ALBERT

Description: The sedimentation regime off Northwest Africa is shaped by: (1) structur~al factors. which result in generallv low relief on land. shelf widths between 40 and more than 120 km. and av-erage sfope inclinations between 10 30' and 30; (2) land climates. which contral the delivery of terrigenous particles to the margin: (3) water movements including boundary currents and upwelling; and (4) the post- Pleistocene sea level rise. This chapter combines published and new results arising from research into the sedimentation processes off Northwest Africa. and emphasizes particularly the activities of the Kiel marine geological group during the past few years. Reviews of cruise activities and results were given in Closs et al. (1969) (Meteor cruise 8. 1967. off Morocco) . Seibold (1972) (Meteor cmise 25 . 1971. off Sahara to Central Senegal). Seibold and Hinz (1976) (Meteor cmise 39,1975 . and Valdivia cruise 10. 1975, from Morocco to South Senegal), and Waiden et al. (1974) (Meteor cmise 30, 1973, off Sierra Leone). Some of these cmises were used for pre- or post-site surveys for the Deep-Sea Drilling Project, or to add undisturbed Quaternary cores to the Glomar Challenger cores (leg 41, ] 975; Lancelot, et al .• 1978); leg 47 A, Arthur er al .• 1979; Lutze et al., 1979). We have concentrated our geological investigations on a number of standard profiles from the shelf to the upper continental rise as given in Figure 1. The manuscript was finished May 1979.

Description: As Prof. Bremekamp has dealt with the genus Pleiocraterium from the taxonomic point of view, I intend to supplement his exposition here with some observations on the ecology of these remarkable additions to the Malaysian mountain flora. Some of these observations have been included already in a general report on the results of the Losir expedition published in Dutch. As a further illustration I am giving two photographs taken from one of the two Sumatran species in its natural habitat. Altitude. Both species were found on the highest parts of the mountains only, viz. Pl. gentianifolium just below the summit of Mt Goh Lembuh, and Pl. sumatranum between our camp at the base of the central Peak of Mt Losir at c. 3250 m. and the summit of the latter at 3460 m. These two mountains lie rather far apart: Mt Losir is the highest top of the Barisan Range proper, whereas Mt Goh Lembuh is a more isolated mountain, rising c. 50 km. NNE of Mt Losir and separated from the latter by a wide depression. The two mountains also differ geologically.

Description: La forme est le phénomène de la vie le plus important. Aussi on pourrait croire que toute étude biologique devait commencer par la forme. En effet aucune fonction n’est imaginable indépendante de la forme, tandis qu’on peut étudier la forme indépendemment de la fonction, par exemple à des objets morts. Cependant depuis Sachs le botaniste moderne est tellement possédé par les conceptions matérialistes et mécaniques, qu’il veut aussi expliquer causalement les formes organiques en oubliant que, même si toutes les formes sont matérielles, cela ne veut pas nécessairement dire que les lois physiques et chimiques qui dominent la matière sont capables d’expliquer la forme, c.à.d. l’organisation des êtres vivants. A l’aide de briques on peut bâtir des bâtiments les plus divers, mais on peut aussi bien construire ces mêmes bâtiments de bois ou de pierre naturelle: le matériel employé n’explique pas le projet de l’architecte. Ce n’est qu’en le contemplant et en le comparant à d’autres qu’on arrive à mieux le comprendre (von Veh, p. 139). La forme („type” ou „idée” dans la conception platonique) est indépendante de la matière. Elle est ce qui reste. C’est par la forme que passe le courant de la cause et de l’effet, comme l’eau passe par un endroit clair d’une rivière (Carus). La forme présente un des problèmes les plus difficiles de la biologie. Le physiologue et le morphologue (deux extrêmes psychologiques) commencent pour ainsi dire aux deux extrémités de la nature, chacun à sa manière (Troll, Meyer), l’un avec sa méthode physique et chimique, l’autre avec sa méthode comparative. Au domaine du premier appartient tout ce qui est dynamique: le métabolisme et la croissance, au domaine du second ce qui est statique: la forme. Que la feuille est la partie principale de la plante, sur cela les physiologues et les morphologues sont d’accord. Le premier la considère comme un organe qui a pour fonctions principales la CO2-assimilation et l’évaporation. Depuis Goethe le second considère tous les appendices de la tige, aussi bien les sépales que les pétales ainsi que les organes sexuels comme des feuilles métamorphosées. Même, sous l’impression de la phyllotaxie des frères Bravais, Nees d’Esenbeck croyait que „la plante n’est rien d’autre qu’une unité de feuilles reliées entre-elles par un ordre défini”. C’est pourquoi on peut aisément considérer la morphologie de la feuille comme le problème central de toute la morphologie. Il est intéressant de se rendre compte comment dans le courant des temps on a essayé d’approcher ce problème de divers côtés. Cela pourrait apporter quelque lumière sur les différentes tendances de l’étude scientifique et sur les manières de penser qui sont caractéristiques pour les différentes périodes.

Description: Among the most remarkable finds made by Dr. van Steenis in the higher parts of the mountains of North Sumatra are a number of cushion plants. Two of these he recognized as Rubiaceae nearly related to Hedyotis verticillaris W. et A., a species occurring in similar habitats in the Nilgiri Hills, India, and in Ceylon. Hesitating, however, to express a definite opinion on their taxonomic position, he sent the material to me for further investigation. As I had occupied myself already for some time with the genus Hedyotis L. and its allies, this investigation offered me a Wellcome opportunity to test some of the principles which I had laid down for the subdivision of this group. Apart from the characters of the fruit I lay stress on the position of the inflorescence and on the form of the stipules. The name Hedyotis itself I wish to restrict to H. fruticosa L. and its nearest allies, i.e. to those species that are provided with terminal inflorescences, an ovary not distinctly produced beyond the insertion of the calyx, and fairly large drupes with apically and ventrally dehiscent pyrenes: to a group, therefore, which roughly agrees with Hedyotis section Diplophragma W. et A.

Description: Nineteen species of Stereocaulon are treated from the northern Andes, mainly from Colombia. Descriptions and keys are given, with notes on the north-Andean distribution and ecology. Seven species are new for the Colombian flora, viz. St. atlanticum, St. claviceps, St. corticatulum (chem. strain with atranorin and perlatolic acid), St. delisei, St. microcarpum, St. pachycephalum and St. pomiferum. St. crambidiocephalum is reported for the first time from Costa Rica, as is St. didymicum from Venezuela, and St. delisei is reported for the first time from the New World (Colombia and Costa Rica). St. cornutum Müll. Arg. is reduced to synonymy under St. pityrizans Nyl.

Description: Gradstein et al. (1982) propose to conserve four generic names of Lejeuneaceae: Lopholejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., Acrolejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., Trachylejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn. and Taxilejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., each of which was introduced as a subgeneric name in Lejeunea by Spruce (1884), and subsequently raised to generic rank by Schiffner in his treatment of the Hepaticae in Engler-Prantl (preprint 1893) [see proposals to conserve 675-678 see p. 746]. Although Spruce (l.c.) used for his Lejeunea species a binary nomenclature by combining subgeneric names with specific epithets, it is clear (e.g. text, index) that the binomina are meant as Lejeunea combinations and they are considered as such by most authors (see Gradstein et al. for further details). Before 1893, however, the Sprucean subgeneric names were used in various papers by F. Stephani in a “seeming” generic rank; indeed Stephani now and then referred to them as “genus.” A chronological survey of a number of relevant papers by Stephani, mainly those published in Hedwigia, was given by Bonner et al. (1961), in conjunction with a brief discussion of the subject of this paper. These authors were the first to realize that on the basis of Art. 42 ICBN some generic names in Lejeuneaceae, e.g. Taxilejeunea and Trachylejeunea, can be considered as validly published by Stephani in Hedwigia 28, 1889. Later on Grolle (1979) demonstrated valid publication of monotypic new Lejeuneaceae genera by Stephani in the Bot. Gaz. 15, 1890, e.g. Lopho-Lejeunea and Acro-Lejeunea. For an evaluation of the status of Lopho- Lejeunea Steph., Acro-Lejeunea Steph., Trachylejeunea Steph. and Taxilejeunea Steph., one might consider these names against the background of the entire context of Stephani’s work on Lejeuneaceae until 1893. As the survey of Stephani’s papers in Bonner et al. is rather incomplete, and as there are several points of divergence in opinion, a new analysis of Stephani’s relevant papers (before Sep 1893) is presented below.

Description: De in deze Jubileumserie van de „Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium te Utrecht” opgenomen artikelen zijn door de schrijvers ingezonden om Prof. Pulle, ter gelegenheid van zijn zilveren jubileum als hoogleeraar, hun waardeering te toonen. Een kort woord over den jubilaris moge hier als inleiding van deze bijdragen volgen. Op 10 Januari 1878, op den dag dat in verschillende plaatsen den Ioosten sterfdag van Linnaeus werd herdacht, werd August Adriaan Pulle te Arnhem geboren.

Description: During 1981 the Botanical Survey of India had again collections made. We list them in the same manner as on pages 3559-3560. In Andaman & Nicobar Is.: Great Nicobar, 300 specimens. In Andhra Pradesh: Anantagiri, Endrika Hills, Ganganaju-medugula, Paderu, 1590. In Arunachal Pradesh: Ganganagar, Hapoli, Naharlagan, Namdapha Biosphere Reserve of Tirap Distr., Tamer Road, Tiruli of Subansiri Distr., Ziro, 1054. In West Bengal: areas of Jalpaiguri, Bankura and Midnapur Districts, places of Bangaon, Tantulia and Basirhat of 24-Parganas Districts, Jaldapara Reserve, Totopara, &c., 2240. In Gujrat: Lalpur and vicinity, 1090. In Karnataka: vicinity of S. Karnataka River-Mulla Periyar and catchment areas, 500. In Kerala: Alleppey, Anathode, Cannanore, Devicolam, Kakki, Kasargod, Kokharjam, Munnar Peermade, Muzhiyar, Pachakanam, Pamba Dam areas, Peruvanzuzhi, Ponnambala Medu, Sabarigiri, 4150. In Madhya Pradesh; areas of Panna Distr., 800. In Maharashtra: Bhimsankar, Janar, Purandar, 985. In Meghalaya: Cherrapunjee, Nongapoh, Sunnapahar of Khasi Hills, Jowai, Jorain of Saintea Hills, Tura of Garo Hills Distr., 3500. In Nagaland: areas of Mekokchung, Tuensang, Wokha, Zunbebato Districts, 500. In Rajasthan: Jaisalmer and areas of Barmer Distr., 1000. In Sikkim: Burtuk Busty, Chakung, Changu, Chuten, Enchy Monastery, below Honuman Top, Jorethang, Lower Bustak, Ranipal, Reumtek, Sang Ratepani, Sinchey, Singtham East, Soren, Suntale forests, Tadong, 4800. In Tamil-Nadu: Kannayakumari, Sethur Hills, Srivilliputhur R.F., 2090. In Uttar Pradesh: Agra-Khal, Ballaieri, Chamoli Chakrata, Dudhwa Nat. Park, Govana, Khan-Khaliadha, Mussoorie, Pam Vali-Kantha, Panwali, Parbagi, Rajkhark, Saharshradhara, 2500.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae — b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk. The SEM-observation of plant material normally requires dehydrated, dry specimens coated with carbon or metal. Unfortunately, the standard drying methods (including the critical-point-drying-technique) often cause shrinking and deformation of the specimen surface; therefore, SEMstudies on plant ontogeny are rather difficult, material- and time-consuming. Experiments using deep-frozen specimens have been carried out in England and in the USA, but have proved not satisfying.

Description: Apocynaceae wanted — pickled. Mary E. Fallen, Systematische Botanik, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland, who has done considerable morphological work on development of the reproductive organs in Apocynaceae, has been frustrated in her many efforts to obtain suitable material of Lepinia and Lepiniopsis. Ample information on both can be found in Pacific Plant Areas 3, Blumea Suppl. 5 (1966) 112-113, with map and description. The very oddly shaped fruit of Lepinia (W. Pacific) has been depicted in Blumea 11 (1962) 302, Van Steenis’s paper on the Land Bridge Theory. The one of Lepiniopsis (E. Malesia) seems to be buoyant. Also material of Anechites (Central America) is needed; it may be closely related to Condylocarpon. Any stages of flowers can be used, from tiny green buds at initiation up through anthesis, as well as fruiting stages. They should be pickled in FAA. Expenses of handling and postage will gladly be refunded. Vials with the liquid can be provided. Thanks on her behalf!

Description: This is the second contribution to a series of papers dealing with the Convolvulaceae of Malaysia (Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Philippine Islands and New Guinea). The genera worked out here belong to the tribe Convolvuleae; they are numbered VIII—XV. Genus VII, Erycibe, belonging to the Erycibeae shall be treated afterwards in a special monograph. With regard to the geographic arrangement of the specimens mentioned, some alterations had to be introduced due to the new limitation of the residencies in the island of Java. The names and limits of these residencies are now brought into line with the data of the ”Atlas van Tropisch Nederland“ ²).

Description: In Blumea, Vol. II, 1937, pp. 239 to 277, appeared an article bearing the above title. It is a description of an excursion to the Salajar Islands, situated south of Celebes; lists of the plants found in the islands are appended. Prof. Dr C. E. B. BREMEKAMP wrote to me that in the Leiden Herbarium a small collection of plants, collected by me in the Salajar Islands, and long ago lent to the late Dr TH. VALETON, have been found. This collection contained, apart from the Rubiaceae, the special subject of Dr VALETON, some representatives of other plant families. Prof. BREMEKAMP sent me a list of names of these plants, for which I tender him my cordial thanks. Besides he communicated to me that a few plants are mentioned under wrong names in the original publication. They are: nr. 86 of Djampea is not Ophiorrhiza neglecta BL., but O. parviflora REINW. Besides the number mentioned, 1573, two other specimens of this plant were collected in the same island, nr. 1618 and nr. 1633, both at an altitude of 200 m.

Description: Twelve species are recognized of which five (P. womersleyi, P. brassii, P. hooglandii, P. schoddei. and P. clemensae) are described as new. Nine species are reduced to synonymy (P. warburgii, P. puberula, P. myriantha, P. paniculata, P. parvifolia, P. acuminata, P. habbamensis, P. pulchra and P. dallmannensis). All twelve species occur in New Guinea, only one (P. arfakiana) extending westwards into Sulawesi. P. incana, P. gracilis and P. hypargyrea may also occur in Queensland in addition to the three species already described from Australia.

Description: Two gynoecial primordia are initiated as discrete units but soon get interconnected by the occurrence of interprimordial growth between them. A rim of meristematic tissue thus produced gives rise to the ovary wall by zonal growth. The residual floral apex grows parallel to the gynoecial primordia in the form of a septum. The two placental ridges arise from the inner lateral walls of the ovary, grow into the ovarian cavity, and ultimately fuse with the axial septum. The anterio- posterior region of the ovary wall also grows into the ovarian cavity to form a false septum which divides each locule into two. The Labiatae show a placentation which is neither true axile nor true parietal but an intermediate condition between the two, as the septum grows like in a typical axile placentation and the placentae like in typical parietal placentation. The gynobase in Labiatae is considered to be carpellary in nature.

Description: Two new genera and nineteen new species of Dicotyledons from Papua New Guinea collected and described by A. Gilli (1980) have been examined by specialists. These families are Begoniaceae, Cruciferae, Elaeocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Hypericaceae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Saxifragaceae, and Sterculiaceae. Both new genera are reduced: Melachone to Amaracarpus (Rub.), Disaster to Commersonia (Sterc.). Supposed new generic records to Malesia proved erroneous: a new Thelygonum belongs to Nertera (Rub.), and a Trochiscus to Nasturtium (Cruc.); the Viburnum from Papua is a Psychotria (Rub.). All species are reduced to those already known. It is advocated as undesirable to describe novelties from odd tropical plant collections.

Description: The genus Badusa is transferred from the Cinchoneae to the Condamineae subtribe Portlandiinae: it is closely related to Morierina. A new species B. palawanensis is described from Palawan, and a new subspecies from Biak, B. corymbifera ssp. biakensis.

Description: Sericolea is a genus endemic to New Guinea. The relevant literature is surveyed. Descriptions are given of all species and keys provided to the 15 species and all infraspecific taxa accepted. Two species are described as new: S. coodei and S. microphylla. A new subspecies of S. brassii A. C. Sm. is recognized: ssp. carrii. S. arfakensis Gibbs, S. gracilis (Laut.) Schltr., and S. novoguineensis Gibbs reduced by Coode in a recent paper are reinstated and S. glabra Schltr.. also reduced by Coode, is recognized as a variety of S. micans Schltr. Three new varieties are distinguished in S. gaultheria (F. v. M.) Schltr. and one in S. novoguineensis Gibbs.

Description: The present study deals with the taxonomy of a family of the brown algal order Sphacelariales in Europe. The taxonomy of this order is much influenced by the works of Sauvageau as published between 1900 and 1914. A short survey of the work on Spacelariales by him and his phycological predecessors is given in the introduction. The order Sphacelariales is described and its nomenclatural history is given. Other paragraphs deal with distribution, morphology and the used descriptive terminology, ecology, variability and culture studies, reproduction and life-history, systematic position and classification. In the notes on morphology the history of the descriptive terminology is incorporated, as well as discussions on the correct use of this terminology. Most technical terms are also included in the glossary, located near the end of this book. In the sections on ‘Form range and cultures’ and on ‘Reproduction and life-history’ the methods used for unialgal cultures and methods for chromosome counts are discussed. Also a review of life-histories in Sphacelariales is incorporated, as well as a discussion on the criteria used for the distinction of taxa and the delimination of the order. A key to the families concludes the treatment of the order. The family Sphacelariaceae, which is the largest and most cosmopolitan family of the order, is treated in a similar way. The two genera in this family, the monotypic genus Sphacella and the complex genus Sphacelaria, which contains four subgenera, seven sections and 16 species in Europe, are also treated in comparable paragraphs. Keys to the taxa and to ecological growth-forms (ecads) are given. In the paragraph on relationship of genera, subgenera, sections and species, several approaches for the construction of a classification are mentioned. The phyletic-cladistic approach, based upon methods developed by Hennig (1950), is discussed in detail. One conclusion is that the genus Choristocarpus cannot be considered to belong to a monophyletic group together with the Sphacelariaceae. Further it can be concluded that the Sphacelariaceae all belong to one group with a monophyletic origin. The monotypic genera Battersia, Disphacella and Chaetopteris have to be included into the genus Sphacelaria. Sphacella, however, is maintained as a monotypic genus. For nomenclatural reasons Sphacelaria reticulata (formerly Disphacella reticulata) must be chosen as type-species of the genus Sphacelaria. The descriptions of family, genera and sections are usually short, but the descriptions of the species are comprehensive and contain a formal description and a list of dimensions. The paragraphs on distribution start with summaries of coastal regions where the species occur. Each summary is followed by an extract of the list of collections and relevant references. Distribution maps are added. Full lists of collections and references for all species are published separately. Important taxonomic conclusions occur in Sphacelaria reticulata (was Disphacella reticulata (Lyngb.) Sauv.), in S. radicans (ecad libera found in the Baltic), in S. nana (= S. britannica Sauv.) which include S. saxatilis and which is different from S. rigidula (= S. furcigera Kütz.), in S. plumigera (unattached growthform = ecad pinnata, found in the Baltic), in S. mirabilis (was Battersia mirabilis Reinke ex Batt.), in S. fusca (different from S. rigidula), in S. cirrosa (includes S. bipinnata (Kütz.) Sauv. and S. hystrix Suhr ex Reinke which are incorporated amongst the five different ecads of the species) and in S. sympodiocarpa (which cannot be incorporated into one of the described subgenera). Most details of morphology are depicted.

Description: Serrant de près le lac de Lugano, se trouve un vieux pays volcanique, environné de montagnes calcaires escarpées, qui, malgré son peu d'étendue a une histoire géologique des plus intéressantes. Les laves et les tufs de ces volcans anciens sont d’une grande diversité et ont fourni en ces derniers temps la matière de recherches récemment couronnées par les analyses chimiques de Mlle Koomans (1937). A peu près au même temps que les étudiants en géologie de Leyde s’appliquaient à l’étude de cette région volcanique ceux de Bâle exploraient les roches sédimentaires environnantes. Grâce à ces différentes recherches conduites tant sur le terrain qu’en laboratoire, l’histoire géologique de ce complèxe nous est devenue familière. Cependant il nous manquait encore une carte et des coupes géologiques de l’ensemble de la contrée qui nous en montreraient l’enchaînement et la structure générale. L’étude qui va suivre tâche de satisfaire à ce besoin. Il va sans dire qu’au cours de cette élaboration bien des questions nouvelles se sont présentées, mais on ne peut poser des problèmes avant que soit achevée la synthèse de l’ensemble.

Description: Dr. Ph. H. Kuenen kindly entrusted me with a suite of corals collected by him on the island Flores during his cruise with the Expedition on board of H.M. „Willebrord Snellius”. The exact locality is North coast near Papang where the road Papang-Rioeng-Rawoe forkes, 550 m above sea level. Nine different species were collected. Among these is one new species, Fungophyllia millepunctata. Of one coral, a Porites, the species could not be identified with certainty, though it strongly resembles a Porites species from the Miocene Progo-beds of Java. From the other 7 corals the following data on their stratigraphical distribution are known.

Description: Il existe, dans certaines régions du Nord Cambodge un bœuf sauvage différent du Gaur (Bos (Bibos) gaurus. H. Smith) et du Banteng (Bos (Bibos) banteng, Raffles) dont la présence a été signalée par quelques rares auteurs, en particulier par le Docteur DUFOSSÉ ¹) et plus récemment par R. VITTOZ ²). Cet animal très rare vit actuellement dans les forêts — clairières où un très petit nombre de chasseurs ont pu l’approcher. Le Docteur-Vétérinaire SAUVEL, qui est un des chasseurs les plus réputés du Nord-Cambodge, possède des trophées remarquables de cet animal. C’est grâce à lui qu’au cours d’un récent voyage en Indochine, nous avons pu voir de près ce Bovidé. M. SAUVEL a réussi, en effet, à capturer un jeune mâle de cette espèce qui est actuellement au Parc Zoologique du Bois de Vincennes et il a pu nous faire examiner un mâle qu’il venait de tuer près du village de Tchep, dans la région du Nord Cambodge.

Description: If during one’s work one comes across certain names again and again, names of old collectors, of one’s colleagues in earlier days, who with their private museums laid the foundation of our scientific institutions, one naturally becomes keen on knowing more about them. The results of this curiosity, collected by and by in spare time and sometimes too in time stolen from other more serious occupations, are given here to the public in the hope that they may meet their interest. As to me I thought it a pleasure and certainly worth the trouble. I first collected all that I could find in a casual way and at last I hunted for them more systematically, until the time came that circumstances put an end to it. Incomplete though this list may be, I now send it to the press, hoping that it may give many facts and many sources unknown till now either to historians or to zoologists. When I prepared my biography of Albert Seba I met so many names of old collectors that roused my curiosity that at last I decided to make a list of them, trying to find out what sort of people they were and recording what is known about their collections. It was not easy to put a limit of time to the list, so that finally I included all Dutch collectors I could find up to the present day. If I have omitted some I hope I shall be forgiven, and that readers will provide me with the names of those omitted, that they may serve for a supplement.

Description: Laboratory-reared larvae of the spider crab, H. araneus L., were studied with regard to their fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), and energy content (J; estimated from C). FW remains fairly constant in each larval stage, regardless of feeding or starving conditions. This is due to regular changes in water content as opposed to those in organic constituents. There is a considerable gain (by a factor of 2 to 3) within each of these two instars. In the magalopa also a high amount of C, N, H, and energy is accumulated, but most of this gain is lost again during the last third of its stage duration. In all larval stages, weight-specific energy (J/mg DW) follows rather a cyclic pattern with decreases before and after molts, and increases during intermolt periods. It shows a decreasing trend during larval development. During starvation, biomass declines in an exponential pattern. Larvae of all stages die, when ca. 40 to 60% of their living substance and energy is lost.

Description: Filtration rate (F) and ingestion rate (I) were measured in the rotifer B. plicatilis feeding on the flagellate Dunaliella spec. and on yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ). 60-min experiments in rotating bottles servedas a standard for testing methodological effects on levels of F and I. A lack of rotation reduced F values by 40%, and a rise in temperature from 18 degree to 23.5 degree C increased them by 42%. Ingestion rates increased significantly up to a particle (yeast) concentration of ca. 600-800 cells/µl; then they remained constant, whereas filtration rates decreased beyond this threshold. Elemental analyses ofrotifers and their food suggest that B. plicatilis can ingest up to 0.6 mJ or ca. 14% of its own body carbon within 15 min. The long term average was estimated as 3.4 m/ind or ca. 75% of body carbon/d.

Description: Die Begrenzung geologischer Zeiträume hängt wesentlich von der subjektiven Einschätzung der Veränderungen des Tier- und Pflanzenreiches ab, welche meistens allmählich stattfinden. Ausserdem können fazielle Unterschiede abweichende Ansichten veranlassen. Wenn es sich als möglich erweist, in dieser Hinsicht eine Konvergenz der Meinungen zu bewirken, sei es mittels eines Kompromisses, dann ist damit für das gegenseitige Verständnis in der geologischen Wissenschaft viel gewonnen. Die Einteilung der jüngsten Erdperiode, des Quartärs, erfolgt auf Grund der Eiszeiten, welche ihren Stempel auf Sedimentation, Flora und Fauna gedrückt haben. Allgemein wird angenommen, dass mit der letzten Eiszeit das Pleistozän zu Ende ging, aber über diesen Zeitpunkt besteht keine Einstimmigkeit. Wenn man ausschliesslich die direkten Folge der Vereisung in Betracht zieht, insbesondere die Bildung der Rückzugsmoränen, dann könnte man sagen, dass der Anfang des Holozäns für ein gewisses Gebiet mit dem Augenblick zusammenfiel, als das Gebiet endgültig eisfrei wurde. Ein Massstab würde dann aber für jene Gegenden fehlen, die in der letzten Eiszeit keinen Gletscher getragen haben, indem das Holozän in verschiedenen Gebieten zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten begonnen wäre, sogar der hohe Norden sich jetzt noch im Pleistozän befinden würde. Eine derartige Auffassung steht im Widerspruch mit dem Charakter einer geologischen Zeiteinteilung.

Description: The Sapotaceae have of old a bad reputation among classificators because of the extreme complexity in which the single features are distributed over its genera, species and individuals. It is, in particular, extremely difficult to find satisfactory generic delimitations and consequently, the family yields a rich field both for lumpers and for splitters. Both categories, and several intermediaries, have given their opinions, as has been recently recalled by Charles Baehni in his “Mémoires sur les Sapotacées I, Système de Classification” (Candollea VII, 1938, 394—508). It is my present purpose to deliver a few annotations with regard to this valuable publication, meant, not in the first place as criticism, but as contributions towards the extensive material which is needed for a well-founded insight into the structure of this prolific natural order. In view of the often adverse opinions of earlier authors and of those investigators, like myself, who are intimately familiar with a part of the family only, without being sufficiently well acquainted with other parts, a new survey of the whole family by one man is highly desirable and we may look forward with vivid interest to Baehni’s further papers. The one quoted above is, I presume, to be considered as a preliminary study and if I am well informed the next step will be a monograph of one of the most intriguing genera. Pouteria.

Description: As far as known at present there occur in Java 4 wild species of Gynura, viz. G. aurantiaca (B1.) DC., G. carnosula Z.M., G. densiflora Miq. and G. procumbens (Lour.) Merr. A fifth species. G. pseudochina (L.) DC., is met with as a cultivated plant only, and even as such it seems to be very rare. A sixth. G. crepidioides Bth., an African plant of recent introduction, is better placed in Crassocephalum. Only one of the wild species, G. procumbens, occurs throughout the island, from sea-level up to about 2100 m. altitude. G. aurantiaca is restricted to West- and Central-Java, where it is found between 750 and 2400 m. alt.; along watercourses, however, it occasionally descends¹ as low as 350 m.; its area of distribution, extending from Mount Gědè to Mount Wilis, slightly overlaps in its eastern part the western extremity of that of G. densiflora. — G. densiflora, though reported to have been found almost a century ago in West-Java, seems, at present at least, to be confined to the eastern half of the island. It is a true mountain plant, growing between 2000 and 2600 m. above sea-level; its area of distribution extends from Mount Lawu to Mount Idjèn. G. densifolia appears to be essentially a sea-shore species; it has been found only in the eastern half of Java along the southern coast.

Description: The well-known and widespread lichen species Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. is usually very constant in its chemistry: fumarprotocetraric acid is its main secondary metabolite, sometimes accompanied by atranorin. Recently a new chemical strain, characterised by the presence of psoromic acid instead of fumarprotocetraric acid or atranorin, was found in Portugal by the first two authors during phytosociological investigations of heath vegetations. The plants are preserved in the herbarium of the Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Utrecht (U), leg. Barendregt & v.d. Dries nr. 1-2 (U). Morphologically the plants with psoromic acid represent the slender form of C. furcata. which is the predominant form in lowland western Europe (fig. 1). The podetia are c. 3 cm long and up to 0.8 mm wide, branching regularly but not very densily dichotomously, and olivaceous green to brownish in colour. Their habit varies from creeping and loosely tufted to erect and densily tufted. Squamules are present only occasionally, on the lower parts of the podetia, and are roundish with a crenulated margin, up to c. 1.2 mm wide.

Description: Der stratigraphische Aufbau der grossen Hochmoore in den Niederlanden, besonders derjenigen in den nördlichen Teilen des Landes, zeigt im allgemeinen die bekannte Zweiteilung des Hochmoortorflagers. Der ältere Hochmoortorf ist meist stark zersetzt. Neben Resten von Sphagnum werden auch solche von anderen Pflanzen, besonders von Eriophorum, darin gefunden. Nach oben geht dieses Torflager allmählich in den sogen. Grenztorf über. Dieser Grenztorf zeichnet sich meist durch einen grossen Reichtum an Eriophorum aus, während auch viele Heidereste darin enthalten sind. Ueber diesem Grenztorf folgt mit meist scharfem Uebergang der jüngere Hochmoortorf. Dieser ist meist ein fast reiner, wenig zersetzter Sphagnumtorf, worin grobblätterige Bleichmoosarten vorherrschen. Es ist besonders der Verdienst C. A. Webers gewesen, erkannt zu haben, dass diese Schichtenfolge aus der natürlichen Entwicklung eines Hochmoores nicht zu verstehen ist und einer besonderen Erklärung bedarf. Weber suchte dafür Anschluss an die Theorie der postglazialen Klimaänderungen von Blytt und Sernander. Die wesentlichen in seiner Anschauung enthaltenen Elemente sind folgende. Der ältere Hochmoortorf ist in der warmfeuchten atlantischen Periode entstanden; seine Konstitution wäre anfänglich von der des jüngeren Hochmoortorfes nicht sehr verschieden gewesen. Dann folgte eine ca. 1000 Jahre dauerende Trockenperiode im Subboreal, worin Heide und Wollgras auf den Mooren wuchsen und den Grenztorf bildeten. Dieser Grenztorf ist ist also nach Weber eine Trockenbildung. Durch die Einwirkung der atmosphärischen Einflüsse während dieser Trockenperiode sei der ältere Hochmoortorf zersetzt worden und habe seine heutige Konstitution erhalten. Nach Ende des Subboreals wurde das Klima erneut feuchter und auch kühler, was zur Bildung des jüngeren Hochmoortorfes führte. Weber hat zeitlebens an diese Anschauung festgehalten (17, 18).

Description: This book is designed as a practical guide for the identification of fossil and extant woods with the aid of a marginally perforated card key, based on the ones devised by Clarke and perfected in the well-known Hardwood and Softwood keys published by the Princes Risborough Laboratory in 1961 and 1948 (1966) respectively. Using the cards originally prepared for Metcalfe and Chalk’s Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, the Princes Risborough cards, and numerous additions to these sets, the authors have gained considerable experience with this time-honoured identification method. A microfiche of these cards can be purchased separately from the Botanical Museum of Harvard University. Besides general chapters and appendices on for instance wood structure and variability, and how to prepare wood for microscopic examination and how to use the key cards, the main body of the book consists of a richly illustrated catalogue of diagnostic characters to be used in wood identification. It is in this section that the book shows most of its weaknesses. This is because of numerous mistakes in the choice of illustrations or misleading legends to the latter. For instance: fig. 3c (p. 24) is said to show abrupt latewood in Larix laricina, but the earlywood-latewood transition zone is not included in the photomicrograph; on p. 68 the vessels of Nyssa are said to be predominantly in multiples of four or more but the photograph illustrates vessel pairs alternating with fibres (i.e., vessel multiples in a distinct radial pattern; the latter feature is illustrated on p. 69 with examples showing no sign of such a pattern at all!); the tangential vessel arrangement of fig. 4b, p. 70 is in fact oblique; Myrica is incorrectly credited with ephedroid perforations on p. 73; Sphenostemon pictured with the most beautiful example of scalariform intervessel pits is said to show spiral thickenings instead (p. 74); long and slender pit canals are mistaken for plasmodesmata on p. 83; essentially similar fibre-tracheids in Eucryphia are classified as belonging to two fibre types (p. 87); fibres of Sleumerodendron are mistaken for vascular tracheids and crystals in the Dicotyledons are illustrated with an example from Gnetum (p. 124). The quality of many of the photomicrographs leaves much to be desired.

Description: Acanthaceae. At C, Dr. Bertel Hansen took an interest in the family, and began by going through the many papers by C.E.B. Bremekamp. Annonaceae. Mr. Paul Kessler, Botanik, Universität, Box 3049, Kaiserslautern, W. Germany, has undertaken work on Orophea.

Description: Caudex erect, short-creeping or long-creeping, rarely scandent; vascular structure in all cases a radially symmetrical dictyostele; scales usually thin, not peltate, in almost all cases bearing both marginal and superficial Unicellular hairs which are either acicular or glandular. Vascular strands at base of stipe 2, linear in section (rarely with an additional pair of small ones), uniting upwards to a U-shape; a linear aerophore with stomata continuous along each side of stipe and rachis. Fronds usually pinnate with crenate or lobed pinnae, in a few cases simple or bipinnate, never with basiscopically enlarged basal pinnae; apical lamina usually triangular and lobed, grading into upper pinnae, in some cases pinna-like; lower pinnae in many cases gradually much reduced or with abrupt transition to a series of small rudiments; a small aerophore, sometimes swollen or elongate, present at the base of each pinna; a translucent membrane present in the base of each sinus between adjacent pinna-lobes; venation in each pinna consisting a costa bearing costules, each costule bearing pinnately-arranged veins in a pinna-lobe; veins free in deeply lobed pinnae, or basal veins in adjacent lobes anastomosing to form an excurrent vein, which may be joined by other veins, terminating at the base of a sinus-membrane, successive veins Passing to the sides of the sinus-membrane where this is elongate. Indument: scales always present at base of stipe, gradually smaller upwards, uunute (often consisting of a single row of cells) on the distal parts of fronds, often nearly all caducous; adaxial surface of rachis and costae a'ways bearing antrorsely curved acicular unicellular hairs, in a few cases a'so septate acicular hairs; abaxial surface of rachis and costae usually bearing a different indument consisting of more slender unicellular acicular and/or glandular hairs or sessile glands of various forms (forked hairs in Ampelopteris only); surface of lamina between veins either quite glabrous or more often with a distinctive complement of hairs and glands different adaxially and abaxially. Sori borne on abaxial surface of veins, orbicular or sometimes elongate, indusiate or not; indusia reniform, glabrous or bearing hairs and/or glands, in some cases very small, athyrioid in some species of Coryphopteris; sporangia sometimes bearing glands or short acicular hairs (setae) near annulus, often with a hair of distinctive form on the sporangium-stalk; spores in almost all cases monolete, with perispore of varied form, in Trigonospora trilete. Gametophyte in all cases symmetrical-cordate, with unicellular chlorophyllous hairs on all parts, these hairs with ± swollen rounded tips which become wax-encrusted; in most cases, usually as a late development, unicellular acicular hairs, comparable with those on the sporophyte, may occur; other types of hair may be distinctive of some genera. Distribution. Throughout the tropics, especially in wetter areas; species few in temperate regions (5 in Europe), almost 1000 in all. The majority are terrestrial ferns of forest, but a few (especially in Christella few and Macrothelypteris) occur in open places only, and a (Cyclosorus, Thelypteris) in open swamps; some are adapted to grow on rocks by streams; very few are scandent; a few are casually epiphytic.

Description: An introduction is given to the taxonomy of Entoloma subgenus Leptonia, followed by a revision of its section Leptonia. Eleven species are recognized, fully described and illustrated, of which three are new, viz.: Entoloma carbonicola, E. tjallingiorum and E. allochroum.

Description: The actual dates of publication of the greater part of BLUME’s Flora Javae (lit. 1) appear to be unknown among taxonomists. The title-page of the first volume is dated 1828, and we find the same year at the base of the preface. The volume containing the Orchideae (lit. 2) is dated 1858, but further dates are absent on the work. A cover for a fascicle containing the ”Planches inedites“ in the Groningen University Library is dated 1829, and there are indications that no such cover ever bore a later date. Therefore, perhaps, one often finds 1828, or 1828?, or 1829 as the year of publication of the whole first series. My investigations concerning the actual dates of publication have not yet given me all the information I wished to have, but the main points seem to be now known, and to be worth publication. In tracing literature on this subject I was considerably helped by Messrs. Dr S. BLOEMBERGEN, then in Groningen, WILLIAM T. STEARN, London, and Dr C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS, Buitenzorg. I wish to express my best thanks to these gentlemen for the kind assistance which they gave to me.

Description: M. (sect. Dasyaulus) subquincuncialis H. J. LAM & D. A. KERPEL, nova species. — Fig. 1. Arbor mediocris. Ramuli teretes, novelli griseo-fulvo-tomentosi. Stipulae subulatae, caducae, pubescentes, 0.2 cm longae. Folia subcoriacea, obovata, basi cuneata, apice breviter obtuseque acuminata vel rotundata vel rare paulo emarginata, 5—10 X 2.5—4.5 cm, subtus minute sparse adpresse ferrugineo-tomentosa, ultimatim glabrata; petioli graciles, supra sulcati, 1.3—2 cm longi; costa media subtus praecipue folii basi prominens, nervi seeundarii graciles, utrinque 11—14, angulo 65°— 75° de costa adscendentes; nervi tertiarii pergraciles, typo § Dasyauli, i. e. prope marginem laxe reticulati, prope costam uno vel nonnullis nervis secundariis brevibus adscendentibus. Flores solitarii vel bini in foliorum axillis; pedicelli graeiles, sub calyce paulo incrassati, griseofulvo-tomentosi, per anthesin 1.4—3, in fructu 2.5—3 (—3.5) cm longi; calyx 0.6—0.7 cm altus plerumque biserialis sepalis 2 exterioribus valvata vel aperta, inferioribus 2 imbricata, baud rare tamen 5-merus quasiquincuncialis; sepala ovata extus dense ferrugineo-villosa, intus paulo adpresse tomentosa, 0.5—0.63 cm longa, 0.4—0.5 cm lata; corolla glabra, 0.3 cm exserta, 0.6—0.7 cm longa, tubo infundibuliformi 0.15 cm alto, petalis 8 (an semper?) oblongis, 0.45—0.55 X 0.1—0.15 cm, apices versus angustatis obtusis; stamina 16 (an semper?) uniserialia, glabra, filamentis 0.1 cm longis, antheris lanceolatis acutis 0.25 X 0.1 cm, basidorsifixis, extrorsis; ovarium subglobosum 0.1—0.2 cm diam., 0.1— 0-13 cm altum, cum styli basi hispido-pilosum, (6—) 7-loculatum, in stylum 0.8 cm longum subulatum, supra glabrum contractum. Fructus calyce persistente, i. s. ferrugineo-tomentosus, ovatus, apice in stylum persistentem 0.8—1.2 cm longum subabrupte contractus, 2—2.5 cm longus, circ. 1.3 cm diam.; semen (unum tantum vidimus) testa brunnea nitida, 1.2 X 0.5 cm, cicatrice longa angustaque; embryo ignotum.

Description: The genera Microlaena R. Br., Petriella Zotov, and Tetrarrhena R. Br. are included in Ehrharta Thunb. (Gramineae-Ehrharteae), which necessitates four new combinations in the latter. In Malesia Ehrharta is represented by two taxa originally included in Microlaena: E. diplax F. v. Muel. var. giulianettii (Stapf) L. P. M. Willemse (M. giulianettii Stapf) and E. stipoides Labill. var. stipoides [M. stipoides (Labill.) R. Br. var. stipoides]. Descriptions of and notes on these taxa are given.

Description: Scandens, ramis teretibus, fistulosis, laevibus, glabris, ad 5 mm diam.; foliis petiolatis, petiolo 5 cm longo, glabro vel praesertim parte superiore pilis nonnullis brevissimis appressis praedito, herbaceis, late ovatis vel orbicularibus, apice abrupte acuminatis vel cuspidatis, acumine acuto mucronulato, 1.5—2 cm longo, basi leviter cordatis, 11—12 cm longis, 10—11 cm latis, glabris vel basi superne ad insertionem petioli pilis nonnullis brevissimis praeditis; nervis primariis utrinque 9—10, curvatis, subtus prominentibus, secundariis pluribus subparallelis, tertiariis subtus reticulatis supra indistinctis; inflorescentiis axillaribus 15— 20 cm longis, pedunculis teretibus, glabris vel basi pilis nonnullis brevissimis praeditis, 10—13 cm longis, apice ramosis, ramis brevissimis 3—5 mm longis, ergo floribus ad apicem pedunculi subaggregatis subumbellatis; bracteis probabiliter minutis, mox deciduis, in specimine descripto non praestantibus; pedicellis 3—3.5 cm longis, glabris, longitudinaliter striatis vel subangulosis, apice sub calyce annulo crasso undulato praeditis; sepalis aequilongis vel exterioribus paullo brevioribus, membranaceis, intus glandulis punctiformibus praeditis, ad 12 mm longis (vel exterioribus 8—9 mm longis), exterioribus obovatis, apice rotundatis vel retusis, mucronulatis, interioribus plerumque latioribus obovatis vel late obovatis, retusis, mucronulatis; corolla alba, campanulata vel infundibuliforme, circ. 3 cm longa, limbo sublobato, glabra; filamentis brevibus, 5 mm supra basin corollae insertis, 5 mm longis, basi valde dilatatis, plus minusve papillosis, antheris 2.5 mm longis, glabris; ovario conico, glabro; stylo glabro, circ. 10 mm longo, stigmatibus globosis, papillosis. FIJI ISLANDS, Vanua Levu, Mbua, southern slope of Mount Seatura, alt. 400 m, a high-climbing vine in dense forest, A. C. SMITH 1690, Apr. 27, 28, 1934, type in Herb. Leiden; dupl. in Herb. Bernice P. Bishop Museum and in Herb. New York Botanical Garden.

Description: In Malesia and Taiwan there are 6 species of Agrostis Linné (Gramineae). Agrostis rigidula Steud. has 8 varieties, 5 in Malesia and 4 (incl. one Malesian) in Taiwan. Agrostis clavata Trin. is native in Taiwan and once found in New Guinea. Agrostis gigantea Roth must be called A. stolonifera Linné var. ramosa (S. F. Gray) Veldk. and is partly native, partly introduced in Malesia. Agrostis hirta Veldk. is a new species from New Guinea. New combinations for varieties are proposed in A. rigidula and the Indian A. pilosula Trin.

Description: On several occasions the author received specimens for determination under the name of Loranthaceae, which in reality appeared to be Phacellarias, usually parasitic on Loranthaceae. When trying to name these Phacellarias, he preceived how difficult it was to survey the literature of the genus. Though only eight species have been described, and the authors usually have indicated the main differences between their new species and the most closely allied previous ones, the most essential characteristics of the species, viz., the structures of the inflorescences, were never indicated, and a critical review of all the species has never been given. Therefore it appeared an attractive task to undertake such a revision, if only it were possible to examine all the type specimens. Through the kindness of the Directors and Keepers of the Kew and Edinburgh Botanic Gardens (K, E) and of the Paris Natural History Museum (P), the author was actually allowed to do this. Moreover he had the opportunity to study specimens of the Herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History in London (BM) and the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens (B), whereas he discovered one specimen in Mr. A. F. G. KERR’s private herbarium. The author expresses his sincere thanks to all the gentlemen who made this revision possible.

Description: The observations made during the Carstensz Expedition give the following impression of the geological structure of the Nassau mountains: 1. Possibly Lower Palaeozoic, Upper Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Tertiary (Tertiary c, d, e and f) rocks were found. 2. A granodioritic intrusion occurs with a contact zone rich in metasomatic hydrothermal ores (copper, gold). The age of this intrusion is Upper Tertiary, probably even younger than the folding of the mountains. 3. The simplest explanation of the tectonical structure is to assume that these mountains are a big overthrusted mass, moved towards the South over the continuation of the Australian continent. The upper parts (Tertiary) of this mass are folded; otherwise, only North dips were observed. 4. The foreland of this tectonical unit probably for the greater part is covered by unfolded Nassau-molasse deposits. 5. The moraines of a rather important Pleistocene glacier are present.

Description: A new species of glassfish (Ambassidae) belonging to the genus Parambassis is described from 20 specimens collected in the Idenburg (Mamberamo) River of north-western New Guinea (Irian Jaya). Parambassis altipinnis n.sp. is distinguished by a combination of features which include a relatively tall dorsal fin, a high lateral-line scale count, and a lack of dark pigmentation.

Description: 13 new species and two new subspecies of Lunatipula Edwards are described. The new taxa are: Tipula (Lunatipula) mallorca from Mallorca, T. (L.) bimacula minos from Crete, T. (L.) simova from Thasos, T. (L.) artemis asiaeminoris, T. (L.) christophi, T. (L.) franzressli, T. (L.) horsti, T. (L.) huberti, T. (L.) neutra, T. (L.) ornithogona, and T. (L.) renate, T. (L.) trapeza T. (L.) ulrike from Turkey, and T. (L.) kinzelbachi and T. (L.) leeuweni from Syria. Also presented are the females of T. (L.) sciurus Theischinger and T. (L.) sigma Theischinger. Information on the geographical variation of some species is supplied. New records of a few very little known species are given. All but 2 holotypes, and some paratypes are lodged at Zoölogisch Museum Amsterdam (ZMA), 2 holotypes at Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM), the other specimens in the collection of the author (GT).

Description: Dentectus barbarmatus, a new genus and species of mailed catfish of the subfamily Loricariinae, tribe Loricariini, is described from tributaries of the northern margin of the Orinoco River in Venezuela. Morphometric and meristic data of several specimens are presented and illustrations are given. The relationships of the new genus with other genera of the tribe are discussed. It is assigned to the subtribe Planiloricariina, together with Pseudohemiodon Bleeker, 1862, Rhadinoloricaria Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1974, Crossoloricaria Isbrücker, 1979, and Planiloricaria Isbrücker, 1971.

Description: Die Hauptrichtungen der Pflanzensoziologie, die von der nördlichen und westlichen und der südlichen Schule vertreten werden, sind beide tatsächlich existenzberechtigt, da sich die Pflanzendecke von zwei verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten aus betrachten lässt. Voraus sei bemerkt, dass die Pflanzendecke stellenweise vorherrschende Pflanzenarten aufweist. Die Dominanz wechselt von Ort zu Ort sowohl in der Baumschicht, Strauchschicht, Feldschicht als in der Bodenschicht. Stellen mit unterschiedlichen Dominanten haben öfters stark ausgeprägte Grenzen. Diese Trennungslinien bestimmen folglich auch die Struktur der Pflanzendecke und das wechselnde Landschaftsbild. Forst-, Acker- und Weidewirtschaft sind selbstverständlich stark interessiert bei der Vorherrschaft bestimmter Pflanzen im betreffenden Gebiet. Vom Gesichtspunkte der Homogenität und der Dominanz aus zerlegt also der Pflanzensoziologe der nördlichen Schule die Pflanzendecke und unterscheidet er seine Pflanzengesellschaften. Wesentlich verschieden ist die Auffassung der schweizerischfranzösischen Schule. Braun-Blanquet (Montpellier) und seine Schüler suchen nach Pflanzenarten, welche zusammenwachsen; sie unterscheiden die Artenkombinationen von einander. Dabei sind die Pflanzenarten von besonderer Bedeutung, d.h. charakteristisch oder typisch, die in stärkerem oder geringerem Masse einer bestimmten Artenkombination oder einer Gruppe verwandter Artenkombinationen angehören, m. a. W. die in anderen Artenkombinationen nicht oder nur ausnahmsweise Vorkommen. Es macht bei dieser Unterscheidungsweise wenig aus, ob die Charakterarten durch zahlreiche oder wenige Individuen vertreten sind; die Abundanz ist nebensächlich.

Description: When, during my stay in Suriname in 1933, I planned to visit the Voltzberg, Prof. Stahel, the Director of the Agriculture Experiment Station, told me that he had discovered there, in one of the fissures in the granitic dome, which forms the top of this low mountain, an unusual kind of cassave. As I had for the “Flora of Suriname” been working on the Euphorbiaceae, I was of course much interested in this plant, especially while Prof. Stahel suggested that it would be possible to cultivate it in the Agricultural Garden at Paramaribo from cuttings. When I arrived at the Voltzberg, the plant was easily found growing in a fissure between the granite plates along one of the ravines just below the dome-shaped top. The plant possessed rather long (2—3 m) stems, more or less decumbent or creeping along the fissure, and from these stems rose side-branches which bore the leaves and flowers (see tab. IX). The roots were but very little thickened. Some of these stems I have taken with me. On the return voyage to Paramaribo they were sheltered as much as possible against sun and rain. The side-branches were pressed for the Herbarium.

Description: De las Islas Galápagos se conoce más de 200 especies de briófitas (el número total de los musgos y de las hepáticas es de mas o menos igual). Más que 2/3 partes de las especies occurren en la selva y matorrales perennifolias y húmedas limitadas a las zonas altas de algunas islas. Una proporción elevada (65-70%) de la brioflora trata de especies de una distribución amplia y neotropical o ampliamente tropical, que probablemente han llegado cón los vientos predominantes orientales del continente sudamericano. Generalmente las briófitas de las Islas Galápagos tienen una dispersión excelente, al contrario de otros grupos de organismos. Mas o menos 85% de las hepáticas produce esperes y/o gemmae y aproximadamente 40% de las especies son bisexuales. Además es interesante anotar que taxa sin diásporas están limitados hacia una sola isla, y que taxa con formación de diásporas tienen una distribución más ámplia según las condiciones ecológicas favorables. Una proporción bastante elevada (20%) de los musgos pertenece al elemento “oceánico-Caribe" probablemente llegado con los vientos alisios desde las costas de Centro-América o directamente de las Antillas via el Istmo de Panamá Este grupo de especies se encuentra en las Islas Galápagos en alturas más bajas, con preferencia cerca de la costa. Unas pocas especies templadas y disyuntas están presentes en las pampas frias y secas de Isabela arriba de 1200 m. Además taxa cosmopolitos y ciertos taxa endémicos son común en las pampas. La proporción de los taxa endémicos es más elevada entre las hepáticas (16%) que entre los musgos (6%). Taxa endémicos occurren con preferencia en las regiones abiertas y secas en las Islas Galápagos, probablemente debido a que este medio ambiente para selección natural y evolución existía ya hace más tiempo, como es corroborado por evidencia palaeobotánica. Se trata de caracterizar y comparar la brioflora de Galápagos, aunque las listas de recopilación para briofloras regionales del trópico hacen falta en una forma tremenda. En comparación con la brioflora del continente sudaméricano la de las Islas Galápagos es un poco pobre en especies; faltan marcadamente taxa de la selva húmeda tropical y de selva nublada. La proporción bastante elevada de hepáticas talosas del orden Marchantiales caracteriza la brioflora de las Islas Galápagos como mas o menos mesofítica y subtropical, a pesar de la presencia elevada de Lejeuneaceae.

Description: The 42 recognized species of Coussapoa are listed with their synonyms and distribution. Eleven new species are described: C. argentea Akkermans & Berg, C. arachnoidea. Akkermans & Berg, C. batavorum Akkermans & Berg, C. cupularis Akkermans & Berg, C. echinata Akkermans & Berg, C. floccosa Akkermans & Berg, C. longepedunculata Akkermans & Berg, C. macerrima Akkermans & Berg, C. napoënsis Akkermans & Berg, C. pachyphylla Akkermans & Berg, and C. scabra Akkermans & Berg. Some new combinations are made. Keys to the species of 8 regions are presented.

Description: The Lejeuneaceae are the largest family of the Hepaticae with over 1500 species in about 90 currently accepted genera (Gradstein, 1980). Much has already been written on the nomenclatural and taxonomic problems associated with the generic names in this family. A brief review of the problems is given, introductory to the proposals presented here. Current generic concepts in Lejeuneaceae are essentially based on Richard Spruce’s treatment of the group in his “Hepaticae of the Amazon and of the Andes of Peru and Ecuador” (Spruce, 1884). Spruce recognized, besides the monotypic Myriocolea Spruce, one single genus, Lejeunea, for several hundreds of species of Lejeuneaceae known at that time. This muchembracing genus was subdivided by Spruce into 37 subgenera. Each of the subgenera received a name in which the generic name “Lejeunea” was hyphenated with an appropriate, descriptive prefix: e.g. Acro-Lejeunea, Cerato-Lejeunea, Hygro-Lejeunea, Sticto-Lejeunea.

Description: Four new species of Dorstenia are described: D. panamensis C.C. Berg, D. boliviana C.C. Berg, D. peruviana C.C. Berg, and D. belizensis C.C. Berg. A list of and a key to the 21 Dorstenia species distinguished in north-western tropical America are presented, together with synonyms and distributions.

Description: More than 70 years have elapsed, since, in 1866, de Bary enunciated the hypothesis that Lichens are dual organisms, the socalled gonidia being Algae. As about 1899, the year when Nylander died, the dual nature of the Lichens had become generally accepted, lichenologists have had 40 years to realize the consequences of this theory. Nevertheless even now opinions differ widely. While practically all botanists admit that a Lichen is composed of a Fungus and an Alga, most lichen-taxonomists apply, perhaps for a good deal unintentionally, the species-name to the consortium, while others emphasize the necessity of restricting the specific and generic names to the Fungus. Reinke, Wainio, Zahlbruckner and Keissler may be regarded as adherents of the first procedure; Sernander, Fink, Clements and Nannfeldt of the second. While the attitude of Zahlbruckner c.s. is perhaps largely due to practical considerations, Asahina recently advocates this conception as a logical consequence of the dual nature of Lichens: “Aus der dualistischen Natur der Flechten muss man aber eine Flechten-Art A (Pilz) + B (Alge) als verschieden von der A+B’ betrachten”. But, in my opinion, the very fact of the dual nature of Lichens leads to the conclusion that a Lichen is no more a species than a plum pocket is one. In general, as stated above, it seems to me that the acknowledgement of the consortium as specific is semiconscious, and rests on practical reasons. Nannfeldt remarks that Werner, for instance, has used specific names as well for the Lichen as for the Fungous component. In many cases, it must be admitted, the procedure though arbitrary, is perfectly harmless. Lichen taxonomy is obliged to use other methods than taxonomic mycology, the vegetative thallus being often as important a feature as the fructification: and with the thallus, one naturally describes the gonidia, though for practical reasons the description remains as a rule incomplete. If the Fungus is strictly monophagous, the presence of a special gonidial partner may be regarded as a character of the Fungus. In many cases, however, especially in groups where the consortium bears a primitive character, difficulties arise. The latter regard not only the delimitation of the species, but their place in the classification as well. There are numerous instances of Fungi living either without or with gonidia, or with different kinds of gonidia. As long ago as 1866, Fries remarked that it would be unnatural to bring Peltigera aphthosa and P. malacea or Pannaria brunnea and P. hypnorum in different genera. The same holds good, for instance, for Peltigera canina and P. variolosa. Reinke argues that the species containing Cyanophyceae and those containing Chlorophyceae might have developped independently, and placed in all these cases the second species in a different genus. But if this procedure is applied, it strikes one that almost or perhaps quite identical species are divided indescriminately over both groups. It appears, for instance, that even the subdivision of Peltigera in Peltidea and Eupeltigera can not be accepted. In such derived groups as Peltigera it happens but rarely that in one species widely different gonidia are met with, and the presence of Algae belonging to the same genus can only be demonstrated by cultivating them. In this connection the forms of Parmelia caperata (Jaag) and of Xanthoria parietina (Waren) must be mentioned. Asahina has suggested that chemical differences in morphologically identical Lichens might be due to physiological differences in the gonidia, but, as Thomas has demonstrated now that parietin, one of the substances which have always been considered as specific for definite consortia, is produced in pure cultures by the Fungi Caloplaca murorum and C. elegans, this hypothesis seems rather doubtful.

Description: Piptochaetium was described in the year 1830 by Presl as a monotypic genus; the only species was named and figured by him as Piptochaetium setifolium, an inhabitant of Peru. The genus has usually been included as a section in the genus Oryzopsis of Michaux, and various species were also published under the genus Stipa. In my monograph of the genus Aristida I had the opportunity to study the whole tribe of the Stipeae, and reasons are given there why Piptochaetium should be accepted-as a quite distinct genus. From the very good description given by Presl and from the accompanying plate, the genus is easily recognizable. In my monograph a key to the genera of the tribe of the Stipeae has been given. The genus Piptochaetium is limited to the new world. In North America and Mexico one species only is known, the Piptochaetium fimbriatum (H. B. K.) Hitchc. Since Presl’s time a great many other species of this genus were recognized, especially by Philippi from Chile. These were but shortly described by Philippi and a better knowledge of them is obtainable only after the study of Philippi’s type specimens. In the southern part of South America we find a group of Piptochaetium which is better known, because the types of the species of this group are better obtainable and have been sufficiently studied. A treatment of these species of Piptochaetium was given by Spegazzini in the year 1901 in his work on the “ Stipeae platenses ”. In this work Spegazzini recognizes Stipa and Oryzopsis only, the latter being differentiated by its “palea coriacea, longitrorsum 2-nervosocarinata, inter carinas sulcata”. This is the excellent generic character which was also exactly formulated by Presl when he described his genus Piptochaetium. In contradistinction to the latter the genus Oryzopsis has a quite different form of fruit, the lemma is never asymmetrical and the awn therefore not eccentrically attached; there are moreover important differences in epiblast and endosperm. None of the species of Oryzopsis described or mentioned by Spegazzini belong to that genus. They all belong to the genus Piptochaetium and of this genus there are now in southern South America about 15 species known; 13 of them were dealt with by Spegazzini who divided them into 3 groups, to which he gave the names Piptochaetium (Presl), Piptatherum (P. B.) and Urachne (Trin.). These groups cannot be accepted, as the characters of the anthopodium which are given by Spegazzini to distinguish them, are by no means suitable, and moreover do not apply to the three genera as proposed by Presl, Trinius and Beauvois. There is but one species (Piptochaetium lasianthum Griseb.) where the lemma is hairy over its whole surface, with long hairs on the callus too. All the other species have lemmas which are perfectly destitute of hairs, although the true callus may be either hairy or glabrous. If we exclude the group with a long and sharp callus, we have a very homogeneous group of species with very characteristic lemmas and very obtuse callus. These lemmata are coriaceous, smooth, ribbed or tuberculate and together with the hairy or naked callus form good specific characters. A quite smooth lemma is found in Piptochaetium lejocarpum (Speg.) Hackel only, a quite naked callus and a striate lemma we find in the Piptochaetium lejopodum (Speg.) Henr. nov. comb. (= Oryzopsis lejopoda Speg.), whereas all the other members in southern South America have striate or partly tuberculate lemmata with a bearded callus. I must remark here that this bearded callus has a ring of hairs, arising from the callus, so that if we cut away the callus the lemma is perfectly glabrous. The ring of callushairs is in all the species hitherto known rather short, scarcely reaching half the length of the lemma, sothat the upper part of the lemma is always quite visible.

Description: Ms. Wanda Ave, a student of biology at Leiden with interest in ethnobotany, prepared 30 maps with text for Pacific Plant Areas, then studied rattan species of Malaya, where she went in March 1982 to work on smallscale utilization of rattan by indigenous tribes. Dr. M.M.J. van Balgooy, duly elected in the democratic manner, took over as Head of the Tropical Department at L, from Dr. W. Vink who felt that he had served his time.

Description: Beccari, Odoardo (1843-1920) H.E. Moore Jr, Odoardo Beccari (1843-1920). Principes 25 (1981) 29-35, portr. His trips and bibliography on palms. Everist, S.L. (1913-1981) On 21 October, 1981, Dr. Selwyn L. Everist, past director of the Queensland Herbarium, died in hospital in Brisbane, after a period of intermittent ill health. He commenced work at the Herbarium in 1930 and graduated from Queensland University with a B.Sc. in 1936. Following the retirement of Mr. W.D. Francis in 1954, he became Government Botanist, a position which was later changed to Director, Botany Branch and the Queensland Herbarium, Department of Primary Industries. He retired in 1976 (see Flora Malesiana Bulletin 30, 2745-2746). He was awarded an honorary Ph.D. on the basis of written work. Dr. Everist will be best remembered for his work in the field of economic botany. He published numerous articles on weeds and poisonous plants and his book Poisonous Plants of Australia will remain the definitive text in its field for many decades. He received a copy of the second edition of his book just one day before he died. The considerable addition of material following the first edition is testimony to his activity in ’retirement’. He was a good herbarium administrator, though he most enjoyed working in the field. He was always willing to provide assistance to herbarium botanists throughout Australia and overseas and he was very supportive of the Flora Malesiana project.— R.W. Johnson.

Description: The SEM-observation of plant material normally requires dehydrated, dry specimens coated with carbon or metal. Unfortunately, the standard drying methods (including the critical-point-drying-technique) often cause shrinking and deformation of the specimen surface; therefore, SEMstudies on plant ontogeny are rather difficult, material- and time-consuming. Experiments using deep-frozen specimens have been carried out in England and in the USA, but have proved not satisfying. Recently, a new preparation technique working with shock-frozen specimens has been developed by ALDRIAN at the Technical University of Graz (Austria). This technique, originally devoted to checking the water content of concrete, was tested and applied to living plant material by the present communicators. As a test object the Malayan gesneriad Monophyllaea horsfieldii was chosen. Studying in special the inflorescence and calyx development, the results proved by far superior to those obtained by conventional SEM-preparation methods. As it appears this technique can be successfully employed in ontogenetical and morphological studies of any kind working with living material.

Description: In October 1981, the Sijthoff-Noordhoff firm which published the Flora Malesiana was taken over by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Box 566, The Hague, The Netherlands*. Publication is continued in the same form, but the transition caused some delay in the schedule. Flora Malesiana Series ii (Pteridophyta) Volume 1 Part 5 thus was issued on 1 March 1982. The posted price is Dfl. 170 abroad (in the Netherlands, Value Added Tax is to be paid). This price includes the binding of this volume, which is now completed. This Part 5, containing pages (1)—(20) and 331-599, gives the Dedication and the revision of the Thelypteridaceae, both by R.E. Holttum. The Dedication, p. (6)-(20), incl. portr., is to Carl Christensen. Rather than biographical — many such references give F.A. Stafleu & R.S. Cowan, Taxonomic Literature, 2nd ed. (1976) 501 — it is a history of pteridology in a nutshell, with notes on strengths and weaknesses of various authors, exemplified in Gleicheniaceae, Grammitidaceae, Lomariopsis/ Stenochlaena, and Pleocnemia. ”We now have reached the stage at which most Malesian species can be allocated to definite natural groups which may have generic rank; most genera can also be associated in groups which appear to be natural; but it is often not yet clear how groups of genera are inter-related.” The Thelypteridaceae itself was one of the most difficult groups the author could chose. It here contains 440 species in 22 genera, with many new taxa and transfers, particularly from Dryopteris, a key genus to which Christensen devoted a monumental study. All Old World genera are treated Haplodictyum is sunk into Pronephrium). The publication of this Part brings the score for Series ii to:

Description: A new systematic arrangement of the Basidiomycetes is presented. The first fifty pages are devoted to special characters found in Basidiomycetes, and to a discussion of previous classifications. The major part of the book (c. 300 pp.) gives descriptions of the recognized orders and families as well as illustrations of important characters (53 pp, both line drawings and SEM fotos). The division Basidiomycota is divided into two classes, the Heterobasidiomycetes and the Homobasidiomycetes. Within the Homobasidiomycetes a large number of orders and families has been recognized, while the taxonomic entities ‘Gastromycetes’ and ‘Aphyllophorales’ are no longer maintained. In a phylogenetic scheme the supposed relationships of the orders are indicated. The Auriculariales and Cantharellales represent, according to the author, the most primitive orders of the Hetero- and Homobasidiomycetes respectively.

Description: Our knowledge of the Charophyta of Madagascar is mainly based on the rich and well-prepared collection made by Mr TH. B. BLOW, who visited the eastern central part of the island in the early months of 1924 ¹). The 384 dried specimens and a considerable number of portions of the plants preserved in formalin were determined by the well-known authority on the Charophyta, the late JAMES GROVES, who published the results of his work in the Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany), vol. XLVIII, 1928. This paper contains the descriptions of 5 new species and 3 new varieties of Nitella. Before this basic paper on the Charophyta of Madagascar was published, only very few publications appeared. As far as I know the first Madagascarian species to be recognized was ”Chara ceylonica WILLD.“, described by BOJER in the ”Hortus Mauritianus“ (1837, p. 427). The specimen was not seen by BRAUN, but he placed it in his large species C. gymnopus as subspecies C. Commersonii (1868, p. 872). BRAUN also states in the same work (l.c., p. 785) that he saw another specimen from Madagascar collected by GOUDOT, but did not mention it elsewhere in ”Die Characeen Afrika’s“, nor has he cited the two specimens in his ”Fragmente zu einer Monographic der Characeen“ (1882). Though the latter work forms the starting point for the study of the Charophyta of almost every country all over the world, the name Madagascar is not to be found in it.

Description: Bij milieu-inventarisaties zoals die door verschillende Provinciale Waterstaten worden uitgevoerd, worden verschillende methodieken toegepast. Eén aspect is het onderzoek naar de samenstelling van de makrofauna. Provinciale Waterstaat van Noord-Holland monstert hiervoor twee keer per jaar, één keer in het voor jaar (maart) en één keer in juli-augustus. Het tijdstip van de tweede monstername is voornamelijk bepaald door het tijdstip waarop de sloten geschoond worden. Hierbij wordt uitgegaan van de veronderstelling, dat door het schonen de samenstelling van de makrofauna-gemeenschap ernstig verstoord wordt. Bewijs voor deze veronderstelling is er echter niet. Incidenteel (dus niet hierop gericht) onderzoek door studenten en medewerkers van het ITZ heeft enige twijfel aan de juistheid van deze veronderstelling en het hierop gebaseerde tijdstip van monstername doen ontstaan. Enerzijds lijkt de verstoring tengevolge van het schonen nogal mee te vallen en anderzijds blijkt uit de thans bekende gegevens dat in de nazomer en in het begin van de herfst enkele groepen van organismen tot ontwikkeling komen, die in de zomer niet aanwezig zijn. Dit onderzoek wil nagaan of de veronderstelling, dat door het schonen de samenstelling van de makrofauna ernstig verstoord wordt, wel juist is. Wanner dit niet het geval blijkt, dan zou, om een zo volledig mogelijk beeld van de makrofaunasamenstelling te krijgen, de tweede monstername niet in de zomer (vóór de schoning) maar in het vroege na jaar plaats moeten vinden.

Description: In the spring of 1980, from the end of March till in July, I visited the eastern part of the Spanish province of Oviedo and the adjacent part of the province of Leon. The main subject of investigation during this period was the species Rana temporaria (Veenstra 1981). I tried to find out where this species could be found and while doing so I determined the occurrence of more species of amphibians. Totally twelve species of amphibians could be observed. Characteristics of their reproduction sites are listed and worked out below.

Description: A survey is presented of the Dutch sciomyzid flies. From data of diverse collections it can be concluded that at least fifty species occur in the Netherlands. Six of them are new for the Dutch sciomyzid fauna: Pelidnoptera fumipennis, Pherbellia czernyi, Pherbina intermedia, Psacadina zernyi, Dichetophora finlandica and Limnia paludicola. The main biological features, especially of the larvae, are summarized. Most common in Holland are the air-breathing, free-living overt predators of non-operculate snails, but also parasitoids of terrestrial snails can be found. Some remarks are made on further research, among others in relation to the possible value of the sciomyzid larvae as biological control agents of those snails, which transmit diseases. Met dank aan Pjotr Oosterbroek en Ben Brugge voor hun hulp bij dit onderzoek.

Description: The present work comprises the first revision of all species of Xanthophyllum; 93 species (22 new) have been distinguished with 5 subspecies (1 new) and 2 varieties (both new). Seven subgenera are proposed (4 new) of which one has been divided into 2 sections and 2 subsections. Keys to all taxa have been included. In the General Part the (sub)generic and (sub)sectional characters are discussed separately in order to find arguments regarding the direction of the evolution of those characters in the ‘Hennigian’ way of reasoning. From this it has been concluded that the Polygalaceae are derived from the Malpighiaceae- Vochysiaceae-Trigoniaceae-complex and secondly that Xanthophyllum belongs to a derived tribe of the Polygalaceae (and not to a separate family Xanthophyllaceae). The lack of information on the genomes of the species appeared to be a serious problem in the reconstruction of the evolution within Xanthophyllum: one subgenus with ‘gigas’-characters may represent an old allopolyploid hybrid; it is suggested that hybridization may have been important in the evolution of the genus. Although only two species, endemic to N. Queensland, do not occur in Malesia-Southeast Asia, it is shown that Australia must have been the centre of origin of the genus. The fact that Wallace’s Line is still respected by all species is regarded as an indication that West Malesia is a secondary centre of speciation.

Description: In de zomermaanden van de jaren 1936 en 1937 bewerkten wij het gebied van het Val di Scalve en het Val Nembo met als oostgrens de gebergtekam S. Fermo—Ezendola en als westgrens de Presolana—Ferrante-kam. In 1936 werkten W. A. Visser en H. C. A. Swolfs westelijk van ons gebied. De resultaten hiervan zijn reeds gepubliceerd. In 1937 werkte in het Noorden G. Zijlstra en in het Zuid-oosten L. Dorsman. In het Noordwesten grenst dit gebied aan het reeds door J. Weeda bewerkte Boven-Serio-dal en het is op zijn verzoek, dat wij ons onderzoek uitstrekten tot meer W. van Nona.

Description: This catalogue resulted from our attempts (since 1963) to accommodate and modernize the labelling of type-material of Recent fishes in the collections of the Zoölogisch Museum Amsterdam (ZMA), now named Institute of Taxonomie Zoology, University of Amsterdam. We traced 6625 type-specimens of 714 nominal species or subspecies, 228 of which are primary type-specimens (holotype, lectotype, or neotype); moreover, the collection contains one or more syntypes of 222 nominal (sub-) species. A few syntypes are presently indicated as future lectotype in the collection, awaiting publication by various specialists. Such specimens are not distinguished in this catalogue. It is possible that lectotype designations for some species have been validly published, which have escaped our attention. Certain records in the literature of single syntypes as “the holotype” cannot be considered designation of the lectotype. For example, Menon’s (1977: 88-89) “holotype” of Cynoglossus heterolepis is still one of the syntypes (now in the British Museum (Natural History), London).

Description: Black-footed Penguins, Spheniscus demersus, have been living in an open air enclosure in Artiszoo since 1961. Their numbers varied from 7 to 103 in the period under study extending from 1961 to 1982. The information used in this survey is derived from records made by the zoo keepers and from a study of the behaviour of the penguins that was performed in 1979-1980. The pair bond between breeding birds appears to be very strong, the only bird that ever disassociated itself returned to her first partner after one year. However, the penguins seem to find a new partner in a very short time if they happen to forfeit their first partner. The couples have a strong tendency to breed each season in the same burrow. The occasional shifting to other burrows seems not to be related to the fate of the first clutch. The partners stayed together in nearly all cases in which breeding birds changed burrows. A burrow seems to get new owners only when the previous couple vacates it. This has had the consequence that, in some years, young couples could not install themselves because there was a lack of nesting places. The clutch size is two and the number of clutches per season is one or two, three is less common. The birds are probably encouraged to lay a second or third clutch when the previous one fails visibly in an early stage. The frequency of laying second and third clutches might decrease if the penguins in Artiszoo were allowed to revert to their natural cycle of guarding their young for 80 days instead of the enforced period of only 42 days. The breeding season runs from August to May and has two peak periods of egg-laying, one in August/September and one, less extreme, in December. The timing of breeding varied from year to year, in some years the first egg-production peak appeared in July/August and in others it appeared only in October. The penguins in Artiszoo start breeding for the first time when they are two years or older, just like the penguins in South Africa. Since 1965 the population growth has been caused entirely by the reproductive qualities of 19 birds and their descendants. The hatching success of eggs decreased spectacularly in the years after 1971 when the number of available adults exceeded the figure 25, and since that time relatively more eggs disappeared or were found to be broken. This study shows that the decline of the hatching success is caused both by a lack of nesting places and the increase of the number of penguins living in the enclosure.

Description: The earliest account of the Netherlands’ Algae appeared in 1781 in D. de Gorter, Flora VII Prov. Belgii foederati indigen. Here, however, in the Algae lichens and liverworts have been incorporated. The true Algae, of which 35 are enumerated, are principally marine, though also aërophytical and freshwater Algae are among them. Some fifty years later F. A. W. Miquel gave a revision of the Netherlands’ Algae, with keys and descriptions in Latin and Dutch, in van Hall, Flora Belgii septentrionalis. We find them in two tribes: 1. Algae Chloricae, to which belong the bluegreens, the diatoms, the green Algae, the Charophytes; and 2. Algae Chromicae, to which belong the brown and the red Algae. At that time about too species from this country were known, which had been collected in Friesland, Groningen, Texel, Ameland, N. and S. Holland, Utrecht, Veluwe and along the coast of the Northsea (often drifted ashore). Of most of the Algae Dutch names are given. The first investigator, who occupied himself thoroughly with the indigenous Algae was R. B. van den Bosch, medicinae doctor. In 1853 he gave a general survey of all the indigenous Algae then known, freshwater as well as marine, in the Prodromus Florae Batavae. The list contains about 500 species. It stands to reason that the nomenclature is quite antiquated, the classification being based on Kützing’s Species Algarum. Instead of with Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, etc., we have to count with Heterocarpeae and Isocarpeae. The first tribe including the marine red Algae, and the second all the others. The subordo Cryptospermeae for instance contains the families Mesogloeaceae, Batrachospermeae, Chaetophoreae, Lemanieae, a combination which strikes us now as illogical and chaotic. Van den Bosch had his identifications verified by Fr. T. Kützing, “the law-maker of algology”, as he called him, who was one of the most prominent algologists of that time. Many species of Kützing have been based on specimens from Holland, sent by van den Bosch. The materials for the enumeration had been brought together by the members of the “Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging”. Special mention deserve H. J. Molkenboer and C. A. J. A. Oudemans, who collected in the neighbourhood of Leyden, but most of all van den Bosch himself, who made an inventory of the Zeeland Algae. Fossil diatoms are added to the enumeration. Among these are a number of new species described by P. Harting. In 1854 W. F. R. Suringar, then 22 years old, gave a critical review of the algological knowledge of that time in general, and more specially of that of the Netherlands. The manuscript had been awarded the gold metal in the competition held by the Philosophical Faculty of the Leyden University. It is preserved now in the Rijksherbarium. Suringar’s classification in some minor respects deviates from Kützing’s. Suringar is aware of the fact that many “species" of Algae might be nothing but states of development of other species. However, he emphasizes that as algology was still in its infancy the first necessity was to obtain a knowledge of the forms, as they are found in Nature, and of their natural relations. The last part of the manuscript gives a survey of about 150 algae collected by the author in spring and summer of 1854, 50 of which were new to the Netherlands. The collections, presented afterwards to the Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging, were made in Wassenaar, Leyden, Friesland and along the West coast of the Zuiderzee. This algological study served as a basis for Suringar’s thesis in 1857, in which he created a number of new forms and one new species: a Cyanophycea, which afterwards proved to be a synonym. Additions to this work appeared in the coming years, adding a number of new indigenous algae, freshwater as well as marine. A collection of marine algae, for instance, was made by him with the aid of his students in Den Helder. In 1874 a short communication by Suringar announced the discovery of a new parasitic alga, preliminary called Drepanothrix cingens.

Description: In Rep. spec. nov. regni veget. XLIV (1938) p. 33 K. Suessenguth censures my commentary on Abolboda (cf. Rec. trav. bot. néerl. XXXIV, p. 492). As I can not admit the correctness of the criticism a short reply may be permitted. On p. 492 of my paper arguments have been given tending to prove first that Xyris americana Aubl. does not belong to Xyris but to Abolboda, and secondly that it is conspecific with Abolboda Poeppigii Kunth. Now Suessenguth writes:: „Lanjouw nimmt in Gegensatz zu Suessenguth und Beyerle sowie den früheren Autoren an, das Xyris americana Aubl. dasselbe sei, wie Abolboda Poeppigii Kunth.” This suggests that I am the only botanist by whom Aublet’s species has been put in the genus Abolboda and who has advocated its identity with Abolboda Poeppigii Kunth. Malme, who has spent a great deal of his life on the Xyridaceae, however, was already convinced that it belongs to the genus Abolboda, and that the species is identical with Abolboda Poeppigii Kunth had been suggested by Heimerl. This has been pointed out in my paper and I can not understand, therefore, why Suessenguth writes „in Gegensatz zu den früheren Autoren”.

Description: The present paper has been written in connection with the account of the Papilionaceae for Pulle’s Flora of Suriname. The investigations were chiefly carried on in the herbarium of Utrecht; I also spent some time in the herbaria of Kew, Leiden and Paris and of the British Museum of Natural History in London. I wish to tender my best thanks to the directors and staffs of these institutions for their hospitality and assistance and also to the „Miquelfonds” which enabled me to go to London and Paris. Further I am indebted to the directors of the herbaria of Berlin-Dahlem, Brussel, Geneva and Leiden for lending specimens. Miss A. Kleinhoonte, who first was to write the account of the Papilionaceae and had already determinated a large part of the material, could, owing to lack of time, not finish the work. Some new species and critical remarks were published by her in Rec. Trav. bot. neerl. XXV and XXX. On the suggestion of Prof. A. A. Pulle I have taken over her work. I wish to thank here Prof. Pulle for his advice and interest.

Description: The genus Mussaendopsis was created by Baillon in 1879 for a tree found by Beccari in Sarawak, Borneo. As it appeared afterwards, the same species occurs also in the Malay Peninsula, on the islands between the latter and Borneo, and in Sumatra. On specimens collected in the Malay Peninsula, in 1884 the genus Creaghia Scort. was founded. The descriptions of the two genera are very similar, and as Mussaendopsis Baill. is not mentioned by Scortechini, we may safely assume that Baillon’s publication was unknown to him. The identity of the two genera was disclosed by K. Schumann in his monograph of the family in Engler & Prantl. Subsequently the plant was dealt with by Stapf, King and Gamble, Ridley and Lemée. None of the descriptions, however, is entirely satisfactory, and this applies also to the figure given by Stapf in Hooker’s Icones Plantarum: exactly as in the original description the stamens spring here from the top of the ovary instead of from the corolla tube, a mistake which had been rectified already bij K. Schumann. The most noteworthy deficiency in the various descriptions regards the position of the stipules. By Baillon they were described as interpetiolar; the other authors are silent on this point. Baillon, however, was mistaken: they are intrapetiolar. This is very remarkable, for stipules of this kind are extremely rare. When I found them some years ago in the genus Didymoecium, I went through all the generic descriptions given by Bentham and Hooker and by K. Schumann, and discovered that their presence had been announced already in several other genera. A reinvestigation, however, led to an entirely different result: of all these genera Capirona proved to be the only one in which they really occur. Mussaendopsis, therefore, is the third genus in which this kind of stipules has been observed.

Description: En 1894, H. Baillon (Bull. Mens, de la Soc. Linn. de Paris II, p. 1149) décrit une nouvelle plante de Madagascar, Geosiris aphylla, qui d’après sa couleur et son aspect général faisait penser à la famille des Burmanniacées. Mais, comme il remarquait, non seulement que les 3 anthères ne se conformaient pas à celles des Burmanniacées dans leur forme, les anthères sont superposées aux sépales et non aux pétales ainsi qu’en est le cas chez les Burmanniacées qui possèdent 3 étamines. Selon la forme et selon la place des étamines Baillon pensait alors avoir à faire avec une représentante de la famille des Iridacées dépourvue de chlorophylle. La construction des fleurs et surtout celle du gynécée se rapprochent le plus fortement au groupe d’ Aristea et ses affinités bien qu’on trouve ici toujours moins d’ovules. En 1895, Baillon traitait dans le tome 13me de l’ „Histoire des Plantes” les Iridacées. Il classifiait le genre Geosiris à la série des Irideae, des herbes rarement ligneuses aux rhizomes ou aux tubercules, caractérisée par la régulièrité de ses fleurs et la forme différente des pétales et des sépales, des étamines libres ou monadelphes, placées régulièrement autour du centre; et à la sous-série Aristeae, ayant des fleurs solitaires ou en grappes de cymes et les rameaux stylaires simples, courts ou étroits, ordinairement non dilatés au sommet.

Description: Some time ago I described in Blumea (5) a plant collection in book-form, collected by Hermann in Ceylon. This collection consists of two large volumes, each containing a number of dried specimens. Besides these two volumes, the Rijksherbarium is in the possession of a third one of the same size and with a similar binding, bearing on its back the title in golden characters on a darker ground: Herb: Viv: Promont. Bonae Spei Vol: I. When I saw the specimens of this volume for the first time, it struck me that they did not show the peculiar type of plants from the Cape region. A somewhat closer examination lead me to the supposition, that I had to do with plants from South America. I was strengthened in that opinion by the fact that many of the vernacular names added to the specimens doubtless bespoke a Surinam origin. Very striking in this respect are the names barcklock, marmadas, rucu, bolotre, cajous, etc. From a comparison with the Ceylon herbarium it became evident that the handwriting of the Surinam collection is exactly identical with that of the Ceylon collection. In my paper on the Ceylon herbarium I have extensively expounded my view, that this collection should be considered as being made by Hermann, and that the handwriting is the same as that in Hermann’s herbarium in the British Museum of Natural History at London.

Description: Dendrocryphaea latifolia sp.nov. from the Páramo de Chisacá, Colombia is described and illustrated. It is allied to D. cuspidata from austral South America but differs from that species in the broader leaves, globose capsules and the basally smooth exostome teeth. A key to the four species of Dendrocryphaea and a conspectus of the genus are provided. D. ramosissima is reduced to synonymy under D. lechleri. Dendrocryphaea is a rheophytic genus with antipodal distribution. Its discovery in the high Andes of Colombia extends to 34 the number of genera of bryophytes with similar antipodal affinities known from the páramos of the northern sector of the Andean cordillera, The nature and origin of these distribution patterns is discussed. In the case of Dendrocryphaea wind and birds may have played a role in the transport of spores and the establishment of its present distribution.

Description: Obgleich es schon mehr als hundert Jahre her ist, dass zum ersten Mal nachgewiesen wurde, dass in der Steinkohle noch erkennbare Pflanzenfragmente anwesend sind, hat doch diese Tatsache bei den Botanikern nur wenig Beobachtung gefunden vom anatomischen oder floristischen Standpunkt, weil im allgemeinen angenommen wurde und wird, dass diese Pflanzenreste so fragmentarisch sind, dass für einen Botaniker nichts damit anzufangen ist. Diese Auffassung ist jedoch nicht richtig. Neben den allbekannten Pflanzenabdrücken und den Strukturzeigenden Versteinerungen verdient die Steinkohle selber ganz bestimmt auch das Interesse der Botaniker. Bei der Untersuchung der Kohle gibt es zwei Hauptrichtungen, welche nebeneinander stehen, eine, welche die Kohle als ein Gestein betrachtet und dieses Gestein untersucht, eine zweite, welche durch Mazeration die Kohlenelemente isoliert und diese als Ausgangsmaterial der Untersuchung betrachtet.

Description: Commercially available tree altimeters are expensive and heavy, and my personal experience with these instruments is thus minimal. During my last expedition I only used it now and then in the base camp to correct my ’feeling for estimation’. I have little doubt that colleagues will recognize these feelings. After my return I regretted this attitude to some extent and tried to design a cheap and light alternative device. It is drawn on the next page, and easy to construct: Make a copy of the drawing. Photocopies are generally not exact enough, causing differences to 5 m in this scheme, due to barrel- and cushionshaped distortion by the lens. I advise to copy the drawing by hand on transparent paper. Glue this copy (preferably with epoxy-resin to make it waterproof) on hardboard (plexiglass, thin aluminium). Fix a water-level parallel to the horizontal line (which indicates c. 1.70 m eye-level!). Attach a transparent ruler with a thin but distinct straight line. This ruler is attached with a (nylon) bolt and nut (the latter fixed with cyano-acrylate, e.g. Loctite) in order to move the ruler to reach the necessary angle and to keep it in a fixed position easily. It needs some training to keep the righthand eye on the water-level (a small mirror may help here), the accuracy is sufficient when one sees the air-bubble moving or trembling. A much more severe factor causing inaccuracy is the impossibility to estimate in larger trees where the actual summit is hidden behind the crown. When impossible to locate, one can use the rule of thumb, that the actual summit is behind a point about halfway the base and the edge of the crown. An attached string of e.g. 20 metres facilitates to fix the horizontal distance. From the scale it is evident that one should not try to measure a 50 m tall tree from 20 m distance, 40 m is more accurate. The exactness of the device is mainly dependent on the length of the ruler, 25-30 cm is needed. Before fixing the water-level definitively, one should gauge its position by means of a tree or other vertical object (flagpole) of known height.