ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
Filter
  • photosynthesis  (88)
  • Springer  (88)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999  (47)
  • 1990-1994  (41)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1998  (47)
  • 1990  (41)
  • 1941
Collection
Publisher
  • Springer  (88)
  • American Meteorological Society
Years
  • 1995-1999  (47)
  • 1990-1994  (41)
  • 1940-1944
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mangroves and salt marshes 2 (1998), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: conductance ; mangrove ; photosynthesis ; productivity ; water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diurnal gas exchange characteristics were measured simultaneously in two mangrove species, Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, over 7 d in summer (February–March), to compare their productivity. The study was undertaken in the Beachwood Mangroves Nature Reserve, Durban, South Africa, using fully expanded leaves of young and mature trees at the top of the canopy. Gas exchange was strongly influenced by photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), leaf temperature and the accompanying leaf to air vapour pressure deficit (Δ w). Carbon dioxide exchange was saturated at a PPFD of about 600 μmol m-2s-1 in B. gymnorrhiza compared to 800 μmol m-2s-1 in A. marina. Maximal CO2 exchange occurred between 12h00 and 14h00 and was consistently greater in A. marina (8.8 μmol m-2s-1) than in B. gymnorrhiza (5.3 mu;mol m-2s-1). Mean internal CO2 concentrations ( ci) were 260 μl l-1 in A. marina and 252 μl l-1 in B. gymnorrhiza. Photorespiratory activity was 32% in A. marina and 30% in B. gymnorrhiza. Mean water use efficiency (WUE) was 8.0 μmol mmol-1 in A. marina and 10.6 μmol mmol-1 in B. gymnorrhiza. Diurnal leaf water potentials ranged from –0.8 to –3.5 MPa and were generally lower in A. marina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mangroves and salt marshes 2 (1998), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: canopy ; Hinchinbrook ; leaf area index ; mangrove ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data on stand structure and rates of photosynthesis were used to estimate net canopy carbon fixation and carbon accumulation as living biomass in mangrove forests in Hinchinbrook Channel, Australia. Total annual canopy net carbon fixation was estimated to be about 29 t C ha−1 yr−1. This equates to about 204,000 t C yr−1 for all mangrove forests in Hinchinbrook Channel. Of this, only about 12% was stored as living plant biomass. Although it is not yet possible to present a robust carbon balance for mangrove trees, the remainder is presumably lost through plant respiration, litter fall, root turnover and exudation of organic compounds from roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 3
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: benzylaminopurine ; gibberellic acid ; senescence ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The modifying effects of applying the plant growth regulators (PGRs) benzylaminopurine (BAP), gibberellic acid (GA3) and BAP+GA3 on physiological age were studied. Two experiments with two cultivars, differing in rate of physiological ageing (medium-early Pampeana, medium-late Huinkul) and two storage systems were performed during 1988/89 and 1989/90 in two different potato areas of Argentina. In both seasons seed tubers stored in heaps reached an advanced physiological age at planting, compared with tubers from the cold store. Seed tubers of cv. Pampeana were older than those of Huinkul. compared with control crops, those sprayed with BAP maintained ground cover and photosynthesis for longer, and those sprayed with GA3 for a shorter period. Consequently tuber yield was decreased by GA3 in 1988/89, but in 1989/90 all crops treated with PGRs outyielded the control. BAP could overcome effects of advanced physiological age on crop senescence and tuber yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 547-554 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: herbicide ; green alga ; growth ; nutrients ; photosynthesis ; it Protosiphon botryoides ; respiration ; Thiobencarb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the herbicide thiobencarb (Saturn) were tested on the growth and physiology of the chlorophyte Protosiphon botryoides isolated from an Egyptian paddy. Assays were conducted using 16-day batch cultures. Chlorophyll and dry weight biomass yields were significantly reduced at 2–3 mg L-1 thiobencarb, and dark respiration increased and protein decreased significantly at 3 mg L-1. Reductions in exponential specific growth rate (μ) were generally small, but in some cases significant. Thiobencarb also slightly, but significantly, reduced the 77 K fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm, an indicator of maximum photosynthetic efficiency. No consistent dose-dependent changes occurred in chlorophyll per unit dry weight, total carbohydrate or gross photosynthetic capacity. Whereas half of the added thiobencarb was recovered from control (uninoculated) medium, it was largely absent from cells and culture medium after sixteen days, indicating biodegradation by the alga or associated bacteria. P. botryoides recovered fully within sixteen days following subculture in thiobencarb-free medium. Independently varying phosphate and nitrate nine-fold had no clear effect on the sensitivity of P. botryoides to thiobencarb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Cyanobacterium ; Spirulina platensis ; Arthrospira ; CO2 ; organic carbon ; nitrogen ; photosynthesis ; batch culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The consequences of the addition of CO2 (1%) in cultures of S. platensis are examined in terms of biomass yield, cell composition and external medium composition. CO2 enrichment was tested under nitrogen saturating and nitrogen limiting conditions. Increasing CO2 levels did not cause any change in maximum growth rate while it decreased maximum biomass yield. Protein and pigments were decreased and carbohydrate increased by high CO2, but the capability to store carbohydrates was saturated. C:N ratio remained unchanged while organic carbon released to the external medium was enhanced, suggesting that organic carbon release in S. platensis is an efficient mechanism for the maintenance of the metabolic integrity, balancing the cell C:N ratio in response to environmental CO2 changes. CO2 affected the pigment content: Phycocyanin, chlorophyll and carotenoids were reduced in around 50%, but the photosynthetic parameters were slightly changed. We propose that in S. platensis CO2 could act promoting degradation of pigments synthetised in excess in normal CO2 conditions, that are not necessary for light harvesting. Nitrogen assimilation was significantly not affected by CO2, and it is proposed that the inability to stimulate N assimilation by CO2 enrichment determined the lack of response in maximum growth rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 419-425 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Gracilaria cornea ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; chlorophyll ; phycoerythrin ; Florida ; salinity ; temperature ; irradiance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The agarophyte Gracilaria cornea, collected over 2.5 y in the Florida Keys, shows adaptations to oceanic salinities and subtropical to tropical water temperatures in its photosynthetic and respiratory responses as measured with a respirometer. No seasonal pattern in responses to irradiance, temperature, and salinity were evident between five collections over a 20-month period, indicating the tropical nature of the populations from Bahia Honda and Pigeon Keys. Concentrations of chlorophyll a (0.09 to 0.41 mg g d wt-1) and phycoerythrin (0.06 to 0.36 mg g d wt- 1) were low and reflect the low nutrient regime of the habitats, especially when compared to laboratory cultured plants. Compensation and saturation irradiances were also low (11–38 and 90–127 μmol photon m-2 s-1), indicating acclimation to lower irradiances in their shallow (1–2 m depth) habitats where turbidity can be high. In comparison with other subtropical and warm temperate species of Gracilaria, G. cornea had lower levels of pigment, but similarly high photosynthetic efficiency, demonstrating shade adaptation; it had only limited tolerance to salinities below 20‰ and temperatures below 15 °C. Thus, G. cornea from the Florida Keys in mariculture would require subtropical to tropical temperatures and stable oceanic salinities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Chlorophyll antenna size ; damage and repair cycle ; photon use efficiency ; photosynthesis ; photoinhibition ; Dunaliella salina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The photon use efficiencies and maximal rates of photosynthesis in Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyta) cultures acclimated to different light intensities were investigated. Batch cultures were grown to the mid-exponential phase under continuous low-light (LL: 100 μmol photon m-2 s-1) or high-light (HL: 2000 μmol photon m-2 s-1) conditions. Under LL, cells were normally pigmented (deep green) containing ∼500 chlorophyll (Chl) molecules per photosystem II (PSII) unit and ∼250 Chl molecules per photosystem I (PSI). HL-grown cells were yellow-green, contained only 60 Chl per PSII and 100 Chl per PSI and showed signs of chronic photoinhibition, i.e., accumulation of photodamaged PSII reaction centers in the chloroplast thylakoids. In LL-grown cells, photosynthesis saturated at ∼200 μmol photon m-2 s-1 with a rate (Pmax) of ∼100 mmol O2 (mol Chl)-1 s-1. In HL-grown cells, photosynthesis saturated at much higher light intensities, i.e. ∼2500 μmol photon m-2 s-1, and exhibited a three-fold higher Pmax (∼300 mmol O2 (mol Chl)-1 s-1) than the normally pigmented LL-grown cells. Recovery of the HL-grown cells from photoinhibition, occurring prior to a light-harvesting Chl antenna size increase, enhanced Pmax to ∼675 mmol O2 (mol Chl)-1 s-1. Extrapolation of these results to outdoor mass culture conditions suggested that algal strains with small Chl antenna size could exhibit 2–3 times higher productivities than currently achieved with normally pigmented cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 51-53 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: blue-green alga ; cyanobacterium ; Fv/Fmlight ; Nostoc flagelliforme ; photosynthesis ; rewetting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract PS II photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of Nostoc flagelliforme was examined after rewetting in order to investigate the light-dependency of its photosynthetic recovery. Fv/Fm was not detected in the dark, but was immediately recognized in the light. Different levels of light irradiation (4, 40 and 400 µmol photon m2 s-1) displayed different effects on the recovery process of photosynthesis. The intermediate level led to the best recovery of photochemical efficiency; the low light required longer and the high light inhibited the extent of the recovered efficiency. It was concluded that the photosynthetic recovery of N. flagelliforme is both light-dependent and influenced by photon flux density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: ammonium ; C:N ratio ; tank culture ; dietary fibre ; fatty acids ; nitrogen ; photosynthesis ; Ulva rigida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Physiological and biochemical changes in relation to inorganic nitrogen availability were studied for tank-cultivated Ulva rigida grown under nitrogen- enriched and nitrogen-depleted seawater. U. rigida was initially cultivated in nitrogen-enriched seawater (daily concentrations of NH4+ and NO3- + NO2- ranged between 0.5–1.7 and 0.06–0.15 mg L-1, respectively), then transferred to nitrogen-depleted seawater where photosynthetic capacity decreased to zero after 23 d. At the time (14 d) when photosynthetic rates were lower than 2.0 μmol O2 g-1 FW min-1 and strong bleaching had occurred, some algae were returned to the initial nitrogen-enriched seawater to study recovery from N-limited growth. Data on biochemical composition (chlorophylls, ash, caloric content, fatty acids and dietary fibres) and colouration varied significantly depending on the nitrogen conditions. C:N ratios correlated significantly with biochemical parameters. Fatty acid (FA) synthesis continued during the N-starvation period; saturated and mono-unsaturated FA increased to a maximun of 72.2%, while poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased to 27.7%. During the N-enriched recovery period, the reverse was found. C:N ratios above 10 correlated with carbohydrate synthesis as shown by the dietary fibre level. Under nitrogen enriched conditions, C:N ratios decreased along with a decrease in fibre level. Under controlled conditions, nitrogen represents a major influence on the development of intensive tank cultivation of Ulva rigida, not only by affecting parameters closely related to nitrogen metabolism but also some clearly influenced by carbon uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 2 (1990), S. 293-296 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: heavy metal ; photosynthesis ; periphyton ; tolerance ; Cyanophyceae ; genetic adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was made of the tolerance to Cu of 11 strains of Cyanophyceae and 7 strains of eukaryotes. These had all been tested within 6 months after isolation for their photosynthetic activity when exposed to Cu (Takamuraet al., 1989) and had repeatedly been subcultured in the medium without Cu for 2 years. Photosynthetic measurements were made in two ways: precultured in medium without Cu or precultured (for one subculture) in medium containing Cu (645 μg 1−1). The results were compared with those obtained within 6 months of isolation. The tolerance of the eukaryotes did not change significantly in any case, but most strains of Cyanophyceae lost their tolerance to Cu within a few subcultures in medium without Cu; however tolerance recovered following one subculture in medium containing an intermediate level of Cu. This rapid adaptation cannot be explained by a constitutive mutation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Cystoseira barbata ; photosynthesis ; light ; temperature ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The net photosynthesis of the Mediterranean brown seaweedCystoseira barbata f.repens is measured according to irradiance, temperature and salinity. There is not only, a good utilization of low light intensities (light-shade adaptation), but also a specific ability to use a broad range of irradiance, which corresponds in the photosynthesis-irradiance curves to a high initial slope and an extended light saturation level from 300 to 1500 μmol photon m−2 s−1; only very high irradiances induce photoinhibition. Maximum net photosynthesis occurred at temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 30 °C. The alga tolerates not only a low level of salinity, but also a slight increase in salinity; however, at more than 47.5 g 1−1 NaCl, oxygen exchange is significantly reduced. Light, temperature and salinity requirements are discussed, taking into account ecological considerations. Yields and quality of alginic acid are presented according to the irradiance and yearly evolutionin situ in order to aid future cultivation of this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Gelidium sesquipedale ; photosynthesis ; fluorescence ; light response curves ; pigments ; depth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthesis-light response curves of Gelidium sesquipedale from the west coast of Portugal (Cape Espichel) were determined at four different depths, 3, 10, 15 and 22 m. Data acquisition using chlorophyll a fluorescence methodology and oxygen electrode measurements were compared. Response curves were determined over an increasing range of irradiance values (I), from darkness to 900 μmol photon m-2 s-1 PAR. In general, light response curves obtained for G. sesquipedale showed a similar pattern whether determined by the chlorophyll fluorescence method or by oxygen evolution. The photosynthetic capacity of G. sesquipedale decreased with depth, as expected, revealing a ‘sun’ and ‘shade’ acclimation pattern, between shallow and deeper waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: UV-radiation ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; photosynthesis ; stress tolerance ; electron transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photoinhibition and recovery kinetics after short exposure to solar radiation following three different irradiance treatments of irradiances (PAR, PAR+UVA and PAR+UVA+UVB) was assessed in two intertidal species of the genus Gelidium, Gelidium sesquipedale and G. latifolium, collected from Tarifa (southern Spain) using in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence (PAM fluorometry). After 3 h UV radiation exposure, optimal quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) in G. sesquipedale decreased between 25 and 35% relative to the control. Under PAR alone, values decreased to 60%. In G. latifolium, photoinhibition did not exceed 40%. Similar results were found for the effective quantum yield (ΔF/Fm′), however, no marked differences in relation to light treatments were seen. When plants were shaded for recovery from stress, only in G. latifolium a significant increase in photosynthesis was observed (between 80 and 100% of control). In contrast, photosynthesis of G. sesquipedale suffered a chronic photoinhibition or photodamage under the three light irradiances. Full solar radiation (PAR+UVA+UVB) affected also the electron transport rate in both species. Here, initial slopes of electron transport vs. irradiance curves decreased up to 60% of controls. Although the recovery kinetic under PAR+UVA+UVB conditions was delayed in G. latifolium, after 24 h recovery this species reached significantly higher than G. sesquipedale. PAR impaired electron trasport only in G. sesquipedale. Overall, both species are characterized by different capacity to tolerate enhanced solar radiation. G. latifolium is a sun adapted plant, well suited to intertidal light conditions, whereas G. sesquipedale, growing at shaded sites in the intertidal zone, is more vulnerable to enhanced UV radiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: 14C ; photosynthesis ; population growth ; Selenastrum capricornutum ; suspended sediment elutriate ; zinc ; cadmium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Short-term 14C-fixation (4 h) Selenastrum capricornutum algal toxicity tests were conducted with Cd (n=8), Zn (n=9) and suspended sediment aqueous elutriates (n=28) and the results were compared to those obtained in a 48 h population growth test. In order to provide more realistic experimental conditions, toxicity tests were carried out in prefiltered nutrient-spiked Lake Geneva water. The population growth inhibition test was significantly more sensitive than the14 C-fixation test for Cd (median EC50-4h and EC50-48h values of 600 and 118 µg L-1, respectively) whereas no significant difference was measured for Zn toxicity (median EC50-4h and EC50-48h values of 97 and 96 µg L-1, respectively). With suspended sediment aqueous elutriates, the relative sensitivity of the two different end points is sample dependent, with ratios of the EC25 for the14 C-fixation: population growth test ranging from 〈0.26 to 〉53.3. Elutriate toxicity shows no apparent relationship between the acute and chronic test, indicating that population growth inhibition cannot be derived directly or predicted from14 C-fixation. Both tests with their specific advantages and limitations provide valuable complementary information to measure the impact of single toxicants or complex mixtures on aquatic plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 10 (1998), S. 447-452 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: dense algal suspension ; light-harvesting pigment ; photosynthesis ; Synechocystis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects on photoinhibition of light-harvesting pigments in microalgal cells were examined using the wild type and a phycocyanin- deficient mutant (PD-1) of Synechosystis PCC 6714. Mutant PD-1 showed higher resistance to high light than the wild type in terms of the decline of photosynthetic activity at any light intensity and with various cell densities. This suggests that the loss of productivity induced by high light intensity would be improved by reducing the content of light-harvesting pigments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Gracilaria ; strain selection ; growth ; photosynthesis ; rubisco ; agar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A strain selection procedure using Gracilaria verrucosa gametophytic sporelings was found to be an efficient tool for the improvement of Gracilaria strains. Two strains, C-2 and A-18, which were isolated and grown clonally, showed higher growth rates under high and low temperature conditions, respectively, than the local Gracilaria conferta. Growth rate, photosynthesis and chlorophyll, which were measured under different temperature and photon flux densities, demonstrated an overall advantage of the selected strains over the wild type strains of both G. verrucosa and G. conferta. Growth rates were also generally in positive correlation with the carboxylase activity of Rubisco. The G. verrucosa wild type also had a 40% higher agar content than G. conferta. The selected strains thus showed higher potential for outdoor cultivation than local wild type populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: cryptomonads ; macromolecular ; Phototron ; photosynthesis ; UV radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We used a device called a Phototron to measure the effects of UV radiation on the cosmopolitan algae, Cryptomonas erosa, grown in continuous cultures. In the Phototron, we investigated changes in photosynthetic parameters (Pmax – specific production rate at optimal light intensity; α – initial slope of the linear portion of the Photosynthesis-Irradiance curve; and θ – the convexity or rate of bending) and carbon allocation as a function of irradiance at three different environmentally-realistic doses of UV radiation in unconditioned (no prior UV exposure) and conditioned algae (15 d previous UV exposure). For unconditioned control algae, Pmax-Total was lower, although not significantly, than the two highest UV treatments. For conditioned control algae, Pmax-Total was higher, although not significantly, than all UV treatments. Our data suggest that short term (4 h) exposure to low levels of UV (8.09 W m−2 unweighted) does not affect Pmax-Total in C. erosa, but does change the proportion of carbon allocated to lipids and proteins. Also, comparisons of lipids, polysaccharides and proteins as a percent of total carbon uptake between unconditioned and conditioned algae indicate that exposure history to UV radiation can have a negative impact on carbon allocation to lipids and proteins, in a wetland alga species that is crucial to the efficient transfer of energy through freshwater food webs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase ; petH ; divergent operator ; antisense mRNA ; phosphoribulokinase ; prk Synechocystis PCC 6803 ; photosynthesis ; cyanobacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The petH gene, encoding ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR), has been characterised in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. Its product, FNR, was heterologously produced and functionally characterized. The start-site of the monocystronic petH transcript was mapped 523 bp upstream of the predicted PetH initiation codon, resulting in an unusually large 5′-untranslated region. The 5′ end of the petH transcript is situated within the open reading frame of phosphoribulokinase (encoded by prk), which is transcribed in opposite orientation with respect to petH. The transcription start site of the prk transcript was mapped 219 bp upstream of the initiation codon, resulting in a 223 bp antisense region between both transcripts. Under many conditions the expression of both genes (i.e. petH and prk) is co-regulated symmetrically at the transcriptional level, as was concluded from both northern hybridization experiments and from primer extension analyses; it became uncoupled, however, when specifically petH expression was stimulated, independent of prk expression, by stressing the Synechocystis cells with high salt concentrations. A model for a new type of bidirectional operator, regulating the expression of petH and prk, is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: carbohydrates ; elevated CO2 ; Gossypium hirsutum L. ; interaction ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., cv DPL 5415) plants were grown in naturally lit environment chambers at day/night temperature regimes of 26/18 (T-26/18), 31/23 (T-31/23) and 36/28 °C (T-36/28) and CO2 concentrations of 350 (C-350), 450 (C-450) and 700 μL L-1 (C-700). Net photosynthesis rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration, RuBP carboxylase activity and the foliar contents of starch and sucrose were measured during different growth stages. Net CO2 assimilation rates increased with increasing CO2 and temperature regimes. The enhancement of photosynthesis was from 24 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 (with C-350 and T-26/18) to 41 μmol m-2 s-1 (with C-700 and T-36/28). Stomatal conductance decreased with increasing CO2 while it increased up to T-31/23 and then declined. The interactive effects of CO2 and temperature resulted in a 30% decrease in transpiration. Although the leaves grown in elevated CO2 had high starch and sucrose concentrations, their content decreased with increasing temperature. Increasing temperature from T-26/18 to 36/28 increased RuBP carboxylase activity in the order of 121, 172 and 190 μmol mg-1 chl h-1 at C-350, C-450 and C-700 respectively. Our data suggest that leaf photosynthesis in cotton benefited more from CO_2 enrichment at warm temperatures than at low growth temperature regimes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Canopy enclosure ; stomatal conductance ; light response curve ; light use efficiency ; photosynthesis ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; transpiration ; water use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Aardappelplanten (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv.Saturna werden onderworpen aan stress als gevolg vanVerticillium dahliae en droogte. In vroege stadia van de groei werden stomataire geleiding, transpiratie en netto fotosynthese bij lichtverzadiging (PAR〉300 W m−2) gemeten aan individuele bladeren en met een mobiel instrumentarium met behulp van gewaskappen. Er werden geen significante verschillen gevonden in de waarden van de stomataire geleiding en de gasuitwisslingskarakteristieken als gevolg vanV. dahliae-besmetting tot een maand na opkomst. Daarna leidde infectie metV. dahliae tot een afname van de stomataire geleiding, transpiratie en netto fotosynthese, speciaal bij oudere bladeren en bij planten die meer aan zonlicht waren blootgesteld. Soms vertoondeV. dahliae interactie met droogte en bleken beide effecten minder dan optelbaar. De hoge waarden van de variatiecoëfficiënten maakten een groot aantal metingen per behandeling noodzakelijk; dit was vooral het geval bij metV. dahliae geïnfecteerde planten hetgeen aantoont datV. dahliae vooral in het begin van de groei niet alle bladeren in gelijke mate aantast. Door de matigende invloed van de integratie van alle bladlagen en mogelijk doordat de bovenste bladeren werden gestimuleerd, werd de totale gewasfotosynthese in mindere mate beïnvloed doorV. dahliae dan de individuele bladfotosynthese. De bovenste niet geïnfecteerde bladeren bleken verantwoordelijk voor het grootste gedeelte van de gewas-fotosynthese. De resultaten tonen aan, dat volgend op een infectie metV. dahliae, de fotosynthese reeds in een vroeg stadium van de groei wordt verminderd als een gevolg van droogtestress in de bladeren.
    Notes: Abstract Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants cv.Saturna were subjected to infection withVerticillium dahliae and drought stress. At the early stages of growth, stomatal conductance, transpiration and net photosynthesis were measured at light saturation (PAR〉300 m−2) on individual leaves and with mobile field equipment with the aid of field enclosures. No significant changes in stomatal conductance and gas exchange characteristics occurred as a result ofV. dahliae instomatal conductance, transpiration and and photosynthetic rates, especially on older leaves and on plants exposed to direct sunlight for a longer period of time. In combination with drought,V. dahliae only occasionally showed interaction; their effects being less than additive. High values of coefficients of variatoon necessitated a high number of measurements per treatment; the more so in the inoculated plants which shows thatV. dahliae seems to affect certain leaves while not affecting others early in growth. Crop photosynthesis was less reduced byV. dahliae than individual leaf photosynthesis due to the levelling effect of integration over the whole canopy and possibly through a stimulation of the top leaves. The upper non-affected leaves are responsible for the bulk of photosynthetic crop activity. The results indicate that following an infection withV. dahliae photosynthesis is reduced early in growth as a result of drought stress in the leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: cytochrome c ; photosynthesis ; photosynthetic bacteria ; electron transport ; Chloroflexus aurantiacus ; green bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The membrane-bound photooxidizable cytochrome c-554 from Chloroflexus aurantiacus has been purified. The purified protein runs as a single heme staining band on SDS-PAGE with an apparent molecular mass of 43 000 daltons. An extinction coefficient of 28 ± 1 mM−1 cm−1 per heme at 554 nm was found for the dithionite-reduced protein. The potentiometric titration of the hemes takes place over an extended range, showing clearly that the protein does not contain a single heme in a well-defined site. The titration can be fit to a Nernst curve with midpoint potentials at 0, +120, +220 and +300 mV vs the standard hydrogen electrode. Pyridine hemochrome analysis combined with a Lowry protein assay and the SDS-PAGE molecular weight indicates that there are a minimum of three, and probably four hemes per peptide. Amino acid analysis shows 5 histidine residues and 29% hydrophobic residues in the protein. This cytochrome appears to be functionally similar to the bound cytochrome from Rhodopseudomonas viridis. Both cytochrome c-554 from C. aurantiacus and the four-heme cytochrome c-558-553 from R. viridis appear to act as direct electron donors to the special bacteriochlorophyll pair of the photosynthetic reaction center. They have a similar content of hydrophobic amino acids, but differ in isoelectric point, thermodynamic characteristics, spectral properties, and in their ability to be photooxidized at low temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 23 (1990), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: leaf size ; light ; photosynthesis ; shading ; soybeans ; specific leaf weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the basis of the negative relationship between leaf size and photosynthetic rate per unit of area among five cultivars of soybeans. Exposure of developing mainstem leaves to light, and sizes and light saturated photosynthesis rates of those leaves at maturity were compared in cultivars grown in field plots for two years at Beltsville, Maryland, USA. Plants were grown both in stands at 2.5 cm by 1 m spacing and as isolated plants. While cultivar differences in leaf size were large and consistent in both planting arrangements, significant cultivar differences in light saturated photosynthetic rates were found only in plants grown in stands. Similarly, leaf size was significantly correlated with specific leaf weight only for plants grown in stands. The mainstem apex and developing mainstem leaves experienced more severe shading in large-leaved cultivars than in small-leaved cultivars when plants were grown in stands. Thus, cultivar differences in photosynthetic capacity were probably a consequence of differences in the exposure of developing leaves to light.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 23 (1990), S. 313-318 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: thylakoid membranes ; electron transfer ; photoacoustic spectroscopy ; energy storage ; photosynthesis ; plastoquinone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic energy storage yield of uncoupled thylakoid membranes was monitored by photoacoustic spectroscopy at various measuring beam intensities. The energy storage rate as evaluated by the half-saturation measuring beam intensity (i50) was inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1 dimethylurea, by heat inactivation or by artificial electron acceptors specific for photosystem I or photosystem II; and was activated by electron donors to photosystem I. The reactions involving both photosystems were all characterized by a similar maximal energy storage yield of 16±2 percent. The data could be interpreted if we assumed that the energy storage elicited by the photosystems at 35 Hz is detected at the level of the plastoquinone pool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: autobiography ; chloroplast structure ; chloroplast proteins ; chloroplast lipids ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An autobiographic report of studies on the elucidation of the structure of the chloroplast is presented here. It deals with the discovery of the lamellar structure of chloroplasts by polarization-microscopy, the representation of their layer-like structure with the ultraviolet microscope and the results obtained by the electron-microscope leading to the discovery of the structural elements of the lamellar system. These lamellar structures were in the form of vesicles, and were named thylakoids. Isolation of the chloroplasts made it possible to determine their chemical composition. Amphiphilic lipids, together with water, create bimolecular layers and, therefore, are responsible for the structure of the thylakoid-membranes. The role of membrane proteins was emphasized. The isolation of the individual polypeptides was possible after dissociation in sodium-dodecyl-sulfate. Antisera to these polypeptides were used to localize them in the membrane. These antisera are able to inhibit special steps in the electron transport. Our results of the spectroscopic examination of photosynthetic membrane components are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 24 (1990), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: atrazine ; diuron ; photosystem II ; photosynthesis ; thylakoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The binding of the herbicide atrazine to thylakoid membranes is often used to quantify Photosystem II reaction centres. Two atrazine binding sites, with high and low affinities, have been observed on the D1 and D2 polypeptides of Photosystem II, respectively (McCarthy S., Jursinic P. and Stemler A. (1988) Plant Physiol. 86S:46). We have observed that the accessibility of the low-affinity binding sites is variable, being limited in freshly isolated thylakoids or in fresh frozen-thawed thylakoids, but increasing during storage of the membranes on ice. In contrast, the accessibility of the high-affinity binding sites, which are titratable at low concentrations (〈 500 nM) of herbicide, is much less variable, although the dissociation constant is greatly influenced by ethanol. We conclude that to quantify Photosystem II reaction centres by atrazine binding, it is sufficient and more reliable to assay only the high-affinity binding sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; photosynthesis ; psbC gene ; psbD gene ; translational start codon ; overlapping genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The unicellular photoheterotrophic cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 was shown to encode two genes for the Photosystem II reaction center core protein D2 and one gene for the reaction center chlorophyhll-binding protein CP43. These three genes were cloned and their DNA sequences determined along with their flanking DNA sequences. Northern hybridization experiments show that both genes which encode D2, psbD1 and psbD2, are expressed at roughly equivalent levels. For each of the two psbD genes, there are 18 nucleotide differences among the 1059 nucleotides which are translated. The DNA sequences surrounding the coding sequences are nearly 70% divergent. Despite the DNA sequence differences in the genes, the proteins encoded by the two genes are predicted to be identical. The proteins encoded by psbD1 and psbD2 are ∼92% homologous to other sequenced cyanobacterial psbD genes and ∼86% homologous to sequenced chloroplast-encoded psbD genes. The single gene for CP43, psbC, overlaps the 3′ end of psbD1 and is co-transcribed with it. Results from previous sequencing of psbC genes encoded by chloroplasts suggest that the 5′ end of the psbC gene overlaps the 3′ end of the coding sequence of psbD by ∼50 nucleotides. In Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, the methionine codon previously proposed to be the start codon for psbC is replaced by an ACG (threonine) codon. We propose an alternative start for the psbC gene at a GTG codon 36 nucleotides downstream from the threonine codon. This GTG codon is preceded by a consensus E. coli-like ribosome binding sequence. Both the GTG start codon and its preceding ribosome binding sequence are conserved in all psbC genes sequenced from cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. This suggests that all psbC genes start at this alternative GTG codon. Based on this alternative start codon, the gene product is ∼85% identical to other cyanobacterial psbC gene products and ∼77% identical to eucaryotic chloroplast-encoded psbC gene products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: inorganic carbon transport ; light ; Chlamydomonas ; CO2 exchange ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of photon flux density on inorganic carbon accumulation and photosynthetic CO2 assimilation was determined by CO2 exchange studies at three, limiting CO2 concentrations with a ca-1 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardiii. This mutant accumulates a large internal inorganic carbon pool in the light which apparently is unavailable for photosynthetic assimilation. Although steady-state photosynthetic CO2 assimilation did not respond to the varying photon flux densities because of CO2 limitation, components of inorganic-carbon accumulation were not clearly light saturated even at 1100 μmol photons m-2 s-1, indicating a substantial energy requirement for inorganic carbon transport and accumulation. Steady-state photosynthetic CO2 assimilation responded to external CO2 concentrations but not to changing internal inorganic carbon concentrations, confirming that diffusion of CO2 into the cells supplies most of the CO2 for photosynthetic assimilation and that the internal inorganic carbon pool is essentially unavailable for photosynthetic assimilation. The estimated concentration of the internal inorganic carbon pool was found to be relatively insensitive to the external CO2 concentration over the small range tested, as would be expected if the concentration of this pool is limited by the internal to external inorganic carbon gradient. An attempt to use this CO2 exchange method to determine whether inorganic carbon accumulation and photosynthetic CO2 assimilation compete for energy at low photon flux densities proved inconclusive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: delayed light ; oxygen evolution ; photosynthesis ; thermoluminescence (money plant, pothos aurea leaf)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of ultraviolet light on thermoluminescence, oxygen evolution and the slow component of delayed light has been investigated in chloroplasts and Pothos leaves. All peaks including peak V (48°C) were inhibited by UV. However, the peak at 48°C which was induced by DCMU was enhanced following UV irradiation of chloroplasts at ambient temperature (23°C) whereas peak II (-12°C) and peak III (10°C) which were also induced by DCMU were inhibited. Chloroplasts treated with DCMU and dark incubated for several minutes at ambient temperature prior to recording of glow curves have also shown enhancement of peak at 48°C. A slow component of delayed light and photosystem II activity of chloroplasts were inhibited by UV whereas photosystem I activity was marginally affected. These results corroborate involvement of photosystem II in generating thermoluminescence and slow components of delayed light in photosynthetic materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; Glycine max ; photosynthesis ; stomatal conductances ; water potential ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Williams 82 and A3127] plants were grown in the field under long-term soil moisture deficit and irrigation to determine the effects of severe drought stress on the photosynthetic capacity of soybean leaves. Afternoon leaf water potentials, stomatal conductances, intercellular CO2 concentrations and CO2-assimilation rates for the two soil moisture treatments were compared during the pod elongation and seed enlargement stages of crop development. Leaf CO2-assimilation rates were measured with either ambient (340 μl CO2 l−1) or CO2-enriched (1800 μl CO2 l−1) air. Although seed yield and leaf area per plant were decreased an average of 48 and 31%, respectively, as a result of drought stress, leaf water potentials were reduced only an average of 0.27 MPa during the sampling period. Afternoon leaf CO2-assimilation rates measured with ambient air were decreased an average of 56 and 49% by soil moisture deficit for Williams 82 and A3127, respectively. The reductions in leaf photosynthesis of both cultivars were associated with similar decreases in leaf stomatal conductance and with small increases in leaf intercellular CO2 concentration. When the CO2-enriched air was used, similar afternoon leaf CO2-assimilation rates were found between the soil moisture treatments at each stage of crop development. These results suggest that photosynthetic capacity of soybean leaves is not reduced by severe soil moisture deficit when a stress develops gradually under field conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chloroplast coupling factor ; induction ; thioredoxin ; regulation ; ATP synthase ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous, non-invasive measurements were made of the rate of photosynthetic CO2 fixation and the state of activation of the chloroplast CF1CF0-ATP synthase (CF) in field-grown sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) during the dark-to-light transition at sunrise. CO2 fixation showed a linear response with light intensity from zero to about 500–700 μE m-2 s-1. However, at light intensities of only 5–22 μE m-2 s-1, the energetic threshold for activation of the CF was found to be significantly lowered (as compared to the pre-dawn state), presumably through reduction of the regulatory sulfhdryl groups of the γ-subunit of the CF. When these studies were extended to chamber-grown plants, it was found that as little as 5 seconds of illumination at 4 μE m-2 s-1 caused apparently full CF reduction. It is clear, therefore, that the catalytic activation of CF is not rate limiting to the induction of carbon assimilation under field conditions during a natural dark-to-light transition at sunrise. A model, based on the redox properties of the regulatory sulfhydryls, was developed to examine the significance of sulfhydryl midpoint potential in explaining the differences in light sensitivity and oxidation and reduction kinetics, between the CF and other thioredoxin-modulated chloroplast enzymes. Computer simulations of the light-induced regulation of three representative thioredoxin-modulated enzymes are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 217-222 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth chamber ; nutrient solution ; 15NO3 assimilation ; photosynthesis ; relative growth rate ; seedlings ; short-term NaCl stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Short-term studies for comparing some primary metabolic and growth-responses to salt stress in seedlings of two maize genotypes differing in drought resistance were carried out under controlled conditions. Both genotypes revealed high yielding ability in favourable environments. Treatments: Control (Hoagland-Arnon No 1 solution) and salt stress (Hoagland-Arnon solution plus NaCl, Ψs = −0.84MPa). It was found that in both genotypes the activity of the principal metabolic pathway supplying reduced nitrogen (15N) for the synthesis of amino acids and proteins as well as the assimulatory number (14CO2—assimilation relation rate per chlorophyll unit) were decreased under the effect of the stress. These effects were more marked in the resistant genotype. In this genotype the stress induced metabolic activity decline was accompanied by a corresonding reduction of the relative growth rate. Conversely, continuing growth, resulting probably from accumulation of solutes, was observed in the susceptible genotype. On the basis of these and other observations it is assumed that the resistant genotype manifests short-term energy saving stress reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass ; growth ; photosynthesis ; salinity ; salt-tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of NaCl salinity on growth, dry-matter production and leaf photosynthesis of seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. was studied by imposing 4 levels (40, 80, 120 and 160 mM) of NaCl in pot culture. Salinity up to 160 mM did not affect plant survival, but did affect plant growth and dry-matter production depending upon the species and salt concentration. NaCl reduced leaf number and dry-weight of all the plant components, but increased stem dry-weight, especially in E. camaldulensis. Salinization also stimulated total dry-matter production at all the salinity levels in E. camaldulensis but only at 40 mM in D. sissoo. The two species varied in protein and chlorophyll concentration and in leaf photosynthetic rate. Protein and chlorophyll concentration of the plants fell at all the levels of NaCl, except at 40 mM, where stimulation in the photosynthetic carbon assimilation of the plants occurred. However, no distinct relationship between leaf photosynthetic rate and dry-matter production was found. The study indicated that low salt concentrations generally stimulated growth, biomass production and rate of photosynthesis in both the species, and E. camaldulensis appeared more NaCl salt-tolerant than D. sissoo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Euphytica 51 (1990), S. 33-39 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; harvest index ; biological yield ; economic yield ; short straw ; dwarfism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Improvements in bread wheat productivity have been related to changes in plant morphology and function associated with a large increase in the harvest index for a more or less constant biological yield. The appearance of short genotypes possessing dwarfism genes may modify markedly the objectives of breeding as the upper limits of the harvest index are approached. The aim of the investigations presented here was to identify some contrasts between short and tall genotypes in terms of the physiological characteristics associated with grain yield, so as to orientate more efficiently the selection of genotypes, with or without dwarfism genes, for productivity. Various parameters of flag leaf functioning (photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll fluorescence index, leaf area duration) were related to the biological and economic yields and the harvest index for two groups of genotypes that were differentiated by their height. For all genotypes, the relationships between the various traits and the grain yield were difficult to ascertain. For the tall genotypes without dwarfism genes, the classical relationships between grain yield, harvest index, flag leaf area duration and net photosynthesis rate were confirmed. Moreover, the rate of chlorophyll fluorescence decrease (Rfd) during the slow Kautsky kinetics phase, which is representative of the leaf photosynthesis at low light, was found to be an excellent marker of economic yield. Chlorophyll fluorescence decrease was closely related to grain yield and also with other factors that are known to be important in its expression (harvest index, flag leaf area duration). In very short genotypes, the biological yield and directly related factors (leaf area, plant height) were the main parameters associated with economic yield, since the harvest index had approached its upper limit. The selection of short genotypes must therefore maintain the biological yield through an increase in the size of the aerial organs to counterbalance the decrease in height.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 23 (1990), S. 131-162 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; Photosystem II ; review ; structure/function aspects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the last few years our knowledge of the structure and function of Photosystem II in oxygen-evolving organisms has increased significantly. The biochemical isolation and characterization of essential protein components and the comparative analysis from purple photosynthetic bacteria (Deisenhofer, Epp, Miki, Huber and Michel (1984) J Mol Biol 180: 385–398) have led to a more concise picture of Photosystem II organization. Thus, it is now generally accepted that the so-called D1 and D2 intrinsic proteins bind the primary reactants and the reducing-side components. Simultaneously, the nature and reaction kinetics of the major electron transfer components have been further clarified. For example, the radicals giving rise to the different forms of EPR Signal II have recently been assigned to oxidized tyrosine residues on the D1 and D2 proteins, while the so-called Q400 component has been assigned to the ferric form of the acceptor-side iron. The primary charge-separation has been meaured to take place in about 3 ps. However, despite all recent major efforts, the location of the manganese ions and the water-oxidation mechanism still remain largely unknown. Other topics which lately have received much attention include the organization of Photosystem II in the thylakoid membrane and the role of lipids and ionic cofactors like bicarbonate, calcium and chloride. This article attempts to give an overall update in this rapidly expanding field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; thermal emission ; P700 ; quantum yield ; energy conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal emission and photochemical energy storage were examined in photosystem I reaction center/core antenna complexes (about 40 Chl a/P700) using photoacoustic spectroscopy. Satisfactory signals could only be obtained from samples bound to hydroxyapatite and all samples had a low signal-to-noise ratio compared to either PS I or PS II in thylakoid membranes. The energy storage signal was saturated at low intensity (half saturation at 1.5 W m-2) and predicted a photochemical quantum yield of 〉90%. Exogenous donors and acceptors had no effect on the signal amplitudes indicating that energy storage is the result of charge separation between endogenous components. Fe(CN)6 -3 oxidation of P700 and dithionite-induced reduction of acceptors FA-FB inhibited energy storage. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that energy storage in PS I arises from charge separation between P700 and Fe-S centers FA-FB that is stable on the time scale of the photoacoustic modulation. High intensity background light (160 W m-2) caused an irreversible loss of energy storage and correlated with a decrease in oxidizable P700; both are probably the result of high light-induced photoinhibition. By analogy to the low fluorescence yield of PS I, the low signal-to-noise ratio in these preparations is attributed to the short lifetime of Chl singlet excited states in PS I-40 and its indirect effect on the yield of thermal emission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 225-232 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: state 1-state 2 transitions ; Mutant nicotiana (tobacco aurea mutant Su/su) ; photoacoustics ; photosynthesis ; energy distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photoacoustic detection of oxygen evolution and Emerson enhancement in state 1 and state 2 were compared in a tobacco wild type and mutant (Su/su) deficient in chlorophyll. The mutant shows smaller changes in the distribution of excitation energy between the two photosystems than the wild type. Analysis of Emerson enhancement saturation curves indicates that in the mutant which is deficient in grana partitions and shows less stacking, state 1-state 2 transitions reflect changes in the yield of energy transfer from PS II to PS I (spillover). On the other hand, the wild type containing large grana shows changes in absorption cross-sections of the two photosystems upon state transitions. NaF, a specific phosphatase inhibitor, blocks the transition to state 1, indicating that LHC II phosphorylation has a role in excitation energy regulation in both the mutant as well as the wild type. It is demonstrated that N-ethylmaleimide, a specific sulfhydryl reagent, blocks the transition to state 2, suggesting that a disulfide-sulfhydryl redox couple activates the LHC II kinase in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: LED-Array Spectrophotometer ; difference spectroscopy ; time resolved spectra ; photosynthesis ; cytochrome b/f complex ; cytochrome b 559 ; heat-stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new type of computer controlled spectrophotometer is described which is based on an array of independent, monochromatic pulsed light sources consisting of light emitting diodes (LED) equipped with narrow band interference filters. The LEDs are sequentially pulsed at a high repetition rate. The absorbance information at specific wavelengths is sampled in the μs-time range, using a computer-controlled, highly selective technique of synchronous amplification. A first prototype of this LED Array Spectrophotometer allows simultaneous recording of kinetic changes at 16 different wavelengths in the range from 530 to 600 nm, with a time resolution of 1 ms/point. Special features of the new type of spectrophotometer are: Weak integrated measuring light intensity, high signal/noise ratio even with scattering samples like intact leaves, active baseline adjustment by LED current regulation, computer control of system operation and data analysis. To deconvolute the complex absorbance changes in the cytochrome α-band region, ‘standard spectra’ of the major components are stored in computer memory and used for curve fitting of difference spectra and kinetic changes. As an example of application, the light-induced absorbance changes in a heat-pretreated spinach leaf are analysed. The system effectively separates specific absorbance changes of C550, cyt f, cyt b 559 and cyt b 563 from a large background of non-specific changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 26 (1990), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Video imaging ; fluorescence induction kinetics ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A fluorescence video imaging system utilizing relatively inexpensive commercial components is described. The instrument utilizes a black and white CCD video camera detector, a commercial video imaging board and a IBM-AT compatible computer. The color output of the imaging board greatly aids in the users ability to visually discriminate areas of interest in the video field. Software development that enables the user to capture kinetic traces in real time from the video images is also described. The system is used to monitor fluorescence from photosynthetic systems. The usefulness of the system in screening for photosynthetic mutants is also demonstrated. The cost of the system can be kept below $12,000.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 119-128 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: adaptation ; genetic variation ; photosynthesis ; wild emmer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides Korn) has shown wide genetic diversity for disease resistance and morpho-physiological traits of economic importance. Our objectives were to test for genetic variation (VG) in photosynthetic characteristics residing within and between native populations sampled from three ecogeographical regions of Israel, and to identify potential sources of high photosynthetic efficiency for future wheat improvement. Accessions sampled in the center of wild emmer distribution (upper Jordan Valley) in a relatively narrow geographical range showed the greatest diversity in CO2-assimilation rate per unit leaf area (A) or per unit chlorophyll (A/Chl). Genetic variation was absent for internal CO2 concentration (Ci) and water-use efficiency (WUE) and generally lacking for stomatal conductance (gs). Leaf area, although quite variable, was not a significant cofactor in assessing genetic potential for photosynthesis. Accessions within a given population showed 10-times more variation in A and A/Chl than populations sampled from different locations in a region. Accessions with the highest photosynthetic efficiency were derived from upland steppic populations located in marginal habitats extending southward into Israel. Some accessions having high photosynthetic capacity (A=32 μmol m-2 s-1) with no significant reduction in leaf size constitute a potentially valuable genetic resource yet untapped for genetic improvement of hexaploid (T. aestivum L.) wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 309-316 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photoacoustics ; photosynthesis ; O2-evolution ; gas-exchange ; heat evolution ; chlorophyll fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A newly developed photoacoustic system for measurement of photosynthetic reactions in intact leaves is described. The system is based on pulsed light-emitting diodes, the pulse program and pulse response analysis being computer controlled. Separation of various components in the overall photoacoustic signal is achieved by curve fitting analysis of the responses following individual measuring light pulses in the millisecond time domain. This procedure is in distinction to the conventionally used analysis in the frequency domain, with the advantage that various signal components are obtained by on-line deconvolution, yielding simultaneous recordings of photothermal (complement of energy storage) and photobaric (evolution and uptake) signals. The basic components of the new system are described by block diagrams and the principal steps for deconvolution of the overall photoacoustic response are outlined. An example of application with simultaneous recording of chlorophyll fluorescence is given. It is apparent that the photobaric uptake component represents a significant part of the overall signal, particularly during induction of photosynthesis after dark-adaptation. This component probably contains not only O2-uptake but uptake of CO2 as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Chloroplasts ; Kranz anatomy ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several leaf anatomical and ultrastructural characteristics usually related with photosynthetic capacity were examined in two Flaveria species with strong differences in anatomy and their F1 hybrid. Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) Mohr (C4) was the female parent and F. brownii A.M. Powell (C4-like) was the male parent. Quantitative anatomical analysis was made on transverse sections of leaves at both the light and electron microscope level. Four kinds of photosynthetic tissues were considered: bundle sheath (BS), mesophyll adjacent to the BS, mesophyll not adjacent to the BS, and larger spongy mesophyll cells. Flaveria trinvervia partitioned a larger proportion of its photosynthetic cells to BS and the mesophyll layer adjacent to BS and also possessed larger chloroplasts, especially in BS, than did F. brownii. These results suggest that although F. brownii is very C4-like, its anatomy is not as completely C4 as is the case for F. trinervia. In the F1 hybrid the relative contribution of the different tissues to the total photosynthetic tissue volume and area per unit leaf area was quite similar to that of F. trinervia. On the other hand, the chloroplast density and size of the F1 hybrid were fairly similar to those of F. brownii, especially in BS. Thus, there was no evidence of maternal inheritance in the chloroplast characteristics studied. A negative correlation (P〈0.05) between chloroplast size and density was observed among species and relicates within each kind of tissue. This correlation was highest (r=−0.94, P〈0.001) for the BS and when values were plotted on a logarithmic scale. Thus, higher chloroplast numbers for F. brownii and the F1 hybrid were offset by larger chloroplasts in F. trinervia. Less complete C4 photosynthesis in F. brownii may be partially due to incomplete development of Kranz anatomy usually associated with C4 photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: hydrography ; nutrients ; photosynthesis ; subsurface chlorophyll maxima ; southeastern Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The physical and chemical environment, and the phytoplankton primary production of southeastern Brazil were studied in relation to the general oceanographic structure during two research cruises (winter and summer). In each cruise, a total of 91 stations were occupied. Data were collected on the spatial distribution of nutrients, phytoplankton biomass and photosynthetic capacity over the coastal, shelf and oceanic areas off São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina States. During wintertime, the mixing processes between tropical warm waters of the Brazil Current and subantarctic waters of the Malvinas Current formed strong environmental gradients. The drainings of Rio de La Plata and Lagoa dos Patos are transported northwards by coastal currents, enriching the shelf waters off Santa Catarina State with inorganic nutrients and consequently increasing the chlorophyll ‘a’ to the highest concentrations (〉 3.5 mg m −3) measured during the two cruises. In slope waters chlorophyll values were always low (0.05–0.45 mg m −3). The chlorophyll within the euphotic layer varied from 8.8–36.7 and 1.2–18.5 mg m−2 during winter and summer, respectively. The surface photosynthetic rates during winter and summer cruises ranged respectively from 0.21–9.17 and 0.66–19.60 mgC/mgChl.a/h. The mean rates were higher in nearshore waters and decreased seaward. The thermal structure of the water column affected the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a and photosynthesis within the euphotic zone; During unstratified periods (winter) they were uniformly distributed but the occurrence of subsurface peaks of chlorophyll and strong photosynthetic inhibition of low light adapted cells in deeper layers are associated to the seasonal thermocline. Occasionally, upwelling of deep waters from shelf break enriched the deeper euphotic layers in offshore areas. Intensive upwelling was observed off Paranagua Bay (Parana State) and the mechanisms of its formation are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 43
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ecklonia cava ; Phaeophyta ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; seaweed ; zoosporangial sori
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic rates were compared between Ecklonia cava bladelets with and without zoosporangial sori sampled from the subtidal zone (about 5 m deep) in Nabeta Bay, Shimoda, Japan. Photosynthetic rates of bladelets were lower in the sorus portion than in the non-sorus portion on the basis of area, dry weight and chlorophyll a. Respiration rates were higher in the sorus portion than in the non-sorus portion on the basis of area and chlorophyll a, whereas they were almost the same on a dry weight basis. The differences were mainly due to a large difference in dry weight per unit bladelet area between the sorus and the non-sorus portion. Light compensation points were higher in the sorus portion than in the non-sorus portion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; C4 plant ; drought ; low CO2 ; photosynthesis ; zeaxanthin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of two light treatments (photosynthetically active photon flux density of either 650 or 1950 µmol m−2 s−1) on the photochemical efficiency of Photosystem II (PS II) (measured as variable to maximum fluorescence ratio) and on the xanthophyll cycle components was studied in wilted Zea mays leaves. For comparison, these parameters were followed under the same light conditions in well-hydrated leaves maintained either in normal or CO2-free air. The net CO2 assimilation of dehydrated leaves declined rapidly as their relative water content (RWC) decreased from 100 to 60% while the PS II efficiency measured after a prolonged dark period of 16 h declined only when RWC leaves was lower than 60%. Furthermore, drought caused an increase in the pool size of the xanthophyll cycle pigments and the presence of a sustained elevated level of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin at the end of the long dark period. The leaf water deficit enhanced the sensitivity of PS II efficiency to light exposure. During illumination, strong inhibition of PS II efficiency and large violaxanthin deepoxidation was observed in wilted leaves even under moderate photon flux density compared to control leaves in the same conditions. After 2 h of darkness following the light treatment, the PS II efficiency that is dependent on the previous PPFD, decreased with leaf water deficit. Moreover, zeaxanthin epoxidation led to an accumulation of antheraxanthin in dehydrated leaves. All these drought effects on PS II efficiency and xanthophyll cycle components were also obtained in well-hydrated leaves by short-term CO2 deprivation during illumination. We conclude that the increased susceptibility of PS II efficiency to light in wilted maize leaves is mainly explained by the decrease of CO2 availability and the resulting low net CO2 assimilation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 56 (1998), S. 223-227 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: luminescence quenching ; oxygen electrode ; oxygen optode ; photosynthesis ; pressure sensitive paint
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We measured the light response curve of photosynthetic oxygen evolution by illuminating a leaf disc in an air-tight windowed chamber. Oxygen production was measured by monitoring the quenching of luminescence of an organometallic ruthenium compound. A photodiode based chlorophyll a fluorometer was used to measure the luminescence intensity. Oxygen evolution measurements with a traditional oxygen electrode gave the same numerical values at different light intensities when the same leaf disk was tested. The quality of the measurement signal of the new method was found to be similar to that obtained with the oxygen electrode method. The new luminescence based system is more stable against electrical disturbances than an oxygen electrode, its response to oxygen pressure changes is very rapid, and the new method allows the same basic equipment to be used for chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: blue-green fluorescence (BGF) ; intact isolated chloroplasts ; Pisum sativum ; photosynthesis ; pyridine nucleotides ; Spinacia oleracea L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the present communication we report a spectral analysis of the blue-green fluorescence related to changes in NAD(P) redox state in chloroplasts and leaves. To assess the contribution of reabsorption and the inner filter effect, we compared transmission and fluorescence at different chloroplast concentrations, and showed that reabsorption by the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) was at the origin of the two peaks in the emission spectrum in vivo. The absence of potential green-emitting fluorophores in chloroplasts was determined by measuring variable and time-resolved fluorescence at different wavelengths. We defined the conditions which optimize the UV-excited blue-green fluorescence signal dependent on NAD(P)H, and we present an example of monitoring of NAD(P)H fluorescence in intact leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 203 (1990), S. 93-97 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; nutrient limitation ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A diffusion enrichment technique is presented which allows for chemical enrichment of soft surficial and shallow subsurface sediments and subsequent measurement of O2 production. The sediment is enriched by inserting a perforated tube containing dialysis tubing filled with a nutrient/agar mixture. O2 production by surficial sediment is measured using an inverted, translucent, polyethylene chamber over the sediment. The inside of the chamber contains a collapsible bag connected to the water outside the chamber. When water overlying the sediment is withdrawn from a sampling port, it is displaced with water from outside the chamber, thus preventing contamination of water samples with pore water from below. The technique was tested by enriching near-shore sediments in a large oligotrophic lake with inorganic N and P. NHinf4/p+ additions significantly stimulated benthic primary production as measured by 02 production, whereas enrichment with POinf4/3- had no effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Gracilaria ; growth ; light ; photosynthesis ; RuBPcase ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The local species Gracilaria conferta and the foreign G. verrucosa were grown together under a wide range of photon flux density and temperature conditions. Gracilaria verrucosa showed a higher growth rate, especially under low temperatures, and higher photosynthetic performances as well as higher ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity as compared with G. conferta. Gracilaria verrucosa also showed a better quality and yield of agar, suggesting that this species could be more suitable than G. conferta for outdoor cultivation in Israel and may improve winter growth in ponds. Growth rate and agar quality (gel strength) were rated as the most suitable characteristics influencing the preference of strains for outdoor cultivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 49
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Gelidium ; photosynthesis ; physiological responses ; Pterocladia ; Rhodophyta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Manometric studies were conducted on Pterocladia capillacea, Gelidium latifolium and Gelidium spinulosum from the Azores, Portugal to determine optimal values of temperature, light and salinity for growth. Physiological responses were considered in relation to vertical distribution patterns of these species commonly observed throughout the Azores. Optimal parameters for the growth of Pterocladia capillacea, Gelidium latifolium and G. spinulosum were 17 to 25 °C, a photon flux density between 200 and 300 µmol m−2 s−1 and salinities of 25 to 35‰.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: D1 degradation fragments ; D1 proteolysis ; photosynthesis ; thylakoid membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Degradation of the D1 protein of the Photosystem II (PS II) complex was studied in the Fad6/desA::Kmr mutant of a cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The D1 protein of the mutant was degraded during solubilization of thylakoid membranes with SDS at 0°C in darkness, giving rise to the 23 kDa amino-terminal and 10 kDa carboxy-terminal fragments. Moreover, the D2 and CP43 proteins were also degraded under such conditions of solubilization. Degradation of the D2 protein generated 24, 17 and 15.5 kDa fragments, and degradation of the CP43 protein gave rise to 28, 27.5, 26 and 16 kDa fragments. The presence of Ca2+ and urea protected the D1, D2 and CP43 proteins against degradation. Degradation of the D1 protein was also inhibited by the presence of a serine protease inhibitor suggesting that the putative protease involved belonged to the serine class of proteases. The protease had the optimum activity at pH 7.5; it was active at low temperature (0°C) but a brief heating (65°C) during solubilization destroyed the activity. Interestingly, the protease was active in isolated thylakoid membranes in complete darkness, suggesting that proteolysis may be a non-ATP-dependent process. Proteolytic activity present in thylakoid membranes seemed to reside outside of the PS II complex, as demonstrated by the 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. These results represent the first (in vitro) demonstration of strong activity of a putative ATP-independent serine-type protease that causes degradation of the D1 protein in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes without any induction by visible or UV light, by active oxygen species or by any chemical treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 57 (1998), S. 323-333 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: ATPase phosphorylation ; chloroplast ; envelope ATPase ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract P-ATPases such as the plasma membrane proton pump are known to generate a phosphorylated intermediate as a step in their reaction mechanism; phosphoenzyme formation is a basis for classification of an ATPase as a member of this subfamily of ion pumps. The chloroplast inner envelope is known to contain a H+-ATPase which acts to maintain an alkaline stroma and, thus, optimal photosynthesis. Our characterization of this chloroplast envelope proton pump described in this report focused on determining whether purified chloroplast inner envelope membrane protein preparations containing this ATPase form a phosphorylated intermediate. Incubation of envelope membranes with [γ-32P]ATP documented the formation of P-type ATPase phosphoenzyme intermediates by these membrane protein preparations. Our work cannot discount the possibility that more than one chloroplast inner envelope ATPase contributes to this phosphoenzyme formation. However, the kinetics of this phosphoenzyme formation, along with the sensitivity of phosphoenzyme formation to inhibitors and other assay conditions suggested that one of the envelope membrane proteins which is covalently radiolabeled by [γ-32P]ATP is a P-type H+-ATPase. Autoradiography of chloroplast envelope membrane proteins size fractionated on lithium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE indicated that the phosphoenzyme intermediate corresponds to a 103 kDa polypeptide. P-type proton pumps are known to be comprised of a single type of ∼100 kDa subunit. Experimental evidence presented in this report is consistent with the classification of a chloroplast inner envelope H+-ATPase as a P-type proton pump.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: circadian rhythms ; fluorescence ; gene regulation ; N2 fixation ; photosynthesis ; state transitions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract N2 fixation and oxygenic photosynthesis are important metabolic processes that are at odds with each other, since the N2-fixing enzyme, nitrogenase, is highly sensitive to oxygen. This review will discuss the strategies devised by the unicellular, diazotrophic cyanobacterium, Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142, to permit N2 fixation and photosynthesis to coexist in the same cell. This strain, like a number of other unicellular and filamentous (non-heterocystous) cyanobacteria, has developed a type of temporal regulation in which N2 fixation and photosynthesis occur at different times throughout a diurnal cycle. For nitrogenase, everyday dawns anew. The nifHDK operon is tightly regulated, such that transcription and translation occur within the first four hours of the dark period; nitrogenase is then proteolytically degraded. Photosynthesis also varies throughout the day reaching a minimum at the peak of nitrogenase activity and a maximum by late afternoon. This review will mainly concentrate on the various changes that occur in the photosynthetic apparatus as the cell modulates O2 evolution. The results indicate that the redox poise of the plastoquinone pool and the overall cellular energy needs are the basic driving forces behind these changes in the photosynthetic apparatus. Throughout the course of the diurnal cycle, Photosystem II becomes very heterogeneous as determined by 77 K fluorescence spectra, PAM fluorescence and O2-flash yield experiments. This system provides some important insight into cyanobacterial state transitions and, especially, on the organization of the photosystems within the membrane. Overall, PS II is altered on both the oxidizing and reducing sides of the photosystem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 58 (1998), S. 293-302 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: CO2 solubilization ; carbonic anhydrase ; Far-red light ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photoacoustic signals were measured in expanded tobacco leaves, exposed to a controlled atmosphere by being only partly enclosed within the photoacoustic cell. It was aimed to corroborate the conjecture of Reising and Schreiber (Photosynthesis Research 42: 65-73, 1994) that under exceptionally high CO2 levels (ca. 1–5%) the photobaric uptake contribution reflects CO2 uptake induced by light dependent stromal alkalinization. This is shown here by: (1) the shallower damping of the uptake signal vs. the modulation frequency, compared to a normal oxygen evolution signal; (2) the partial inhibition of the uptake signal under 5% CO2 by nigericin; (3) the complete absence of uptake signals under 5% CO2 in a carbonic-anhydrase-deficient mutant, which gave rather a normal oxygen evolution signal. The photoacoustic signals from the wild type and the transgenic tobacco in air could not be distinguished, indicating that the CO2 uptake signal is negligible under this condition. Uptake photobaric signals were also measured in modulated far-red light (ca. 715–750 nm), following addition of white background light (in light limiting intensity). In normal tobacco under 5% CO2, the background light induced an uptake transient, lasting about a minute, then declining to a low steady level. Significantly smaller transients were obtained under normal air, and in the carbonic-anhydrase deficient mutant also under 5% CO2. Extrapolation to zero frequency of the signal damping vs. modulation frequency, in both tobacco genotypes, suggests however similar magnitudes of the uptake transients. On the other hand, no proportional steady-state uptake was observed for the last two cases. Presumably, the steady uptake under 5% CO2 in modulated far-red light reflects CO2 solubilization, while it is an open question whether the transient could be partly contributed also by oxygen photoreduction by PS I (Mehler reaction). It is reasoned that, under conditions of low light, the respiratory activity results in accumulation of CO2 in the photoacoustic cell, which is sufficient to induce an uptake phenomenon, giving a more satisfactory interpretation for the so-called 'low light state' [Cananni and Malkin (1984) Biochim Biophys Acta 766: 525–532].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 22 (1990), S. 205-211 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: CO2 enrichment ; Cymbidium ; in vitro ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic characteristics of the Cymbidium plantlet in vitro cultured on Hyponex-agar medium with 2% sucrose were determined based on the measurements of CO2 concentration inside and outside of the culture vessels. The CO2 measurements were made with a gas chromatograph at a PPF (photosynthetic photon flux) of 35, 102 and 226 μmol m-2 s-1, a chamber air temperature of 15, 25 and 35°C and a CO2 concentration outside the vessel of approximately 350, 1100 and 3000 ppm. The net photosynthetic rates were determined on individual plantlets and were expressed on a dry weight basis. The steady-state CO2 concentration during the photoperiod was lower inside the vessel than outside the vessel at any PPF greater than 35 μmol m-2s-1 and at any chamber air temperature. The photosynthetic response curves relating the net photosynthetic rate, PPF, and CO2 concentration in the vessel and chamber air temperature were similar to those for Cymbidium plants grown outside and other C3 plants grown outside under shade. The results indicate that CO2 enrichment for the plantlets in vitro at a relatively high PPF would promote photosynthesis and hence the growth of chlorophyllous shoots/plantlets in vitro and that the plantlets in vitro would make photoautotrophic growth under environmental conditions favorable for photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Above-ground biomass ; discriminant analysis ; environmental stress ; oat ; photosynthesis ; principal component analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seventeen morphological and physiological characteristics of three Avena barbata L. populations from Israel were measured in order to define possible combinations explaining adaptation of these populations to different precipitation, temperature and altitude regimes. Five genotypes from each A. barbata populations were collected from Ashqelon (31°63′N, low annual precipitation), En Hamifraz (32°46′N, high temperature), and Mount Carmel (32°73′N, high altitude), Israel. The behavior of the populations was followed by measuring the morpho-physiological characteristics under well-watered and moderately drought stressed conditions. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Plant Production, University of Helsinki, Finland (60°13′N). The measured traits characterized macro-morphology, transpiration rate, photosynthesis and chloroplast features. The data were subjected to principal component and discriminant analyses and the characteristic combinations that most adequately accounted for the differences among A.barbata populations were established. Differences among the populations were related to adaptation to low water availability and high altitude characterized by special light conditions. The Mount Carmel population (high water availability, high light intensities and increased proportion of UV-light) was characterized by higher tillering, hairy leaf sheaths, high transpiration, high stomatal conductance, slow fluorescence quenching capacity, and less starch granules per chloroplast when compared with populations adapted to lower altitudes. The En Hamifraz population (high mean temperature) was characterized by a high CO2 exchange rate and both En Hamifraz and Ashqelon populations (both adapted to arid conditions) used water sparingly when moderately drought stressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Glycine max L. ; photosynthesis ; ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ; ribulose 5-phosphate kinase ; senescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The abundances of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylate/oxygenase (Rubisco) and ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P) kinase in field-grown soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) leaves were quantified by a Western blot technique and related to changes in chlorophyll and photosynthetic capacity during senescence. Even though the leaf content of Rubisco was approximately 80-fold greater than that of Ru5P kinase, the decline in the levels of these two Calvin cycle enzymes occurred in parallel during the senescence of the leaves. Moreover, the decrease in the content of Rubisco was accompanied by parallel decreases of both the large and small subunits of this enzyme but not by an accumulation of altered large or small subunit isoforms. With increasing senescence, decreases in abundances of Rubisco, Ru5P kinase and chlorophyll were closely correlated with the decline in photosynthetic capacity; thus, the specific photosynthetic capacity when expressed per abundance of any of these parameters was rather constant despite an 8-fold decrease in photosynthetic capacity. These results suggest that during senescence of soybean leaves the chloroplast is subject to autolysis by mechanisms causing an approximately 80-fold greater rate of loss of Rubisco than Ru5P kinase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 57
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 25 (1990), S. 187-197 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: excessive light ; photoprotection ; photosynthesis ; photosystem II regulation ; xanthophyll cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The possibility that zeaxanthin mediates the dissipation of an excess of excitation energy in the antenna chlorophyll of the photochemical apparatus has been tested through the use of an inhibitor of violaxanthin de-epoxidation, dithiothreitol (DTT), as well as through the comparison of two closely related organisms (green and blue-green algal lichens), one of which (blue-green algal lichen) naturally lacks the xanthophyll cycle. In spinach leaves, DTT inhibited a major component of the rapidly relaxing high-energy-state quenching' of chlorophyll fluorescence, which was associated with a quenching of the level of initial fluorescence (F′0) and exhibited a close correlation with the zeaxanthin content of leaves when fluorescence quenching was expressed as the rate constant for radiationless energy dissipation in the antenna chlorophyll. Green algal lichens, which possess the xanthophyll cycle, exhibited the same type of fluorescence quenching as that observed in leaves. Two groups of blue-green algal lichens were used for a comparison with these green algal lichens. A group of zeaxanthin-free blue-green algal lichens did not exhibit the type of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching indicative of energy dissipation in the pigment bed. In contrast, a group of blue-green algal lichens which had formed zeaxanthin slowly through reactions other than the xanthophyll cycle, did show a very similar response to that of leaves and green algal lichens. Fluorescence quenching indicative of radiationless energy dissipation in the antenna chlorophyll was the predominant component of ‘high-energy-state quenching’ in spinach leaves under conditions allowing for high rates of steady-state photosynthesis. A second, but distinctly different type of ‘high-energy-state quenching’ of chlorophyll fluorescence, which was not inhibited by DTT (i.e., it was zeaxanthin independent) and which is possibly associated with the photosystem II reaction center, occurred in addition to that associated with zeaxanthin in leaves under a range of conditions which were less favorable for linear photosynthetic electron flow. In intact chloroplasts isolated from (zeaxanthin-free) spinach leaves a combination of these two types of rapidly reversible fluorescence quenching occurred under all conditions examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Citrus aurantium L. ; photosynthesis ; VA Mycorrhizae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) grown in low-P (9–12 ppm) and high-P (420 ppm) soil inoculated with or without Glomus intraradices (G.i.), were evaluated for biomass, carbohydrates, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) activity, leaf 14CO2 incorporation, and other physiological parameters. Growth of plants in the low-P, noninoculated soil was lowest, with total dry biomass reduced up to half of the low-P, inoculum treatment. Total nonstructural carbohydrates were 40% lower in leaves of plants in the low-P, noninoculated soil, compared with the other treatments. Inoculation of the low-P soil enhanced leaf 14CO2 incorporation by 67%, total chlorophyll content by 28%, and RuBPCase activity by 42%, compared with low-P, noninoculated treatment. Improved P-use efficiency by G.i. in low-P soil was comparable to high-P nutrition in improving leaf 14CO2 incorporation and concentration of major leaf photosynthetic products that include starch and sucrose. Leaf PEPCase activity in the low-P, noninoculated treatment, however, was at least threefold higher than the other treatments, suggesting a possible alteration in organic acid metabolism in sour orange leaves as a result of P deficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: leaf expansion rate ; modelling ; phosphorus ; photosynthesis ; sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Reductions in leaf area and plant growth as a consequence of phosphorus (P) limitations have been attributed both to direct effects of P shortage on leaf expansion rate and to a reduced production of assimilates required for growth. Canopy assimilation and leaf area expansion are closely interrelated processes. In this work we used experimental and simulation techniques to identify and study their importance in determining leaf area on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) growing under P-deficient conditions. Experiment 1 was done outdoors, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Experiment 2 in a glasshouse in Wageningen, The Netherlands. In both experiments we studied the effects of soil P addition on leaf appearance, leaf expansion, dry matter accumulation, and leaf photosynthesis of non-water stressed plants grown in pots containing a P-deficient soil. Before sowing the equivalent amounts of 0–600 kg of super phosphate ha-1 were added to the pots. Phosphorus deficiency delayed leaf appearance increasing the value of the phyllochron (PHY) up to 76%, the rate of leaf area expansion during the quasi-linear phase of leaf expansion (LER) was reduced by up to 74%, with respect to high P plants. Phosphorus deficiency reduced by up to 50% the rate of light saturated photosynthesis per unit of leaf area (AMAX) in recently expanded leaves, while at low levels of leaf insertion in the canopy, AMAX was reduced by up to 85%, when compared to that in high P plants. Phosphorus deficiency also reduced the duration of the quasi-linear phase of leaf expansion by up to eight days. The values of LER were related (r = 0.56, P 〈 0.05) to the mean concentration of P in all the leaves (Leaves P%) and not to the concentration of P in the individual leaf where LER was determined (r = 0.22, P 〈 0.4) suggesting that under P deficiency individual leaf expansion was not likely to be regulated by the total P concentration at leaf level. The values of AMAX of individual leaves were related (r = 0.79, P 〈 0.01) to the concentration of total P in the corresponding leaf (Leaf P%). LER showed a hyperbolic relationship with Leaves P% (R2 = 0.94, P 〈 0.01, n = 13) that saturate at 0.14%. AMAX showed a hyperbolic relationship with Leaf P% (R2 = 0.73, P 〈 0.01, n = 53) that saturated with values of Leaf P% higher than 0.22. A morphogenetic model of leaf area development and growth was developed to quantify the effect of assimilate supply at canopy level on total leaf area expansion, and to study the effects of model parameters on the growth of sunflower plants under P-deficient conditions. With this model we identified the existence of direct effects of P deficiency on individual leaf area expansion. However, we calculated that under mild P stress conditions up to 83% of the reduction in the observed leaf area was explained by the particular effects of P% on the rate of leaf appearance, on the duration of the linear period of leaf expansion, and on the value of AMAX. We also calculated that the effects of P deficiency on the value of AMAX alone, explained up to 41% of the observed reductions in total leaf area between the highest and the intermediate P level in Experiment 2. Possible mechanisms of action of the direct effects of P on individual leaf expansion are discussed in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: leaf expansion rate ; modelling ; phosphorus ; photosynthesis ; phyllochron ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Under phosphorus deficiency reductions in plant leaf area have been attributed to both direct effects of P on the individual leaf expansion rate and to a reduced availability of assimilates for leaf growth. In this work we use experimental and simulation techniques to identify and quantify these processes in wheat plants growing under P-deficient conditions. In a glasshouse experiment we studied the effects of soil P addition (0–138 kg P2O5 ha-1) on tillering, leaf emergence, leaf expansion, plant growth, and leaf photosynthesis of wheat plants (cv. INTA Oasis) that were not water stressed. Plants were grown in pots containing a P-deficient (3 mg P g-1 soil) sandy soil. Sowing and pots were arranged to simulate a crop stand of 173 plants m-2. Experimental results were integrated in a simulation model to study the relative importance of each process in determining the plant leaf area during vegetative stages of wheat. Phosphorus deficiency significantly reduced plant leaf area and dry weight production. Under P-deficient conditions the phyllochron (PHY) was increased up to a 32%, compared to that of high-P plants. In low-P plants the rate of individual leaf area expansion during the quasi-linear phase of leaf expansion (LER) was significantly reduced. The effect of P deficiency on LER was the main determinant of the final size of the individual leaves. In recently expanded leaves phosphorus deficiency reduced the photosynthesis rate per unit leaf area at high radiation (AMAX), up to 57%. Relative values of AMAX showed an hyperbolic relationship with leaf P% saturating at 0.27%. Relative values of the tillering rate showed an hyperbolic relationship with the shoot P% saturating at values above 0.38%. The value of LER was not related to the concentration of P in leaves or shoots. A morphogenetic model of leaf area development and growth was developed to quantify the effect of assimilate supply at canopy level on total leaf area expansion, and to study the sensitivity of different model variables to changes in model parameters. Simulation results indicated that under mild P stress conditions up to 80% of the observed reduction in plant leaf area was due to the effects of P deficiency on leaf emergence and tillering. Under extreme P-deficient conditions the simulation model failed to explain the experimental results indicating that other factors not taken into account by the model, i.e. direct effects of P on leaf expansion, must have been active. Possible mechanisms of action of the direct effects of P on individual leaf expansion are discussed in this work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Carbon isotope discrimination ; indica rice ; photosynthesis ; transpiration efficiency ; tropical japonica rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract There is limited information on the transpiration efficiency defined as the ratio of photosynthesis (A) to transpiration (T) of tropical japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.). In this study, transpiration efficiency (A/T) of seven tropical japonica lines developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) were compared with seven indica cultivars one week after flowering in 1993. The gas exchange rate and A/T of one genotype from each type were compared throughout the growing season in 1994. Both A and T were measured on topmost fully expanded leaves under saturating light with a portable photosynthesis system (LI-6200). Indica cultivars had higher T than the tropical japonica lines. The differences in A between the two types were relatively small and inconsistent across growth stages and years compared with the differences in T. The A/T was 25% and 30% higher for the tropical japonica than the indica type in 1993 and 1994, respectively. The differences in T and A/T between the two types were not related to the differences in leaf N content or leaf water content. A lower carbon isotope (13C) discrimination in a tropical japonica line than an indica cultivar confirmed that the improved tropical japonica lines had higher A/T than the indica cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 62
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Euphytica 103 (1998), S. 83-88 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; lethal ; marker gene ; photosynthesis ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A light green mutant was found in a population of adapted cultivated diploid potatoes. Genetic analysis indicates that this trait is controlled by a single nuclear gene. The gene symbol lg is proposed. The segregation ratios fit a pattern which strongly suggest that there is a close linkage between the Lg allele and a locus which confers lethality in its homozygous recessive state. Some crossing over between the lg locus and the lethal was found to occur but LgLg genotypes were not observed in progenies from sib-matings. The lg locus mapped to the potato linkage group VI between the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci CP18 and GP24.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 63
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: CA1P ; CO2 fixation ; enzyme regulation ; photosynthesis ; rubisco ; RuBP carboxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Metabolism of 2′-carboxy-D-arabinitol 1-phosphate (CA1P) is an important component in the light-dependent regulation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activity and whole leaf photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in many species, and functions as one mechanism for regulating Rubisco activity when photosynthesis is light-limited. Species differ in their capacity to accumulate CA1P, ranging from those which can synthesize levels of this compound approaching or in excess of the Rubisco catalytic site concentration, to those which apparently lack the capacity for CA1P synthesis. CA1P is structurally related to the six carbon transition state intermediate of the carboxylation reaction and binds tightly to the carbamylated catalytic site of Rubisco, making that site unavailable for catalysis. Under steady-state, the concentration of CA1P in the leaf is highest at low photon flux density (PFD) or in the dark. Degradation of CA1P and recovery of Rubisco activity requires light and is stimulated by increasing PFD. The initial degradation reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme located in the chloroplast stroma, CA1P phosphatase, which yields carboxyarabinitol (CA) and inorganic phosphate as its products. The pathway of CA metabolism in the plant remains to be determined. Synthesis of CA1P occurs in the dark, and in Phaseolus vulgaris this process has been shown to be stimulated by low PFD. The pathway of CA1P synthesis and its relationship to the degradative pathway remains unknown at the present time. The discovery of the existence of this previously unknown carbon pathway in photosynthesis indicates that we still have much to learn concerning the regulation of Rubisco activity and photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 64
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 24 (1990), S. 167-173 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; photosynthesis ; Dunaliella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relaxation of the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence has been investigated in cells of the green alga Dunaliella following illumination. The relaxation after the addition of DCMU or darkening was strongly biphasic. The uncoupler NH4Cl induced rapid relaxation of both phases, which were therefore both energy-dependent quenching, qE. The proportion of the slow phase of qE increased at increasing light intensity. In the presence of the inhibitors rotenone and antimycin the slow phase of qE was stabilised for in excess of 15 min. NaN3 inhibited the relaxation of almost all the qE. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the interpretation of the non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo and the mechanism of qE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; rubisco activase ; rubisco activation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract At bicarbonate concentrations equivalent to air levels of CO2, activation of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) was inhibited by micromolar concentrations of glyoxylate in intact, lysed, and reconstituted chloroplasts and in stromal extracts. The concentration of glyoxylate required for 50% inhibition of light activation in intact chloroplasts was estimated to be 35 micromolar. No direct inhibition by glyoxylate was observed with purified rubisco or rubisco activase at micromolar concentrations. Levels of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and ATP increased in intact chloroplasts following glyoxylate treatment. Results from experiments with well-buffered lysed and reconstituted chloroplast systems ruled out lowering of pH as the cause of inhibition. With intact chloroplasts, micromolar glyoxylate did not prevent activation of rubisco at high (10 mM) concentrations of bicarbonate, indicating that rubisco could be spontaneously activated in the presence of glyoxylate. These results suggest the existence of a component of the in vivo rubisco activation system that is not yet identified and which is inhibited by glyoxylate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria (Synechococcus 6301) ; excitation energy distribution ; light harvesting ; photosynthesis ; state transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism by which state 1-state 2 transitions in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6301 are controlled was investigated by examining the effects of a variety of chemical and illumination treatments which modify the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. The extent to which these treatments modify excitation energy distribution was determined by 77K fluorescence emission spectroscopy. It was found that treatment which lead to the oxidation of the plastoquinone pool induce a shift towards state 1 whereas treatments which lead to the reduction of the plastoquinone pool induce a shift towards state 2. We therefore propose that state transitions in cyanobacteria are triggered by changes in the redox state of plastoquinone or a closely associated electron carrier. Alternative proposals have included control by the extent of cyclic electron transport around PS I and control by localised electrochemical gradients around PS I and PS II. Neither of these proposals is consistent with the results reported here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: ammonium accumulation ; glufosinate ; phosphinothricin ; photosynthesis ; Sinapis alba ; Zea Mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphinothricin (glufosinate), an irreversible inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, causes an inhibition of photosynthesis in C3 (Sinapis alba) and C4 (Zea mays) plants under atmospheric conditions (400 ppm CO2, 21% O2). This photosynthesis inhibition is proceeding slower in C4 leaves. Under non-photorespiratory conditions (1000 ppm CO2, 2% O2) there is no inhibition of photosynthesis. The inhibition of glutamine synthetase by phosphinothricin results in an accumulation of NH4 +. The NH4 +-accumulation is lower in C4 plants than in C3 plants. The inhibition of glutamine synthetase through phosphinothricin in mustard leaves results in a decrease in glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, asparagine, serine, and glycine. In contrast to this, a considerable increase in leucine and valine following phosphinothricin treatment is measured. With the addition of either glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, glycine or serine, photosynthesis inhibition by phosphinothricin can be reduced, although the NH4 +-accumulation is greatly increased. This indicates that NH4 +-accumulation cannot be the primary cause for photosynthesis inhibition by phosphinothricin. The investigations demonstrate the inhibition of transmination of glyoxylate to glycine in photorespiration through the total lack of amino donors. This could result in a glyoxylate accumulation inhibiting ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase and consequently CO2-fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 68
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 24 (1990), S. 127-136 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: atrazine-binding ; chloroplast ; cytochrome f ; light environment ; photosynthesis ; P-700
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L. Boone) were grown at 20°C with 16 h/8 h light/dark cycle of either high (H) intensity (500 μmole m-2 s-1) or low (L) intensity (55 μmole m-2 s-1) white light. Plants were transferred from high to low (H → L) and low to high (L → H) light intensity at various times from 4 to 8 d after leaf emergence from the soil. Primary leaves were harvested at the beginning of the photoperiod. Thylakoid membranes were isolated from 3 cm apical segments and assayed for photosynthetic electron transport, Photosystem II (PS II) atrazine-binding sites (QB), cytochrome f(Cytf) and the P-700 reaction center of Photosystem I (PS I). Whole chain, PS I and PS II electron transport activities were higher in H than in L controls. QB and Cytf were elevated in H plants compared with L plants. The acclimation of H → L plants to low light occurred slowly over a period of 7 days and resulted in decreased whole chain and PS II electron transport with variable effects on PS I activity. The decrease in electron transport of H → L plants was associated with a decrease in both QB and Cytf. In L → H plants, acclimation to high light occurred slowly over a period of 7 days with increased whole chain, PS I and PS II activities. The increase in L → H electron transport was associated with increased levels of QB and Cytf. In contrast to the light intensity effects on QB levels, the P-700 content was similar in both control and transferred plants. Therefore, PS II/PS I ratios were dependent on light environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chloroplast development ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; LHC ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The origin of the long-wavelength chlorophyll (Chl) absorption (λpeak 〉 680 nm) and fluorescence emission (λpeak 〉 685 nm) has been investigated on Scenedesmus mutants (C-2A′-series, lacking the ability to synthesize chlorophyll in the dark) grown at 0.3 (LL), 10 (ML) and 240 µE s−1 m−2(HL). LL cells are arrested in an early greening state; consequently, ‘Chl availability’ determines the phenotype. LL thylakoids are totally lacking long-wavelength Chl; nonetheless, PS I and PS II are fully functional. Gel electrophoresis and Western blots indicate that four out of seven resolved LHC polypeptides seem to require a high Chl availability for assembly of functional chlorophyll-protein complexes. The PS I core-complex of ML and HL thylakoids contains long-wavelength chlorophylls, but in the PS I core-complex of LL thylakoids these pigments are lacking. We conclude that long-wavelength pigments are only present in the PS I core in the case of high Chl availability. The following hypothesis is discussed: Chl availability determines not only the LHC polypeptide pattern, but also the number of bound Chl molecules per individual pigment-protein complex. Chl-binding at non-obligatory, peripheral sites of the pigment-protein complex results in long-wavelength Chl. In the case of low Chl availability, these sites are not occupied and, therefore, the long-wavelength Chl is absent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 70
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chromatophores ; electron transfer ; kinetics ; photosynthesis ; structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It is generally considered that metabolic reactions are well described by homogeneous kinetic models in which the reaction phase is statistically uniform. In membranes, especially in photosynthetic systems where the protein complement is high, it has recently been recognized that effects of local heterogeneity might contribute additional factors that perturb the kinetic behavior, and require more extensive treatment. We show in this paper that statistical heterogeneity in vesicular systems can also contribute to quite marked discrepancies from the behavior expected from standard kinetic and thermodynamic models, for reactions involving free diffusion in the aqueous phase. We explain the kinetic and thermodynamic effects observed in studies of photosynthetic electron transfer in cells and chromatophores from Rhodobacter sphaeroides previously attributed to supercomplexes, in terms of a model based on heterogeneity in distribution of electron transfer components among the chromatophore population. We discuss examples of data inconsistent with the supercomplex model, but well explained by the heterogeneity model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: electron transfer ; phenotypic revertants ; photosynthesis ; proton transfer ; site-specific mutagenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To probe the structural elements that contribute to the functional asymmetries of the two ubiquinone10 binding pockets in the reaction center of Rhodobacter capsulatus, we targeted the L212Glu–L213Asp (near QB) and the M246Ala-M247Ala (near QA) pairs of symmetry-related residues for site-specific mutagenesis. We have constructed site-specific mutants that eliminate the sequence differences at these positions (L212Glu–L213Asp→Ala-Ala or M246Ala–M247Ala→Glu-Asp), and have reversed that asymmetry by constructing a quadruple-mutant strain, ‘RQ’ (L212Glu–L213Asp-M246Ala–M247Ala→Ala-Ala-Gl u-Asp). The mutations were designed to change the charge distribution in the quinone-binding region of the reaction center; none of the strains is capable of photosynthetic growth. In photocompetent phenotypic revertants of the RQ strain, second-site mutations which affect QB function are coupled to mutations in the QA site which restore an Ala or substitute a Tyr at the M247 site; one strain carries an additional Met→Leu substitution at M260 near QA. All of the RQ revertants retain the engineered M246Ala→Glu mutation in the QA site as well as the L212Ala–L213Ala mutations in the QB site. Kinetic characterization of the RQ revertants will give us an idea of what structural and functional elements are important for restoring efficiency to electron and proton transfer pathways in the RQ RC, which is far from native. To date, these preliminary results underscore the importance of an asymmetric distribution of polar amino acids in the quinone binding pockets and its influence on the functional properties of the reaction center.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 72
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll antenna size ; damage and repair cycle ; Dunaliella salina ; photoinhibition ; photosynthesis ; Photosystem-II ; photosystem stoichiometry ; productivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract High-light (HL) grown Dunaliella salina cells exhibit lower pigment content, a highly truncated chlorophyll (Chl) antenna size, and accumulation of photodamaged PS II centers in the chloroplast thylakoids (chronic photoinhibition). In HL-grown cells, the rate of photosynthesis saturated at higher irradiances and the quantum yield was lower compared to that of normally-pigmented low-light (LL) grown cells. In spite of these deficiencies, the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis for the HL-cells, when measured on a per chlorophyll basis, was ∼3 times greater than that of the LL-grown cells. To delineate the effect of photoinhibition from the Chl antenna size on quantum yield and rate of photosynthesis, HL-acclimated cells were switched to LL-conditions. Repair of photodamaged PS II, estimated from the recovery of functional PS II centers and from the increase in the quantum yield of photosynthesis, occurred with a half-time of ∼1 h. Chlorophyll accumulation in the cells occurred with a half-time of ∼4 h. The differential kinetics in repair versus Chl accumulation provided a ‘window of opportunity’, within about 2–3 h after the HL→LL shift, when cells exhibited a high quantum yield of photosynthesis, a small Chl antenna size and a light-saturated rate that was ∼6–9 times greater than that of the normally pigmented LL-grown cells. The work provides insight on the temporal sequence of events at the chloroplast and thylakoid membrane levels, leading from a chronic photoinhibition of PS II to repair and recovery. It is suggested that it is possible to maximize photosynthetic productivity and light utilization in mass microalgal cultures by minimizing the light-harvesting Chl antenna size of the photosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: epimerization ; isomerization ; inhibitor binding ; photosynthesis ; Rubisco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) (EC 4.1.1.39) not only catalyzes carboxylation and oxygenation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), but it can also act either as an epimerase or isomerase converting RuBP into xylulose-1,5-bisphosphate (XuBP) or 3-ketoarabinitol-1,5-bisphosphate (KABP), respectively, a process called misfire. XuBP is formed as a result of misprotonation at C3 of the RuBP-enediol. It is released from Rubisco active sites and accumulates in the reaction mixture. Increasing the amounts of CO2 or O2 decreases XuBP production. However, KABP synthesis, which has been proposed to be only a product due to C2 misprotonation of the RuBP-endiol, is dependent upon the presence of O2. KABP remains tightly bound to Rubisco active sites after its formation, causing the loss of Rubisco activity (‘fallover’). The results suggest that the non-stabilized form of the peroxy-intermediate in the oxygenase reaction can be converted in a backreaction to KABP and molecular oxygen. The stabilization of the peroxy-intermediate due to the presence of Mn2+ instead of Mg2+ eliminates the formation of KABP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: electron transfer ; hydrogen bond ; photosynthesis ; purple bacteria ; recombination rates ; site-directed mutagenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The direct charge recombination rates from the primary quinone, k AD (D+Q A − → DQA) and the secondary quinone, k BD (D+Q B − → DQB), in reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides were measured as a function of the free energy differences for the processes, ΔG AD 0 and ΔG BD 0 , respectively. Measurements were performed at 21 °C on a series of mutant reaction centers that have a wide range of dimer midpoint potentials and consequently a large variation in ΔG AD 0 and ΔG BD 0 . As –ΔG AD 0 varied from 0.43 to 0.78 eV, k AD varied from 4.6 to 28.6 s−1. The corresponding values for the wild type are 0.52 eV and 8.9 s−1. Observation of the direct charge recombination rate k BD was achieved by substitution of the primary quinone with naphthoquinones in samples in which ubiquinone was present at the secondary quinone site, resulting specifically in an increase in the free energy of the D+Q A − state relative to the D+QAQ B − state. As –ΔG BD 0 varied from 0.37 to 0.67 eV, k BD varied from 0.03 to 1.4 s−1. The corresponding values for the wild type are 0.46 eV and 0.2 s−1. A fit of the two sets of data to the Marcus theory for electron transfer yielded significantly different reorganization energies of 0.82 and 1.3 eV for k AD and k BD, respectively. In contrast, the fitted values for the coupling matrix element, or equivalently the maximum possible rate, were comparable (∼25 s−1) for the two charge recombination processes. These results are in accord with QB having more interactions with dipoles, from both the surrounding protein and bound water molecules, than QA and with the primary determinant of the maximal rate being the quinone-donor distance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: electrometry ; electron transfer ; membrane ; menaquinone ; photosynthesis ; potential ; proton transfer ; Rhodobacter sphaeroides ; Rhodopseudomonas viridis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The thermophilic phototroph Chloroflexus aurantiacus possesses a photosynthetic reaction center (RC) containing a pair of menaquinones acting as primary (MQa) and secondary (MQB) electron acceptors and a tetraheme cytochrome c554 as an electron donor. We used native, chlorosome-containing photosynthetic membranes of this bacterium to study the MQB turnover. The binary oscillations of the semiquinone form MQB − in response to a train of short light flashes were monitored at 416 nm, in the isosbestic point of the light-induced difference spectrum of cytochrome c554. After the first flash MQB − was formed, after the second one it disappeared due to the MQa −MQB − → MQaMQBH2 transition. The latter reaction was kinetically resolved by means of electrometry. For this purpose chromatophores of Chl. aurantiacus were adsorbed onto a phospholipid and menaquinone-impregnated collodion film. We found that after the second excitation flash, but not after the first one, the photoelectric response included, in addition to the fast kinetic components reflecting the charge separation between the tetraheme cytochrome c and MQa, a slower kinetic component with a rise time of 3 µs (pH = 8.3) and a relative amplitude of about 10% of the charge separation phase in the RC. We attributed this reaction to the electrogenic proton transfer which accompanied the transfer of the second electron during the MQa −MQB − → MQaMQBH2 transition. The rise time of the same reaction was reported to be almost three orders of magnitude slower in the isolated, proteoliposome-incorporated RC from this bacterium. The possible reasons of the faster turnover rates observed in the chlorosome-carrying native membrane preparations from Chl. aurantiacus are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 76
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 56 (1998), S. 143-155 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; Glycine max ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration increases plant photosynthesis, biomass and carbohydrate accumulation. Since plants have grown in low CO2 (200 to 300 µmol mol−1) for the last several million years, how will they use extra photoassimilate as the atmospheric CO2 continues to rise? The objectives were to determine the effects of past, present and projected future levels of CO2 on diurnal and seasonal patterns of total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] tissues. Plants were grown at 160, 220, 280, 330, 660 and 990 µmol mol−1 CO2 in outdoor, sunlit chambers wherein CO2 uptake rates were measured continuously. Early morning and late afternoon plant samples were taken at eight dates. The TNC concentration of leaves, petioles and stems increased as CO2 increased. Canopy photosynthetic rates also increased with increasing CO2, apparently without any negative impact of increased leaf TNC. Concentrations of TNC in all vegetative tissues were lower in the morning than the afternoon, which indicates overnight mobilization and utilization of carbohydrates for growth processes. The concentration of TNC was lowest in all plant components during rapid vegetative growth at V8 to R2 developmental stages. Leaves of all plants, especially those grown in superambient CO2, contained large pools of TNC at plant maturity, which indicated that not all of the reserves were utilized for seed yield. Soybean cultivars for the future should be designed to utilize carbohydrates more readily for seed production so that greater benefit can be realized from rising atmospheric CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: electron transport ; nitrite ; oxaloacetate ; photosynthesis ; proton transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosystem I-dependent cyclic electron transport is shown to operate in intact spinach chloroplasts with oxaloacetate, but not with nitrite or methylviologen as electron acceptors. It is regulated by the redox state of the chloroplast NADP system. Inhibition of cyclic electron transport by antimycin A occurs immediately on addition of this antibiotic in the light. It is unrelated to a different function of antimycin A, inhibition of nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence, which requires prior dissipation of the transthylakoid proton gradient before antimycin A can become effective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; high-temperature stress ; O2 evolution ; photosynthesis ; Photosystem II ; spinach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Activities of oxygen evolution, fluorescence Fv (a variable part of chlorophyll fluorescence) values, and amounts of the 33 kDa protein remaining bound to the thylakoids in intact spinach chloroplasts were measured during and after high-temperature treatment. The following results were obtained. (1) Both the Fv value and the flash-induced oxygen evolution measured by an oxygen electrode were decreased at high temperatures, but they showed partial recovery when the samples were cooled down and incubated at 25°C for 5 min after high-temperature treatment. (2) Oxygen evolution was more sensitive to high temperatures than the Fv value, and the decrease in the Fv/Fm ratio at high temperatures rather corresponded to that in the oxygen evolution measured at 25°C after high-temperature treatment. (3) Photoinactivation of PS II was very rapid at high temperatures, and this seems to be a cause of the difference between the Fv values and the oxygen-evolving activities at high temperatures. (4) At around 40°C, the manganese-stabilizing 33 kDa protein of PS II was supposed to be released from the PS II core complexes during heat treatment and to rebind to the complexes when the samples were cooled down to 25°C. (5) At higher temperatures, the charge separation reaction of PS II was inactivated, and the PS II complexes became less fluorescent, which was recovered partially at 25°C. (6) Increases in the Fv value due to a large decrease in the electron flow from QA to QB became prominent after high-temperature treatment at around 50°C. This was the main cause of the discrepancy between the Fv values and the oxygen-evolving activities measured at 25°C. Relationship between the process of heat inactivation of PS II reaction center complexes and the fluorescence levels is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: copper ; electron transport ; photosynthesis ; TyrosineZ
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The thermoluminescence characteristics of functionally intact thylakoids and TRIS-washed BBY particles were studied under Cu(II) poisoned conditions. In thylakoids, both the A and B thermoluminescence bands corresponding to S3QA - and S2S3QB - charge recombinations, respectively showed specific responses to Cu(II) treatment. The amplitude of the B band was gradually decreased, which corresponds to the Cu(II) induced inactivation of TyrZ. The simultaneous stepwise shift in the peak position of the B band indicated, however, that S3QB - charge recombination is more resistant to Cu(II) poisoned conditions. The shifted peak position of the A band toward the higher temperature in Cu(II) treated thylakoids also showed a change in the redox span between the recombination partners generating the A band of the glow curve. The AT band due to the His+QA - recombination in TRIS-washed BBY particles was insensitive to Cu(II) addition indicating that Cu(II) did not affect either His+ or QA -. The unaffected intensity of the A and AT bands when Cu(II) inhibits TyrZ function favours the assumption of an alternative pathway in which functional TyrZ is not required. In addition, Cu-induced changes of the TL bands were compared to those produced by the Tyr and His modifiers NBD and DEPC, respectively. We obtained very similar results regarding TL bands by either adding NBD or Cu-poisoning in functional thylakoids. Regarding DEPC, the A and AT bands were abolished by increasing concentrations of the His modifier. This effect was associated with the decrease of the B band and its replacement by the Q band at around 0 °C. Comparing our data obtained by Cu, NBD and DEPC treatments, we have found a strong interrelation between His+ and S3 state. We assume that in some inhibitory conditions in the S3 state His is oxidized in place of Mn and this alternative pathway does not require functional TyrZ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; photosynthesis ; Photosystem I ; prochlorophyte ; psaI ; psaL
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 25 kDa protein associated with Photosystem I (PS I) of the divinyl-chlorophyll a/b-containing oxychlorobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus SS120 (CCMP 1375) was isolated, and the amino acid sequences of the N-terminus and one internal peptide were determined. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate primers yielded a 92 bp fragment, which was used to isolate the complete gene from a genomic library. The corresponding gene was isolated from a library of Prochlorococcus sp. MED4 (CCMP 1378). In both Prochlorococcus strains, the gene encodes a protein of 199 amino acids. The gene products show a strong sequence similarity to the PS I subunit PsaL. The N-terminus contains a hydrophilic domain that has not been found in PsaL proteins from other organisms. In both strains, sequences encoding a protein similar to PsaI were found upstream of the psaL gene. Both genes are transcribed in the same direction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: herbicides ; photoinhibition ; photosynthesis ; protein degradation and synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the Photosystem II (PSII) inhibitors dichlorophenyldimethylurea (DCMU) and bromonitrothymol (BNT) on the rate of the high-light induced D1 protein turnover was studied in whole cells of two cyanobacterial strains Synechocystis PCC 6803 and Synechococcus PCC 7942. In Synechocystis the D1 degradation was slowed down to a similar extent in the presence of either inhibitor compared with control cells. This slower degradation corresponded with the retardation of Photosystem II photoinactivation (PSIIPI) measured as a decline of PS II activity in the illuminated cells treated with chloramphenicol (CAP). The ongoing D1 synthesis in the presence of both PS II inhibitors was confirmed by unchanging PS II activity and the steady-state level of D1 during illumination in the absence of CAP. In Synechococcus cells both DCMU and BNT blocked the turnover of the 'low-light' D1 form (D1:1) but did not prevent the exchange of the 'high-light' form D1:2 for the D1:1 form. The similar effect of both herbicides on the D1 exchange was in contrast with their influence on the rate of PSIIPI. While DCMU had a pronounced protective effect, BNT significantly increased the rate of PS II photodamage. The fast BNT-induced decline of PS II activity was also observed in Synechocystis cells treated with azide, an inhibitor of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes. Therefore, we assume that the distinct sensitivity of the two cyanobacterial strains to BNT can be caused by different content and/or activity of these enzymes in each strain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 82
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 389 (1998), S. 7-19 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; respiration ; photorespiration ; diel oxygen curve ; macrophytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We conducted two-station diel surveys of dissolved oxygen content to estimate whole-stream productivity in the experimental streams of the Monticello Ecological Research Station for two years following channel reconstruction. Community productivity measurements compare well to previous measurements in these streams, but apparent hysteresis in the P/I relation was measured in over two-thirds of the diel surveys. Apparent hysteresis in photosynthesis with solar irradiance is a characteristic of photorespiration, and modeling the effect of light on whole-stream respiratory rates reduced the magnitude of P/I curve hysteresis and improved the predictions of dissolved oxygen content (DO) in the stream. Stream productivity models normally assume respiratory rates measured at night are constant throughout the day, but when this assumption yields apparent hysteresis in the P/I curve, the inclusion of a photorespiration model in the analyses of whole-stream productivity facilitates the comparison of photosynthesis and respiratory rates between different streams. The computed total daily consumption of oxygen by photorespiratory processes is proportional to the total daily photosynthetic production of oxygen in the streams. We also found that the diel DO curves occurring in the experimental streams are best described by a photorespiration model that utilizes a four hour moving average of irradiance. Accounting for photorespiration in the streams increases the apparent efficiency of photosynthesis, improves the accuracy of DO predictions, and reduces uncertainty in photosynthesis and respiratory rate estimates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 83
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 35 (1998), S. 631-635 
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: Gossypium hirsutum ; leaf age ; photosynthesis ; stomatal conductance ; transpiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Relationships between leaf nitrogen (N) content and leaf gas exchange components of a single cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaf subtending the fruit during ontogeny were investigated under field conditions. A 20-d old leaf exhibited the highest physiological activity characterized by net photosynthetic (PN) and transpiration (E) rates, stomatal conductances to CO2 exchange (gsCO2) and water vapor transfer (gsH2O), and nitrogen (N) content. With the advent of leaf senescence, the gas exchange rates declined as exhibited by the 30-, 40-, and 60-d old leaves. Regression analysis indicated close relationships between gsCO2 and PN, and gsH2O and E as the leaves advanced towards senescence. Both PN and gsCO2 were related to N as they declined with leaf age. Thus, the declines in PN were associated with stomatal closure and removal of N during leaf ontogeny.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 84
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 35 (1998), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: evolution ; hydrogen ; life ; photosynthesis ; radiant energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthesis, as a fundamental element in the life process, is integrated in the evolution of living systems on the basis of hydrogen cycles on various hierarchic levels. Conversion of radiant energy enables the oxidation of water, whereby free oxygen accumulates in the atmosphere. Hydrogen is (reversibly) stored in organic materials formed under reductive CO2-fixation and by the incorporation of the other elements, which are necessary for living systems. All endergonic processes in living cells are finally driven by the energy released through the clean recombination of protons and electrons with oxygen to water. Duration of the stored energy and the complexity of the systems thus produced is correlated negatively with the conversion efficiency of the radiation energy. Entropy is a unifying principle in the evolution of living systems, inclusive human societies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: absorption spectra ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; photosynthesis ; Vigna radiata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In seedlings of Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek cultivars ADT-1 and CO-5 exposed to acidic showers (H2SO4 : HNO3 : HCl, 4 : 2 : 1, v/v) of different pH (7.0, 5.5, 4.0, and 2.5) for 10 d, net CO2 uptake and stomatal conductance were reduced. The chlorophyll (Chl) a and b contents were reduced but the carotenoid (Car) content increased. In vivo Chl a fluorescence patterns of both the cultivars were altered. No significant change in photosystem (PS) 1 activity was observed except at pH 2.5 where an inhibition was evident. By contrast, PS2 activities declined rapidly with increasing acidity. The room temperature absorption spectra of isolated chloroplasts showed very little changes. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed depletion of 23, 33, and 55 kDa polypeptides. Cultivar CO-5 was more sensitive to acidic rain than cv. ADT-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 86
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 35 (1998), S. 551-559 
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: EPR spectroscopy ; fluorescence spectroscopy ; HgCl2 ; photosynthesis ; radionuclide X-ray fluorescence analyses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In chloroplasts of Spinacea oleracea L., Hg2+ ions interact with some sites in the photosynthetic electron transport chain: (l) with the intermediates Z+/D+ situated in the D1 and D2 proteins and with the manganese cluster in the oxygen evolving complex which are located on the donor side of photosystem (PS) 2, (2) with the chlorophyll a dimer in the core of PS1 (P700). P700 is oxidized in the dark by HgCl2. The Hg2+ ions form organometallic complexes with amino acids contained in chloroplast proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 87
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 17-28 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Puccinia rcondita ; Triticum aestivum ; model ; photosynthesis ; competition for light
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Verschillen tussen zeven wintertarwegenotypen in opbrengstderving door bruine roest, zoals waargenomen in een veldexperiment, werden geanalyseerd met een simulatiemodel. In dit model werd het effect van de ziekte op gewasgroei en opbrengst beschreven op basis van lichtinterceptie, fotosynthese, ademhaling en assimilatenverdeling. Het model gaf een goede beschrijving van de waargenomen opbrengstverschillen tussen de genotypen, zowel bij aanwezigheid als bij afwezigheid van bruine roest. Van de totale opbrengstreductie werd, volgens modelberekeningen, 66% veroorzaakt door versnelde afname van groen bladoppervlak en 18% door het wegvangen van licht door dood bladweefsel boven in het gewas. De genetische variatie in opbrengstreductie werd zodoende vooral verklaard uit de waargenomen verschillen in bladveroudering tussen de genotypen. De fotosynthese per eenheid resterend groen bladoppervlak werd niet beïnvloed door bruine roest. Respectieven voor selectie op afzonderlijke schadecomponenten werden geëvalueerd op basis van hun gesimuleerde effect op korrelopbrengst, in combinatie met hun genetische en toevalsvariatie.
    Notes: Abstract Differences in yield reduction among seven winter wheat genotypes due to leaf rust, as observed in a field experiment, were analysed using a simulation model. In this model, the effects of the disease on crop growth and yield were described on the basis of light interception, photosynthesis, respiration and assimilate partitioning. The model properly described the observed yield difference between the genotypes, both in the absence and in the presence of leaf rust. According to the model, 66% of total yield reduction was due to an accelerated decrease in green leaf area and 18% was due to light capture by dead leaf tissue at the top of the canopy. Genetic variation in yield reduction was, therefore, mainly explained by variation in leaf senescence. Leaf rust did not affect the photosynthetic rate of the remaining green leaf area. Opportunities of selection for individual damage components were assessed from their simulated effect on grain yield, together with their estimated genetic and environmental variance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; carbon dioxide assimilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Schade in wintertarwe veroorzaakt door de grote graanluisSitobion avenae F., werd bestudeerd in laboratarium-en veldproeven. De vlagbladeren van wintertarweplanten werden behandeld met honingdauw-substituut-oplossing. Eén en vijftien dagen na behandeling werden de netto fotosynthesesnelheid en de transpiratie van de behandelde bladeren gemeten. Na één dag werd een verhoging van de donkerademhaling gemeten in vergelijking met de controle. Vijtien dagen na behandeling werden verschillende resultaten gevonden in de twee experimentele jaren. Onder warme en droge omstandigheden in 1986 was de donkerademhaling oger terwijl de fotosynthese bij verzadigende lichtintensiteiten, de geleidbaarheid van het mesofyl en het stikstofgehalte van de bladeren lager waren dan in de controle. Ook werden chlorotische vlekken waargenomen. Bij gematigde temperaturen en relatieve vochtigheid in 1987 werd een verlaging van de initiële efficiëntie van lichtbenutting gemeten. In twee veldexperimenten werd een natuurlijke aantasting van voornamelijkS. avenae op verschillende tijdstippen chemisch bestreden. Op deze wijze werden aantastingen van verschillende omvang en duur verkregen. Vanaf bloei van het gewas werden wekelijks gewasmonsters geanalyseerd. Een natuurlijke aantasting vanaf DC 71 met een bladluisindex van 182 en een piekdichtheid van 15,8 bladluizen per halm, leidde niet tot significante reduktie van de gewasproduktie. Een aantasting beginnend in DC 71 met een bladluisindex van 544 en een piekdichtheid van 44,4 leidde tot significante verlaging van de bladoppervlakteïndex, de blad biomassa, de hoeveelheid water-oplosbare koolhydraten en het korrelgewicht. Geen effekten werden waargenomen op halm-en korreldichtheid of op het stikstofgehalte van plantedelen bij de oogst.
    Notes: Abstract Damage in winter wheat caused by the grain aphidSitobion avenae F., was studied in the laboratory and at field level. Honeydew substitute solution was applied to flag leaves of winter wheat plants. One and fifteen days after application, the rates of net carbon dioxide assimilation and transpiration were measured. The rate of dark respiration was significantly higher one day after application of honeydew substitute as compared to the control. Other parameters describing the carbon dioxide — light response were not significantly affected. Fifteen days after honeydew substitute application, the two experimental years yielded different results. Under hot and dry conditions, the rate of dark respiration was higher while the late of carbon dioxide assimilation at high irradiance, the mesophyll conductance and the leaf nitrogen content were lower than for the untreated control. In addition, chlorotic symptoms were visible. At moderate temperature and relative humidity, the initial light use efficiency was significantly lower fifteen days after treatment with honeydew substitute whereas other parameters were not significantly affected. In field experiments at two locations natural aphid populations consisting of mainlyS. avenae were treated weekly with an aphicide from crop development stages DC 71, 73, 75 and 77, respectively, to create infestations of different size and duration. In the unsprayed controls densities reached 15.8 and 44.4 aphids per tiller, amounting to 182 and 544 aphid-days, respectively. Crop samples were analysed weekly, starting at flowering. At the smaller natural infestation, no significant effect on any yield component nor on yield was found at any treatment. The larger infestation caused a significant reduction of leaf area index, leaf weight, amount of water-soluble carbohydrates and grain weight on various sample dates when the infestation was not sprayed before DC 75. No effects were found on tiller and grain density nor on nitrogen content of plant parts at harvest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...