ALBERT

Description: Protium Pullei Swart n.sp. Arbor circ. 12 m alta. Ramuli robusti 4 mm diam. teretes glabri fusci lenticellis oblongis ferrugineis muniti. Folia trifoliolata 17 (16—21) cm longa glabra, petiolis robustis semiteretibus 4.5 cm longis basi incrassatis demum transverse rimosis, petiolulis semiteretibus robustis utrinque subincrassatis 1 cm longis sed terminalibus 2.25 cm longis, foliolis oblongo-ellipticis II (7.5—13) cm longis 5 (3.75—5.5) cm latis, apice abruptius acuminatis, acumine sublineari 8 (5—10) mm longo 2.5 (2—3) mm lato, basi cuneata, margine integro, coriaceis utrinque nitidis laevibus supra glaucescentis infra viridis, nervis secundariis utrinque II, nervis prim. et sec. utrinque prominentibus. Inflorescendae axillares breves pauce ramosae pauciflorae circ. 1 cm longae. Ramuli teretes striati cum pedicellis teretibus flore aequilongis bracteis bracteolisque triangularibus obtusis densiuscule puberulis. Flores 5-meri glabri. Calyx cupuliformis lobis oblongo-triangularibus acutis tubo aequilongis. Petala valvata oblongo-triangularia acuto apiculo inflexo carnosa. Stamina 10. Discus 10-lobis glaber. Pistillum glabrum, ovario late ovoideo stigmate 5-lobo coronato. Type: Maguire 24784 in herb. NY, 17 Sept. 1944, Suriname, Tafelberg, mixed transition high-low bush, 5 km S.W. of Savanna I.

Description: Zeer geachte Toehoorderessen en Toehoorders, Bij het beginnen van een wetenschappelijk onderzoek zal meestal degene die zich daaraan gezet heeft, allereerst het antwoord dienen te vinden op enkele fundamentele vragen. Zijn deze primaire vragen beantwoord, dan is de weg gebaand voor verder onderzoek en voor algemene theoretische beschouwingen. Deze fundamentele vragen zijn echter niet voor elke onderzoeker en ook niet voor elk onderzoek in een zelfde tak van wetenschap steeds gelijk. Dit hangt af van vele factoren, zoals: uiteindelijk doel van de studie, aard van het materiaal, geaardheid vooral van de onderzoeker, enz. Vandaag wil ik met U behandelen de hoofdvragen, die zich bij mij, voor de aan mij toevertrouwde onderdelen van de botanie steeds op de voorgrond plaatsen en de wijze waarop ik die beantwoorden pleeg te interpreteren voor het verdere onderzoek. Hierdoor zal ik tevens de gelegenheid hebben, om aan te stippen in welke richting wij op het gebied van de bijzondere plantkunde en de plantengeografie nog onderzoekingen kunnen verrichten, die ons inzicht in het geheel aanmerkelijk kunnen verruimen. Voor ik met mijn eigenlijke onderwerp begin, moet ik toch iets zeggen over wat „bijzondere plantkunde” is. Ik zal er niet te veel over uitweiden, daar, zoals Koningsberger en Reinders in het voorwoord van het eerste deel van het Leerboek der Algemeene Plantkunde terecht opmerken, de scheiding tussen „algemene” en „bijzondere” plantkunde uiteraard onscherp is. Volgens de letter van de gebruikelijke terminologie zou eigenlijk alles wat niet „algemeen” is thuis horen onder de bijzondere plantkunde. Zover wil ik niet gaan, want dat zou mijn taak wel heel omvangrijk maken en afgezien van het feit dat het buiten mijn kunnen zou komen te vallen, denk ik ook dat mijn collega voor de algemene plantkunde ernstige bezwaren zou maken indien ik datgene van de plantenphysiologie dat zeker niet algemeen is te noemen, voor mijzelf zou gaan opeisen. Ik wil daarom beginnen de physiologie, hoe bijzonder deze hier en daar ook moge zijn, maar onmiddellijk in zijn geheel bij de algemene plantkunde te plaatsen. Voor de rest zou ik mijn bovengenoemde definitie, dus „bijzonder” is alles wat niet „algemeen” is, in grote trekken willen volgen, met dien verstande dat ik mij natuurlijk wil houden aan de veelal gebruikelijke taakverdeling, zodat b.v. de „algemene” morphologie en anatomie van de Angiospermen, die in feite in het plantenrijk als geheel, „bijzonder” is, bij de „algemene plantkunde” wordt ondergebracht. De speciale en vergelijkende morphologie van deze groep reken ik echter zeer zeker tot de mij toegewezen tak van wetenschap. Ook de afgrenzing met de genetica is niet scherp. Indien men elk onderzoek waarbij niet uitsluitend op het phaenotype maar ook op het genotype gelet wordt, tot de genetica wil rekenen, dan zal de betrekkelijk jonge experimentele plantensystematiek of biosystematiek geen deel kunnen uitmaken van de bijzondere plantkunde. De genetici zullen het mij wel niet euvel duiden, dat ik ook deze tak van onderzoek laat staan bij de bijzondere plantkunde, waaruit zij is voortgekomen en waarvoor zij van zoveel betekenis is.

Description: Dames en Heren, In een universitair blad kwam onlangs de mededeling voor, dat aan een hoogleraar, die zich in dezelfde moeilijkheid bevindt als ik, nl. dat hij in de loop van deze cursus 70 jaar is geworden, een afscheidscollege zou worden aangeboden. Ik vond dat een sympathiek plan. Als men met college geven, ondanks de daaraan verbonden bezwaren, de 70-jarige leeftijd heeft gehaald, is het werkelijk geen overbodige weelde dat een ander de taak voor deze laatste keer van hem overneemt.

Description: As Prof. Bremekamp has dealt with the genus Pleiocraterium from the taxonomic point of view, I intend to supplement his exposition here with some observations on the ecology of these remarkable additions to the Malaysian mountain flora. Some of these observations have been included already in a general report on the results of the Losir expedition published in Dutch. As a further illustration I am giving two photographs taken from one of the two Sumatran species in its natural habitat. Altitude. Both species were found on the highest parts of the mountains only, viz. Pl. gentianifolium just below the summit of Mt Goh Lembuh, and Pl. sumatranum between our camp at the base of the central Peak of Mt Losir at c. 3250 m. and the summit of the latter at 3460 m. These two mountains lie rather far apart: Mt Losir is the highest top of the Barisan Range proper, whereas Mt Goh Lembuh is a more isolated mountain, rising c. 50 km. NNE of Mt Losir and separated from the latter by a wide depression. The two mountains also differ geologically.

Description: La forme est le phénomène de la vie le plus important. Aussi on pourrait croire que toute étude biologique devait commencer par la forme. En effet aucune fonction n’est imaginable indépendante de la forme, tandis qu’on peut étudier la forme indépendemment de la fonction, par exemple à des objets morts. Cependant depuis Sachs le botaniste moderne est tellement possédé par les conceptions matérialistes et mécaniques, qu’il veut aussi expliquer causalement les formes organiques en oubliant que, même si toutes les formes sont matérielles, cela ne veut pas nécessairement dire que les lois physiques et chimiques qui dominent la matière sont capables d’expliquer la forme, c.à.d. l’organisation des êtres vivants. A l’aide de briques on peut bâtir des bâtiments les plus divers, mais on peut aussi bien construire ces mêmes bâtiments de bois ou de pierre naturelle: le matériel employé n’explique pas le projet de l’architecte. Ce n’est qu’en le contemplant et en le comparant à d’autres qu’on arrive à mieux le comprendre (von Veh, p. 139). La forme („type” ou „idée” dans la conception platonique) est indépendante de la matière. Elle est ce qui reste. C’est par la forme que passe le courant de la cause et de l’effet, comme l’eau passe par un endroit clair d’une rivière (Carus). La forme présente un des problèmes les plus difficiles de la biologie. Le physiologue et le morphologue (deux extrêmes psychologiques) commencent pour ainsi dire aux deux extrémités de la nature, chacun à sa manière (Troll, Meyer), l’un avec sa méthode physique et chimique, l’autre avec sa méthode comparative. Au domaine du premier appartient tout ce qui est dynamique: le métabolisme et la croissance, au domaine du second ce qui est statique: la forme. Que la feuille est la partie principale de la plante, sur cela les physiologues et les morphologues sont d’accord. Le premier la considère comme un organe qui a pour fonctions principales la CO2-assimilation et l’évaporation. Depuis Goethe le second considère tous les appendices de la tige, aussi bien les sépales que les pétales ainsi que les organes sexuels comme des feuilles métamorphosées. Même, sous l’impression de la phyllotaxie des frères Bravais, Nees d’Esenbeck croyait que „la plante n’est rien d’autre qu’une unité de feuilles reliées entre-elles par un ordre défini”. C’est pourquoi on peut aisément considérer la morphologie de la feuille comme le problème central de toute la morphologie. Il est intéressant de se rendre compte comment dans le courant des temps on a essayé d’approcher ce problème de divers côtés. Cela pourrait apporter quelque lumière sur les différentes tendances de l’étude scientifique et sur les manières de penser qui sont caractéristiques pour les différentes périodes.

Description: Among the most remarkable finds made by Dr. van Steenis in the higher parts of the mountains of North Sumatra are a number of cushion plants. Two of these he recognized as Rubiaceae nearly related to Hedyotis verticillaris W. et A., a species occurring in similar habitats in the Nilgiri Hills, India, and in Ceylon. Hesitating, however, to express a definite opinion on their taxonomic position, he sent the material to me for further investigation. As I had occupied myself already for some time with the genus Hedyotis L. and its allies, this investigation offered me a Wellcome opportunity to test some of the principles which I had laid down for the subdivision of this group. Apart from the characters of the fruit I lay stress on the position of the inflorescence and on the form of the stipules. The name Hedyotis itself I wish to restrict to H. fruticosa L. and its nearest allies, i.e. to those species that are provided with terminal inflorescences, an ovary not distinctly produced beyond the insertion of the calyx, and fairly large drupes with apically and ventrally dehiscent pyrenes: to a group, therefore, which roughly agrees with Hedyotis section Diplophragma W. et A.

Description: What KIAERSK wrote in 1893 in the preface of his “Enumeratio Myrtacearum Brasiliensium” is still largely valid. It is often most difficult to define a species belonging to this family, not only because, in the absence of ripe seeds, the genus is not easily ascertainable, but also because of the strong variability shown by the vegetative characters. Thanks to the examination of the rich Guiana material preserved in the herbaria of Genève, Kew, Leiden, New York, Paris and Utrecht, I have usually been able to delimit the species in a satisfactory way; their allocation to a definite genus, however, is often a difficult problem. During the preliminary stage of this investigation, which was interrupted by the war, it was of great advantage to me that I could study the Guiana specimens of the Leiden herbarium. In order to avoid misinterpretations, I have tried to base my conclusions as far as possible on an examination of either the types themselves or of duplicates of the latter. Several of these types, especially those that form part of the earlier collections of Guiana plants, e.g. of the collection Aublet, and of the collections Desfontaines (herb. Florence) and De Candolle (Genève) had never before been reexamined, and BERG, the last monographer of the South American Myrtaceae (in Linnaea XXVII (1855—56), XXIX (1858) and XXX (1861) has either neglected these species or given an, often incorrect, interpretation based on the description alone. For this reason the second part of this paper will be devoted to a short survey of these earlier types. My best thanks are due to the directors of all herbaria mentioned. Moreover, I have to thank the “Van Eedenfonds”, whose financial aid enabled me to pay a visit to Kew and to the British Museum.

Description: Among the material collected by LANJOUW and LINDEMAN during the Suriname Expedition 1948—’49 a specimen of Mabea taquari Aubl. was found whose flowers showed some interesting deviations from the normal structure. In the “Flora of Suriname” vol. II, part 1 (1932), p. 78 LANJOUW states that the female flower of the genus Mabea Aubl. is apetalous and provided with a 5- or 6- partite calyx. In a re-investigation of the specimens preserved in the Utrecht Herbarium this could as a rule be confirmed.

Description: De in deze Jubileumserie van de „Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium te Utrecht” opgenomen artikelen zijn door de schrijvers ingezonden om Prof. Pulle, ter gelegenheid van zijn zilveren jubileum als hoogleeraar, hun waardeering te toonen. Een kort woord over den jubilaris moge hier als inleiding van deze bijdragen volgen. Op 10 Januari 1878, op den dag dat in verschillende plaatsen den Ioosten sterfdag van Linnaeus werd herdacht, werd August Adriaan Pulle te Arnhem geboren.

Description: Dr J. Hutchinson retired after 44 years of service in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew (May 31, 1948), as Keeper of the Museum. He will devote his time mainly to the writing of some general handbooks especially his Genera Plantarum. He was succeeded by F.N. Howes, D. Sc. Mr H.K. Airy Shaw was appointed Principal Scientific Officer, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, on Dec. 31st, 1948.

Description: A growing interest in the Flora Malesiana was a chief characteristic of 1950. The number of free subscriptions increased to over 320 and the total of subscriptions, therefore, to over 620 as the Government of Indonesia receives 300 copies for official purposes. The first volume of series I, the Cyclopaedia of Botanical Exploration in Malaysia, which contains the main bibliographical and biographical data of all collectors in Malaysia, accompanied when advisable by an itinerary and information concerning the collections, has now been printed. It is expected that the volume will appear before the end of the year thus bringing Mrs.M.J. van Steenis-Kruseman’s patient and devoted work during more than 12 years to a conclusion.

Description: Alphen de Veer, E.J. van: Een teratologisch novum (Chron. Naturae 105, 1949, 150-152, 3 fig.). Peculiar polyconal monstruosity of Pinus merkusii. Anonymous: Lijst van boomsoorten verzameld in de Afd. Kapoeas-Barito, Z. Borneo. Ditto, in de Afd. Bandjermasin, Hoeloe Soengel, Z.O. Borneo. Ditto, in de Afd. Samarinda, O. Borneo. Rapport v.h. Bosbouwproefstation Buitenzorg no. 2, 3 & 5, 76, 61 & 48 pp. March, April 1949. Mimeograph. Lists of tree species collected, arranged both by native names and Latin names; of each species the number of specimens and durability class is added.

Description: It is advised to address all mail with destination Royal Botanic Gardens, Buitenzorg, in future as ’Royal Botanic Gardens, Bogor (Buitenzorg)’ The present number, Flora Malesiana Bulletin No. 6, concluded the 1st volume. The second volume of the Flora Malesiana Bulletin begins with no. 7.

Description: This is the second contribution to a series of papers dealing with the Convolvulaceae of Malaysia (Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Philippine Islands and New Guinea). The genera worked out here belong to the tribe Convolvuleae; they are numbered VIII—XV. Genus VII, Erycibe, belonging to the Erycibeae shall be treated afterwards in a special monograph. With regard to the geographic arrangement of the specimens mentioned, some alterations had to be introduced due to the new limitation of the residencies in the island of Java. The names and limits of these residencies are now brought into line with the data of the ”Atlas van Tropisch Nederland“ ²).

Description: In Blumea, Vol. II, 1937, pp. 239 to 277, appeared an article bearing the above title. It is a description of an excursion to the Salajar Islands, situated south of Celebes; lists of the plants found in the islands are appended. Prof. Dr C. E. B. BREMEKAMP wrote to me that in the Leiden Herbarium a small collection of plants, collected by me in the Salajar Islands, and long ago lent to the late Dr TH. VALETON, have been found. This collection contained, apart from the Rubiaceae, the special subject of Dr VALETON, some representatives of other plant families. Prof. BREMEKAMP sent me a list of names of these plants, for which I tender him my cordial thanks. Besides he communicated to me that a few plants are mentioned under wrong names in the original publication. They are: nr. 86 of Djampea is not Ophiorrhiza neglecta BL., but O. parviflora REINW. Besides the number mentioned, 1573, two other specimens of this plant were collected in the same island, nr. 1618 and nr. 1633, both at an altitude of 200 m.

Description: The vegetative characters — especially those which are important for identification of the species — together with the distribution of the Polysiphonia species occurring in Netherland’s waters were subject of the following study. The material used consisted for the greater part of dried specimens, present in the following collections: Rijksherbarium (Leiden), herbarium Van Goor, Zoological Station (Den Helder), herbarium of the “Koninklijke Nederlandse. Botanische Vereniging” (Rijksherbarium, Leiden) and the herbaria of the Universities of Amsterdam, Groningen and Utrecht.

Description: This paper on the Philippine species of Argyreia forms an addition to that published by the same author in Blumea V, 2, (1943) p. 352—383. As to the description of the genus, the limitation of it against Rivea and the inclusion in it of Lettsomia may be referred to what has been said on p. 353—356 of that publication.

Description: In the course of my study on the wood-anatomy of Javan woods (Mikrographie des Holzes der auf Java vorkommenden Baumarten), I examined also many woods from mangrove-trees. Mangrove has been the subject of much investigation; the community is usually described as xeromorphic. Mangrove woods proved to be different from woods belonging to species growing in other stations even if those species belonged to the same family or even genus. The data may be traced in my “Mikrographie” but it seems more convenient to review them here.

Description: The Dalskog Dais-Rostock area lies in the Swedish province of Dalsland, to the west of lake Vänern. It lies entirely within the Upperud sheet of both the topographic (1926) and geological map (1870) and comprises parts of the parishes Gunnarsnäs, Dalskog and Ör. As shown by the outline map (fig. 1), the investigated region is situated in an area of gneiss-granites and supracrustal formations, which lies to the west of lake Vänern as an island in the great, highly metamorphic complex of gneisses of southwestern Sweden. In the adjoining table the geological events wich left their marks in the rocks of the Dalskog Dals-Rostock area are listed in chronological order. For the sake of clearness the table has been completed with data known from the adjoining regions, but these are placed in parentheses.

Description: The description of the Foraminifera of the type-locality of the Maestrichtian and its stratigraphical value is the object of this thesis. This type-locality is found in the Southern part of the Dutch province of Limburg.

Description: Serrant de près le lac de Lugano, se trouve un vieux pays volcanique, environné de montagnes calcaires escarpées, qui, malgré son peu d'étendue a une histoire géologique des plus intéressantes. Les laves et les tufs de ces volcans anciens sont d’une grande diversité et ont fourni en ces derniers temps la matière de recherches récemment couronnées par les analyses chimiques de Mlle Koomans (1937). A peu près au même temps que les étudiants en géologie de Leyde s’appliquaient à l’étude de cette région volcanique ceux de Bâle exploraient les roches sédimentaires environnantes. Grâce à ces différentes recherches conduites tant sur le terrain qu’en laboratoire, l’histoire géologique de ce complèxe nous est devenue familière. Cependant il nous manquait encore une carte et des coupes géologiques de l’ensemble de la contrée qui nous en montreraient l’enchaînement et la structure générale. L’étude qui va suivre tâche de satisfaire à ce besoin. Il va sans dire qu’au cours de cette élaboration bien des questions nouvelles se sont présentées, mais on ne peut poser des problèmes avant que soit achevée la synthèse de l’ensemble.

Description: The numbers (St. ...) quoted in the present systematic part, are the registration numbers of specimens in the Geological Museum at Leiden. The molluscan collection from Poeloe Boenjoe comprises the numbers St. 41757—’61 (inclusive), ’63—’70, ’73—’97, ’99—41802, ’04—’09; Tarakan: St. 41742—’50, ’98. Other organisms: Boenjoe: St. 41762, ’71, ’72, ’95, 41803; Tarakan: St. 41751, ’52, ’53, ’54, ’55.

Description: In the collections of the Leyden Geological Museum is a set of fossiliferous clay-stones which was long ago collected by the mining engineer Hulshoff-Pol in the coal quarries of Batoe Panggal 1), Eastern Borneo. He presented the collection in 1902 to Dr M. Schmidt, who at that time was making geological investigations in Borneo. After Dr Schmidt’s appointment to a professorship in Stuttgart, the fossil collections made by him in Borneo were acquired by the Leyden Geological Museum (1920). Fig. 1 roughly indicates the locality of Batoe Panggal, while Fig. 2 depicts the delta area of the Mahakkam or Koetei river and its neighbouring areas. The dotted area is again represented in Fig. 3 below.

Description: Dr. Ph. H. Kuenen kindly entrusted me with a suite of corals collected by him on the island Flores during his cruise with the Expedition on board of H.M. „Willebrord Snellius”. The exact locality is North coast near Papang where the road Papang-Rioeng-Rawoe forkes, 550 m above sea level. Nine different species were collected. Among these is one new species, Fungophyllia millepunctata. Of one coral, a Porites, the species could not be identified with certainty, though it strongly resembles a Porites species from the Miocene Progo-beds of Java. From the other 7 corals the following data on their stratigraphical distribution are known.

Description: Il existe, dans certaines régions du Nord Cambodge un bœuf sauvage différent du Gaur (Bos (Bibos) gaurus. H. Smith) et du Banteng (Bos (Bibos) banteng, Raffles) dont la présence a été signalée par quelques rares auteurs, en particulier par le Docteur DUFOSSÉ ¹) et plus récemment par R. VITTOZ ²). Cet animal très rare vit actuellement dans les forêts — clairières où un très petit nombre de chasseurs ont pu l’approcher. Le Docteur-Vétérinaire SAUVEL, qui est un des chasseurs les plus réputés du Nord-Cambodge, possède des trophées remarquables de cet animal. C’est grâce à lui qu’au cours d’un récent voyage en Indochine, nous avons pu voir de près ce Bovidé. M. SAUVEL a réussi, en effet, à capturer un jeune mâle de cette espèce qui est actuellement au Parc Zoologique du Bois de Vincennes et il a pu nous faire examiner un mâle qu’il venait de tuer près du village de Tchep, dans la région du Nord Cambodge.

Description: If during one’s work one comes across certain names again and again, names of old collectors, of one’s colleagues in earlier days, who with their private museums laid the foundation of our scientific institutions, one naturally becomes keen on knowing more about them. The results of this curiosity, collected by and by in spare time and sometimes too in time stolen from other more serious occupations, are given here to the public in the hope that they may meet their interest. As to me I thought it a pleasure and certainly worth the trouble. I first collected all that I could find in a casual way and at last I hunted for them more systematically, until the time came that circumstances put an end to it. Incomplete though this list may be, I now send it to the press, hoping that it may give many facts and many sources unknown till now either to historians or to zoologists. When I prepared my biography of Albert Seba I met so many names of old collectors that roused my curiosity that at last I decided to make a list of them, trying to find out what sort of people they were and recording what is known about their collections. It was not easy to put a limit of time to the list, so that finally I included all Dutch collectors I could find up to the present day. If I have omitted some I hope I shall be forgiven, and that readers will provide me with the names of those omitted, that they may serve for a supplement.

Description: Die Begrenzung geologischer Zeiträume hängt wesentlich von der subjektiven Einschätzung der Veränderungen des Tier- und Pflanzenreiches ab, welche meistens allmählich stattfinden. Ausserdem können fazielle Unterschiede abweichende Ansichten veranlassen. Wenn es sich als möglich erweist, in dieser Hinsicht eine Konvergenz der Meinungen zu bewirken, sei es mittels eines Kompromisses, dann ist damit für das gegenseitige Verständnis in der geologischen Wissenschaft viel gewonnen. Die Einteilung der jüngsten Erdperiode, des Quartärs, erfolgt auf Grund der Eiszeiten, welche ihren Stempel auf Sedimentation, Flora und Fauna gedrückt haben. Allgemein wird angenommen, dass mit der letzten Eiszeit das Pleistozän zu Ende ging, aber über diesen Zeitpunkt besteht keine Einstimmigkeit. Wenn man ausschliesslich die direkten Folge der Vereisung in Betracht zieht, insbesondere die Bildung der Rückzugsmoränen, dann könnte man sagen, dass der Anfang des Holozäns für ein gewisses Gebiet mit dem Augenblick zusammenfiel, als das Gebiet endgültig eisfrei wurde. Ein Massstab würde dann aber für jene Gegenden fehlen, die in der letzten Eiszeit keinen Gletscher getragen haben, indem das Holozän in verschiedenen Gebieten zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten begonnen wäre, sogar der hohe Norden sich jetzt noch im Pleistozän befinden würde. Eine derartige Auffassung steht im Widerspruch mit dem Charakter einer geologischen Zeiteinteilung.

Description: 1. This paper deals with a pollenanalytical investigation of holocenic peat-layers in Central Friesland. 2. One diagram shows a praeboreal spectrum with Betula in the dominant position, the first appearance of thermophilous trees (Corylus, Alnus) and a high percentage of Gramineous and Cyperaceous pollen. 3. Originally in all diagrams the percentages of Ericaceous pollen are low. 4. During the boreal time the peat formation was of little importance. A maximum of Corylus pollen in the boreal period has not been found here. 5. In the Atlanticum a thick layer of peat has been formed; the percentage of Alnus pollen remains high, the Quercetum-mixtum fluctuates between 10 and 25 per cent and there is also much Corylus pollen. 6. Two narrow clay-bands are present in the peat. They contain many pollen grains of halophytic plants, which indicates that there must have been two marine transgressions in the Atlanticum. These transgressions will have reached their farthest point in this region. 7. In the upper atlantic and subboreal peat-layers there are many fragments of Ericaceae and also a high percentage of Ericaceous pollen. 8. The Young Sphagnum peat consists of Sphagnum species of the Cymbifolia section. The presence of Fagus pollen never reaches a level of 10 per cent. 9. During the subatlantic transgression the Young Sphagnum peat has locally been washed away and was replaced by clay with many Phragmites rests. The author wishes to express his thanks to “It Fryske Gea”, the Frisian association for the protection of nature, president Mr. M. WIEGERSMA, Drachten, for the permission to take samples at “Het Princehof” and for the assistance to this work. He is also highly indebted to Dr. F. P. JONKER for his assistance and interest during the investigation and to Prof. Dr. C. E. B. BREMEKAMP for correcting the English text.

Description: The Sapotaceae have of old a bad reputation among classificators because of the extreme complexity in which the single features are distributed over its genera, species and individuals. It is, in particular, extremely difficult to find satisfactory generic delimitations and consequently, the family yields a rich field both for lumpers and for splitters. Both categories, and several intermediaries, have given their opinions, as has been recently recalled by Charles Baehni in his “Mémoires sur les Sapotacées I, Système de Classification” (Candollea VII, 1938, 394—508). It is my present purpose to deliver a few annotations with regard to this valuable publication, meant, not in the first place as criticism, but as contributions towards the extensive material which is needed for a well-founded insight into the structure of this prolific natural order. In view of the often adverse opinions of earlier authors and of those investigators, like myself, who are intimately familiar with a part of the family only, without being sufficiently well acquainted with other parts, a new survey of the whole family by one man is highly desirable and we may look forward with vivid interest to Baehni’s further papers. The one quoted above is, I presume, to be considered as a preliminary study and if I am well informed the next step will be a monograph of one of the most intriguing genera. Pouteria.

Description: As far as known at present there occur in Java 4 wild species of Gynura, viz. G. aurantiaca (B1.) DC., G. carnosula Z.M., G. densiflora Miq. and G. procumbens (Lour.) Merr. A fifth species. G. pseudochina (L.) DC., is met with as a cultivated plant only, and even as such it seems to be very rare. A sixth. G. crepidioides Bth., an African plant of recent introduction, is better placed in Crassocephalum. Only one of the wild species, G. procumbens, occurs throughout the island, from sea-level up to about 2100 m. altitude. G. aurantiaca is restricted to West- and Central-Java, where it is found between 750 and 2400 m. alt.; along watercourses, however, it occasionally descends¹ as low as 350 m.; its area of distribution, extending from Mount Gědè to Mount Wilis, slightly overlaps in its eastern part the western extremity of that of G. densiflora. — G. densiflora, though reported to have been found almost a century ago in West-Java, seems, at present at least, to be confined to the eastern half of the island. It is a true mountain plant, growing between 2000 and 2600 m. above sea-level; its area of distribution extends from Mount Lawu to Mount Idjèn. G. densifolia appears to be essentially a sea-shore species; it has been found only in the eastern half of Java along the southern coast.

Description: In deze publicatie is een deel der Amerikaanse Podostemaceae van de onderfamilie Podostemoideae opgenomen nl. de nauw verwante geslachten Apinagia, Marathrum, Rhyncholacis, Wettsteiniola, Lophogyne, Monostylis, Jenmaniella en het nieuwe geslacht Macarenia. Nagegaan wordt waarom deze geslachten verwant zijn. Uit het onderzoek is gebleken dat de geslachten Apinagia en Oenone, zoals die beschreven werden door Tulasne in 1852, niet als twee afzonderlijke geslachten gehandhaafd kunnen blijven. De indeling van de onderfamilie Podostemoideae, zoals Engler die in 1930 gaf, is gewijzigd in die zin dat de subtribus Mourerinae tot tribus is verheven en de subtribus Apinagiinae en Marathrinae met de tribus Eupodostemeae tot één tribus Eupodostemeae verenigd zijn. In het beschrijvende deel zijn de beschrijvingen van de soorten opgenomen met gegevens over type, verspreiding en vindplaatsen. Tabellen ter determinatie van de soorten zijn opgenomen. 1 Nieuw geslacht, 30 nieuwe soorten, 8 variëteiten en 2 vormen zijn beschreven. Aan deze beschrijvingen zijn de Latijnse beschrijvingen toegevoegd terwijl 16 pagina’s afbeeldingen van de nieuwe soorten en van enige oudere soorten geven. Een literatuurlijst welke alleen de Amerikaanse en de algemene literatuur omvat maken een nadere studie van deze familie mogelijk op die gebieden die in deze publicatie niet behandeld zijn.

Description: Der stratigraphische Aufbau der grossen Hochmoore in den Niederlanden, besonders derjenigen in den nördlichen Teilen des Landes, zeigt im allgemeinen die bekannte Zweiteilung des Hochmoortorflagers. Der ältere Hochmoortorf ist meist stark zersetzt. Neben Resten von Sphagnum werden auch solche von anderen Pflanzen, besonders von Eriophorum, darin gefunden. Nach oben geht dieses Torflager allmählich in den sogen. Grenztorf über. Dieser Grenztorf zeichnet sich meist durch einen grossen Reichtum an Eriophorum aus, während auch viele Heidereste darin enthalten sind. Ueber diesem Grenztorf folgt mit meist scharfem Uebergang der jüngere Hochmoortorf. Dieser ist meist ein fast reiner, wenig zersetzter Sphagnumtorf, worin grobblätterige Bleichmoosarten vorherrschen. Es ist besonders der Verdienst C. A. Webers gewesen, erkannt zu haben, dass diese Schichtenfolge aus der natürlichen Entwicklung eines Hochmoores nicht zu verstehen ist und einer besonderen Erklärung bedarf. Weber suchte dafür Anschluss an die Theorie der postglazialen Klimaänderungen von Blytt und Sernander. Die wesentlichen in seiner Anschauung enthaltenen Elemente sind folgende. Der ältere Hochmoortorf ist in der warmfeuchten atlantischen Periode entstanden; seine Konstitution wäre anfänglich von der des jüngeren Hochmoortorfes nicht sehr verschieden gewesen. Dann folgte eine ca. 1000 Jahre dauerende Trockenperiode im Subboreal, worin Heide und Wollgras auf den Mooren wuchsen und den Grenztorf bildeten. Dieser Grenztorf ist ist also nach Weber eine Trockenbildung. Durch die Einwirkung der atmosphärischen Einflüsse während dieser Trockenperiode sei der ältere Hochmoortorf zersetzt worden und habe seine heutige Konstitution erhalten. Nach Ende des Subboreals wurde das Klima erneut feuchter und auch kühler, was zur Bildung des jüngeren Hochmoortorfes führte. Weber hat zeitlebens an diese Anschauung festgehalten (17, 18).

Description: Blume, C. L, Bijdragen tot de kennis van de Flora van Nederlandsch Indië. Reprint of part 4 ( 1850). Dr M. A. DONK draws attention to the fact that part 4 of BLUME’ s Bijdragen was reprinted in 1850, at Batavia. The printers were VAN LANGE & Co, not the Landsdrukkerij this time. A copy of this second edition is in the Bibliotheca at Bogor. The letterprint is different from that of the original and the paper is of inferior quality. The numbering of the pages is kept as much as possible in agreement with the original edition. At Bogor there is an other copy of the Bijdragen in which part 4 is in MS,; this indicates that at some time no stock was available of the original edition.

Description: Alphen de Veer, E.J. & F.A. Verduyn Lunel: Kweekproeven met Intsia palembanica Miq. en Intsia bijuga O.K. (Tec-Tona 40, 1950, 336-345, 5 fig.). Data on germination and seedlings.

Description: In the following the abbreviation B.Z. means ’Binnenlandsche Zaken’ or ’Ministry for the Interior’; all records referred to are preserved in the National Archives (’Rijksarchief’) at The Hague. By Royal Decree of Febr. 10, 1839, no. 101 (cf. B.Z., 5th Div., Febr. 18th, 1839, no 132) it was decided to publish a printed work at the expense of the Government. The issue was to consist of 250 copies and each of the planned 3 volumes were to contain c. 400 pp., 60 (coloured) plates and quarterly instalments were to be published. The costs were to be deducted from the funds granted to the ’Natuurkundige Commissie’ (Board for the Naturel Sciences) who had explored in the Dutch East Indies since the withdrawal of the English (1816). The work should embody the scientific results of the ’Commissie.’

Description: The death of Cyril Tenison White, Government Botanist, Brisbane, Queensland, occurred on August 16, 1950.; The news came suddenly and hit hard; we lost one of the kindest and gentlest of men and, besides, the greatest living authority on the Papuan and Melanesian flora. Mr White had been seriously ill, two years ago, but seemed to have recovered. His heart remained weak, however, and though he seemed in good health, he had to desist from mountain climbing.

Description: A short account of the establishment of the Herbarium of the Department of Forests, Papua and New Guinea appeared on p. 61, no 3, volume I of Flora Malesiana Bulletin. This Herbarium has now been firmly established and is constantly receiving collections of plants from various parts of Papua and New Guinea. As a routine measure these are being distributed to the following herbaria: The Queensland State Herbarium at Brisbane, Queensland; The Herbarium of the Division of Plant Industry, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra; The Arnold Arboretum, America; The Herbarium at Kew, England; The Herbarium at Leiden, Holland; The Herbarium at Bogor, Indonesia; The Herbarium at Singapore, Malay States; The Herbarium of the Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford, England. Duplicates of Coniferae are also sent to M.Y. Orr at Edinburgh, Scotland and to E. Stirling Booth at Adelaide, South Australia.

Description: Koorders, Fl. v. Tjibodas 2 (1923) 32—46; Hochreutiner in Candollea 2 (1924—1926) 336—359; Ochse, Indische Groenten (1931) 719—722; Backer, Onkruidfl. Java Suiker (1930) 203—209; Aimshoff in Blumea 5 (1942—1945) 515—517. Miss Dr G. J. Amshoff started the revision of the Javanese Urticaceae, but left the definitive preparation to me. Urtica dioica L. and U. urens L. have been erroneously recorded for Java (Miquel, Fl. Ind. bat. 1², 1859, 227; Koorders, Exk. Fl. Java 2, 1912, 126). To my knowledge no specimens were ever collected there nor elsewhere in the Malay Archipelago.

Description: Little attention has been paid till now to the algae, transported to the Netherlands coast on drifting objects. About a century ago T. D. Vrijdag Zijnen and G. Bisschop (near Scheveningen, ± 1845), and L. H. Buse (between Wijk aan Zee and Zandvoort, ± 1840—1847) were the first to pay attention to this subject. The material collected, especially that by the first two investigators, is mentioned in the Prodromus Fl. Bat. (1853). The book of Van Goor (1923) contains a chapter on these algae, in which, however, only few new observations occur. The author is much indebted to Dr Josephine Th. Koster for her kind help, as well as to Dr S. J. v. Ooststroom. The material, collected by Vrijdag Zijnen, Bisschop and Buse is almost completely present in the collections of the ‘Rijksherbarium’ and the ‘Koninklijke Ncderlandse Botanische Vereniging’, Leiden. The material, collected during the last few years has for the greater part been brought together by the present author, and furthermore especially by K. Swennen (Den Helder), J. Stock (Amsterdam), A. Mulder (Haarlem) and P. Leenhouts (Scheveningen). This material belongs to the collection of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, but most of it is, for the time being, put under the charge of the “Comité ter Bestudering van de Nederlandse Mariene Flora en Fauna” (“Committee on the Netherlands’ Marine Flora and Fauna”) and temporarily preserved in “Het Filiaal”, Leiden.

Description: The actual dates of publication of the greater part of BLUME’s Flora Javae (lit. 1) appear to be unknown among taxonomists. The title-page of the first volume is dated 1828, and we find the same year at the base of the preface. The volume containing the Orchideae (lit. 2) is dated 1858, but further dates are absent on the work. A cover for a fascicle containing the ”Planches inedites“ in the Groningen University Library is dated 1829, and there are indications that no such cover ever bore a later date. Therefore, perhaps, one often finds 1828, or 1828?, or 1829 as the year of publication of the whole first series. My investigations concerning the actual dates of publication have not yet given me all the information I wished to have, but the main points seem to be now known, and to be worth publication. In tracing literature on this subject I was considerably helped by Messrs. Dr S. BLOEMBERGEN, then in Groningen, WILLIAM T. STEARN, London, and Dr C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS, Buitenzorg. I wish to express my best thanks to these gentlemen for the kind assistance which they gave to me.

Description: During the long years I was engaged in writing my “Mikrographie” (1), my main purpose was to give a survey of the wood-anatomy of as many representatives of the javanesc wood flora as I could lay hands on, in connection with Koorders’ and Valeton’s “Bijdragen” (2). My attention being almost exclusively absorbed by the descriptive side of my task, little attention was paid to eventual conclusions regarding family relationships, though some were incidentally pointed out. When this work of long years was completed, the need of a key for the identification of wood samples was felt. This I composed and completed just before the war. It was published in 1940 and written in German (3), as was the main work on which it was based. Immediately an English translation was prepared but though this was ready for the press as early as 1942, I was prevented from publishing it, at first because of the German occupation and later on for want of funds.

Description: M. (sect. Dasyaulus) subquincuncialis H. J. LAM & D. A. KERPEL, nova species. — Fig. 1. Arbor mediocris. Ramuli teretes, novelli griseo-fulvo-tomentosi. Stipulae subulatae, caducae, pubescentes, 0.2 cm longae. Folia subcoriacea, obovata, basi cuneata, apice breviter obtuseque acuminata vel rotundata vel rare paulo emarginata, 5—10 X 2.5—4.5 cm, subtus minute sparse adpresse ferrugineo-tomentosa, ultimatim glabrata; petioli graciles, supra sulcati, 1.3—2 cm longi; costa media subtus praecipue folii basi prominens, nervi seeundarii graciles, utrinque 11—14, angulo 65°— 75° de costa adscendentes; nervi tertiarii pergraciles, typo § Dasyauli, i. e. prope marginem laxe reticulati, prope costam uno vel nonnullis nervis secundariis brevibus adscendentibus. Flores solitarii vel bini in foliorum axillis; pedicelli graeiles, sub calyce paulo incrassati, griseofulvo-tomentosi, per anthesin 1.4—3, in fructu 2.5—3 (—3.5) cm longi; calyx 0.6—0.7 cm altus plerumque biserialis sepalis 2 exterioribus valvata vel aperta, inferioribus 2 imbricata, baud rare tamen 5-merus quasiquincuncialis; sepala ovata extus dense ferrugineo-villosa, intus paulo adpresse tomentosa, 0.5—0.63 cm longa, 0.4—0.5 cm lata; corolla glabra, 0.3 cm exserta, 0.6—0.7 cm longa, tubo infundibuliformi 0.15 cm alto, petalis 8 (an semper?) oblongis, 0.45—0.55 X 0.1—0.15 cm, apices versus angustatis obtusis; stamina 16 (an semper?) uniserialia, glabra, filamentis 0.1 cm longis, antheris lanceolatis acutis 0.25 X 0.1 cm, basidorsifixis, extrorsis; ovarium subglobosum 0.1—0.2 cm diam., 0.1— 0-13 cm altum, cum styli basi hispido-pilosum, (6—) 7-loculatum, in stylum 0.8 cm longum subulatum, supra glabrum contractum. Fructus calyce persistente, i. s. ferrugineo-tomentosus, ovatus, apice in stylum persistentem 0.8—1.2 cm longum subabrupte contractus, 2—2.5 cm longus, circ. 1.3 cm diam.; semen (unum tantum vidimus) testa brunnea nitida, 1.2 X 0.5 cm, cicatrice longa angustaque; embryo ignotum.

Description: Teucrium vesicarium Mill.; Epling, Syn. S. Amer. Lab. in Fedde, Repert., Beih. 85 (1935—1937) 3. Hab.: im Wald um Santa Cruz, 450 m alt., Jan. 1911, n. 1334.

Description: Scandens, ramis teretibus, fistulosis, laevibus, glabris, ad 5 mm diam.; foliis petiolatis, petiolo 5 cm longo, glabro vel praesertim parte superiore pilis nonnullis brevissimis appressis praedito, herbaceis, late ovatis vel orbicularibus, apice abrupte acuminatis vel cuspidatis, acumine acuto mucronulato, 1.5—2 cm longo, basi leviter cordatis, 11—12 cm longis, 10—11 cm latis, glabris vel basi superne ad insertionem petioli pilis nonnullis brevissimis praeditis; nervis primariis utrinque 9—10, curvatis, subtus prominentibus, secundariis pluribus subparallelis, tertiariis subtus reticulatis supra indistinctis; inflorescentiis axillaribus 15— 20 cm longis, pedunculis teretibus, glabris vel basi pilis nonnullis brevissimis praeditis, 10—13 cm longis, apice ramosis, ramis brevissimis 3—5 mm longis, ergo floribus ad apicem pedunculi subaggregatis subumbellatis; bracteis probabiliter minutis, mox deciduis, in specimine descripto non praestantibus; pedicellis 3—3.5 cm longis, glabris, longitudinaliter striatis vel subangulosis, apice sub calyce annulo crasso undulato praeditis; sepalis aequilongis vel exterioribus paullo brevioribus, membranaceis, intus glandulis punctiformibus praeditis, ad 12 mm longis (vel exterioribus 8—9 mm longis), exterioribus obovatis, apice rotundatis vel retusis, mucronulatis, interioribus plerumque latioribus obovatis vel late obovatis, retusis, mucronulatis; corolla alba, campanulata vel infundibuliforme, circ. 3 cm longa, limbo sublobato, glabra; filamentis brevibus, 5 mm supra basin corollae insertis, 5 mm longis, basi valde dilatatis, plus minusve papillosis, antheris 2.5 mm longis, glabris; ovario conico, glabro; stylo glabro, circ. 10 mm longo, stigmatibus globosis, papillosis. FIJI ISLANDS, Vanua Levu, Mbua, southern slope of Mount Seatura, alt. 400 m, a high-climbing vine in dense forest, A. C. SMITH 1690, Apr. 27, 28, 1934, type in Herb. Leiden; dupl. in Herb. Bernice P. Bishop Museum and in Herb. New York Botanical Garden.

Description: It is a pleasant duty to announce a work to which all students of the Malaysian Flora, and I am sure, many others, have been looking forward for some time; the first issue of, it is hoped, a very long and continuous series which will ultimately lead to a complete flora of the Malaysian region, including British Malaya, the Philippines and New Guinea which, floristically speaking, forms a natural unit. The work, written in English under the auspices of the Royal Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg (now Bogor), Java, is the result of the painstaking efforts of its Editor-in-Chief, the well-known Buitenzorg botanist, Dr C. G. G. J. van Steenis. Generously supported by his wife in many respects, he has, and under the most difficult circumstances, indefatigably fought to get this extensive project started. Not ony he, but the Indonesian Government as well, are to be congratulated on the result of their efforts. It deserves our sincere and warm appreciation that the Government of this young country has understood its responsibilities and is backing the work with considerable interest, both morally and financially.

Description: On several occasions the author received specimens for determination under the name of Loranthaceae, which in reality appeared to be Phacellarias, usually parasitic on Loranthaceae. When trying to name these Phacellarias, he preceived how difficult it was to survey the literature of the genus. Though only eight species have been described, and the authors usually have indicated the main differences between their new species and the most closely allied previous ones, the most essential characteristics of the species, viz., the structures of the inflorescences, were never indicated, and a critical review of all the species has never been given. Therefore it appeared an attractive task to undertake such a revision, if only it were possible to examine all the type specimens. Through the kindness of the Directors and Keepers of the Kew and Edinburgh Botanic Gardens (K, E) and of the Paris Natural History Museum (P), the author was actually allowed to do this. Moreover he had the opportunity to study specimens of the Herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History in London (BM) and the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens (B), whereas he discovered one specimen in Mr. A. F. G. KERR’s private herbarium. The author expresses his sincere thanks to all the gentlemen who made this revision possible.

Description: The observations made during the Carstensz Expedition give the following impression of the geological structure of the Nassau mountains: 1. Possibly Lower Palaeozoic, Upper Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Tertiary (Tertiary c, d, e and f) rocks were found. 2. A granodioritic intrusion occurs with a contact zone rich in metasomatic hydrothermal ores (copper, gold). The age of this intrusion is Upper Tertiary, probably even younger than the folding of the mountains. 3. The simplest explanation of the tectonical structure is to assume that these mountains are a big overthrusted mass, moved towards the South over the continuation of the Australian continent. The upper parts (Tertiary) of this mass are folded; otherwise, only North dips were observed. 4. The foreland of this tectonical unit probably for the greater part is covered by unfolded Nassau-molasse deposits. 5. The moraines of a rather important Pleistocene glacier are present.

Description: The present paper deals with a small collection of Neogene fossils which has been made by the geologist Dr. M. Schmidt in the Sangkoelirang area 1), East Borneo. The locality is defined in Gerth’s (1923) and Krijnen’s papers (1931, loc. no. 175, p. 535). It must be stated here that this locality has been mentioned incorrectly in literature, viz., as “Hill near Sekoerau” instead of “Coral limestone, Hill near Sekoerau”. Dr. Schmidt’s collection, which was sold to the Leyden Geological Museum in 1920 — about twenty years after being made — contains two different faunas from Sekoerau: vide infra.

Description: Compared with their New World relatives of the subfamily Cyprinodontinae, the Old World Cyprinodonts are but little known. However, some interesting accounts on Turkish species, discovered by Kosswig, Sözer and Aksiray, have recently been published. Besides the species known, several new forms and species are described. While compiling an account on these fishes suitable for the home aquarium (Hoedeman & Bronner, 1950—1951), we felt some characters need reexamination, not only of Aphanius, but also of the North African genus Tellia which is said to differ from Aphanius only in the absence of ventral fins.

Description: Voorjaar 1949 ontving ik een kleine collectie levende vissen uit Suriname (Nederlands Guiana), door een zeeman verzameld in een poel nabij Paramaribo. Helaas is de juiste vindplaats niet nader aangegeven, dan enige kilometers ten zuiden van de hoofdstad. Onmiddellijk na ontvangst werden de vissen, die hier het onderwerp van bespreking zijn, in een groot gezelschapsaquarium (150 X 60 X 50 cm. hoog) ondergebracht, dat reeds werd bevolkt door verscheidene Nannostomini, Hasemania marginata, Rivulus cylindraceus, Acanthophthalmus kuhli, Dermogenus pusillus en Nannacara anomala en N. taenia.

Description: Le processus préoral est court. L’œil migrateur dépasse le bord antérieur de l’œil fixe de plus de la moitié de son propre diamètre. La narine exhalante zénithale est présente. La lèvre mandibulare zénithale est hypertrophiée en un petit nombre de larges processus nullement ciliés. Koμψòs, élégant; μεwiaμa, sourire.

Description: Die Hauptrichtungen der Pflanzensoziologie, die von der nördlichen und westlichen und der südlichen Schule vertreten werden, sind beide tatsächlich existenzberechtigt, da sich die Pflanzendecke von zwei verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten aus betrachten lässt. Voraus sei bemerkt, dass die Pflanzendecke stellenweise vorherrschende Pflanzenarten aufweist. Die Dominanz wechselt von Ort zu Ort sowohl in der Baumschicht, Strauchschicht, Feldschicht als in der Bodenschicht. Stellen mit unterschiedlichen Dominanten haben öfters stark ausgeprägte Grenzen. Diese Trennungslinien bestimmen folglich auch die Struktur der Pflanzendecke und das wechselnde Landschaftsbild. Forst-, Acker- und Weidewirtschaft sind selbstverständlich stark interessiert bei der Vorherrschaft bestimmter Pflanzen im betreffenden Gebiet. Vom Gesichtspunkte der Homogenität und der Dominanz aus zerlegt also der Pflanzensoziologe der nördlichen Schule die Pflanzendecke und unterscheidet er seine Pflanzengesellschaften. Wesentlich verschieden ist die Auffassung der schweizerischfranzösischen Schule. Braun-Blanquet (Montpellier) und seine Schüler suchen nach Pflanzenarten, welche zusammenwachsen; sie unterscheiden die Artenkombinationen von einander. Dabei sind die Pflanzenarten von besonderer Bedeutung, d.h. charakteristisch oder typisch, die in stärkerem oder geringerem Masse einer bestimmten Artenkombination oder einer Gruppe verwandter Artenkombinationen angehören, m. a. W. die in anderen Artenkombinationen nicht oder nur ausnahmsweise Vorkommen. Es macht bei dieser Unterscheidungsweise wenig aus, ob die Charakterarten durch zahlreiche oder wenige Individuen vertreten sind; die Abundanz ist nebensächlich.

Description: When, during my stay in Suriname in 1933, I planned to visit the Voltzberg, Prof. Stahel, the Director of the Agriculture Experiment Station, told me that he had discovered there, in one of the fissures in the granitic dome, which forms the top of this low mountain, an unusual kind of cassave. As I had for the “Flora of Suriname” been working on the Euphorbiaceae, I was of course much interested in this plant, especially while Prof. Stahel suggested that it would be possible to cultivate it in the Agricultural Garden at Paramaribo from cuttings. When I arrived at the Voltzberg, the plant was easily found growing in a fissure between the granite plates along one of the ravines just below the dome-shaped top. The plant possessed rather long (2—3 m) stems, more or less decumbent or creeping along the fissure, and from these stems rose side-branches which bore the leaves and flowers (see tab. IX). The roots were but very little thickened. Some of these stems I have taken with me. On the return voyage to Paramaribo they were sheltered as much as possible against sun and rain. The side-branches were pressed for the Herbarium.

Description: More than 70 years have elapsed, since, in 1866, de Bary enunciated the hypothesis that Lichens are dual organisms, the socalled gonidia being Algae. As about 1899, the year when Nylander died, the dual nature of the Lichens had become generally accepted, lichenologists have had 40 years to realize the consequences of this theory. Nevertheless even now opinions differ widely. While practically all botanists admit that a Lichen is composed of a Fungus and an Alga, most lichen-taxonomists apply, perhaps for a good deal unintentionally, the species-name to the consortium, while others emphasize the necessity of restricting the specific and generic names to the Fungus. Reinke, Wainio, Zahlbruckner and Keissler may be regarded as adherents of the first procedure; Sernander, Fink, Clements and Nannfeldt of the second. While the attitude of Zahlbruckner c.s. is perhaps largely due to practical considerations, Asahina recently advocates this conception as a logical consequence of the dual nature of Lichens: “Aus der dualistischen Natur der Flechten muss man aber eine Flechten-Art A (Pilz) + B (Alge) als verschieden von der A+B’ betrachten”. But, in my opinion, the very fact of the dual nature of Lichens leads to the conclusion that a Lichen is no more a species than a plum pocket is one. In general, as stated above, it seems to me that the acknowledgement of the consortium as specific is semiconscious, and rests on practical reasons. Nannfeldt remarks that Werner, for instance, has used specific names as well for the Lichen as for the Fungous component. In many cases, it must be admitted, the procedure though arbitrary, is perfectly harmless. Lichen taxonomy is obliged to use other methods than taxonomic mycology, the vegetative thallus being often as important a feature as the fructification: and with the thallus, one naturally describes the gonidia, though for practical reasons the description remains as a rule incomplete. If the Fungus is strictly monophagous, the presence of a special gonidial partner may be regarded as a character of the Fungus. In many cases, however, especially in groups where the consortium bears a primitive character, difficulties arise. The latter regard not only the delimitation of the species, but their place in the classification as well. There are numerous instances of Fungi living either without or with gonidia, or with different kinds of gonidia. As long ago as 1866, Fries remarked that it would be unnatural to bring Peltigera aphthosa and P. malacea or Pannaria brunnea and P. hypnorum in different genera. The same holds good, for instance, for Peltigera canina and P. variolosa. Reinke argues that the species containing Cyanophyceae and those containing Chlorophyceae might have developped independently, and placed in all these cases the second species in a different genus. But if this procedure is applied, it strikes one that almost or perhaps quite identical species are divided indescriminately over both groups. It appears, for instance, that even the subdivision of Peltigera in Peltidea and Eupeltigera can not be accepted. In such derived groups as Peltigera it happens but rarely that in one species widely different gonidia are met with, and the presence of Algae belonging to the same genus can only be demonstrated by cultivating them. In this connection the forms of Parmelia caperata (Jaag) and of Xanthoria parietina (Waren) must be mentioned. Asahina has suggested that chemical differences in morphologically identical Lichens might be due to physiological differences in the gonidia, but, as Thomas has demonstrated now that parietin, one of the substances which have always been considered as specific for definite consortia, is produced in pure cultures by the Fungi Caloplaca murorum and C. elegans, this hypothesis seems rather doubtful.

Description: Piptochaetium was described in the year 1830 by Presl as a monotypic genus; the only species was named and figured by him as Piptochaetium setifolium, an inhabitant of Peru. The genus has usually been included as a section in the genus Oryzopsis of Michaux, and various species were also published under the genus Stipa. In my monograph of the genus Aristida I had the opportunity to study the whole tribe of the Stipeae, and reasons are given there why Piptochaetium should be accepted-as a quite distinct genus. From the very good description given by Presl and from the accompanying plate, the genus is easily recognizable. In my monograph a key to the genera of the tribe of the Stipeae has been given. The genus Piptochaetium is limited to the new world. In North America and Mexico one species only is known, the Piptochaetium fimbriatum (H. B. K.) Hitchc. Since Presl’s time a great many other species of this genus were recognized, especially by Philippi from Chile. These were but shortly described by Philippi and a better knowledge of them is obtainable only after the study of Philippi’s type specimens. In the southern part of South America we find a group of Piptochaetium which is better known, because the types of the species of this group are better obtainable and have been sufficiently studied. A treatment of these species of Piptochaetium was given by Spegazzini in the year 1901 in his work on the “ Stipeae platenses ”. In this work Spegazzini recognizes Stipa and Oryzopsis only, the latter being differentiated by its “palea coriacea, longitrorsum 2-nervosocarinata, inter carinas sulcata”. This is the excellent generic character which was also exactly formulated by Presl when he described his genus Piptochaetium. In contradistinction to the latter the genus Oryzopsis has a quite different form of fruit, the lemma is never asymmetrical and the awn therefore not eccentrically attached; there are moreover important differences in epiblast and endosperm. None of the species of Oryzopsis described or mentioned by Spegazzini belong to that genus. They all belong to the genus Piptochaetium and of this genus there are now in southern South America about 15 species known; 13 of them were dealt with by Spegazzini who divided them into 3 groups, to which he gave the names Piptochaetium (Presl), Piptatherum (P. B.) and Urachne (Trin.). These groups cannot be accepted, as the characters of the anthopodium which are given by Spegazzini to distinguish them, are by no means suitable, and moreover do not apply to the three genera as proposed by Presl, Trinius and Beauvois. There is but one species (Piptochaetium lasianthum Griseb.) where the lemma is hairy over its whole surface, with long hairs on the callus too. All the other species have lemmas which are perfectly destitute of hairs, although the true callus may be either hairy or glabrous. If we exclude the group with a long and sharp callus, we have a very homogeneous group of species with very characteristic lemmas and very obtuse callus. These lemmata are coriaceous, smooth, ribbed or tuberculate and together with the hairy or naked callus form good specific characters. A quite smooth lemma is found in Piptochaetium lejocarpum (Speg.) Hackel only, a quite naked callus and a striate lemma we find in the Piptochaetium lejopodum (Speg.) Henr. nov. comb. (= Oryzopsis lejopoda Speg.), whereas all the other members in southern South America have striate or partly tuberculate lemmata with a bearded callus. I must remark here that this bearded callus has a ring of hairs, arising from the callus, so that if we cut away the callus the lemma is perfectly glabrous. The ring of callushairs is in all the species hitherto known rather short, scarcely reaching half the length of the lemma, sothat the upper part of the lemma is always quite visible.

Description: Trigonia coppenamensis nov. spec. Liana; ramulis ferrugineotomentosis; petiolis 1.2—2.2 cm longis, tomentosis; laminis subcoriaceis, ellipticis vel obovato- vel oblongo-ellipticis, circiter 6—12 X 3—7 cm, apice acute-acuminatis, basi subrotundatis usque subcuneatis, supra tomentellis, subtus pilis flavescenticanescentibus tomentosis; nervis secundariis utroque 6—8 prope margine arcuato-adscendentibus; venis reticulatis, supra impressis; inflorescentiis terminalibus et axillaribus, rhachi ramisque dense ferrugineo-tomentosis; floribus in cymis plusminusve regularibus dispositis; pedunculis circiter 0.5 cm longis; pedicellis 0.3—0.5 cm longis; alabastro 0.3—0.5 cm longo; calicis lobis circiter 0.5 x 0.3 cm, obtuse rotundatis extus tomento cano-flavo indutae, intus glabris; petalis membranaceis, glabris, inaequalibus, petalo posteriore ad faucem sacculi ferrugineo-piloso; staminis fertilibus 6, filamentis fere usque ad apicem connatis; antheris 0.1 cm longis, apice subacutis; glandulis 2 vel 3 rotundatis vel irregulariter lobatis, ovario dense tomentoso; stylo glabro, stigmate albo, 0.1 cm diametro. Type; Maguire 24857, Suriname, Coppename R. Headwaters Schmidt Mt. km 10 in mixed wallaba forest. fl. Sept., in Utrecht herbarium (U.).

Description: De moeilijkheden, die optreden bij het determineren van de Nederlandse vertegenwoordigers van het genus Centaunum (= Erythraea), waren voor mij aanleiding het Nederlandse materiaal eens aan een revisie te onderwerpen. De Franse flora’s b.v. vermelden een aantal soorten, waarvan het voorkomen in Nederland niet onmogelijk is (lit. 1, 2, 9). De bewerkingen van het Britse materiaal door WHELDON and SALMON in 1925 (lit. 15) en door GILMOUR in 1937 (lit. 4) wezen uit, dat ook in Engeland tal van soorten en variëteiten voorkomen, die voor Nederland onbekend zijn. Tenslotte verscheen in 1940 een bewerking van het Scandinavische materiaal van C. vulgare door STERNER (lit. 12), waarbij eveneens tal van vormen voor de dag kwamen en ook een voor Nederland onbekende soort. De Zweed WITTROCK heeft zich het meest intensief met het genus bezig gehouden. Hij gaf een aantal exsiccaten uit onder de naam „Erythraeae exsiccatae” en was van plan een monografie van het genus te publiceren. Dit laatste is door zijn dood in 1914 verhinderd, zodat we van zijn resultaten niets anders weten dan het gepubliceerde in enkele referaten (lit. 16) en de niet geldig gepubliceerde manuscriptnamen van de exsiccatae. WITTROCK’s exsiccaten zijn in de Nederlandse herbaria niet aanwezig.

Description: March 1951 Dr J.C. Koningsberger, Director of the Botanic Gardens, Bogor, 1910 – 1918, died at The Hague, aged 84. Dr J. Mattfeld, well-known to Malaysian botanists by his excellent work on Papuan Compositae, commissioned Director of the Botanic Gardens and Herbarium at Berlin-Dahlem died Jan. 19, 1951, aged 57.

Description: Scope, organization, and purpose of Series III, Flora Malesiana (Musci and Hepaticae) are explained. Collaboration is asked on the following points: (a) To collect Mosses and Hepaticae in Malaysia and to add extensive and detailed data to the specimens (directions available on application to the Editor). (b) To send on loan or donate existing collections. (c) To forward data concerning collectors, travels, and collections made. (d) To name (if necessary provisionnally) all unnamed specimens. (e) To collect data from literature (and to forward reprints). (f) To join the team of bryologists revising groups of Malaysian Bryophyta and to write the Editor about planned research.

Description: Dr E.D. Merrill is working on a MS index to William Jack’s papers. Mr R.D. Hoogland, Leiden, has finished his research on Dilleniaceae. The results will be embodied in a revision of the family in Flora Malesiana, a revision of Indo-Malaysian Tetracera, and a monograph of Dillenia (incl. Wormia) the latter serving as a thesis at Leiden University. He finished a revision of Malay Peninsular Argyreia and has started work on a monograph of the genus Erycibe (Convolv.). His work on Convolvulaceae is to be added to Dr S.J. van Ooststroom’s who will compile the revision of Gonvolvulaceae for Flora Malesiana.

Description: On request of the Army, several voluminous bibliographies nave been published in Japan during the war. Advanced scientists accomplished the work in collaboration with teams of students by using Japanese libraries. The first of these bibliographies appeared in 1942, the last in 1944. They were apparently already planned before the war and intended to form one of the sources of information for the Intelligence Service. They were published under the general title ’Bibliographic Index for the study of the natural resources of the Great Asia co-prosperity sphere’ and compiled by the Department of Education, Dai Nippon.

Description: The second instalment of the Flora Malesiana was published in December 1949. It contains pp. xli – clxi ana 41-140, and c. 160 illustrations. The total issue is fixed at 1000 copies of each instalment. At the present moment more than 550 subscriptions have been received. It seems that the future of Flora Malesiana is assured. The second instalment of volume 4 contains the final part of the ’General Considerations’, by the general editor, ’A short history of Malaysian phytography’, by Dr H.C.D. de Wit, and revisions of Malaysian, plant families by Dr C.A. Backer, Dr P. Buwalda. and by Dr C.G.G.J. van Steenis.

Description: This is, I believe, the most important single contribution in the field of Hymenomycetes for years. The author was attracted to the group commonly known as Clavariaceae as early as 1925 when in England; he continued his studies when working on the staff at the Singapore Botanic Gardens and after his return to England. He got the conviction that before science could undertake a wholesale revision of the present classification of Hymenomycetes, the larger constituent groups should be worked over, one at a time, and ‘their particular kind of fruit-body described in terms of hyphal properties’, and that to omit the tropical element would mean certain failure. Thus, the aims of this admirable volume become clear: a large number of species of “Clavariaceae“ are described in an exemplary manner as to their hyphal structure after the living state, and about all that is known about the group and its species was compiled so that the often quite inadequate tropical library has to a large extent become superfluous. This is one of the rare occasions on which we find that an author’s field knowledge of a group is based rather on tropical than on European or North American materials The author combines with an exceptional tropical field experience, the insight of an agile mind and a great artistic skill for drawing. It might be regretted that he neglected the many and scattered poor specimens in the European and American herbaria that served as a basis for the already described species, but it is fair to point out that, as stated, this side was not his primary object and that it is unreasonable to ask for everything. The result is an imposing book that will serve as an absolutely indispensable guide for every future student of the group. We hope that it will be extensively used by collectors in the tropics, who now can pay attention to a group about which they can instruct themselves at their own will and according to their needs..

Description: Survey of the flora of Bikini and other atolls before the atomic-bomb tests were made. The phytoplancton is excluded from the present carefully written and extensive analysis, which is most instructive to every student of tropical coral island floras. A general introduction furnishes an excellent view on Phanerogamic vegetation and land flora, the physical conditions of the islands, and the part played by different lements in coral building. The major part of the book is occupied by descriptions of the plants collected; marine Algae, of course, predominate. Several new spp. have been described e.g. in Halimeda, Rhipilia, Caulerpa, Pocockiella, Acrochaetium, Porolithion, Botryodiplodia and Fungi, etc. Latin diagnoses of new forms and species and a bibliography are given at the end. The book is exemplary illustrated and well-executed.

Description: In Flora Malesiana Bulletin No 8, 197-231, appeared a report on the changes in the international rules of botanical nomenclature made by the 7th Int. Bot. Congress at Stockholm (1950). Dr D.P. Rogers and Dr G.W. Martin, both members of the ad hoc Committee found some inaccuracies regarding the nomenclature of Fungi. They write: ”The multigraphed report of the Special Committee for Fungi contained numerous errors, which, because copies were furnished us very late, could not be corrected before distribution”. They are in favour of the following corrections: Rec. VIII. First sentence; after ”-phyta” insert ”(for Fungi, -mycota)”. Third sentence; after ”phytina” insert ”(for Fungi, -mycotina)”. Line ”1” under ”(b)”: delete ”(or autotrophic Thallophyta generally)”. Line ”2” under ”(b)”; delete; ’(or heterotrophic Thallophyta generally)”. ”Mycophyta”, in the examples of names of divisions, must be changed. Art. 20. (p. 225 of the F.M.B.): for ”Dec. 31, 1821” substitute ”Jan. 1, 1821”; for ”Jan. 1, 1801” substitute ”Dec. 31, 1801” (Art. 20) (e).

Description: As long ago as 1926-27, during my last two years at Utrecht University, when studying the taxonomy and distribution of the Malaysian Bignoniaceae (Thesis 1927), I felt the need for a reference work in localizing inadequately labelled specimens. Material collected in the 19th century, especially that of BLUME, KORTHALS, JUNGHUHN, ZIPELIUS,¹ MOTLEY, HORSFIELD, etc. bear scant notes. Either these collectors did not realize the future value of full data or their notes were not mounted on the sheets in the herbarium and were often subsequently lost. I have also observed a tendency in some authors of tropical plant species in that period to underrate the importance of the locality because of their belief that tropical plants occurred everywhere in the tropics, i.e. were ubiquitous in the plant-geographical sense. Sometimes the collectors were natives accompanying expeditions, who did not make notes, e.g. JAHERI, ACHMAD, etc. Hence, it is often very difficult to trace the exact origin of specimens. KORTHALS’S plants, for example, are mostly labelled merely: ‘Borneo’. This botanist, however, described the parts of Borneo in which he collected and an extensive printed record of his travels is in existence.

Description: Our knowledge of the Charophyta of Madagascar is mainly based on the rich and well-prepared collection made by Mr TH. B. BLOW, who visited the eastern central part of the island in the early months of 1924 ¹). The 384 dried specimens and a considerable number of portions of the plants preserved in formalin were determined by the well-known authority on the Charophyta, the late JAMES GROVES, who published the results of his work in the Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany), vol. XLVIII, 1928. This paper contains the descriptions of 5 new species and 3 new varieties of Nitella. Before this basic paper on the Charophyta of Madagascar was published, only very few publications appeared. As far as I know the first Madagascarian species to be recognized was ”Chara ceylonica WILLD.“, described by BOJER in the ”Hortus Mauritianus“ (1837, p. 427). The specimen was not seen by BRAUN, but he placed it in his large species C. gymnopus as subspecies C. Commersonii (1868, p. 872). BRAUN also states in the same work (l.c., p. 785) that he saw another specimen from Madagascar collected by GOUDOT, but did not mention it elsewhere in ”Die Characeen Afrika’s“, nor has he cited the two specimens in his ”Fragmente zu einer Monographic der Characeen“ (1882). Though the latter work forms the starting point for the study of the Charophyta of almost every country all over the world, the name Madagascar is not to be found in it.

Description: Though the new names published in Thunberg’s “Florida” have been entered in the Index Kewensis, few botanists have tried to verify the status and synonymy of the new species proposed in this 2-thesis booklet. Thunberg’s names were entered in Juel’s “Plantae Thunbergianae” (1918, 412 pp.). The diagnoses are generally too short and vague to allow a definite opinion. Only Schott, Mueller Arg., and F. E. Wimmer have examined material of resp. the Araceae, Euphorbiaceae, Campanulaceae.

Description: In de zomermaanden van de jaren 1936 en 1937 bewerkten wij het gebied van het Val di Scalve en het Val Nembo met als oostgrens de gebergtekam S. Fermo—Ezendola en als westgrens de Presolana—Ferrante-kam. In 1936 werkten W. A. Visser en H. C. A. Swolfs westelijk van ons gebied. De resultaten hiervan zijn reeds gepubliceerd. In 1937 werkte in het Noorden G. Zijlstra en in het Zuid-oosten L. Dorsman. In het Noordwesten grenst dit gebied aan het reeds door J. Weeda bewerkte Boven-Serio-dal en het is op zijn verzoek, dat wij ons onderzoek uitstrekten tot meer W. van Nona.

Description: A l’E d’Orange-Avignon, au pied du Mt. Ventoux, s’élève un petit massif, qui est limité au N et à l’W par l’Ouvèze (fig. 1), à l'E par la route de Vaison—Malaucène—le Barroux et au S par la route du Barroux à Vacqueras. Dans la littérature géologique ce massif se trouve le plus souvent indiqué sous le nom de massif de Gigondas, d’après le village situé sur le versant occidental du massif.

Description: This paper presents the results of the examination of a fairly big collection of mollusca from the island of Mandul, north of Tarakan, East-Borneo. The material was collected by Dr. Van Holst Pellekaan while investigating the geology of Mandul in the service of the “Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij” (Royal Dutch/Shell). It was sent to Prof. K. Martin of Leyden for closer examination, and afterwards was embodied into the collections of the Leyden Geological Museum. Prof. Martin recorded the results of his preliminary examination, which excluded the bivalves, in a report to the “Bataafsche”, dated 12th January 1917. He came to the conclusion that the fossils were of a Pliocene age.

Description: La région que j’ai étudiée et relevée est située dans les Alpes françaises, à environ 4° longitude est et 50°15’ latitude nord, et à environ 2000 mètres d’altitude. Elle fait partie de la chaîne dite „chaîne de Belledonne” qui s’étend des massifs de Beaufort et du Grand Mont dans le N N E jusqu’à ceux du Taillefer et de la Mure dans le S S W. Cette chaîne forme du point de vue géographique comme du point de vue géologique le prolongement méridional de la chaîne des Aiguilles Rouges et de la chaîne du Mont Blanc. Celles-ci font partie de la zone externe des massifs cristallins des Alpes, dont le prolongement en Suisse est connu sous le nom de „massifs centraux des Alpes”. On entend par là les chaînes anté-alpines, et principalement hercyniennes des Alpes, constituées de roches du Houiller d’une part, de formations antérieures d’autre part, et recouvertes enfin de séries d’âges mésozoïque et permien. Dans le sud, cette chaîne hercynienne se divise de nouveau en deux branches, dont la plus orientale, celle des Grandes Rousses, aboutit à la partie déversée vers l’est, dans le massif du Pelvoux. Taillefer et la Mure forment le pivot le plus avancé de cet arc, et en effet ce dernier massif disparaît partiellement vers le S W sous le manteau sédimentaire du Dévoluy (cf. fig. 1). Le massif de Belledonne proprement dit, avec son point culminant: le Grand Pic de Belledonne, qui atteint à quelques mètres près les 3000, forme le tronçon central de cette chaîne et se trouve à quelques kilomètres à l’est de Grenoble dans le département de l’Isère. Il est limité à l’ouest par l’Isère et le Drac; au sud par la Romanche; à l’est par l’Eau d’Olle et au nord par la vallée de Laval et le Col de la Coche. Les Lacs Robert sont à peu près situés au centre du Massif de Belledonne, dans un cirque encoché dans le ralliement méridional de la chaîne occidentale à la chaîne principale du massif. Cette chaîne principale, comprise entre le Jasse Bralart au N et le Petit Vent au S, limite la région levée à l’est, tandis que la Botte et le lac Achard la limitent au sud. A l’ouest elle s’arrête au pied de la Croix de Chamrousse, le pivot méridional, et du Grand Eulier, le contrefort septentrional de la chaîne secondaire; et au nord audessus de la Prairie de l’Oursière. Cette région a une largeur de 3 km et une longueur de 4 km environ. Le Grand Sorbier dans la chaîne principale, avec ses 2522 m. en est le point culminant. L’impraticabilité du terrain fixa des frontières plus ou moins naturelles au lever. En particulier le flanc E de la chaîne principale, qui domine la vallée de Baton, à part quelques sentiers, n’est pas accessible sans danger, à cause du mauvais état de la roche schisteuse. Il en est de même pour la pente occidentale du Grand Eulier et du Casserousse, tandis que le flanc méridional du Petit Vent et de la Botte est un des versants de la gorge profonde de 2000 m. où coule la Romanche. C’est à cela qu’est dû le nombre restreint d’observations faites sur quelques parties de la périphérie.

Description: The earliest account of the Netherlands’ Algae appeared in 1781 in D. de Gorter, Flora VII Prov. Belgii foederati indigen. Here, however, in the Algae lichens and liverworts have been incorporated. The true Algae, of which 35 are enumerated, are principally marine, though also aërophytical and freshwater Algae are among them. Some fifty years later F. A. W. Miquel gave a revision of the Netherlands’ Algae, with keys and descriptions in Latin and Dutch, in van Hall, Flora Belgii septentrionalis. We find them in two tribes: 1. Algae Chloricae, to which belong the bluegreens, the diatoms, the green Algae, the Charophytes; and 2. Algae Chromicae, to which belong the brown and the red Algae. At that time about too species from this country were known, which had been collected in Friesland, Groningen, Texel, Ameland, N. and S. Holland, Utrecht, Veluwe and along the coast of the Northsea (often drifted ashore). Of most of the Algae Dutch names are given. The first investigator, who occupied himself thoroughly with the indigenous Algae was R. B. van den Bosch, medicinae doctor. In 1853 he gave a general survey of all the indigenous Algae then known, freshwater as well as marine, in the Prodromus Florae Batavae. The list contains about 500 species. It stands to reason that the nomenclature is quite antiquated, the classification being based on Kützing’s Species Algarum. Instead of with Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, etc., we have to count with Heterocarpeae and Isocarpeae. The first tribe including the marine red Algae, and the second all the others. The subordo Cryptospermeae for instance contains the families Mesogloeaceae, Batrachospermeae, Chaetophoreae, Lemanieae, a combination which strikes us now as illogical and chaotic. Van den Bosch had his identifications verified by Fr. T. Kützing, “the law-maker of algology”, as he called him, who was one of the most prominent algologists of that time. Many species of Kützing have been based on specimens from Holland, sent by van den Bosch. The materials for the enumeration had been brought together by the members of the “Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging”. Special mention deserve H. J. Molkenboer and C. A. J. A. Oudemans, who collected in the neighbourhood of Leyden, but most of all van den Bosch himself, who made an inventory of the Zeeland Algae. Fossil diatoms are added to the enumeration. Among these are a number of new species described by P. Harting. In 1854 W. F. R. Suringar, then 22 years old, gave a critical review of the algological knowledge of that time in general, and more specially of that of the Netherlands. The manuscript had been awarded the gold metal in the competition held by the Philosophical Faculty of the Leyden University. It is preserved now in the Rijksherbarium. Suringar’s classification in some minor respects deviates from Kützing’s. Suringar is aware of the fact that many “species" of Algae might be nothing but states of development of other species. However, he emphasizes that as algology was still in its infancy the first necessity was to obtain a knowledge of the forms, as they are found in Nature, and of their natural relations. The last part of the manuscript gives a survey of about 150 algae collected by the author in spring and summer of 1854, 50 of which were new to the Netherlands. The collections, presented afterwards to the Nederlandsche Botanische Vereeniging, were made in Wassenaar, Leyden, Friesland and along the West coast of the Zuiderzee. This algological study served as a basis for Suringar’s thesis in 1857, in which he created a number of new forms and one new species: a Cyanophycea, which afterwards proved to be a synonym. Additions to this work appeared in the coming years, adding a number of new indigenous algae, freshwater as well as marine. A collection of marine algae, for instance, was made by him with the aid of his students in Den Helder. In 1874 a short communication by Suringar announced the discovery of a new parasitic alga, preliminary called Drepanothrix cingens.

Description: In Rep. spec. nov. regni veget. XLIV (1938) p. 33 K. Suessenguth censures my commentary on Abolboda (cf. Rec. trav. bot. néerl. XXXIV, p. 492). As I can not admit the correctness of the criticism a short reply may be permitted. On p. 492 of my paper arguments have been given tending to prove first that Xyris americana Aubl. does not belong to Xyris but to Abolboda, and secondly that it is conspecific with Abolboda Poeppigii Kunth. Now Suessenguth writes:: „Lanjouw nimmt in Gegensatz zu Suessenguth und Beyerle sowie den früheren Autoren an, das Xyris americana Aubl. dasselbe sei, wie Abolboda Poeppigii Kunth.” This suggests that I am the only botanist by whom Aublet’s species has been put in the genus Abolboda and who has advocated its identity with Abolboda Poeppigii Kunth. Malme, who has spent a great deal of his life on the Xyridaceae, however, was already convinced that it belongs to the genus Abolboda, and that the species is identical with Abolboda Poeppigii Kunth had been suggested by Heimerl. This has been pointed out in my paper and I can not understand, therefore, why Suessenguth writes „in Gegensatz zu den früheren Autoren”.

Description: The present paper has been written in connection with the account of the Papilionaceae for Pulle’s Flora of Suriname. The investigations were chiefly carried on in the herbarium of Utrecht; I also spent some time in the herbaria of Kew, Leiden and Paris and of the British Museum of Natural History in London. I wish to tender my best thanks to the directors and staffs of these institutions for their hospitality and assistance and also to the „Miquelfonds” which enabled me to go to London and Paris. Further I am indebted to the directors of the herbaria of Berlin-Dahlem, Brussel, Geneva and Leiden for lending specimens. Miss A. Kleinhoonte, who first was to write the account of the Papilionaceae and had already determinated a large part of the material, could, owing to lack of time, not finish the work. Some new species and critical remarks were published by her in Rec. Trav. bot. neerl. XXV and XXX. On the suggestion of Prof. A. A. Pulle I have taken over her work. I wish to thank here Prof. Pulle for his advice and interest.

Description: The genus Mussaendopsis was created by Baillon in 1879 for a tree found by Beccari in Sarawak, Borneo. As it appeared afterwards, the same species occurs also in the Malay Peninsula, on the islands between the latter and Borneo, and in Sumatra. On specimens collected in the Malay Peninsula, in 1884 the genus Creaghia Scort. was founded. The descriptions of the two genera are very similar, and as Mussaendopsis Baill. is not mentioned by Scortechini, we may safely assume that Baillon’s publication was unknown to him. The identity of the two genera was disclosed by K. Schumann in his monograph of the family in Engler & Prantl. Subsequently the plant was dealt with by Stapf, King and Gamble, Ridley and Lemée. None of the descriptions, however, is entirely satisfactory, and this applies also to the figure given by Stapf in Hooker’s Icones Plantarum: exactly as in the original description the stamens spring here from the top of the ovary instead of from the corolla tube, a mistake which had been rectified already bij K. Schumann. The most noteworthy deficiency in the various descriptions regards the position of the stipules. By Baillon they were described as interpetiolar; the other authors are silent on this point. Baillon, however, was mistaken: they are intrapetiolar. This is very remarkable, for stipules of this kind are extremely rare. When I found them some years ago in the genus Didymoecium, I went through all the generic descriptions given by Bentham and Hooker and by K. Schumann, and discovered that their presence had been announced already in several other genera. A reinvestigation, however, led to an entirely different result: of all these genera Capirona proved to be the only one in which they really occur. Mussaendopsis, therefore, is the third genus in which this kind of stipules has been observed.

Description: En 1894, H. Baillon (Bull. Mens, de la Soc. Linn. de Paris II, p. 1149) décrit une nouvelle plante de Madagascar, Geosiris aphylla, qui d’après sa couleur et son aspect général faisait penser à la famille des Burmanniacées. Mais, comme il remarquait, non seulement que les 3 anthères ne se conformaient pas à celles des Burmanniacées dans leur forme, les anthères sont superposées aux sépales et non aux pétales ainsi qu’en est le cas chez les Burmanniacées qui possèdent 3 étamines. Selon la forme et selon la place des étamines Baillon pensait alors avoir à faire avec une représentante de la famille des Iridacées dépourvue de chlorophylle. La construction des fleurs et surtout celle du gynécée se rapprochent le plus fortement au groupe d’ Aristea et ses affinités bien qu’on trouve ici toujours moins d’ovules. En 1895, Baillon traitait dans le tome 13me de l’ „Histoire des Plantes” les Iridacées. Il classifiait le genre Geosiris à la série des Irideae, des herbes rarement ligneuses aux rhizomes ou aux tubercules, caractérisée par la régulièrité de ses fleurs et la forme différente des pétales et des sépales, des étamines libres ou monadelphes, placées régulièrement autour du centre; et à la sous-série Aristeae, ayant des fleurs solitaires ou en grappes de cymes et les rameaux stylaires simples, courts ou étroits, ordinairement non dilatés au sommet.

Description: Some time ago I described in Blumea (5) a plant collection in book-form, collected by Hermann in Ceylon. This collection consists of two large volumes, each containing a number of dried specimens. Besides these two volumes, the Rijksherbarium is in the possession of a third one of the same size and with a similar binding, bearing on its back the title in golden characters on a darker ground: Herb: Viv: Promont. Bonae Spei Vol: I. When I saw the specimens of this volume for the first time, it struck me that they did not show the peculiar type of plants from the Cape region. A somewhat closer examination lead me to the supposition, that I had to do with plants from South America. I was strengthened in that opinion by the fact that many of the vernacular names added to the specimens doubtless bespoke a Surinam origin. Very striking in this respect are the names barcklock, marmadas, rucu, bolotre, cajous, etc. From a comparison with the Ceylon herbarium it became evident that the handwriting of the Surinam collection is exactly identical with that of the Ceylon collection. In my paper on the Ceylon herbarium I have extensively expounded my view, that this collection should be considered as being made by Hermann, and that the handwriting is the same as that in Hermann’s herbarium in the British Museum of Natural History at London.

Description: This paper deals with the investigation of soil samples taken near Terhorne on the North-East shore of the “Sneeker Meer”, an expanse of water in the province of Friesland. (see fig. I) According to the geological map, the peat around this large body of water is covered by an 1—4 dm thick layer of young marine clay, but at the place where our samples were taken, the peat reaches the surface. A series of samples were collected from the whole depth of this peat-deposit (see diagram I). The surface lies here 0.35 m below the level of the sea. (As the sealevel is taken the N.A.P., the average height of the water level at Amsterdam.) At a depth of 2.15 or 2.20 m the borer reached the underlying sand. It proved impossible to penetrate with the borer used by us more than 5 to 10 cm into the sand. This sand (diagram 1a, which shows the lowest part of diagram I on an enlarged scale) proved to be of a red-brown colour.

Description: Obgleich es schon mehr als hundert Jahre her ist, dass zum ersten Mal nachgewiesen wurde, dass in der Steinkohle noch erkennbare Pflanzenfragmente anwesend sind, hat doch diese Tatsache bei den Botanikern nur wenig Beobachtung gefunden vom anatomischen oder floristischen Standpunkt, weil im allgemeinen angenommen wurde und wird, dass diese Pflanzenreste so fragmentarisch sind, dass für einen Botaniker nichts damit anzufangen ist. Diese Auffassung ist jedoch nicht richtig. Neben den allbekannten Pflanzenabdrücken und den Strukturzeigenden Versteinerungen verdient die Steinkohle selber ganz bestimmt auch das Interesse der Botaniker. Bei der Untersuchung der Kohle gibt es zwei Hauptrichtungen, welche nebeneinander stehen, eine, welche die Kohle als ein Gestein betrachtet und dieses Gestein untersucht, eine zweite, welche durch Mazeration die Kohlenelemente isoliert und diese als Ausgangsmaterial der Untersuchung betrachtet.

Description: The borings, on which this study is based, were made within a radius of circa 5 miles around Opeinde, a village in the province of Friesland near the Friesland-Groningen border.

Description: The following is an abstract of my notes made during the sessions of the Section for Nomenclature at the 7th International Botanical Congress at Stockholm. The Congress lasted, officially, from 12 till 20 July, 1950. The Section for Nomenclature, however, began to meet on July 7. I wish to state that this review has no authority or official capacity. I made notes for private use and because it seemed useful, on further consideration, to inform the Staff and collaborators of the Flora Nalesiana.. of the changes in the Rules adopted by the last Congress, it was thought best to publish a review here, pending the official publication of the new Rules as a whole. I am told that an official note or communication dealing with the results obtained by the Section for Nomenclature is being prepared and will appear in the first Nuntius Phytotaxonomicus, the new periodical to be issued by the International Bureau of Plant Taxonomy, Secretary Prof. Dr J. Lanjouw at Utrecht.

Description: Ladies and gentlemen! To-day 133 years ago, as you all know, ” ’ s Lands Plantentuin ‘ was founded under the direction of Professor Reinwardt. To-day, however, is the first time that ” ’s Lands Plantentuin“ celebrates its anniversary as ‘Kebun Raya Indonesia’, under the changed circumstances following the transfer of Sovereignty on December 27, 1949.

Description: Adams, J. E.: Studies in the comparative anatomy of the Cornaceae. (Journ. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc, 65, 1949, 218-244). Cornaceae probably correctly estimated as the primitive family of the traditional Umbellales. Literature! Anonymous: (Both the entries sub Anonymous on p. 169 of this Bulletin were published anonymously but are referable to Hildebrand F. H.).

Description: Dr A.C. Smith, Washington, DC., promised to revise Schizandraceae Illiciaceae, Himantandraceae, Winteraceae; and Hippocrateaceae for the Flora Malesiana when he will have finished his work on the Fijian Flora. Mr J.H. Kern started a revision of the Malaysian representatives of the genus Viburnum.

Description: Ardisia. Dr W. H. Walker, National Herbarium, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, DC., has started a revision of Ardisia in Malaysia,. Casuarinaceae. Mr J. S. Johnson, Sydney Botanical Gardens, has agreed to revise Casuarinaceae for the Flora Malesiana.

Description: In commemoration to Mr C.T. White, the Royal Society of Queensland of which Mr White was a president, will publish a White Memorial Volume of its Proceedings. Reinwardtia. Onwards of 1950 the Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg (Bulletin of the Botanic Gardens, Buitenzorg) has changed its name and has been named Reinwardtia in commemoration of the founder of the Botanic Gardens, Prof. Dr C.G.C. Reinwardt, who directed the Gardens 1817-1822. The size of the new journal is slightly smaller than the former series; subscriptions through G.C.T. van Dorp & Co, Publishers & Booksellers, Djalan Nusantara 22, Djakarta, Indonesia. Price per part $1.50 or the equivalent in other currency. Exchange is through the Bibliotheca, Djalan Raya 20, Bogor, Djawa, Indonesia, The Bulletin, series III, is complete in 18 volumes and 3 Supplement volumes.

Description: We announce with great regret the death of Dr F. W. Foxworthy, forest botanist, who worked in the Philippines (1911-’ 18) and in the Malay Peninsula (1918-’32). His final work ‘Forests and Forestry of Tropical Asia’ is in the press, a volume in the New Series of Plant Science Books, publishes by Chronica Botanica Cy. C. C. Schröter, Curator of the Tjibodas Mountain Garden, was murdered September 15; a biography will appear in ‘Annales Bogorienses’.

Description: For this study which was suggested to me and promoted by Dr R. A. Maas Geesteranus I had at my disposal the material of the “Rijksherbarium” at Leiden, the herbaria of the Universities at Amsterdam, Groningen and Utrecht, and those of the “Koninklijke Nederlandse Botanische Vereniging” and the “Natuurhistorisch Museum”, Maastricht. I wish to express my thanks to the directors of these institutions for putting the material at my disposal, and above all to the staff of the “Rijksherbarium”, who gave me a great deal of valuable help, especially Dr Josephine Th. Koster, Dr Maas Geesteranus and Dr S. J. van Ooststroom. I am indebted to Dr H. C. D. de Wit for the solution of some intricate nomenclatural questions, to H. J. T. Tammel for drawing the figures. Thanks to the presence of the herbarium of Persoon in the “Rjjksherbarium” at Leiden, I was able to arrive at a better interpretation of a number of species described by him. This was especially important for the reason, that Persoon’s “Synopsis Fungorum” of 1801 is the “startingpoint” of nomenclature in the Gasteromycetes.

Description: The first result of this survey of the wide genera which have endemic species in New Caledonia is certainly to confirm the impression that there is indeed a noteworthy geographical association between Madagascar and that island, even if it is only a particular aspect of a more general relationship between Madagascar and Australasia as a whole. But the survey gives prominence also to another point, namely the unexpectedly small part that tropical Africa plays in the distribution of the genera reviewed. It almost seems as if there is some factor of exclusion affecting that great region, and there is no indication of any corresponding degree of relation between tropical Africa and New Caledonia such as has been detected between the latter and Madagascar.

Description: In the “Mikrographie des Holzes der auf Java vorkommenden Baumarten” I described 991 kinds of wood. Several of these belong to large genera, the majority to small. I found remarkably wide variations in the wood-anatomy of several specimens belonging to a single species of a large genus. These intraspecific differences in large genera are generally larger than interspecific differences in small genera. When identifying species by means of wood-anatomical characters, the wide intraspecific variability in large genera obstructs identification whereas in small genera identification is usually relatively easily executed. As a result, it is much easier to compose a key to the species in a small genus than in a large one. In my key to the Javan woods (Anatomische Bestimmungstabelle für die javanischen Hölzer, 1940, 83) it is repeatedly demonstrated; also in Mikrographie passim that taxonomic relationships are often blurred by this peculiar circumstance.

Description: Als palacontoloog bij den Dienst van den Mijnbouw in Nederlandsen Oost-Indië verkreeg ik toestemming om in de maanden Augustus tot October 1928 op eigen gelegenheid een reis te maken naar de Togian eilanden in de Golf van Tomini, Noord-Celebes. Het Hoofd van het Departement van Marine te Batavia had mij de dankbaar aanvaarde gelegenheid opengesteld op 31 Augustus 1928 te Menado aan boord te gaan van het hydrographische opname-vaartuig der Gouvernementsmarine „Eridanus”, dat met H.M. „van Doorn” de herziening van de zeekaart der golf van Tomini ging beëindigen. De „Eridanus” stond onder commando van den luitenant ter zee 1e klasse, thans kapitein ter zee H. Spits. Ik zal nimmer de groote gastvrijheid en de voortdurende behulpzaamheid vergeten, die de Heer Spits mij aan boord van de „Eridanus” betoonde. Hem allereerst wil ik hier nogmaals gaarne openlijk dank betuigen. Veel dank ben ik ook verschuldigd aan de officieren der Gouvernementsmarine aan boord van de „Eridanus”, de Heeren Tomei, de Vries, Louet Feisser, Lehmann, Verburg en Nijssen en aan den Heer S.G. Rensing, Officier van Gezondheid 2e klasse der Koninklijke Marine. Herhaaldelijk mocht ik ook hulp ontvangen van matrozen waaronder mij vooral de diensten van de Timoreezen Mattheus, Christoffel, Paulus en Kedjangan nog duidelijk in herinnering staan.

Description: In September and October 1950, Mr. C. Swaneveld, of Zierikzee, and Mr. Jac. Viergever, of Serooskerke, collected some rich samples of Copepods, found alive in the branchial sac of certain species of Tunicates. The greater part of the Tunicates belonged to the Ascidian-species Ascidiella aspersa (O. F. Müller.) The peculiar little commensal lives in the branchial cavity, often in considerable numbers, with their posterior antenna fixed to the body wall of the Ascidian. The species of the genus Notodelphys stand lowest in the scale of species adapted to this curious mode of life : I observed them moving quickly through the water outside the Tunicate, in a jumping way. Especially when the water contains little oxygen, the animals leave their host through the ingestion opening. They do not swim for longer than a few seconds, then settling again on some object, often the outer wall of the Ascidian.