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  • Mice
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  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)  (349)
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  • 1
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    SHANK3 overexpression causes manic-like behaviour with unique pharmacogenetic properties (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-25
    Description: Mutations in SHANK3 and large duplications of the region spanning SHANK3 both cause a spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders, indicating that proper SHANK3 dosage is critical for normal brain function. However, SHANK3 overexpression per se has not been established as a cause of human disorders because 22q13 duplications involve several genes. Here we report that Shank3 transgenic mice modelling a human SHANK3 duplication exhibit manic-like behaviour and seizures consistent with synaptic excitatory/inhibitory imbalance. We also identified two patients with hyperkinetic disorders carrying the smallest SHANK3-spanning duplications reported so far. These findings indicate that SHANK3 overexpression causes a hyperkinetic neuropsychiatric disorder. To probe the mechanism underlying the phenotype, we generated a Shank3 in vivo interactome and found that Shank3 directly interacts with the Arp2/3 complex to increase F-actin levels in Shank3 transgenic mice. The mood-stabilizing drug valproate, but not lithium, rescues the manic-like behaviour of Shank3 transgenic mice raising the possibility that this hyperkinetic disorder has a unique pharmacogenetic profile.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3923348/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3923348/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Han, Kihoon -- Holder, J Lloyd Jr -- Schaaf, Christian P -- Lu, Hui -- Chen, Hongmei -- Kang, Hyojin -- Tang, Jianrong -- Wu, Zhenyu -- Hao, Shuang -- Cheung, Sau Wai -- Yu, Peng -- Sun, Hao -- Breman, Amy M -- Patel, Ankita -- Lu, Hui-Chen -- Zoghbi, Huda Y -- 1R01NS070302/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- 2T32NS043124/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30HD024064/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Nov 7;503(7474):72-7. doi: 10.1038/nature12630. Epub 2013 Oct 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [3] Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24153177" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex/metabolism ; Actins/metabolism ; Adult ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Bipolar Disorder/*drug therapy/genetics/*physiopathology ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Female ; Gene Dosage/genetics ; Gene Expression/genetics ; Genes, Duplicate/genetics ; Humans ; Hyperkinesis/genetics/physiopathology ; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Lithium/pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Seizures/genetics ; Valproic Acid/pharmacology/therapeutic use
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    CLP1 links tRNA metabolism to progressive motor-neuron loss (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-03-12
    Description: CLP1 was the first mammalian RNA kinase to be identified. However, determining its in vivo function has been elusive. Here we generated kinase-dead Clp1 (Clp1(K/K)) mice that show a progressive loss of spinal motor neurons associated with axonal degeneration in the peripheral nerves and denervation of neuromuscular junctions, resulting in impaired motor function, muscle weakness, paralysis and fatal respiratory failure. Transgenic rescue experiments show that CLP1 functions in motor neurons. Mechanistically, loss of CLP1 activity results in accumulation of a novel set of small RNA fragments, derived from aberrant processing of tyrosine pre-transfer RNA. These tRNA fragments sensitize cells to oxidative-stress-induced p53 (also known as TRP53) activation and p53-dependent cell death. Genetic inactivation of p53 rescues Clp1(K/K) mice from the motor neuron loss, muscle denervation and respiratory failure. Our experiments uncover a mechanistic link between tRNA processing, formation of a new RNA species and progressive loss of lower motor neurons regulated by p53.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3674495/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3674495/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hanada, Toshikatsu -- Weitzer, Stefan -- Mair, Barbara -- Bernreuther, Christian -- Wainger, Brian J -- Ichida, Justin -- Hanada, Reiko -- Orthofer, Michael -- Cronin, Shane J -- Komnenovic, Vukoslav -- Minis, Adi -- Sato, Fuminori -- Mimata, Hiromitsu -- Yoshimura, Akihiko -- Tamir, Ido -- Rainer, Johannes -- Kofler, Reinhard -- Yaron, Avraham -- Eggan, Kevin C -- Woolf, Clifford J -- Glatzel, Markus -- Herbst, Ruth -- Martinez, Javier -- Penninger, Josef M -- K99NS077435-01A1/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS038253/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P 19223/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria -- P 21667/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria -- R00 NS077435/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS038253/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Mar 28;495(7442):474-80. doi: 10.1038/nature11923. Epub 2013 Mar 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23474986" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Axons/metabolism/pathology ; Cell Death ; Diaphragm/innervation ; Embryo Loss ; Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism/pathology ; Exons/genetics ; Female ; Fibroblasts ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Motor Neurons/*metabolism/*pathology ; Muscular Atrophy, Spinal ; Neuromuscular Diseases/metabolism/pathology ; Oxidative Stress ; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional ; RNA, Transfer, Tyr/genetics/*metabolism ; Respiration ; Spinal Nerves/cytology ; Transcription Factors/deficiency/*metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism ; Tyrosine/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Microbial colonization influences early B-lineage development in the gut lamina propria (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-24
    Description: The RAG1/RAG2 endonuclease (RAG) initiates the V(D)J recombination reaction that assembles immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) and light (IgL) chain variable region exons from germline gene segments to generate primary antibody repertoires. IgH V(D)J assembly occurs in progenitor (pro-) B cells followed by that of IgL in precursor (pre-) B cells. Expression of IgH mu and IgL (Igkappa or Iglambda) chains generates IgM, which is expressed on immature B cells as the B-cell antigen-binding receptor (BCR). Rag expression can continue in immature B cells, allowing continued Igkappa V(D)J recombination that replaces the initial VkappaJkappa exon with one that generates a new specificity. This 'receptor editing' process, which can also lead to Iglambda V(D)J recombination and expression, provides a mechanism whereby antigen encounter at the Rag-expressing immature B-cell stage helps shape pre-immune BCR repertoires. As the major site of postnatal B-cell development, the bone marrow is the principal location of primary immunoglobulin repertoire diversification in mice. Here we report that early B-cell development also occurs within the mouse intestinal lamina propria (LP), where the associated V(D)J recombination/receptor editing processes modulate primary LP immunoglobulin repertoires. At weanling age in normally housed mice, the LP contains a population of Rag-expressing B-lineage cells that harbour intermediates indicative of ongoing V(D)J recombination and which contain cells with pro-B, pre-B and editing phenotypes. Consistent with LP-specific receptor editing, Rag-expressing LP B-lineage cells have similar VH repertoires, but significantly different Vkappa repertoires, compared to those of Rag2-expressing bone marrow counterparts. Moreover, colonization of germ-free mice leads to an increased ratio of Iglambda-expressing versus Igkappa-expressing B cells specifically in the LP. We conclude that B-cell development occurs in the intestinal mucosa, where it is regulated by extracellular signals from commensal microbes that influence gut immunoglobulin repertoires.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3807868/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3807868/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wesemann, Duane R -- Portuguese, Andrew J -- Meyers, Robin M -- Gallagher, Michael P -- Cluff-Jones, Kendra -- Magee, Jennifer M -- Panchakshari, Rohit A -- Rodig, Scott J -- Kepler, Thomas B -- Alt, Frederick W -- AI020047/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI89972/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HHSN272201000053C/PHS HHS/ -- K08 AI089972/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Sep 5;501(7465):112-5. doi: 10.1038/nature12496. Epub 2013 Aug 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. dwesemann@research.bwh.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23965619" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/*cytology/*immunology/metabolism ; Bone Marrow Cells/cytology/immunology ; *Cell Lineage ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte/genetics ; Germ-Free Life ; Immunoglobulins/genetics/immunology ; Intestinal Mucosa/*cytology/*immunology ; Mice ; Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/cytology/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Weaning
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  • 4
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    Immunology: Lipopolysaccharide sensing on the inside (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rathinam, Vijay A K -- Fitzgerald, Katherine A -- England -- Nature. 2013 Sep 12;501(7466):173-5. doi: 10.1038/nature12556. Epub 2013 Sep 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24005321" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caspases/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/immunology/*metabolism ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Inflammasomes/immunology/metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides/analysis/*immunology ; Mice ; Toll-Like Receptor 4
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Immune clearance of highly pathogenic SIV infection (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-13
    Description: Established infections with the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV, respectively) are thought to be permanent with even the most effective immune responses and antiretroviral therapies only able to control, but not clear, these infections. Whether the residual virus that maintains these infections is vulnerable to clearance is a question of central importance to the future management of millions of HIV-infected individuals. We recently reported that approximately 50% of rhesus macaques (RM; Macaca mulatta) vaccinated with SIV protein-expressing rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV/SIV) vectors manifest durable, aviraemic control of infection with the highly pathogenic strain SIVmac239 (ref. 5). Here we show that regardless of the route of challenge, RhCMV/SIV vector-elicited immune responses control SIVmac239 after demonstrable lymphatic and haematogenous viral dissemination, and that replication-competent SIV persists in several sites for weeks to months. Over time, however, protected RM lost signs of SIV infection, showing a consistent lack of measurable plasma- or tissue-associated virus using ultrasensitive assays, and a loss of T-cell reactivity to SIV determinants not in the vaccine. Extensive ultrasensitive quantitative PCR and quantitative PCR with reverse transcription analyses of tissues from RhCMV/SIV vector-protected RM necropsied 69-172 weeks after challenge did not detect SIV RNA or DNA sequences above background levels, and replication-competent SIV was not detected in these RM by extensive co-culture analysis of tissues or by adoptive transfer of 60 million haematolymphoid cells to naive RM. These data provide compelling evidence for progressive clearance of a pathogenic lentiviral infection, and suggest that some lentiviral reservoirs may be susceptible to the continuous effector memory T-cell-mediated immune surveillance elicited and maintained by cytomegalovirus vectors.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3849456/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3849456/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hansen, Scott G -- Piatak, Michael Jr -- Ventura, Abigail B -- Hughes, Colette M -- Gilbride, Roxanne M -- Ford, Julia C -- Oswald, Kelli -- Shoemaker, Rebecca -- Li, Yuan -- Lewis, Matthew S -- Gilliam, Awbrey N -- Xu, Guangwu -- Whizin, Nathan -- Burwitz, Benjamin J -- Planer, Shannon L -- Turner, John M -- Legasse, Alfred W -- Axthelm, Michael K -- Nelson, Jay A -- Fruh, Klaus -- Sacha, Jonah B -- Estes, Jacob D -- Keele, Brandon F -- Edlefsen, Paul T -- Lifson, Jeffrey D -- Picker, Louis J -- HHSN261200800001E/PHS HHS/ -- P01 AI094417/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P51OD011092/OD/NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI060392/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 DE021291/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI054292/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI095985/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI096109/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U24 OD010850/OD/NIH HHS/ -- U42 OD010426/OD/NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Oct 3;502(7469):100-4. doi: 10.1038/nature12519. Epub 2013 Sep 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24025770" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cytomegalovirus/genetics/immunology ; Female ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; SAIDS Vaccines/*immunology ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*prevention & control/virology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*immunology ; Time Factors ; Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology ; Viral Load ; Virus Replication/physiology
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  • 6
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    A disinhibitory microcircuit initiates critical-period plasticity in the visual cortex (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-27
    Description: Early sensory experience instructs the maturation of neural circuitry in the cortex. This has been studied extensively in the primary visual cortex, in which loss of vision to one eye permanently degrades cortical responsiveness to that eye, a phenomenon known as ocular dominance plasticity (ODP). Cortical inhibition mediates this process, but the precise role of specific classes of inhibitory neurons in ODP is controversial. Here we report that evoked firing rates of binocular excitatory neurons in the primary visual cortex immediately drop by half when vision is restricted to one eye, but gradually return to normal over the following twenty-four hours, despite the fact that vision remains restricted to one eye. This restoration of binocular-like excitatory firing rates after monocular deprivation results from a rapid, although transient, reduction in the firing rates of fast-spiking, parvalbumin-positive (PV) interneurons, which in turn can be attributed to a decrease in local excitatory circuit input onto PV interneurons. This reduction in PV-cell-evoked responses after monocular lid suture is restricted to the critical period for ODP and appears to be necessary for subsequent shifts in excitatory ODP. Pharmacologically enhancing inhibition at the time of sight deprivation blocks ODP and, conversely, pharmacogenetic reduction of PV cell firing rates can extend the critical period for ODP. These findings define the microcircuit changes initiating competitive plasticity during critical periods of cortical development. Moreover, they show that the restoration of evoked firing rates of layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons by PV-specific disinhibition is a key step in the progression of ODP.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3962838/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3962838/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kuhlman, Sandra J -- Olivas, Nicholas D -- Tring, Elaine -- Ikrar, Taruna -- Xu, Xiangmin -- Trachtenberg, Joshua T -- EY016052/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- NS078434/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R00 DA023700/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY023871/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS078434/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Sep 26;501(7468):543-6. doi: 10.1038/nature12485. Epub 2013 Aug 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23975100" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Critical Period (Psychology) ; Dominance, Ocular/drug effects/*physiology ; Female ; Interneurons/cytology/drug effects ; Lasers ; Male ; Mice ; *Neural Inhibition/drug effects ; Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects/*physiology ; Parvalbumins/metabolism ; Photic Stimulation ; Sensory Deprivation/physiology ; Vision, Binocular/drug effects/physiology ; Vision, Monocular/drug effects/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/cytology/drug effects/*physiology
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    Neuroscience: Method man (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, Kerri -- England -- Nature. 2013 May 30;497(7451):550-2. doi: 10.1038/497550a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23719444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anxiety/drug therapy/metabolism ; Brain Mapping/instrumentation/*methods ; Child ; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/pathology ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/prevention & control ; Depression/metabolism ; Dopamine/metabolism ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/instrumentation/*methods ; Male ; Mice ; Microscopy ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; Neurosciences/instrumentation/*methods ; Opsins/metabolism/radiation effects ; Optogenetics/history ; Rats
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    Long-lived insects raise prime riddle (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Monastersky, Richard -- England -- Nature. 2013 May 30;497(7451):545-6. doi: 10.1038/497545a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23719440" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age Factors ; Animals ; Birds/physiology ; Entomology ; Female ; Hemiptera/classification/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Larva/genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Life Cycle Stages/*physiology ; Male ; *Periodicity ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Research Personnel ; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Survival Rate ; Time Factors ; United States ; Vocalization, Animal/physiology
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    Intestinal label-retaining cells are secretory precursors expressing Lgr5 (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2013-03-01
    Description: The rapid cell turnover of the intestinal epithelium is achieved from small numbers of stem cells located in the base of glandular crypts. These stem cells have been variously described as rapidly cycling or quiescent. A functional arrangement of stem cells that reconciles both of these behaviours has so far been difficult to obtain. Alternative explanations for quiescent cells have been that they act as a parallel or reserve population that replace rapidly cycling stem cells periodically or after injury; their exact nature remains unknown. Here we show mouse intestinal quiescent cells to be precursors that are committed to mature into differentiated secretory cells of the Paneth and enteroendocrine lineage. However, crucially we find that after intestinal injury they are capable of extensive proliferation and can give rise to clones comprising the main epithelial cell types. Thus, quiescent cells can be recalled to the stem-cell state. These findings establish quiescent cells as an effective clonogenic reserve and provide a motivation for investigating their role in pathologies such as colorectal cancers and intestinal inflammation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buczacki, Simon J A -- Zecchini, Heather Ireland -- Nicholson, Anna M -- Russell, Roslin -- Vermeulen, Louis -- Kemp, Richard -- Winton, Douglas J -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2013 Mar 7;495(7439):65-9. doi: 10.1038/nature11965. Epub 2013 Feb 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23446353" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomarkers/analysis/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; *Cell Lineage ; Cell Separation ; Clone Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Intestinal Neoplasms/pathology ; Intestines/cytology/injuries/pathology ; Mice ; Multipotent Stem Cells/*cytology/metabolism/*secretion ; Paneth Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/*metabolism ; Regeneration ; Staining and Labeling ; Stem Cell Niche
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    Stabilization of cooperative virulence by the expression of an avirulent phenotype (2013)
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-22
    Description: Pathogens often infect hosts through collective actions: they secrete growth-promoting compounds or virulence factors, or evoke host reactions that fuel the colonization of the host. Such behaviours are vulnerable to the rise of mutants that benefit from the collective action without contributing to it; how these behaviours can be evolutionarily stable is not well understood. We address this question using the intestinal pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (hereafter termed S. typhimurium), which manipulates its host to induce inflammation, and thereby outcompetes the commensal microbiota. Notably, the virulence factors needed for host manipulation are expressed in a bistable fashion, leading to a slow-growing subpopulation that expresses virulence genes, and a fast-growing subpopulation that is phenotypically avirulent. Here we show that the expression of the genetically identical but phenotypically avirulent subpopulation is essential for the evolutionary stability of virulence in this pathogen. Using a combination of mathematical modelling, experimental evolution and competition experiments we found that within-host evolution leads to the emergence of mutants that are genetically avirulent and fast-growing. These mutants are defectors that exploit inflammation without contributing to it. In infection experiments initiated with wild-type S. typhimurium, defectors increase only slowly in frequency. In a genetically modified S. typhimurium strain in which the phenotypically avirulent subpopulation is reduced in size, defectors rise more rapidly, inflammation ceases prematurely, and S. typhimurium is quickly cleared from the gut. Our results establish that host manipulation by S. typhimurium is a cooperative trait that is vulnerable to the rise of avirulent defectors; the expression of a phenotypically avirulent subpopulation that grows as fast as defectors slows down this process, and thereby promotes the evolutionary stability of virulence. This points to a key role of bistable virulence gene expression in stabilizing cooperative virulence and may lead the way to new approaches for controlling pathogens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Diard, Mederic -- Garcia, Victor -- Maier, Lisa -- Remus-Emsermann, Mitja N P -- Regoes, Roland R -- Ackermann, Martin -- Hardt, Wolf-Dietrich -- England -- Nature. 2013 Feb 21;494(7437):353-6. doi: 10.1038/nature11913.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23426324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Inflammation/microbiology/pathology ; Intestines/microbiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; *Phenotype ; Salmonella Infections/microbiology/prevention & control/transmission ; Salmonella typhimurium/genetics/growth & development/*pathogenicity ; Virulence/genetics/physiology ; Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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