a thorough review of the pertinent literature was used to make an a priori best-estimate for the ullage gas heat transfer coefficient (defining the Nusselt Number as a function of Reynolds and Rayleigh Numbers). Experimental data from the flight were analyzed in detail. It is evident that there is considerably more heat transfer than can be accounted for by conduction alone, but the observed increases do not correlate well with Reynolds Number, Rayleigh Number or vehicle acceleration. There are large gaps in the present understanding of convective heat transfer in closed containers with internal heat generation, especially in the presence of vibrations or other random disturbances. A program of experiments to fill in these gaps is suggested, covering both ground and orbital environments.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center NASA/American Society for Engineering Educati; NASA. Johnson Space
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  • 8
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    Materials considerations in the design of a metal-hydride heat pump for an advanced extravehicular mobility unit (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A metal-hydride heat pump (HHP) has been proposed to provide an advanced regenerable nonventing thermal sink for the liquid-cooled garment worn during an extravehicular activity (EVA). The conceptual design indicates that there is a potential for significant advantages over the one presently being used by shuttle crew personnel as well as those that have been proposed for future use with the space station. Compared to other heat pump designs, a HHP offers the potential for extended use with no electrical power requirements during the EVA. In addition, a reliable, compact design is possible due to the absence of moving parts other than high-reliability check valves. Because there are many subtleties in the properties of metal hydrides for heat pump applications, it is essential that a prototype hydride heat pump be constructed with the selected materials before a committment is made for the final design. Particular care must be given to the evaporator heat exchanger worn by the astronaut since the performance of hydride heat pumps is generally heat transfer limited.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center NASA/American Society for Engineering Educati; NASA. Johnson Space
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  • 9
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    Condensation heat transfer under a microgravity environment (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A description of the condensation heat transfer process in microgravity is given. A review of the literature is also reported. The most essential element of condensation heat transfer in microgravity is the condensate removal mechanism. Two mechanisms for condensate removal are analyzed by looking into two problems. The first problem is concerned with film condensation on a flat porous plate with the condensate being removed by suction at the wall. The second problem is an analytical prediction of the heat transfer coefficient for condensing annular flows with the condensate film driven by the vapor shear. It is concluded that both suction and vapor shear can effectively drain the condensate to ensure continuous operation of the condensers operated under a microgravity environment. It is recommended that zero-g flight experiments be carried out to verify the prediction made in the present report. The results contained in this report should also aid in the design of future space condensers.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center NASA/American Society for Engineering Educati; NASA. Johnson Space
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  • 10
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    Measurements of the cosmic background radiation (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Data on the cosmic microwave background radiation obtained with a maser at 12 mm and a Schottky diode mixer at 3 mm are presented. The dipole anisotropy, apparently due to our motion, has been measured sufficiently well to determine our direction of motion within two degrees. The results show that the Galaxy is moving in a direction that is about 44 deg from the center of the Virgo cluster.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 11
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    Flow regimes in a shallow rotating cylindrical annulus with temperature gradients imposed on the horizontal boundaries (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Experimental flow regime diagrams are determined for a new rotating cylindrical annulus configuration which permits a measure of control over the internal vertical temperature gradient. The new annulus has radial temperature gradients imposed on plane horizontal thermally conducting endwalls (with the cylindrical sidewalls as insulators) and is considered to be more relevant to atmospheric dynamics studies than the classical cylindrical annulus. Observations have revealed that, in addition to the axisymmetric flow and nonaxisymmetric baroclinic wave flow which occur in the classical annulus, two additional nonaxisymmetric flow types occur in the new annulus: boundary-layer thermal convection and deep thermal convection. Flow regime diagrams for three different values of the imposed vertical temperature difference are presented, and explanations for the flow transitions are offered. The new annulus provides scientific backup for the proposed Atmospheric General Circulation Experiment for Spacelab. The apparatus diagram is included.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 172; 401-418
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  • 12
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    The special relativistic shock tube (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The shock-tube problem has served as a popular test for numerical hydrodynamics codes. The development of relativistic hydrodynamics codes has created a need for a similar test problem in relativistic hydrodynamics. The analytical solution to the special relativistic shock-tube problem is presented here. The relativistic shock-jump conditions and rarefaction solution which make up the shock tube are derived. The Newtonian limit of the calculations is given throughout.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 171; 365-375
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  • 13
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    Measurement and prediction of model-rotor flowfields (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 23; 843-851
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  • 14
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    Scaling relations for heating during gliding entry at parabolic speed (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The scaling relations presently derived illustrate the influence of ballistic coefficient and L/D primary vehicle parameters on the peak heating rate and total heating/unit area for gliding entry of the earth atmosphere at parabolic speed. Comparisons with stagnation-point and windward centerline laminar and turbulent heating during three Space Shuttle flights are presented. It is found that total heat input/unit area is reduced by decreasing both of the primary vehicle parameters.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 2047-204
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  • 15
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    Quadratic resonance in the three-dimensional oscillations of inviscid drops with surface tension (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The moderate-amplitude, three-dimensional oscillations of an inviscid drop are described in terms of spherical harmonics. Specific oscillation modes are resonantly coupled by quadratic nonlinearities caused by inertia, capillarity, and drop deformation. The equations describing the interactions of these modes are derived from the variational principle for the appropriate Lagrangian by expressing the modal amplitudes to be functions of a slow time scale and by preaveraging the Lagrangian over the time scale of the primary oscillations. Stochastic motions are predicted for nonaxisymmetric deformations starting from most initial conditions, even those arbitrarily close to the axisymmetric shapes. The stochasticity is characterized by a redistribution of the energy contained in the initial deformation over all the degrees of freedom of the interacting modes.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 2788-279
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  • 16
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    Numerical experiments of axisymmetric flow in a nonuniform gravitational field (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1483-148
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  • 17
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    Is Navier-Stokes turbulence chaotic? (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Whether turbulent solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations are chaotic is considered. Initially neighboring solutions for a low-Reynolds-number fully developed turbulence are compared. The turbulence is sustained by a nonrandom time-independent external force. The solutions separate exponentially with time, having a positive Liapunov characteristic exponent. Thus the turbulence is characterized as chaotic.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 1453-145
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  • 18
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    A theoretical model for the annular jet instability (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The instability of an annular gas-core liquid jet is modeled theoretically by treating the liquid layer as a membrane moving under the influences of its own inertia, surface tension, and the gaseous hydrostatic pressure difference between its two sides. Essential physical mechanisms are reconstructed without making any attempt to fit experimental data with model constants. The results compare favorably with those of experiment.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 2076-208
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  • 19
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    Experiments on annular liquid jet instability and on the formation of liquid shells (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An annular jet flow of liquid surrounding a flow of gas at its core is extremely unstable. Experiments are described in which such a flow is generated by an annular nozzle operated at fairly specific conditions. It is shown that periodic, axisymmetric oscillations arise spontaneously within the cylindrical sheet emerging from the nozzle and grow with such rapidity along the axial dimension that a sealing-off and encapsulation of the core gas occurs within a few jet diameters. This is closely followed by a pinchoff of the liquid between adjacent bubbles. The liquid shells set free thereby assume spherically symmetric form under capillary forces, and each contains a precisely uniform measure of gas and of liquid on account of the extremely high frequency-stability of the process. Description is given of the fluid dynamic processes by which the shells are formed, and mention is made of exploiting the instability for the production of rigid shells for technological applications.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 2086-209
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  • 20
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    Gravitino decay and the cosmic gamma-ray background (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is argued that the cosmic gamma-ray background (CGB) spectrum does not exhibit evidence for the decay of light gravitinos, in contradiction to the suggestion by Olive and Silk (1985), who observed a bump near 1 MeV in the CGB radiation spectrum. It is suggested that better fits to the CGB spectrum would be provided by mechanisms generating a power-law spectrum which is flattened below about 2 MeV. Olive and Silk maintain that the decays of a long-lived particle such as the gravitino may be responsible for features in the gamma-ray spectrum near 1 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 56; 2551; Au
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  • 21
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    Turbulent Reynolds analogy factors of stacked large-eddy breakup devices (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Direct measurements are made of turbulent Reynolds analogy factors, referenced to a flat plate, for turbulent boundary layer flows altered by stacked arrays of large eddy breakup devices (LEBUs). These are of interest as drag reducers when inserted into a boundary layer transverse to the flow. The data thus obtained furnish evidence that heat transfer, skin friction drag, and LEBU performance factors in low Reynolds number flows are sensitive to flow history. Attention is given to the apparatus and measurement procedures used.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 23; 348-350
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  • 22
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    Coupling conditions for integrating boundary layer and rotational inviscid flow (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The matching of a boundary layer and a rotational inviscid flow is reexamined by extending the Johnson and Sockol (1979) coupling conditions to include the case where the boundary layer solution includes the second-order effects of the freestream vorticity and the total temperature gradient. It is pointed out that two of the three conditions are not independent. If the boundary layer solution satisfies the appropriate momentum and energy integral equations, it follows that the imposition of the normal mass flux condition insures that the conditions on a normal flux of streamwise momentum and total enthalpy will also be satisfied.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1033-103
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  • 23
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    A new approach for solving the three-dimensional steady Euler equations. I - General theory (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present iterative procedure combines the Clebsch potentials and the Munk-Prim (1947) substitution principle with an extension of a semidirect Cauchy-Riemann solver to three dimensions, in order to solve steady, inviscid three-dimensional rotational flow problems in either subsonic or incompressible flow regimes. This solution procedure can be used, upon discretization, to obtain inviscid subsonic flow solutions in a 180-deg turning channel. In addition to accurately predicting the behavior of weak secondary flows, the algorithm can generate solutions for strong secondary flows and will yield acceptable flow solutions after only 10-20 outer loop iterations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 60; 23-61
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  • 24
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    Numerical analysis of confined recirculating gas-solid turbulent flows (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Particle dispersion in confined recirculating turbulent flows has been investigated numerically. The present computational scheme utilizes Eulerian forms of the governing equations and allows two-way coupling between gas and solid phases. A recently developed two-phase closure model based on the multiple-scale turbulence model was used for the estimation of turbulent viscosities and diffusivities. For the particle size and loading considered in this study, the effect of particulate phase on the conveying gas is small, the nonequilibrium between the two phases is significant. Effects of recirculation, expanded chamber size and secondary annular jet momentum on the particle mixing rate are also investigated. In general, the present numerical results are in reasonably good agreement with the available experimental data.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 25
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    Two-phase flows and heat transfer within systems with ambient pressure above the thermodynamic critical pressure (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In systems where the design inlet and outlet pressure P sub amb are maintained above the thermodynamic critical pressure P sub c, it is often assumed that heat and mass transfer are governed by single-phase relations and that two-phase flows cannot occur. This simple rule of thumb is adequate in many low-power designs but is inadequate for high-performance turbomachines, boilers, and other systems where two-phase regions can exist even though P sub amb P sub c. Heat and mass transfer and rotordynamic-fluid-mechanic restoring forces depend on momentum differences, and those for a two-phase zone can differ significantly from those for a single-phase zone. By using a laminar, variable-property bearing code and a rotating boiler code, pressure and temperature surfaces were determined that illustrate nesting of a two-phase region within a supercritical pressure region. The method of corresponding states is applied to bearings with reasonable rapport.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 26
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    Forced convection heat transfer to air/water vapor mixtures (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Heat transfer coefficients were measured using both dry air and air/water vapor mixtures in the same forced convection cooling test rig (jet array impingement configurations) with mass ratios of water vapor to air up to 0.23. The primary objective was to verify by direct experiment that selected existing methods for evaluation of viscosity and thermal conductivity of air/water vapor mixtures could be used with confidence to predict heat transfer coefficients for such mixtures using as a basis heat transfer data for dry air only. The property evaluation methods deemed most appropriate require as a basis a measured property value at one mixture composition in addition to the property values for the pure components.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 27
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    Implicit solution methods in computational fluid dynamics (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A class of implicit finite difference schemes of the Beam and Warming approximate factorization type will be addressed. The development and analysis of various aspects of this class of schemes will be given along with the motivations behind many of the choices. Various acceleration and efficiency modifications such as matrix reduction, diagonalization and flux split schemes will be presented. The methods are demonstrated in fully vectorized codes for a CRAY type architecture. The emphasis will be on the Euler equations in generalized coordinates.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Applied Numerical Mathematics (ISSN 0168-9274); 2; 441-474
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  • 28
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    Distribution of resistive body-force in curved free-surface flow (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The customary procedure for including resistive effects in turbulent hydraulic and stratified atmospheric flows is to integrate the empirically-known boundary shears over the entire wetted boundary of a thin fluid slab. A resistive body-force is then assumed to exist everywhere in each slab to replace the boundary shearing force. For the classical Saint-Venant (1871) model, this body-force can be shown to have a constant distribution in the vertical direction, and therefore can be evaluated for use in the momentum differential equation. In the newer Dressler theory (1978), however, for unsteady flow over curved beds, it is proved here that a constant body-force distribution is not possible. Its variable distribution is determined as well as its magnitude for use in the curved-flow equations. This variable distribution acts to produce an equal resultant in every thin layer of fluid parallel to the bed in an angular wedge over the curved channel bed. The new curved-flow equations are therefore extended to include resistive effects.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences (ISSN 0170-4214); 8; 4, 19; 492-501
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  • 29
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    Average transverse momentum and energy density in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Emulsion chambers were used to measure the transverse momenta of photons or pi(0) mesons produced in high-energy cosmic-ray nucleus-nucleus collisions. A group of events having large average transverse momenta has been found which apparently exceeds the expected limiting values. Analysis of the events at early interaction times, of the order of 1 fm/c, indicates that the observed transverse momentum increases with both rapidity density and energy density.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 57; 3249-325
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  • 30
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    Numerical study of sink-flow boundary layers (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Direct numerical simulations of sink-flow boundary layers, with acceleration parameters K between 1.5 x 10 to the -6th and 3.0 x 10 to the -6th, are presented. The three-dimensional, time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically, using a spectral method, with about one million degrees of freedom. The flow is assumed to be statistically steady, and self-similar. A multiple-scale approximation and periodic conditions are applied to the fluctuations. The turbulence is studied using instantaneous and statistical results. Good agreement with the experiments of Jones and Launder (1972) is observed. The two effects of the favorable pressure gradient are to extend the logarithmic layer, and to alter the energy balance of the turbulence near the edge of the boundary layer. At low Reynolds number the logarithmic layer is shortened and slightly displaced, but wall-layer streaks are present even at the lowest values of R(theta) for which turbulence can be sustained. Large quiescent patches appear in the flow. Relaminarization occurs at K = 3.0 x 10 to the -6th, corresponding to a Reynolds number R(theta) of about 330.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 172; 307-328
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    On the possibility of diffusionally driven oscillations in two component gas bubbles in fluids (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The problem of an isolated, stationary, two-component gas bubble in a fluid is analyzed. The appropriate governing equations, and an approximate version of these equations, for this model system are reviewed. The qualitative differences in bubble dissolution behavior between single- and two-component gas bubbles are elucidated. In particular, it is demonstrated that in the latter case the gas bubble radius may exhibit extrema as a function of time for certain values of the controlling parameters. The conditions under which these extrema may occur, and the maximum number of extrema which are permitted are elucidated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Chemical Engineering Science (ISSN 0009-2509); 41; 9, 19; 2333-234
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  • 32
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    Oscillations of a viscous compound drop (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effect of viscosity on normal mode oscillations of a compound drop is determined for a range of values of the viscosity, and the effect of a host medium is considered. The general form of the dispersion relation is derived, and numerical values are obtained for the case of an annular liquid region composed of silicon oil and with the core and host regions taken to be air. Results indicate that the sloshing mode of the compound drop is more damped than the bubble mode.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 3481-348
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  • 33
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    Multiple-scale turbulence model in confined swirling jet predictions (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A recently developed multiple-scale turbulence model which attempts to circumvent the deficiencies of earlier models by taking nonequilibrium spectral energy transfer into account is presented. The model's validity is tested by predicting the confined swirling coaxial jet flow in a sudden expansion. It is noted that, in order to account for anisotropic turbulence, a full Reynolds stress model is required.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1717-171
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  • 34
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    Modeling of transition and surface roughness effects in boundary-layer flows (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Experiments were carried out to examine the influence of three-dimensional, stochastic roughness on the growth of incompressible turbulent boundary layers, as well as the effect of streamwise pressure gradients and freestream turbulence intensity on smooth-wall boundary-layer transition. The modeling of these effects in a two-dimensional boundary-layer computation program was examined with the help of the experiments. A model for surface roughness was developed that relates directly measurable statistical parameters quantifying the roughness geometry to the aerodynamic effects. This model should be valid for a limited class of surfaces found on turbomachinery blading and in other engineering applications. Commonly used criteria for the transition onset performed poorly and presumably need to be modified to account for other factors influencing the process.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1642-164
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  • 35
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    Large volume water sprays for dispersing warm fogs (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A new method for dispersing of warm fogs which impede visibility and alter schedules is described. The method uses large volume recycled water sprays to create curtains of falling drops through which the fog is processed by the ambient wind and spray-induced air flow; the fog droplets are removed by coalescence/rainout. The efficiency of this fog droplet removal process depends on the size spectra of the spray drops and optimum spray drop size is calculated as between 0.3-1.0 mm in diameter. Water spray tests were conducted in order to determine the drop size spectra and temperature response of sprays produced by commercially available fire-fighting nozzles, and nozzle array tests were utilized to study air flow patterns and the thermal properties of the overall system. The initial test data reveal that the fog-dispersal procedure is effective.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 36
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    Liquid fuel spray processes in high-pressure gas flow (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Atomization of single liquid jets injected downstream in high pressure and high velocity airflow was investigated to determine the effect of airstream pressure on mean drop size as measured with a scanning radiometer. For aerodynamic - wave breakup of liquid jets, the ratio of orifice diameter D sub o to measured mean drop diameter D sub m which is assumed equal to D sub 32 or Sauter mean diameter, was correlated with the product of the Weber and Reynolds numbers WeRe and the dimensionless group G1/square root of c, where G is the gravitational acceleration, 1 the mean free molecular path, and square root of C the root mean square velocity, as follows; D sub o/D sub 32 = 1.2 (WeRe) to the 0.4 (G1/square root of c) to the 0.15 for values of WeRe 1 million and an airstream pressure range of 0.10 to 2.10 MPa.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 37
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    Application of the method of lines for solution of the Navier-Stokes equations using nonuniform grid distributions (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The method of lines is investigated for the numerical solution of the stream function and velocity form of the Navier-Stokes equations on nonuniform grids. Stiffness characteristics of a linear one-dimensional model equation are examined to establish the feasibility of applying the method to the volicity equation in two dimensions. It is observed that the transformed governing equations in computational domain become stiffer with increasing the number of grid points and the differencing technique affects the stiffness characteristics. The results demonstrate that the method of lines under certain circumstances is highly suitable for the numerical solution of physical problems on domains covered with variable grids.
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  • 38
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    Computation of nonstationary strong shock diffraction by curved surfaces (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A two-dimensional, high resolution shock-capturing algorithm was used on a supercomputer to solve Eulerian gasdynamic equations in order to simulate nonstationary strong shock diffraction by a circular arc model in a shock tube. The hypersonic Mach shock wave was assumed to arrive at a high angle of incidence, and attention was given to the effect of varying values of the ratio of specific heats on the shock diffraction process. Details of the conservation equations of the numerical algorithm, written in curvilinear coordinates, are provided, and model output is illustrated with the results generated for a Mach shock encountering a 15 deg circular arc. The sample graphics include isopycnics, a shock surface density profile, and pressure and Mach number contours.
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  • 39
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    Nonlinear critical layers eliminate the upper branch of spatially growing Tollmien-Schlichting waves (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This letter is concerned with the effect of nonlinear critical layers on spatially growing Tollmien-Schlichting waves in a Blasius boundary layer. It is shown that they effectively eliminate the upper branch of the neutral stability curve predicted by strictly linear theory.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 2344
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  • 40
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    The generation of capillary instabilities on a liquid jet (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The coupling between imposed disturbances and capillary instabilities on a liquid jet is examined. It is shown that in most physical situations the forcing produces neutral waves, which can then turn into growing waves as the profile relaxes or may be amplified nonlinearly by a mechanism of the type considered by Akylas and Benney (1980). The effectiveness of the coupling is expressed quantitatively by numerically computed values of the 'coupling coefficient'.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 168; 479-500
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  • 41
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    On symmetric and upwind TVD schemes (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The performance of the upwind and symmetric total variation diminishing (TVD) schemes in viscous and inviscid airfoil steady-state calculations is considered, and the extension of the implicit second-order-accurate TVD scheme for hyperbolic systems of conservative laws in curvilinear coordinates is discussed. For two-dimensional steady-state applications, schemes are implemented in a conservative noniterative alternating direction implicit form, and results illustrate that the algorithm produces a fairly good solution for an RAE2822 airfoil calculation. The study demonstrates that the symmetric TVD scheme is as accurate as the upwind TVD scheme, while requiring less computational effort than it.
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  • 42
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    Higher-order flux difference splitting schemes for the Euler equations using upstream interpolations (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A class of explicit two time-level, 2p + 1 space-point, (2p 1)-th order, upwind-biased flux difference splitting schemes are proposed for the numerical advection based on Lagrange's interpolation, and the method is an accord with the physical domain of dependence. A normalized Jacobian coefficient matrix is introduced to convert the schemes to hyperbolic systems of conservation laws, and approaches to make the higher-order schemes total variation stable are discussed. Accuracy and stability of the present schemes are examined, and implicit total variation diminishing schemes are developed for steady-state calculations.Application to gasdynamic problems for both steady and unsteady flows covering a wide range of Mach numbers is considered, and results for a blast wave passing a cylinder, and head-on collision of two blast waves over a circular arc, are presented. The flow patterns were found to be symmetric, and good resolution of flow structures was obtained.
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  • 43
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    Thermal response of integral, multicomponent composite thermal protection systems (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 23; 420-427
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  • 44
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    Enhancement of high-energy cosmic-ray spectrum by type-II supernovae (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The cosmic-ray spectrum has an intensity enhancement in the energy range 10 to the 14th to 10 to the 16th eV per nucleus. Recent observations of heavy cosmic rays in this energy range indicate that the Ca/Fe ratio may be as large as 10 times the solar value. It is suggested that pulsars in type-II supernova remnants are the origin of this component of the cosmic-ray spectrum.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 321; 839-841
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  • 45
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    Convective and absolute instability of a viscous liquid jet (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effect of viscosity on the capillary instability of a liquid jet is examined. The critical Weber number for convective instability is determined as a function of Reynolds number and comparison is made with the inviscid limit. It is shown that certain waves that are neutral in the inviscid case exhibit growth for finite Reynolds numbers.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 952-954
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  • 46
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    The effect of the heliospheric current sheet on cosmic ray intensities at solar maximum - Two alternative hypotheses (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The capabilities of two alternative models for accounting for the reversal of the solar magnetic field polarity at the point of solar maximum and for the associated modulation of cosmic ray intensities at 1 AU are assessed. One model posits a continuous increase in the inclination of the heliospheric current sheet to a point of verticality at maximum, when it overturns and the reversal occurs. The alternative view is that the sun sheds the magnetic field of the previous cycle and generates a new field of opposite polarity. Some data do exist for a tilted current sheet which increases its tilt with proximity to the solar maximum. However, coronal data also support the presence of isolated regions of anomalous polarity which spread over the surface of the sun as maximum approaches, a condition commensurate with flux shedding. Both models predict heliospheric current sheet configurations which would produce some cosmic ray modulations observed over the course of the solar cycle.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 2889-289
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  • 47
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    Free boundary shape of a convectively cooled solidified region (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The two-dimensional steady-state shape of a solidified region, such as a frost layer, was determined analytically for formation on a plate that is convectively cooled. The nonuniform shape of the layer is produced by exposure to a spatially nonuniform distribution of radiant energy. For high convective cooling the cooled wall approaches a uniform temperature, and an exact solution is obtained for the free boundary shape. For a lesser amount of convective cooling, the variation in temperature along the cooled boundary is treated by a boundary perturbation method. Some illustrative examples are given that show the effects of nonuniform heating and the magnitude of convective heat transfer at the cooled wall. Only one boundary condition is approximated by the perturbation solution; all of the other boundary conditions are satisfied exactly. The calculated results given here were found to satisfy the approximate boundary condition within a very small error.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISSN 0017-9310); 29; 309-315
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  • 48
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    Boundary perturbation method for free boundary problem in convectively cooled continuous casting (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Novel mathematical techniques are here used to treat general boundary conditions in convectively cooled continuous ingot casting problems, applying a constant convective heat transfer coefficient at the ingot sides (so that the temperature distribution along the sides is unknown). The problem is first inverted to treat the physical coordinates as dependent variables of temperature and heat flow, mapping the ingot into a region that is nearly rectangular. A boundary perturbation method is then used to obtain an analytical solution in this near-rectangular region. Solidification interface shapes depend on two dimensionless parameters: one is a function of the casting velocity, while the other is dependent on the convective heat transfer coefficient at the cooled wall.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 108; 230-234
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    Secondary antiproton production in relativistic plasmas (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Angular and energy spectra of bremsstrahlung have been calculated from anisotropic electron distributions in solar flares. Results have been compared to observations of gamma-ray limb-brightening and the data on the variation of the gamma-ray spectrum with flare position on the sun.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 319; 205
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  • 50
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    Observations of cosmic gamma-ray bursts (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Recent observational progress in gamma ray burst research is reviewed. Findings concerning burst temporal and spectral characteristics, source direction and size spectrum studies, and transient event classification are discussed. The theories concerning the origin of the bursts are examined in the light of the recent evidence.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 6; 4, 19
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    Proton acceleration in gamma-ray bursts (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Proton acceleration and subsequent secondary electron production are proposed as the process responsible for the radiation emission in gamma-ray bursts. In this mechanism electrons are naturally injected at energies much larger than m(e) x c-squared and emission above 10 MeV is expected to be one of their common features, in agreement with observations showing that most of the luminosity of these events is emitted in gamma-rays. This mode of injection guarantees copious e(+)-e(-) pair production at the source and implies a relationship between the luminosity and the spectra of the bursts, the soft bursts being, in general, the most (intrinsically) luminous and hence the most distant. This, in turn, implies that bursts with soft spectra should show a galactic distribution, a fact consistent with the limited available data. It is also argued that the observed red-shift of the e(+)-e(-) annihilation feature may not always be gravitational.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 6; 4, 19
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    An experimental study using flow visualization on the effect of an acoustic field on heat transfer from spheres (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The physical mechanisms responsible for the heat transfer process in a thermal-acoustic field were investigated using the technique of holographic interferometry for flow visualization. Experimental results were obtained with sound pressure levels in the range of 120 to 150 decibels, relative to a pressure of 0.0002 dynes/sq cm. Steady state laminar flow was observed when the vibrational Reynolds number was below 400; separated flow was observed when it was above 400. In the presence of a horizontal sound field, the data indicate that the relation between the vibrational Nusselt number, Nu(v) and the vibrational Reynolds number, Re(v) is given by Nu(v) = Re(v) exp 0.22. In the presence of a vertical sound field, the corresponding relation is Nu(v) = Re(v) exp 0.15.
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    Turbulence modeling (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A survey designed to provide an introduction to the subject of turbulence modeling, and to explain the need for such models is given. The subject is developed along chronological lines since this provides a logical development plan and also because it then moves from relatively simple phenomenological models through more complicated procedures and ultimately to the subject of large-eddy simulation.
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  • 54
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    Turbulent solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Analytical and numerical approaches to the mechanics of turbulent flow are examined in a general introduction and illustrated with graphs. Topics discussed include the averaged and unaveraged basic equations, numerical solutions and methods, homogeneous fluctuations and turbulence with no mean flow, uniformly sheared fluctuations and turbulence, inhomogeneous fluctuations and turbulence in a developing shear layer, and steady-state homogeneous turbulence with a spatially periodic body force.
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    Volume-energy parameters for heat transfer to supercritical fluids (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Reduced Nusselt numbers of supercritical fluids from different sources were grouped by several volume-energy parameters. A modified bulk expansion parameter was introduced based on a comparative analysis of data scatter. Heat transfer experiments on liquefied methane were conducted under near-critical conditions in order to confirm the usefulness of the parameters. It was experimentally revealed that heat transfer characteristics of near-critical methane are similar to those of hydrogen. It was shown that the modified bulk expansion parameter and the Gibbs-energy parameter grouped the heat transfer data of hydrogen, oxygen and methane including the present data on near-critical methane. It was also indicated that the effects of surface roughness on heat transfer were very important in grouping the data of high Reynolds numbers.
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    Unsteady heat transfer and direct comparison to steady-state measurements in a rotor-wake experiment (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Circumferentially local and time-resolved heat transfer measurements were obtained for a circular cylinder in crossflow located downstream of a rotating spoked wheel wake generator in a steady flow tunnel. The unsteady heat transfer effects were obtained by developing an extension of a thin film gauge technique employed to date exclusively in short-duration facilities. The time-average thin film results and conventional steady-state heat transfer measurements were compared. Time-averaged wake-induced stagnation heat transfer enhancement levels above the nowake case were about 10 percent for the four cylinder Reynolds numbers. This enhancement level was nearly independent of bar passing frequency and was related directly to the time integral of the heat transfer spikes observed at the bar passing frequency. It is observed that the wake-induced heat transfer spikes have peak magnitudes averaging 30 to 40 percent above the interwake heat transfer level.
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    Calculation of confined swirling jets (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Computations of a confined coaxial swirling jet are carried out using a standard two-equation (k-epsilon) model and two modifications of this model based on Richardson-number corrections of the length-scale (epsilon) governing equation. To avoid any uncertainty involved in the setting up of inlet boundary conditions, actual measurements are used at the inlet plane of this calculation domain. The results of the numerical investigation indicate that the k-epsilon model is inadequate for the predictions of confined swirling flows. Although marginal improvement of the flow predictions can be achieved by these two corrections, neither can be judged satisfactory.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Communications in Applied Numerical Methods (ISSN 0748-8025); 2; 333-338
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    Anisotropy of the cosmic blackbody radiation (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The universe is filled with thermal radiation having a current temperature of 2.75 K. Originating in the very early universe, this radiation furnishes strong evidence that the Big Bang cosmology best describes our expanding universe from an incredibly hot, compacted early stage until now. The model can be used to extrapolate our physics backward in time to predict events whose effects might be observable in the 2.75 K radiation today. The spectrum and isotropy are being studied with sophisticated microwave radiometers on the ground, in balloons, and in satellites. The results are as predicted by the simple theory: the spectrum is that of a blackbody (to a few percent) and the radiation is isotropic (to 0.01 percent) except for a local effect due to our motion through the radiation. However, a problem is emerging. Primordial fluctuations in the mass density, which later became the great clusters of galaxies that we see today, should have left an imprint on the 2.75 K radiation - bumpiness on the sky at angular scales of about 10 arc minutes. They have not been seen.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 232; 1517-152
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    Initial conditions for parabolic calculation of reacting flows (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 2; 235-240
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    Equilibrium shapes of acoustically levitated drops (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The quantitative determination of the shape of liquid drops levitated in an ultrasonic standing wave has provided experimental data on the radiation pressure-induced deformations of freely suspended liquids. Within the limits of small deviations from the spherical shape and small drop diameter relative to the acoustic wavelength, an existing approximate theory yields a good agreement with experimental evidence. The data were obtained for millimeter and submillimeter drops levitated in air under 1 g, where g is the sea level gravitational acceleration.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Acoustical Society of America, Journal (ISSN 0001-4966); 79; 1335-133
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    Evolution of a curved vortex filament into a vortex ring (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The deformation of a hairpin-shaped vortex filament under self-induction and in the presence of shear is studied numerically using the Biot-Savart law. It is shown that the tip region of an elongated hairpin vortex evolves into a vortex ring and that the presence of mean shear impedes the process. Evolution of a finite-thickness vortex sheet under self-induction is also investigated using the Navier-Stokes equations. The layer evolves into a hairpin vortex which in turn produces a vortex ring of high Reynolds stress content. These results indicate a mechanism for the generation of ring vortices in turbulent shear flows, and a link between the experimental and numerical observation of hairpin vortices and the observation of ring vortices in the outer regions of turbulent boundary layers.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 955-963
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  • 62
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    Latitudinal extent of the heliospheric current sheet and modulation of galactic cosmic rays (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Possible correlations were investigated between the modulation of galactic cosmic rays and changes in the maximum heliographic latitude of the heliospheric current sheet during solar maximum. Solar photospheric magnetic field data from 1976-82 were extrapolated by means of potential theory to obtain the maximum latitudinal extent of the current sheet in the northern and southern hemispheres. The latitudinal differences were compared with terrestrial neutron flux data and Pioneer 10 data on cosmic rays with energies below 200 MeV at heliocentric distances of 10-30 AU. Account was taken for the time delay for the solar wind to propagate out to the spacecraft location. The current sheet maxima were nearly symmetrical about the solar equator except during sunspot maxima, when the solar poles were reversing. Significant changes in the latitudinal symmetry were highly correlated with the neutron data and cosmic fluctuations at Pioneer 10. The sensitivity of cosmic rays to the polarity reversals is in accordance with predictions of the gradient drift model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 2933-294
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  • 63
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    Turbulent boundary-layer wall pressure fluctuations downstream of a tandem LEBU (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An initial measurement of turbulent wall pressure fluctuations downstream of tandem large eddy breakup devices (LEBUs) indicates a significant reduction by comparison with the reference case of a flat plate; the average magnitude of the reduction is 12.5 percent. Peak reduction is at 7-8 kHz, and is of the order of the C(f) reduction due to the tandem LEBUs. These data indicate a secondary benefit derivable from LEBUs, in addition to their skin friction reduction effect.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 689-691
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  • 64
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    Phase propagation of the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The phase of the 11-yr galactic cosmic ray variation, due to a varying rate of emission of long-lived, propagating regions of enhanced scattering, travels faster than the scattering regions themselves. The radial speed of the 11-yr phase in the quasi-steady force field approximation is exactly twice the speed of the individual episodic decreases. A time-dependent numerical solution for 1-GeV protons at 1 and 30 AU gives a phase speed which is 1.85 times the propagation speed of the individual decreases.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 91; 2914-291
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  • 65
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    Computational fluid dynamics overview (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The hierarchy of codes; boundary layers and turbulence models; uniqueness and artificial viscosity; efficiency of solution algorithms; data display and analysis; and cost of experimental validation are briefly examined.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Langley Symposium on Aerodynamics, Volume 1; p 5-24
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  • 66
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    Boundary layer transition (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The boundary layer stability, its active control by sound and surface heating and the effect of curvature are studied numerically and experimentally for subsonic flow. In addition, the experimental and flight test data are correlated using the stability theory for supersonic Mach numbers. Active transition fixing and feedback control of boundary layer by sound interactions are experimentally investigated at low speed over an airfoil. Numerical simulation of active control by surface heating and cooling in air shows that by appropriate phase adjustment a reduction in the level of perturbation can be obtained. This simulation is based on the solution of two-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations for a flat plate. Goertler vortices are studied experimentally on an airfoil in the Low Turbulence Pressure Tunnel (LTPT). The flow pattern was visualized using the sublimating chemical technique and data were obtained using a three component laser velocimeter. The effect of curvature on swept leading-edge stability on a cylinder was numerically studied. The results suggest that transition is dominated by traveling disturbance waves and that the waves with the greatest total amplification has an amplitude ratio of e sup 11. Experimental data from the quiet supersonic tunnel and flight tests are analyzed using linear compressible stability theory.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Langley Symposium on Aerodynamics, Volume 1; p 333-345
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  • 67
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    Numerical simulation of a controlled boundary layer (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The problem of interest is the boundary layer over a flat plate. The three standard laminar flow control (LFC) techniques are pressure gradient, suction, and heating. The parameters used to describe the amount of control in the context of the boundary layer equations are introduced. The numerical method required to find the mean flow, the linear eigenvalues of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation, and the full, nonlinear, 3-D solution of the Navier-Stokes equations are outlined. A secondary instability exists for the parallel boundary subject to uniform pressure gradient, suction, or heating. Selective control of the spanwise mode reduces the secondary instability in the parallel boundary layer at low Reynolds number.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Langley Symposium on Aerodynamics, Volume 1; p 137-152
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  • 68
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    Radiative and free-convective heat transfer from a finite horizontal plate inside an enclosure (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An experimental and analytical investigation of heat transfer from a horizontal, thin, square plate inside of an enclosure was carried out. Experimental results were obtained from both the upward-facing and the downward-facing sides of the heated plate. Starting with the integrated momentum and energy equations, approximate solutions were obtained for heat transfer in the laminar and the turbulent regime that correlate well with experimental data. Radiative heat transfer correction was given special attention. Effects of the enclosure-related recirculation of the test fluid, as well as effects of simultaneous heat transfer on both sides of the plate, caused an early transition, and indicated a high level of internal turbulence.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA- Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Fourteenth Space Simulation Conference: Testing for a Permanent Presence in Space; p 42-60
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  • 69
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    Simulation of cosmic irradiation conditions in thick target arrangements (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: One approach to simulate 2-pi irradiation conditions of planetary surfaces which has been widely applied in the past are bombardments of so called thick targets. A very large thick target was exposed recently to 2.1 GeV protons at the Bevatron-Bevalac in Berkeley. In a 100x100x180 cm steel-surrounded granodiorite target radioactive medium and high energy spallation products of the incident primary and of secondary particles were analyzed along the beam axis down to depths of 140 g/cm(2) in targets such as Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, T, Si, SiO2 and Al. Activities of these nuclides were exclusively determined via instrumental gamma-ray spectroscopy. Relative yields of neutron capture and spallation products induced in Co and Cu targets during the thick target bombardment are shown as a function of depth. The majority of the medium energy products such as Co-58 from Co targets exhibit a maximum at shallow depths of 40-60 g/cm(2) and then decrease exponentially. In a comparable 600 MeV proton bombarded thick target such a slight maximum for medium energy products was not observed. Rather, Co-58 activities in Co decreased steadily with the highest activity at the surface. The activities of the n-capture product Co-60 increase steadily starting at the surface. This indicates the rapidly growing flux of low energy neutrons within the target.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Workshop on Cosmogenic Nuclides; 3 p
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  • 70
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    Cosmic ray interactions in the ground: Temporal variations in cosmic ray intensities and geophysical studies (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Temporal variations in cosmic ray intensity have been deduced from observations of products of interactions of cosmic ray particles in the Moon, meteorites, and the Earth. Of particular interest is a comparison between the information based on Earth and that based on other samples. Differences are expected at least due to: (1) differences in the extent of cosmic ray modulation, and (2) changes in the geomagnetic dipole field. Any information on the global changes in the terrestrial cosmic ray intensity is therefore of importance. In this paper a possible technique for detecting changes in cosmic ray intensity is presented. The method involves human intervention and is applicable for the past 10,000 yrs. Studies of changes over longer periods of time are possible if supplementary data on age and history of the sample are available using other methods. Also discussed are the possibilities of studying certain geophysical processes, e.g., erosion, weathering, tectonic events based on studies of certain cosmic ray-produced isotopes for the past several million years.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Lunar and Planetary Inst. Workshop on Cosmogenic Nuclides; 3 p
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  • 71
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    Diffusive electron acceleration at SNR shock fronts and the observed SNR radio spectral indices (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The radio synchrotron emission from relativistic electrons in shell supernova remnants (SNRs) provides a unique opportunity to probe the energy distribution of energetic electrons at their acceleration site (SNR shock fronts). This information provides insight into the acceleration mechanism(s). The implications of these observations for the diffusive (first-order Fermi) acceleration of electrons at the SNR shock fronts are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 4 p
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  • 72
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    Elemental abundances in corotating events (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Large, persistent solar-wind streams in 1973 and 1974 produced corotating interaction regions which accelerated particles to energies of a few MeV/nucleon. The proton to helium ratio (H/He) reported was remarkably constant at a value (22 + or - 5) equal to that in the solar wind (32 + or - 3), suggesting that particles were being accelerated directly out of the solar wind. Preliminary results from a similar study approximately 11 years (i.e., one solar cycle) later are reported. Corotating events were identified by surveying the solar wind data, energetic particle time-histories and anisotropies. This data was all obtained from the ISEE-3/ICE spacecraft. These events also show H/He ratios similar to that in the solar wind. In addition, other corotating events were examined at times when solar flare events could have injected particles into the corresponding corotating interaction regions. It was found that in these cases there is evidence for H/He ratios which are significantly different from that of the solar wind but which are consistent with the range of values found in solar flare events.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 2 p
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  • 73
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    High energy electrons beyond 100 GEV observed by emulsion chamber (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Much efforts have been expended to observe the spectrum of electrons in the high energy region with large area emulsion chambers exposed at balloon altitudes, and now 15 electrons beyond 1 TeV have been observed. The observed integral flux at 1 TeV is (3.24 + or - 0.87)x10(-5)/sq m sec sr. The statistics of the data around a few hundred GeV are also improving by using new shower detecting films of high sensitivity. The astrophysical significance of the observed spectrum are discussed for the propagation of electrons based on the leaky box and the nested leaky box model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA: Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 4 p
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  • 74
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    Cosmic ray anisotropies at high energies (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The directional anisotropies of the energetic cosmic ray gas due to the relative motion between the observers frame and the one where the relativistic gas can be assumed isotropic is analyzed. The radiation fluxes formula in the former frame must follow as the Lorentz invariance of dp/E, where p, E are the 4-vector momentum-energy components; dp is the 3-volume element in the momentum space. The anisotropic flux shows in such a case an amplitude, in a rotating earth, smaller than the experimental measurements from say, EAS-arrays for primary particle energies larger than 1.E(14) eV. Further, it is shown that two consecutive Lorentz transformations among three inertial frames exhibit the violation of dp/E invariance between the first and the third systems of reference, due to the Wigner rotation. A discussion of this result in the context of the experimental anisotropic fluxes and its current interpretation is given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 4 p
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  • 75
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    Studies of air showers produced by primaries 10(16) eV using a combined scintillation and water-Cerenkov array (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An array of 8 x 1.0 sq m plastic scintillation counters and 13 water-Cerenkov detectors (1 to 13.5 sq m) were operated at the center of the Haverah Park array to study some features of air showers produced by 10(16) eV primaries. Measurements of the scintillator lateral distribution function, the water-Cerenkov lateral distribution function, and of the distance dependence of the Cerenkov/scintillator ratio are described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 4 p
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  • 76
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    The homestake surface-underground scintillators: Initial results (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The first 70 tons of the 140-ton Large Area Scintillation Detector (LASD) have been operating since Jan. 1985 at a depth of 4850 ft. (4200 m.w.e.) in the Homestake Gold Mine, Lead, S.D. A total of 4 x 10(4) high-energy muons (E sub mu is approx. 2.7 TeV at the surface) have been detected. The remainder of the detector is scheduled to be in operation by the Fall of 1985. In addition, a surface air shower array is under construction. The first 27 surface counters, spaced out over an area of 270' x 500', began running in June, 1985. The LASD performance, the potential of the combined shower array and underground muon experiment for detecting point sources, and the initial results of a search for periodic emission from Cygnus X-3 are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 4 p
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  • 77
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    The cosmic ray spectrum above 10(17) eV (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The final analysis of the data obtained by the Sydney University Giant Airshower Recorder (SUGAR) is presented. The data has been reanalysed to take into account the effects of afterpulsing in the photomultiplier tubes. Event data was used to produce a spectrum of equivalent vertical muon number and from this a model dependent primary energy spectrum was obtained. These spectra show good evidence for the Ankle: a flattening at 10(19) eV. There is no sign of the cut-off which would be expected from the effects of the universal black body radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 9 p
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  • 78
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    Measuring the energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays with the Yakutsk EAS array (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Yakutsk Extensive Air Showers (EAS) array was designed for detecting the showers generated by the 10 to the 47th power to 10 to the 20th power eV primary cosmic rays and consists of numerous electron, muon, and Cerenkov light detectors arranged on a 20 sq km area terrain. The array is featured by the feasibility to detect the EAS-produced Cerenkov light, hence, as will be shown, to find the mean energy of the primary particles generating an ensemble of EAS of given size. Date collected is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 11 p
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  • 79
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    The cosmic ray spectrum above 10(19) EV at Volcano Ranch and Haverah Park (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The cosmic ray energy per particle spectrum above 10 to the 19th power eV is measured the same way that energy spectra are measured at much lower energies, by counting all of the particles in a specified energy range that are incident per unit time with trajectories within specified geometrical limits. Difficulties with background or poorly known detection efficiency are markedly less than in some other cosmic ray measurements. The fraction of primary energy given to muons, neutrinos, and slow hadrons is less than 10% in this region, so the primary energy equals the track length integral of the secondary electrons with only a small correction for the energy given to other kinds of particles. Results from Volcano Ranch and Haverah Park are compared with results from the Yakutsk experiment.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 12 p
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  • 80
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    Search for a periodic signal from Cygnus X-3 usingmuons observed underground in the Frejus detector (4800 mwe) (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Periodic signals from Cygnus X-3 in the ultra high energy range were recently reported by air shower arrays and attributed to gamma rays. Although gamma rays are expected to produce muon-poor showers, the preceding observations have stimulated similar studies based on underground muons. Two groups have claimed a significant underground signal coming from Cygnus X-3. The results are, however, extremely difficult to explain in the present framework of particle physics, and clearly need confirmation. The preliminary results obtained from the Frejus underground detector during its first 16 months of operation (March 1984 to June 1985) are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 9 p
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  • 81
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    Evidence from the Soudan 1 experiment for underground muons associated with Cygnus X-3 (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Soudan 1 experiment has yielded evidence for an average underground muon flux of approximately 7 x 10 to the minus 11th power/sq cm/s which points back to the X-ray binary Cygnus X-3, and which exhibits the 4.8 h periodicity observed for other radiation from this source. Underground muon events which seem to be associated with Cygnus X-3 also show evidence for longer time variability of the flux. Such underground muons cannot be explained by any conventional models of the propagation and interaction of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 10 p
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  • 82
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    Observation of muons from Cygnus X-3 in the NUSEX experiment (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Ground based observations by means of Cerenkov light detectors and air shower arrays have established that Cyngus X-3 is a powerful source of high energy particles. The detection of a 10 to the 15th power eV signal was first reported by the Kiel experiment. Air showers with large age parameter were accepted in order to select those generated by primary gamma rays. At variance with the expectation, the muon density associated with these events was found to be surprisingly high. This puzzling result stimulated a temporal analysis of the muons recorded in Nucleon Stability Experiment (NUSEX) coming from the region around the source. A positive signal was found suggesting the presentation of this result. The analysis of the data recorded during the 2.4 years of effective working time is presented with a fine tuning of the period and the energy spectrum of the muons from the Cygnus X-3 direction derived assuming consistency between NUSEX and SOUDAN results.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 10 p
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  • 83
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    Is the signal from Cyg X-3, as recorded in some underground experiments, real? (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Most of the excitement concerning the underground detection of signals from Cyg X-3 comes not from astrophysical grounds, but from the contradiction with surface experimental data. Believing in the Cyg X-3 signal underground and also that the main processes of muon production are well knownm the conclusion was drawn that the signal in EAS Cherenkov or counter experiments could be remarkably high, which is not the case. Possible solutions to this discrepancy are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 4 p
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  • 84
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    Observations of shock acceleration processes in the solar wind (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Substantial evidence was accumulated over more than two decades that ion acceleration occurs at all collisionless shocks sampled directly in the solar system. The various shock waves in the heliosphere and the associated energetic particle phenomena are shown schematically. Three shocks have attracted considerable attention in recent years: corotating shocks due to the interaction of fast and slow solar wind streams during solar minimum, travelling interplanetary shocks due to coronal mass ejections, and planetary bow shocks. The signatures of these shocks and of their energetic particles are briefly reviewed. The most prominent theoretical models for shock acceleration are also reviewed. Recent observations at the earth's bow shock and at quasi-parallel interplanetary shocks are discussed in detail.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Misacellaneous, Volume 9; 10 p
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  • 85
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    Observational properties of cosmic gamma-ray bursts (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A brief overview of the major observational results obtained in gamma-ray burst studies is presented. Also discussed is to what extent the thermonuclear model, which appears at present to be the most plausible, can account for the observed properties of the bursts. The investigation of gamma-ray bursts should cover observations of the time histories of events, energy spectra, and their variablility, source localization, and inspection of the localization regions during the active and quiescent phases of the source in other wavelengths, as well as, evaluation of the statistical distributions of the data obtained.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, MIscellaneous, Volume 9; 16 p
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  • 86
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    Why is Cygnus X-3 (with related sources) a highlight of cosmic-ray astrophysics? (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Cygnus X-3 and some apparently related systems have sprung into remarkable prominence. The reasons for this great interest are summarized. Some recent developments in the picture of these sources are also outlined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 8 p
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  • 87
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    Ground-based very high energy gamma ray astronomy: Observational highlights (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: It is now more than 20 years since the first ground based gamma ray experiments involving atmospheric Cerenkov radiation were undertaken. The present highlights in observational ground-based very high energy (VHE) gamma ray astronomy and the optimism about an interesting future for the field follow progress in these areas: (1) the detection at increased levels of confidence of an enlarged number of sources so that at present claims were made for the detection, at the 4 to 5 sd level of significance, of 8 point sources; (2) the replication of the claimed detections with, for the first time, confirmation of the nature and detail of the emission; and (3) the extension of gamma ray astronomy to the ultra high energy (UHE) domain. The pattern, if any, to emerge from the list of sources claimed so far is that X-ray binary sources appear to be copious emitters of gamma rays over at least 4 decades of energy. These X-ray sources which behave as VHE and UHE gamma ray emitters are examined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 8 p
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  • 88
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    Emulsion chamber observations and interpretation (HE 3) (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Experimental results from Emulsion Chamber (EC) experiments at mountain altitudes or at higher levels using flying carriers are examined. The physical interest in this field is concentrated on the strong interaction at the very high energy region exceeding the accelerator energy, also on the primary cosmic ray intensity and its chemical composition. Those experiments which observed cosmic ray secondaries gave information on high energy interaction characteristics through the analyses of secondary spectra, gamma-hadron families and C-jets (direct observation of the particle production occuring at the carbon target). Problems of scaling violation in fragmentation region, interaction cross section, transverse momentum of produced secondaries, and some peculiar features of exotic events are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 19 p
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  • 89
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    High energy interactions of cosmic ray particles (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The highlights of seven sessions of the Conference dealing with high energy interactions of cosmic rays are discussed. High energy cross section measurements; particle production-models of experiments; nuclei and nuclear matter; nucleus-nucleus collision; searches for magnetic monopoles; and studies of nucleon decay are covered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 14 p
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  • 90
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    Extensive air showers (HE-4) (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Ultra high energy (UHE) gamma ray astronomy is an exciting area which has added a new sense of purpose to ground based array work. There is much to be done before UHE gamma ray showers can be understood properly and it is important to remain conservative with claims while the properties of such showers are still not clear. The muon content is only one of the properties that needs to be clarified. It remains to be seen how well progress occurs on the second order problem of detailed interaction parameters once the gross features are clarified. The shower disk thickness has become an area of intense study with interest in Linsley's technique for measuremnts of giant showers and in the study of structure near the core for improving fast timing and studying delayed subshowers. Perhaps the most significant area of promise for the future is individual shower develpments with Cerenkov and, particularly, air fluorescence techniques. The importance and potential of having relatively complete information on a complete set of individual showers can hardly be overestimated. A complete understanding of the observation process is needed to determine whether or not the recorded data set is complete at a given energy, apparent core distance, and zenith angle.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 26 p
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  • 91
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    Forbush decreases geomagnetic and atmospheric effects cosmogenic nuclides (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An overview and synthesis is given of recent developments that have occurred in the areas of Forbush decreases, geomagnetic and atmospheric effects, and cosmogenic nuclides. Experimental evidence has been found for substantial differences in the effects of the various types of interplanetary perturbations on cosmic rays, and for a dependence of these effects on the three-dimensional configuration of the interplanetary medium. In order to fully understand and to be able to simulate the solar cosmic ray particle access to the polar regions of the earth we need accurate models of the magnetospheric magnetic field. These models must include all major magnetospheric current systems (in particular the field aligned currents), and they should represent magnetically quiet time periods as well as different levels of geomagnetic activity. In the evolution of magnetospheric magnetic field models, cosmic ray and magnetospheric physicists should work closely together since cosmic ray measurements are a powerful additional tool in the study of the perturbed magnetosphere. In the field of cosmogenic nuclides, finally, exciting new results and developments follow in rapid succession. Thanks to new techniques and new isotopes the analysis of cosmic ray history has entered into a new dimension.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 21 p
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  • 92
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    Coronal and interplanetary propagation, interplanetary acceleration, cosmic-ray observations by deep space network and anomalous component (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The purpose is to provide an overview of the contributions presented in sessions SH3, SH1.5, SH4.6 and SH4.7 of the 19th International Cosmic Ray Conference. These contributed papers indicate that steady progress continues to be made in both the observational and the theoretical aspects of the transport and acceleration of energetic charged particles in the heliosphere. Studies of solar and interplanetary particles have placed emphasis on particle directional distributions in relation to pitch-angle scattering and magnetic focusing, on the rigidity and spatial dependence of the mean free path, and on new propagation regimes in the inner and outer heliosphere. Coronal propagation appears in need of correlative multi-spacecraft studies in association with detailed observation of the flare process and coronal magnetic structures. Interplanetary acceleration has now gone into a consolidation phase, with theories being worked out in detail and checked against observation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 13 p
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  • 93
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    Galactic cosmic ray composition (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An assessment is given of the galactic cosmic ray source (GCRS) elemental composition and its correlation with first ionization potential. The isotopic composition of heavy nuclei; spallation cross sections; energy spectra of primary nuclei; electrons; positrons; local galactic reference abundances; comparison of solar energetic particles and solar coronal compositions; the hydrogen; lead; nitrogen; helium; and germanium deficiency problems; and the excess of elements are among the topics covered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 73 p
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  • 94
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    Cosmic ray sources, acceleration and propagation (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A review is given of selected papers on the theory of cosmic ray (CR) propagation and acceleration. The high isotropy and a comparatively large age of galactic CR are explained by the effective interaction of relativistic particles with random and regular electromagnetic fields in interstellar medium. The kinetic theory of CR propagation in the Galaxy is formulated similarly to the elaborate theory of CR propagation in heliosphere. The substantial difference between these theories is explained by the necessity to take into account in some cases the collective effects due to a rather high density of relativisitc particles. In particular, the kinetic CR stream instability and the hydrodynamic Parker instability is studied. The interaction of relativistic particles with an ensemble of given weak random magnetic fields is calculated by perturbation theory. The theory of CR transfer is considered to be basically completed for this case. The main problem consists in poor information about the structure of the regular and the random galactic magnetic fields. An account is given of CR transfer in a turbulent medium.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 21 p
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  • 95
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    Cosmic gamma-rays and cosmic nuclei above 1 TeV (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Work on cosmic gamma rays and cosmic nuclei above I TeV is described and evaluated. The prospect that gamma ray astronomy above I TeV will give new insights into high energy cosmic ray origin within our galaxy is particularly bright.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 30 p
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  • 96
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    Gamma ray astronomy from satellites and balloons (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A survey is given of gamma ray astronomy topics presented at the Cosmic Ray Conference. The major conclusions at the Cosmic Ray Conference in the field of gamma ray astronomy are given. (1) MeV-emission of gamma-ray bursts is a common feature. Variations in duration and energy spectra from burst to burst may explain the discrepancy between the measured log N - log S dependence and the observed isotropy of bursts. (2) The gamma-ray line at 1.809 MeV from Al(26) is the first detected line from a radioactive nucleosynthesis product. In order to understand its origin it will be necessary to measure its longitude distribution in the Milky Way. (3) The indications of a gamma-ray excess found from the direction of Loop I is consistent with the picture that the bulk of cosmic rays below 100 GeV is produced in galactic supernova remnants. (4) The interpretation of the large scale distribution of gamma rays in the Milky Way is controversial. At present an extragalactic origin of the cosmic ray nuclei in the GeV-range cannot be excluded from the gamma ray data. (5) The detection of MeV-emission from Cen A is a promising step towards the interesting field of extragalactic gamma ray astronomy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 17 p
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  • 97
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    Extragalactic astronomy (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Components of the active extragalactic universe are examined to discover what extragalactic objects exhibit physical processes of the same kind as those thought to be important within the galaxy. Radio galaxies; quasars; bulk ejection from galactic objects such as novae supernovae, and other galactic nuclei; the red shifts of quasars; and the possibility of non-cosmological red shifts are among the topics discussed. It is concluded that the highest energy cosmic rays may have an extragalactic or extragalactic origin.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 6 p
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  • 98
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    Cosmogenic nuclei (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Cosmogenic nuclei, nuclides formed by nuclear interactions of galactic and solar cosmic rays with extraterrestrial or terrestrial matter are discussed. Long lived radioactive cosmogenic isotopes are focused upon. Their uses in dating, as tracers of the interactions of cosmic rays with matter, and in obtaining information on the variation of primary cosmic ray flux in the past are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 13 p
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  • 99
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    Elementary particle physics (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Elementary particle physics is discussed. Status of the Standard Model of electroweak and strong interactions; phenomena beyond the Standard Model; new accelerator projects; and possible contributions from non-accelerator experiments are examined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 18 p
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  • 100
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    Gamma-ray line astrophysics (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Recent observations of gamma-ray line emission from solar flares, gamma-ray bursts, the galactic center, the interstellar medium and the jets of SS433 are reviewed. The implications of these observations on high energy processes in these sources are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nineteenth International Cosmic Ray Conference. Conference Papers: Invited Rapporteur, Highlight, Miscellaneous, Volume 9; 23 p
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