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  • 1
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    Synthesizing large-scale pyroclastic flows: experimental design, scaling, and first results from PELE (Pyroclastic-flow Eruption Large-scale Experiment). (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-26
    Description: PELE is a large-scale facility for experimental studies of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). It is used to generate high-energy currents involving 500–6,500 m 3 natural volcanic material and air that achieve velocities of 7–30 ms −1 , flow thicknesses of 2–4.5 m, and runouts of 〉35 m. The experimental PDCs are synthesized by a controlled ‘eruption column collapse’ of ash-lapilli suspensions onto an instrumented channel. The first set of experiments are documented here and used to elucidate the main flow regimes that influence PDC dynamic structure. Four phases are identified: (1) mixture acceleration during eruption column collapse; (2) column-slope impact; (3) PDC generation; and (4) ash-cloud diffusion. The currents produced are fully turbulent flows and scale well to natural PDCs including small to large scales of turbulent transport. PELE is capable of generating short, pulsed and sustained currents over periods of several tens of seconds; dilute surge-like PDCs through to highly concentrated pyroclastic flow-like currents. The surge-like variants develop a basal 〈0.05 m-thick regime of saltating/rolling particles and shifting sands waves, capped by a 2.5-4.5 m-thick, turbulent suspension that grades upwards to lower particle concentrations. Resulting deposits include stratified dunes, wavy and planar laminated beds and thin ash cloud fall layers. Concentrated currents segregate into a dense basal underflow of 〈0.6 m thickness that remains aerated. This is capped by an upper ash cloud surge (1.5-3 m-thick) with 10 0 to 10 −4 vol% particles. Their deposits include stratified, massive, normally and reversely graded beds, lobate fronts and laterally extensive veneer facies beyond channel margins.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Post-eruptive impacts of pyroclastic deposits from basaltic andesite stratovolcanoes on surface water composition (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Description: Volcanic ash deposition following explosive eruptions can pose significant hazards for water quality, human health, agriculture, and infrastructure functionality. Many studies have examined how fresh ash deposition may lower the pH of, and introduce a range of potentially toxic elements into, exposed surface waters. However, no study has yet determined the effects on water composition as a result of mechanical pyroclast disaggregation and production of new fresh particle surfaces and increasingly fine-grained particles. Such disaggregation could result from natural post-eruptive processes such as debris avalanches, lahars, or fluvial/aeolian transport, and human activities such as cleanup efforts or mining of pyroclastic deposits. The post-eruption timescales of pyroclast disaggregation may vary from months in moist tropical or temperate environments to years or decades in arid settings. Here we show, for the first time in experimental studies, that mechanical milling of pyroclasts will introduce a range of elements into exposed waters, including Al, which can be toxic at elevated levels, and Na, which increases the electrical conductivity of solutions. The pH of leaching solutions also increases by several log units. Such dramatic changes on the experimental scale may have implications for surface water composition in post-eruptive settings, necessitating longer-term risk assessments for ecosystem health and consideration of the role of pyroclastic deposits in element cycling in volcanically active regions.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    CLP1 links tRNA metabolism to progressive motor-neuron loss (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-03-12
    Description: CLP1 was the first mammalian RNA kinase to be identified. However, determining its in vivo function has been elusive. Here we generated kinase-dead Clp1 (Clp1(K/K)) mice that show a progressive loss of spinal motor neurons associated with axonal degeneration in the peripheral nerves and denervation of neuromuscular junctions, resulting in impaired motor function, muscle weakness, paralysis and fatal respiratory failure. Transgenic rescue experiments show that CLP1 functions in motor neurons. Mechanistically, loss of CLP1 activity results in accumulation of a novel set of small RNA fragments, derived from aberrant processing of tyrosine pre-transfer RNA. These tRNA fragments sensitize cells to oxidative-stress-induced p53 (also known as TRP53) activation and p53-dependent cell death. Genetic inactivation of p53 rescues Clp1(K/K) mice from the motor neuron loss, muscle denervation and respiratory failure. Our experiments uncover a mechanistic link between tRNA processing, formation of a new RNA species and progressive loss of lower motor neurons regulated by p53.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3674495/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3674495/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hanada, Toshikatsu -- Weitzer, Stefan -- Mair, Barbara -- Bernreuther, Christian -- Wainger, Brian J -- Ichida, Justin -- Hanada, Reiko -- Orthofer, Michael -- Cronin, Shane J -- Komnenovic, Vukoslav -- Minis, Adi -- Sato, Fuminori -- Mimata, Hiromitsu -- Yoshimura, Akihiko -- Tamir, Ido -- Rainer, Johannes -- Kofler, Reinhard -- Yaron, Avraham -- Eggan, Kevin C -- Woolf, Clifford J -- Glatzel, Markus -- Herbst, Ruth -- Martinez, Javier -- Penninger, Josef M -- K99NS077435-01A1/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS038253/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P 19223/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria -- P 21667/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria -- R00 NS077435/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS038253/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Mar 28;495(7442):474-80. doi: 10.1038/nature11923. Epub 2013 Mar 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23474986" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Axons/metabolism/pathology ; Cell Death ; Diaphragm/innervation ; Embryo Loss ; Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism/pathology ; Exons/genetics ; Female ; Fibroblasts ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Motor Neurons/*metabolism/*pathology ; Muscular Atrophy, Spinal ; Neuromuscular Diseases/metabolism/pathology ; Oxidative Stress ; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional ; RNA, Transfer, Tyr/genetics/*metabolism ; Respiration ; Spinal Nerves/cytology ; Transcription Factors/deficiency/*metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism ; Tyrosine/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies genes involved in intestinal pathogenic bacterial infection (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-06-13
    Description: Innate immunity represents the first line of defense in animals. We report a genome-wide in vivo Drosophila RNA interference screen to uncover genes involved in susceptibility or resistance to intestinal infection with the bacterium Serratia marcescens. We first employed whole-organism gene suppression, followed by tissue-specific silencing in gut epithelium or hemocytes to identify several hundred genes involved in intestinal antibacterial immunity. Among the pathways identified, we showed that the JAK-STAT signaling pathway controls host defense in the gut by regulating stem cell proliferation and thus epithelial cell homeostasis. Therefore, we revealed multiple genes involved in antibacterial defense and the regulation of innate immunity.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2975362/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2975362/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cronin, Shane J F -- Nehme, Nadine T -- Limmer, Stefanie -- Liegeois, Samuel -- Pospisilik, J Andrew -- Schramek, Daniel -- Leibbrandt, Andreas -- Simoes, Ricardo de Matos -- Gruber, Susanne -- Puc, Urszula -- Ebersberger, Ingo -- Zoranovic, Tamara -- Neely, G Gregory -- von Haeseler, Arndt -- Ferrandon, Dominique -- Penninger, Josef M -- P01 AI044220/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI044220-10/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI44220/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 17;325(5938):340-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1173164. Epub 2009 Jun 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19520911" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Cell Proliferation ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/immunology/*microbiology ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/physiology ; *Genome, Insect ; Hemocytes/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; Homeostasis ; Immunity, Innate/*genetics ; Intestinal Mucosa/cytology/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; Janus Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Models, Animal ; *RNA Interference ; STAT Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Serratia Infections/genetics/*immunology/microbiology ; Serratia marcescens/*immunology/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cells/cytology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    The E3 ligase Cbl-b and TAM receptors regulate cancer metastasis via natural killer cells (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-21
    Description: Tumour metastasis is the primary cause of mortality in cancer patients and remains the key challenge for cancer therapy. New therapeutic approaches to block inhibitory pathways of the immune system have renewed hopes for the utility of such therapies. Here we show that genetic deletion of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b (casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b) or targeted inactivation of its E3 ligase activity licenses natural killer (NK) cells to spontaneously reject metastatic tumours. The TAM tyrosine kinase receptors Tyro3, Axl and Mer (also known as Mertk) were identified as ubiquitylation substrates for Cbl-b. Treatment of wild-type NK cells with a newly developed small molecule TAM kinase inhibitor conferred therapeutic potential, efficiently enhancing anti-metastatic NK cell activity in vivo. Oral or intraperitoneal administration using this TAM inhibitor markedly reduced murine mammary cancer and melanoma metastases dependent on NK cells. We further report that the anticoagulant warfarin exerts anti-metastatic activity in mice via Cbl-b/TAM receptors in NK cells, providing a molecular explanation for a 50-year-old puzzle in cancer biology. This novel TAM/Cbl-b inhibitory pathway shows that it might be possible to develop a 'pill' that awakens the innate immune system to kill cancer metastases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paolino, Magdalena -- Choidas, Axel -- Wallner, Stephanie -- Pranjic, Blanka -- Uribesalgo, Iris -- Loeser, Stefanie -- Jamieson, Amanda M -- Langdon, Wallace Y -- Ikeda, Fumiyo -- Fededa, Juan Pablo -- Cronin, Shane J -- Nitsch, Roberto -- Schultz-Fademrecht, Carsten -- Eickhoff, Jan -- Menninger, Sascha -- Unger, Anke -- Torka, Robert -- Gruber, Thomas -- Hinterleitner, Reinhard -- Baier, Gottfried -- Wolf, Dominik -- Ullrich, Axel -- Klebl, Bert M -- Penninger, Josef M -- W 1101/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria -- England -- Nature. 2014 Mar 27;507(7493):508-12. doi: 10.1038/nature12998. Epub 2014 Feb 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria. ; Lead Discovery Center GmbH, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany. ; Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA. ; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Perth, Australia. ; Max-Planck, Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany. ; 1] Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria [2] Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24553136" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Animals ; Anticoagulants/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Female ; Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects/*immunology/metabolism ; Male ; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy/genetics/immunology/*pathology ; Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy/genetics/immunology/*pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasm Metastasis/drug therapy/*immunology/prevention & control ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Ubiquitination ; Warfarin/pharmacology/therapeutic use
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agronomic impact of tephra fallout from the 1995 and 1996 Ruapehu Volcano eruptions, New Zealand (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 34 (1998), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Keywords Ruapehu Volcano ; Volcanic hazards ; Tephra ; Sulphur ; Selenium ; Fluorosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Eruptions from Ruapehu Volcano on 11 and 14 October 1995 and 17 June 1996 distributed at least 36×106 m3 of sulphur(S)-rich tephra over the central and eastern North Island of New Zealand. The tephras added between 30–1500 kg ha–1 S to at least 25 000 km2 of land in primary production. Smaller but beneficial amounts of selenium (Se) and in some areas potassium and magnesium were also supplied. Addition of S to the soils in the form of sulphate and elemental S resulted in a drop in soil pH and an increase in pasture S contents within seven weeks of the eruptions. The soils affected by the tephra are naturally low in S and Se, but following the eruptions S was not required in fertilizer applications in many areas. The strongest and longest lasting effects of S and Se deposition were in high anion-retention soils particularly Hapludands (moist, moderately weathered soils, derived from volcanic ash). Soluble fluorine concentrations within the tephras were low compared to historic Icelandic and Chilean examples. However, pastoral livestock deaths were apparently caused by fluorosis in addition to starvation when tephra covered feed. The Ruapehu tephra contained very low concentrations of other soluble toxic elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050253
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sourcing and identifying andesitic tephras using major oxide titanomagnetite and hornblende chemistry, Egmont volcano and Tongariro Volcanic Centre, New Zealand (1996)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 58 (1996), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Tephrostratigraphy ; Egmont volcano ; Tongariro Volcanic Centre ; Discriminant function analysis ; DFA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Canonical discriminant function analysis was employed to discriminate between electron microprobe-determined titanomagnetite and hornblende analyses from Egmont volcano and Tongariro Volcanic Centre. Data sets of 436 titanomagnetite and 206 hornblende analyses from the two sources were used for the study. Titanomagnetite chemistry provided the best discrimination between these two sources with classification efficiencies of 99% for sample averages and 95% for individual analyses. The difference between sources for hornblende chemistry was less marked, but classification efficiencies of 100% for sample averages and 87% for individual analyses were achieved. Using the same methods a preliminary discrimination of individual Egmont volcano-sourced tephras was attempted. Titanomagnetite chemistry enabled the discrimination of several individual tephras or at least pairs of tephra units, but hornblende chemistry provided little discrimination. This technique provides an improvement on previous methods for chemically distinguishing distal tephra from the two sources as well as potentially identifying individual tephras from a particular source. A major advantage over previous discrimination techniques is that individual analyses can be classified with a known probability of group membership (with groups such as volcano source or an individual tephra unit). Tephras in a depositional environment where mixing is common such as within soil, loess and marine sequences, can be sourced or identified more easily with classification of individual grains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050123
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  • 8
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    Communicating geoscience to indigenous people: examples from the Solomon Islands (2008)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 305: 141-161.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-03
    Description: This paper examines communicating geoscience to indigenous peoples using a communication model that closely follows geological models for pollution issues. Although geoscientists will expend large amounts of energy in understanding a scientific process, relatively little energy is often expended in the analogous communication model. Reasons for this include a narrow focus on pure science, lack of confidence in engaging in communication and negative perceptions of communication ideas. Indigenous peoples are defined as first occupiers' of regions or nations relatively untouched by the predominant Western-Asian' technological-oriented culture. Few indigenous peoples are totally untouched' by the dominant world culture. Four cases studies from the Solomon Islands explore communication strategies relating to land access, a live volcanic event, the setting up of a gold mine, and raising awareness of volcanic hazards. Generic best practice advice offered includes the following: understanding of indigenous culture, customs, values, taboos and political-governance structures; involvement of indigenous people at every level of the communication process; identifying and including all stakeholders; a clear message, method and outcome focus; usage wherever possible of face-to-face communication and pictures as well as words; involvement of the community in practical exercises; a thorough follow-up and evaluation process; and sufficient time to allow the process to be effective.
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  • 9
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    Automatic precursor recognition and real-time forecasting of sudden explosive volcanic eruptions at Whakaari, New Zealand (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 10
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    Mantle heterogeneity controls on small-volume basaltic volcanism: COMMENT (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-20
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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