ALBERT

Description: The bogs of S. E. Groningen are part of the great peat-marshes extending from S. E. Drente as far as N.W. Germany inclusive. So far as the territory of Westerwolde is concerned, people have begun digging off very early. According to the map by Krayenhoff in 1816 nearly the whole peat-marsh westward from the line Blijham—Termaarsch had already been reclaimed, only a few parts still being covered with the original peat-layer (cf. map, fig. 1). The digging off east of the above line commences at the beginning of the 19th century on the borderland of Groningen and Drente. Borings were performed in three places and the samples pollenanalytically and stratigraphically examined.

Description: E sectione Peltaea, Pavoniae speciosae H.B.K. proxima, sed forma folorium, indumento, involucri phyllis peltatis diversa. Suffrutex, caule minute stellato-piloso glabrescente, linea singula pilis simplicibus longioribus vestita in primo internodio ramulorum lateralium adaxiale notato. Folia breviter petiolata, petiolis tomentellis 2—4 mm longis, oblongo-elliptica, elliptica vel ellipticolanceolata, 3—5 cm longa, 1.25—1.5 cm lata trinervia basi acuta vel obtusa, superiora 5-nervia, basi subcordata, acutissima vel subacuminata, margine regulariter serrato-dentata, supra minute stellato-pilosa, oculo nudo glabra, infra dense sed minute stellatotomentella. Flores in axillis foliorum vel in apice ramulorum 2—3-glomeratis, bracteis ovato-triangularibus suffulti, plerumque subsessiles, interdum usque ad 4 mm pedicellati. Involucri phylla fere io linearia birta uniserialia, basi paullo connata, apice lamina foliacea peltata, id est supra basin affixa, anguste elliptica hirta, basi rotundata, apice acuta, appendiculata, 4 mm longa. Calyx cupuliformis, ultra medium incisus, 4—9 mm longus, lobis acutis hirtis, nervis trinis conspicuis, binis intermediis brevibus vel nullis. Petala 2.5—3 cm longa, teste collectore roseo-rubra, sicca rosea, basi atropurpurea. Stamina et styli more generis. Carpella 4 mm longa, mutica, dorso costa perpendiculari instructa, transverse nervosa, dense pubescentia.

Description: It is to be hoped, that the genus Pandanophyllum Hassk. never will revive, for it is based on a bad generic description and two nomina nuda, P. palustre Hassk. (Harassas tjaai) and P. humile Hassk., the first of which is supposed to indicate Mapania palustris (Steud.) Vill., while the other name has brought about much confusion, as it has been used for Hypolytrum humile (Steud.) Boeck. as well as for Mapania humilis (Miq., partly) Vill. The first validly published description of Pandanophyllum humile Hassk. nomen nudum in Cat. Pl. Hort. Bot. Bog. 1844, p. 297 has been given by Steudel in his Synopsis II (1855), p. 134 and is based upon a specimen collected in Java by Zollinger (n. 1511, Brit. Mus., Paris), belonging to the genus Hypolytrum. So this is the type-specimen of H. humile (Steud.) Boeck. in Linnaea XXXVII (1871—1873), p. 128. Bentham and Hooker, however, accepting the interpretation of Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. of Bengal XXXVIII, part 2 (1869), p. 82 and the revised opinion of Miquel in his Ill. Fl. Arch. Ind. (1871), p. 61, included both species in their section Pandanophyllum of Mapania (Gen. Pl. III, 1883, p. 1056). A quarter of a century later C. B. Clarke divided Benth. and Hooker’s section into two subgenera, viz. Pandanophyllum, including Mapania humilis Vill. and Halostemma (Wall.), including Mapania palustris (Steud.) Vill. Consequently our present section Pandanophyllum sensu Clarke probably excludes both species, which originally belonged to it. One might be inclined to rectify the mistake by changing the name of Halostemma into Pandanophyllum and coining a new name for the other subgenus, but the principal difficulty, caused by the ambiguity of Hasskarl’s generic description can not be solved in this manner. This description calls for a bifid style (perhaps referring to Hypolytrum humile Boeck.) and 3—5 spikelets (not appropriate to Mapania palustris Vill., highly improbable as to Mapania humilis Vill. and Hypolytrum humile Boeck.). The only way out of the difficulty is to reject the name Pandanophyllum as a nomen dubium in the sense of the rules of nomenclature (art. 63) and to rename the subgenus Pandanophyllum Benth. et Hook., sensu Clarke. I propose the name Pandanoscirpus.

Description: Notwithstanding the large amount of work spent by several botanists on this family, taxonomy does not appear very satisfactory, and a general agreement on generic limits has not yet been reached. The result has been a perplexing number of generic and sectional names. The present author apologizes for his adding to the number of interpretations. This study of American Sapotaceae, primarily undertaken in connection with the Flora of Surinam, could not have been completed without the generous loan of specimens by the herbaria at Brussels [B], Berlin—Dahlem [D], Kew [K], and Leyden [L]. In 1934 the author paid a short visit to the herbaria at Brussels [B] and at Paris [P]. The collections of this family at Paris are of special interest owing to the fact that they contain the material studied by Baillon, Pierre and Dubard, and bear numerous notes and analytical drawings, especially by Pierre, attached to the sheets. A number of British Guiana Sapotaceae from the Kew Herbarium was received for determination shortly afterwards. The author feels greatly indebted to the directors of the above mentioned Herbaria for their kind help, and particularly to Prof. Dr. A. Pulle, Utrecht, under whose direction this study was undertaken.

Description: The genus Pausandra Radlk. belongs to the Tribe Cluytieae of the Euphorbiaceae. It was described by Radlkofer in 1870 in Flora LIII pp. 79—95. The genus is based on Thouinia Morisiana of Casaretto. In his paper Radlkofer discussed at length that this species does not belong to the Sapindaceous genus Thouinia, but represents a new genus of the Euphorbiaceae. As at that time female flowers were unknown Radlkofer stated that the systematic position of the new genus was still doubtful, but that most probably it should belong to a new subtribe of the Jatropheae. Two new species were described in the genus in 1873 by Baillon, P. Trianae Baill. based on Pogonophora Trianae Müll. Arg. which was published in 1864, and P. Martinii Baill. based on very young material and erroneously described by Baillon as being 3-merous, as will be discussed below. He placed the genus in the affinity of Argithamnia Sw., which is certainly not right as this genus is quite different both in habit and in flowercharacters. A fourth species was added by Müller Arg. in 1874 in Flora Brasiliensis XI. II., where he inserted the genus in the same group as was suggested by Radlkofer. No more species had been described when Pax published in 1911 his monograph of the Tribe Cluytieae Pax in Engler, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 147. III. He inserted the genus Pausandra Radlk, with the genera Givotia Griff, and Ricinodendron Müll. Arg. in a new subtribe Ricinodendrinae Pax. I think that this is the right position for the genus, though it could be placed in a separate subtribe for its penninerved, glanduliferous leaves and the capsular fruits. It was a pity that Pax published this monograph without studying the original material. He now copied Baillon’s bad descriptions and the lack of a thorough study on the genus caused the publication of several superfluous species in recent years. P. quadriglandulosa Pax et K. Hoffm. and P. extorris Standley described in 1919 and 1929 are the same as P. Trianae (Müll. Arg.) Baill. P. flagellorhachis Lanj. is identic with P. Martinii Baill., while it was proved that the latter species is not trimerous. P. integrifolia Lanj. could not be maintained in the genus. Only the two new species published by Ducke in 1925 were truly new ones. Moreover three new species were recognized in the recent collections made by Krukoff in Brazil. It is for all these reasons that it seemed to me highly desirable to give a new treatment of this genus. Perhaps several of the old and new species can be united, as one can find often only small differences, but for the present I think it advisable to keep them separate. Pausandra Radlk, has been described to be dioecious, but recently it has been proved in some species that they are monoecious, so it is probable that most of them are under special cicumstances.

Description: Some months ago the first author published in his Studies in Moraceae II (Rec. trav. bot. néerl. XXXIII, 1936, pp. 254—276) a synopsis of the genus Clarisia R. & P. The second author traced in the Berlin Herbarium a specimen of this genus which had been described in 1821 as Excoecaria ilicifolia Spreng. As this species is identic with Clarisia strepitans (Fr. Allem.) Lanj., the name of the latter species has to be changed. As in addition some interesting specimens were kindly sent to Utrecht for determination by the Herbaria at Berlin-Dahlem (D), Geneva (G) and the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain (A), it seemed desirable to publish these notes.

Description: Zu meiner Bearbeitung des surinamischen Materials der Gentianaceae für die von Pulle herausgegebene „Flora of Surinam” gehören nog einige kritische Bemerkungen. Ich muszte z.B. in einigen Fällen von der von Gilg in Engler und Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfamilien gegebenen Einteilung der Gattungen und deren Umgrenzung abweichen. Auch stellte es sich heraus, dasz sich unter dem Material eine neue Art befand, deren Beschreibung und Abbildung unten folgen.

Description: Since the appearance of my „Notes on the Rubiaceae of Surinam” (in Rec. d. Trav. bot. néerl. XXXI, 1934, 248; also in Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Utrecht no. 11, 1934) a number of species and varieties new to the flora of that country have come to light. The majority have been collected by Mr. Rombouts during the 1935/36 expedition of the Boundary Commission who is surveying at present the border in the southern part of the colony; they were found along the River Corantyne and in the savannahs in the south-western part. One species was secured by Dr. Lanjouw, and has been mentioned already in his „Additions to Pulle’s Flora of Surinam I” (in Rec. d. Trav. bot. Néerl. XXXII, 1935, 258) and one, represented by a rather poor fruiting specimen collected years ago by the Forestry Bureau, was found among material provisionally consigned to another family. New to the flora of Surinam are the following twelve species: Alseis longifolia Ducke var. pentamera Brem. n. var., Sabicea cinerea Aubl., S. Romboutsii Brem. n. spec., S. surinamensis Brem. n. spec., Tocoyena surinamensis Brem. n. spec., Thieleodoxa nitidula Brem. n. spec., Guettarda Spruceana Müll. Arg., Psychotria Romboutsii Brem. n. spec., Declieuxia fruticosa (Willd. ex R. et S.) Kuntze, Diodia pulchristipula Brem. n. spec., Spermacoce guianensis Brem. n. spec, and Borreria verticillata (L.) G. F. W. Mey (the B. verticillata of the Flora of Surinam IV, 287 proved to be B. suaveolens G. F. W. Mey., under which name it had been recorded already by Miquel), and one variety: Sipanea pratensis Aubl. var. glaberrima Brem. n. var. Four of the ten genera to which these species belong, namely Alseis, Thieleodoxa, Declieuxia and Spermacoce, are also new to the flora of Surinam. Seven species and two varieties are entirely new, and will be described below. Before entering on this part of my task I will make a few remarks however on two of the species known already from elsewhere, namely on Guettarda Spruceana Müll. Arg. and on Borreria verticillata (L.) G. F. W. Mey, and on a third species, Coccocypselum guyanense (Aubl.) K. Sch., which is known since long from Surinam, but of which Mr. Rombouts collected a specimen differing somewhat from the older Surinam findings.

Description: In Madroño (1936) Herre has lamented the disappearance of lichen species through the disastrous interference of man. Unavoidably, the advance of civilised modern life is linked with destruction of the vegetation. This applies all the more as the endangered area is more densely populated and it certainly applies most alarmingly to the lichen flora of the Netherlands. Here, every way-side tree felled is an irreparable loss to the epiphytic lichen communities, every acre of heath burnt or turned into arable land is a blow to our stock of terrestrial lichen species, whereas the use of dry fertilisers and the spraying of orchards are very effective in killing any lichen in the neighbourhood that otherwise might have survived. A comparison of the material preserved in the older collections with what can be found nowadays, clearly shows what has gone lost. It is sad to think that an ever increasing number of species are on their way to total extermination. However, from a thorough investigation of the epiphytic communities of cryptogams latterly started by Mr J. J. Barkman, it becomes apparent that at least to some extent the losses may be compensated by the discovery of species hitherto overlooked or not recognised. It is on such and other finds that I intend to report from time to time.

Description: This extensive collection, famous among algologists both of the Old and the New World, forms part of the collections of the National Herbarium (Rijksherbarium) Leiden since 1934. About fifty years ago it was started by Mrs. Dr. A. A. WEBER-VAN BOSSE (1852—hodie), an enthusiastic pupil of HUGO DE VRIES. The colonies of Nostoc, living in the ditches round about the Dutch village of Doom, evoked her admiration, which was the primary cause of an intense study in the freshwater as well as in the marine Algae. In the harbour of Den Helder North Sea Algae were collected; by collecting Algae on trips to the French Atlantic Coasts and several times to Norway (1883—1885) and further on a South African journey (1894—1895) the herbarium grew, as it did by the Malaysian specimens collected in Java, Celebes, etc. (1888—1889). During this Malaysian tour Mrs. WEBER worked in Tjibodas, where she described the new genus Phytophysa. In Sumatra (West Coast, Lake of Manindjau) she discovered in collaboration with her husband, MAX WEBER, a new case of symbiosis between Algae and Sponges.

Description: Thanks to the kind cooperation of Dr. ROBERT PILGER, Director of the Botanical Gardens and Museums at Berlin-Dahlem, I have recently had the privilege of studying and photographing a unique specimen belonging to that institution, which bears the words „Schizostachyum Blumii nobis”, in the hand of NEES, the author of the species. Although there are no data on the sheet to indicate its source, or the date of the determination, this presumably represents NEES’S type³) of this species (which is the type species of the genus). At any rate, the available evidence 4) points to that conclusion, and the specimen agrees in all respects with NEES’ description of the genus and of the type species (NEES, 1829, pp. 534—5). Since the original characterizations are so brief and, since those parts referring to the spikelets are so difficult to interpret, I present here a full description 5) of the rather fragmentary type specimen.

Description: Of this series of preparations to the definite publication of the Burseraceae in “Flora Malesiana”, the present part is giving an additional note on VI. Garuga and dealing with the genera VII. Triomma, VIII. Dacryodes and IX. Santiria (and a new combination in Protium). The present paper gives only additions to and alterations of Lam’s monograph (H. J. Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., Sér. 3, 12, 1932, 281— 561); descriptions, synonyms, litterature, specimens cited, ecological and other notes are only mentioned insofar as they are not given by Lam.

Description: A study has been made of the Indo-Malaysian species of Cnestis. The mutual length ratio of sepals and petals, — brevi- and aequipetaly —, is the main differentiating character for the species; there are no transitions. The areas of distribution overlap in the Malay Peninsula (fig. 1); brevipetalous types are known from the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Celebes, aequipetalous types from Burma, Siam, Indo-China and the Andaman Islands, the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. Fruits are of two different shapes: beaked in aequipetalae of the Andamans, Burma, Siam, and Indo-China, pear-shaped in remaining aequipetalae and in brevipetalae. Leaves tend to be longer and jugae more numerous in brevipetalae than in aequipetalae. Other characters do not have so clear a separating value, such as texture and indumentum of leaflets, indumentum of inflorescence, texture and indumentum of petals, length of stamens, type and length of pistils, length ratio of stamens and pistils. However, even on the strength of these characters there is some reason to distinguish both groups mentioned above. As to the indumentum of petals there is a remarkable cline in a decreasing sense from the Philippines to continental Asia, the Andamans and the Malay Peninsula and back to the east through the brevipetalae of Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Celebes. Brevi- and aequipetalae have been considered to represent two species, viz Cnestis platantha Griff. and Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merrill. The latter one has been divided into two subspecies, viz subsp. palala with beaked fruits and subsp. diffusa (Blanco) Andreas with pear-shaped fruits. For their area of distribution see fig. 1. In many respects some plants of the Andamans, Burma, Siam, Indo-China (and the Malay Peninsula) are different from the remaining aequipetalae, but not in a uniform way as to the various characters. Although there are some arguments for a further taxonomic subdivision, we did not think it advisable to introduce such a division at present. Our classification differs from the division as given by Schellenberg (1938). This was caused by the material on one hand, being more heterogeneous than Schellenberg described it, and, on the other hand, by the fact that some of the diagnostic characters used by him, in our opinion were not fit for use as such. Therefore a revision of Schellenberg’s system of the genus Cnestis seems desirable.

Description: Being occupied with studies on the Convolvulaceae of Netherlands India I met with a remarkable specimen in the Buitenzorg Herbarium, collected by Dr. O. POSTHUMUS during the expedition in Djambi (Sumatra) in the year 1925. At first sight this plant seemed to be a Merremia. A closer examination, however, soon showed some important differences with that genus, especially in respect to the corolla, which has a long, narrow and rather fleshy tube and a limb with 5 short, reflexed (or patent?) lobes. Each lobe is deeply bifid, so that the limb appears 10-lobed. The middle part of the lobes is fleshy just as the tube; it corresponds with a midpetaline field of the corolla of most genera of Convolvulaceae, the lateral parts of the lobes (lobules) are much thinner, membranaceous and nerved. They represent the interpetaline fields of the Convolvulaceous corolla. In general there is a resemblance with the essential corolla construction of many species of Erycibe, where the lobes are also bifid and possess a thick middle part and two membranaceous lobules. The lobules in the new genus are not fully equal in size, those on the right of each lobe, as seen from the inside of the corolla being always slightly larger. The corolla is fully glabrous or bears some papillae at the base of the filaments. The pistil has a two-celled ovary, each cell with 2 ovules and bears a long, filiform style with two globular, papillose stigmas, exactly as in Merremia. I suppose this plant to be closely related to that genus, but as the corolla with its fleshy tube and remarkable lobes is so different from all other species, it is impossible to incorporate it in Merremia without important alteration of the generic limits. I, therefore, propose to establish a new genus, under the name of Decalobanthus (derived from dexa, ten, λoβoς, lobe and άνζος, flower).

Description: While engaged on working out the beautiful pycnogonid material dredged by Dr Th. Mortensen in shallow waters near the Virgin Islands, I thought it useful to compare this dredged material with material collected between the tide marks, or just below the low tide line. So I was very glad to meet Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, who has made extensive collections of littoral marine animals during his various trips to the West Indies, and who kindly entrusted me with about 50 lots of pycnogonids which had already been sorted from his material. A definitive paper will be published as soon as his entire marine material has been searched for the presence of sea spiders.

Description: This publication deals with some agaves which were collected by me participating as biologist in a geological excursion under Prof. Dr. L. M. R. Rutten and Mrs. Dr. C. J. Rutten-Pekelharing, in the beginning of 1930, to the West Indies. From 14 April to 4 May we camped in the western part of Curaçao, from 10 May to 10 June Bonaire was visited and from 16 June to 9 July we passed through Aruba. In preference to the collection of a large number of different forms of Agave, an intensive investigation of the forms found on a few localities was made. I hoped thereby to acquire some information about the variability, and insight into the problem of the concept of species, not to be obtained by the study of herbarium material. — Other material was collected during an excursion to the mainland, following an invitation by the „Caribbean Petroleum Company”.

Description: Acrodiclidium Nees, Laur. Disp. Progr. (1833), p. 13; id., Syst. Laur. (1836), p. 266; Endl., Gen. (1837), p. 319, n. 2042; id., Ench. (1841), p. 197; Dietrich, Synops. Pl. II (1840), p. 1332; Spach, Hist. nat. Véget., Phaner. X (1841), p. 471; Steudel. Nomencl. ed. 2 (1841), p. 21; Meissn., Gen. I (1836—43), p. 326, II, p. 238; Reichb., Nom., p. 71, n. 2668; Orbigny, Diet. univ. VII (1846), p. 259; Lindl., Veg. Kgd. (1846), p. 537; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. I. isl. I (1860), p 280; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 84; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 172; Benth. in Benth. et Hook., Gen. III (1880), p. 154; Baillon, Hist. II (1870), p. 474;. Pfeiffer, Nomencl. (1873), p. 35; Durand, Index Gen. (1888), p. 349, n. 6190; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 81; Pax in Engl.-Prantl, Pfl. fam. III, 2 (1889), p. 123; Dalla Torre et Harms, Gen. (1900—07), p. 178, n. 2819; Britton and Wilson, Porto Rico and Virg. isl. (1924), p. 316; Lemée, Dict. I (1929), p. 50; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931), p. 65; Kosterm. in Pulle, Fl. Surin. II (1936), p. 315; — Licaria Aubl., Guia. I (1775), p. 313; Nees, Syst., p. 344; Endl., Gen, p. 320; id., Ench., p. 197; Spach., l.c.; Steudel, l.c., p. 41; Meissn., Gen. II, p. 238; Lindl., l.c.; Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 259; Benth., l.c., p. 150; Baillon, l.c., p. 452; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 107; Durand, l.c., p. 489; Mez, l.c., p. 220;. dalla Torre, l.c., p. 177 et 585; Lemée, l.c., IV, p. 85; Benoist l.c., p. 274; Kosterm. in Meded. Bot. Mus. Utrecht 25 (1936), p. 34; id. in Pulle, l.c., p. 323; — Evonymodaphne Nees, Syst., p. 244 et 263; Lindl., Syst. ed 2 (1836), p. 442; Endl., Gen. p. 319;. id., Ench., p. 197; Dietrich, l.c., p. 1332; Spach, l.c.; Steudel, l.c., p. 621; Meissn., Gen. I, p. 326; id. II, p. 238; Rchb., l.c.; Lindl., l.c., p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. III; id. in Fl. Bras., p. 203; Benth., l.c., p. 158; Baillon, l.c., p. 437; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1322; Durand, l.c., p. 349; Mez, l.c., p. 82; dalla Torre, l.c., p. 177; — Triplomeia Rafin., Fl. Tellur. (1838), p. 134; dalla Torre, l.c., p. 178; Mez, l.c. Type species: Acrodiclidium brasiliense Nees.

Description: Unter allen Flechten unterscheidet sieh die nur aus Norwegen bekannte Gattung Moriola dadurch, dass ihr Lager aus Goniocysten besteht, das sind kugel- oder länglichrunde oder unregelmässig gestaltete braune Behälter mit netzartiger Oberfläche, von denen braune, zylindrische oder schwach torulöse Hyphen entspringen und bis zur nächsten, manchmal weit entfernten Goniocyste hinkriechen. Auf diesem Wege, auch wenn sie zu mehreren nebeneinander herlaufen, vereinigen sie sich nie zu einer strauch-, oder blatt-, nicht einmal zu einer krustenformigen Lagermasse. Diese besteht ausschliesslich aus zerstreuten Goniocysten und den sie verbindenden Hyphen, die bei Moriola pseudomyces (Fig. 1—4) meist über morschem Holz, bei Moriola sanguifica über fremdem Algenlager ausgebreitet sind. Die braune Panzerkruste der Goniocysten entsteht dadurch, dass die dünnen zylindrischen Hyphenzellen unter Beibehaltung ihrer Dicke (2 µ), stark in die Breite wachsen und die Gestalt von Kugelsektoren annehmen. Sie werden meistens nicht viel über 2 µ dick, können aber bis 4 µ dick werden, wenn sich die Aussenwand höckerartig verdickt. Näheres hierüber in meiner Osloer Arbeit¹) und in den Berichten der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 2). Die Früchte einer von Herrn P. GROENHART an mich übersandten Flechte (Fig. 5—7) sind von ihm in 3000 m Höhe auf Java gesammelt worden und entwickeln ihre sporenreichen Perithezien auf einem etwa 1 cm mächtigen, lockeren Lagermasse von fast rein schwarzer Färbung. Diese rührt von Holzkohle her, die in grösseren oder ganz kleinen Bruchstücken, selten in Form angekohlter Zweige zwischen und unter den Goniocysten liegen. Die in den Goniocysten der tieferen Schichten enthaltenen Gonidien sind alle abgestorben und sehen jetzt braun aus. Nur in den Goniocysten der obersten Schicht sind die Gonidien noch jugendfrisch, sehen hellgrün aus und heben sieh deutlich von der dunkelbraunen, 4 µ dicken Kruste ab: eine einfache d.h. einkammerige Goniocyste mit 21.8 µ. Durchmesser, so dass auf den Innenraum fast 14 µ Durchmesser kamen; in ihr hatten drei Gonidien Platz. Bei einer anderen, zusammengesetzten Goniocyste hatte sich an diametral gegenüberliegenden Punkten der Goniocyste je eine Gonidie angesetzt und war von der braunen Kruste auch noch umwachsen worden, so dass die beiden kleinen Endkammern je eine Gonidie enthielten, die Mittelkammer deren drei. Es kommen aber auch noch grössere zusammengesetzte Goniocysten vor, deren Mittelkammer 5 und mehr Gonidien enthält.

Description: C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS, Maleische Vegetatieschetsen — Toelichting bij de plantengeografisohe kaart van Nederlandsch Oost-Indië (Sketches of Malaysian vegetations — Comments to the phytogeographical map of Netherlands East India) — Reprinted from the „Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap”, Ser. II, Vol. 52, Jan.-March-May 1935, 112 pp. (repagination [Pages in the original: 25—67, 171—203, 363—398] with 46 photographs, 36 of which in the reprint only, and a phytogeographical map. The reprint preceded by a short preface, a (too) short index and a dedication to FRANZ JUNGHUHN „as a memory to his arrival in Java, one hundred years ago”. It is a great pleasure to me indeed to announce here, more particularly on behalf of those readers who are not familiar with the Dutch language, this excellent work on the phytogeography of Malaysia, published in the Journal of the Royal Netherlands Geographical Society and therefore, moreover, likely less accessible to many botanists abroad. The author has, though only about 6 years engaged in botanical work in the tropics, gathered a remarkably thorough knowledge of the rich flora of this region, no doubt one of the most interesting ones, from a biogeographic standpoint, on earth. As the phytogeography of these parts has mostly, since JUNGHUHN’S „Java” (1854), been only dealt with in scattered papers, VAN STEENIS has in the publication under reference, as well as in some others that preceded it ¹), done a pioneer work in his attempt to give a comprehensive and more or less complete survey of the current problems. Our gratitude and admiration is not in the least diminished by the fact that this work shows certain traces of cursoriness and disequilibriousness, as well as a certain want of continuity and well-ponderedness. These features are mostly inherent to all pioneer work and the author himself states in the preface, that this work is meant as a provisional publication; this is in accordance with the title, which, by the way, could have been more adequately chosen, e. g.: Materials to Malaysian Phytogeography („Maleische” is, in my opinion, in Dutch a less felicitous word). Indeed, this paper contains a great many informations and stimulating ideas, and moreover, an almost complete bibliography, also of many papers in Dutch. It may be supposed indeed that there is, at present, hardly any other botanist available who is more capable than VAN STEENIS to continue this work and to prepare, some time, a complete „Phytogeography of Malaysia”, to which we are looking forward with great interest.

Description: Besides the Umbelliferae of the Netherlands Indies proper, also those of the Malay Peninsula and the non-Dutch parts of Borneo and New Guinea have been taken up in this revision. The materials examined belong to the following Herbaria: (B) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg. (BD) = the Herbarium of the Botanical Museum, Berlin—Dahlem. (BM) = the Herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History, London. (E) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. (G) = the Herbarium of the University, Groningen. (K) — the Herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Kew. (L) = the National Herbarium (Rijksherbarium), Leiden. (NY) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, New York. (Pa) = the Herbarium of the Java Sugar Experiment Station, Pasoeroean. (S) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. (Sa) = the Herbarium of the Sarawak Museum, Kuching. (U) = the Herbarium of the University, Utrecht. Most of the herbarium materials were sent to Groningen to be examined there. Moreover I had the opportunity to work a few weeks in the Kew Herbarium and in that of the British Museum of Natural History in London.

Description: En Zélande, province des Pays-Bas, l’on trouve différentes stations où croissent des algues marines. Ce sont: 1. Les digues, 2. Les canaux d’eau de mer, 3. Les parcs à huîtres, 4. Les slikkes et les schorres. La Zélande comprend une bande continentale et deux séries d’îles. Comparé aux autres provinces des Pays-Bas, le climat est assez tempéré. La température moyenne à Flessingue (Vlissingen) est de 3°C en janvier, le mois le plus froid, et de 18°C durant les mois les plus chauds, juillet et août. La température moyenne de l’eau de mer en surface est de 1— 3°C en janvier et de 19°C en juillet et août.

Description: Dr. C. A. BACKER, Verklarend Woordcnboek van wetenschappelijke plantennamen (Explanatory dictionary of scientific plantnames) — Noordhoff-Kolff, Groningen-Batavia, 1936 — XII + 664 — Price: flh. 19.50. Many botanists and also sylvi-, liorti- and agriculturists and almost all taxonomists are, in the course of their daily task, meeting plant-names, the exact meaning, signification or derivation of which is not immediately clear to them. Being an intelligent and studious man, he often feels the desire to know more of a name than just its orthography and so he makes a grab at one of those books written to spread more knowledge about the matter. If it is the name of a genus or of a subgenus, WITTSTEIN’S „IIandwörterbuch” is the book he needs, although it yields no help for genera younger than 1852 (date of preface). If it is a specific name or a latin or latinized botanical term, BISCHOFF is his man, either by his „Handbuch der botanischen Terminologie” of 1833—1844 or by his smaller „Wörterbuch der beschreibenden Botanik”, of 1857 (2nd Ed.). In case these books cannot meet his wishes, on account of their age or merely out of deficiency, our present-day investigator will try to find the name in one of the more recent lists: BAILEY’S „Companion for the Queensland student of plant life” of 1893; SALOMON-SCHELLE, Worterbuch der botanischen Kunstsprache, 1904; KANNGIESSER, Etymologie der Phanerogamen-Nomenclatur, 1908 (mainly generic names); Voss, Botanisches Hilfs- und Wörterbuch (6th ed. 1922), etc.

Description: Premna brongersmai, nov. spec. — Frutex? Ramuli teretes conspicue subdistanter lenticellati 0.3—0.5 cm crassi, internodia in specimine 7—11 cm longa. Folia coriacea subrigida, decussatim opposita glaberrima petiolata, ovata vel oblongo-ovata vel subovata vel oblongo-lanceolata, basi plus minusve late rotundata, marginibus integra, apice abrupte vel subabrupte peracute acuminata, latiora 8.5—11 X 4.7—5.7 cm, angustiora (in eodem specimine, ut apparet) 12—14.5 X 4—4.5 cm ; nervi haud prominentes, costa media subtus prominente excepta; nervi secundarii graciles utrimque 5—7, curvati, margines versus diminuti haud confluentes, tertiarii pertenues subdistanter transversi, reticulatione minutissima areolata; petioli e basi incrassata 1— 1.7 cm longi tenues. Inflorescentiae paniculatae terminales, partiales inferiores ex axillis foliorum parvorum, superiores ex axillis bractearum subulatarum 0.3—0.1 cm longarum ortae, totae 12—17 cm longae, 17—29 cm latae, partiales medianae longiores, e pedunculo gracili 10—14 cm longae, pseudodichotomice late divaricatae, ramificationes ultimae dichasiales minute pubescentes. Flores parvi tetrameri subsessiles, alabastris pyriformibus, glabris; calyx glaber cupularis subbilabiatus, c. 0.25 cm altus, labio inferiore acute integro vel leviter acuto-bidentato, superiore 2 lobis majoribus acutis suffulto, calyx intus praecipue dimidio superiore multis glandulis in sicco opacis munitus; corolla in regione staminum insertionis tantum intus pilosa, cetera glabra, 0.4—0.45 cm alta, tubo subcylindrico 0.3—0.35 cm longo, limbo aestivatione cochleata subbilabiato, labio inferiore trilobo (lobo medio in alabastro ceteros tegente, 0.15 cm longo, rotundato, lateralibus 0.1 cm longis, subtruncatis), superiore integro 0.1 cm longo subtruncato, in alabastro omnino tecto; regio pilosa sub labio superiore paulo infirmior; stamina alternipetala in regione pilosa aequa altitudine inserta, subdidynamia, filamentis sub labio superiore paulo brevioribus in alabastro sigmoideo-sinuatis 0.2 cm longis, sub labio inferiore 0.25 cm longis, omnibus vittatis apice abrupte contractis filiformibus; antherae 0.05 X 0.1 cm, subreniformes, thecae poris ovatis dehiscentes; ovarium globosum glabrum 0.15 cm altum 4-loculatum, loculis uniovulatis; ovula longa apotropa medio affixa; stylus filiformis 0.25 cm longus, stigma bilobum, lobis acutis piano mediano patentibus. Fructus ignoti. Shrub? Branchlets (all?) apparently long and drooping, 0.3—0.5 cm in diam.. Leaves decussate, entirely glabrous, ovate to ovate-oblong, base more or less broadly rounded, apex more or less abruptly and very acutely acuminate, margins entire, 8.5—14.5 X 4—5.7 cm, nerves not prominent except midrib below, secondary ones 5—7, curved, reticulation minutely areolate between the almost inconspicuous transverse tertiary ones; petioles 1—1.7 cm long, incrassate at base. Inflorescences widely paniculate, terminal, 12—17 cm long, 17—29 cm broad, the lower partial panicles in the axils of ever smaller leaves, the upper ones in those of subulate bracts; ultimate ramifications dichasial, minutely pubescent. Flowers subsessile, 4-merous, glabrous but for a hair ring inside at the insertion of the filaments. Calyx cupular, more or less bilabiate, 0.25 cm high, lower lip entire or shallowly acutely bidentate, upper one with two larger acute teeth, inside with dispersed dark glands: corolla tube suibcylindrical 0.3—0.35 cm long, aestivation cochleate, slightly 2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed, midlobe rounded and 0.15 cm long, lateral ones subtruncate and 0.1 cm long; upper lip entire, 0.1 cm long, subtruncate. Stamens 4, subdidynamous, those below upper lip with slightly shorter filaments; filaments ribbon-shaped, 0.2 and 0.25 cm long respectively, subabruptly narrowed below the anther and ending into a very thin apex; anthers kidney-shaped, 0.05 X 0.1 cm, with two ovate pores; ovary globose, glabrous, 0.15 cm high, 4-celled, cells uniovulate, ovules long, apotropous, attached in the middle of the cell; style filiform, 0.25 cm long, stigma with two acute lobes spreading medianly. Fruits unknown.

Description: Casearia amplectens Sleum. sp. nov. — Arbuscula 1.5 m alta; ramulornm apicibus dense breviter flavido-pilosis, partibus vetustioribus cito glabratis corticeque cinerascenti obtectis. Folia elliptico-oblonga vel oblonga, apicem versus breviter (1—2 cm) subcaudato-acuminata, apice ipso paullo falcato obtusa, basi late cuneata fere rotundata, inferiora usque ad 2 mm longe petiolata, superiora subsessilia, membranacea, arcte pellucido-punctata et -lineata, petiolo, costa nervisque subtus brevissime pilosulis exceptis glabra, in sicco brunnescentia, utrinque opaca, regulariter crenato-serrata (dentibus obtusiusculis glandula terminatis 1 mm altis et c. 3—6 mm distantibus), 9—15 cm longa, 4—4.5 cm lata, costa utrinque elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 6—8 curvato-ascendentibus praeter marginem excurrentibus supra subimpressis, subtus elevatis, venis supra obscuris, subtus parum conspicuis. Stipulae reniformes fere amplectentes, membranaceae, 4—6 mm altae, 6—8 mm latae, persistentes. Flores pro axilla. 1—2 fere sessiles, in statu nondum plane evoluto tantum visi; bracteae paucae membranaceae glabrae 1—2 mm longae. Calyx tubulosus, carnosulus, c. 3 mm longus, extus fulvo-sericeus, intus glaber, lobis oblongis c. 1 mm longis. Stamina 10, alte ad faucem inserta; filamenta glabra, medio dilatata, alternatim 0.6 et 0.3 mm longa. Staminodia rudimentaria parum pilosa. Ovarium columnare, glabrum, c. 3 mm longum, 1 mm crassum. Fructus carnosus, ruber, 1.5—2 cm longus, 1 cm diam., trivalvis, basi calycis lobis accrescentibus 4 mm longis et 1.5 mm latis fultus, 2 mm longe pedunculatus. NEW GUINEA. W. New Guinea, 4 km SW of Bernhard Camp, Idenburg Riv., rain-forest undergrowth, 850 m: L. J. Brass 13470 (A; L, typus), fl. fr. March 1939.

Description: The X-ray powder method for determining minerals has been applied to the important rock-forming mineral group of the pyroxenes in this thesis. The purpose of the investigation was to seek the relationship between the variations of the intensities and positions of the reflections in the powder diagram and the variations in optical properties and chemical composition. For that purpose a number of pyroxenes from different localities were investigated optically, chemically and röntgenographically. The orthopyroxenes. — The optical examination of the orthopyroxenes indicates, that the variation of the optical properties is related to the chemical composition (see Table 1). A difference between plutonic and volcanic orthopyroxenes lies in the size of the optic axial angle 2 V; this appears to be smaller with volcanic orthopyroxenes between En80 and En15 than with plutonic orthopyroxenes (see fig. 5). Further a lamellar structure can be observed in the plutonic orthopyroxenes (see figs. 2 and 3) while the volcanics do not have these lamellae but often show zoning (see fig. 1). It is seen from chemical investigation of the orthopyroxenes that both the plutonic and volcanic orthopyroxenes show about the same variation in Al- and Ca-atomic proportions (see Table 3). It is quite possible that a part of the Ca content of the plutonic orthopyroxenes is present in exsolved diopside lamellae according to the hypothesis of Hess and Philips (1938). The orthopyroxenes can be distinguished from the clinopyroxenes by X-ray powder diagrams on the ground of their characteristic reflection pattern. These powder diagrams are made by means of a camera with a diameter of 9 centimeters and FeK\u03b11 radiation (\u03bb = 1.93597 Å). All powder diagrams of the orthopyroxenes are classed as one group (Group A, see fig. 6). The variation in the relative distance between the reflections 10 31 and 0 6 0 appears to be connected with the chemical composition. These distances are measured very accurately in millimeters by means of a Cambridge Universal Measuring Machine and plotted against the chemical composition in fig. 8. Through the influence of Al and Ca, the Mg content cannot be determined unequivocally from this diagram. Therefore also X-ray powder photographs are made of a mixture of 70 % orthopyroxene and 30 % quartz (see fig. 9). The relative distance between quartz reflection 2 1 3 1 and pyroxene reflection 0 6 0 in millimeters and the distance between quartz reflection (2 0 2 3) (3 0 3 1) and pyroxene reflection 11 3 1 in millimeters depend on the chemical composition which can be seen in figs. 10 and 11, respectively. In fig. 10 two curves are shown, one for orthopyroxenes with an atomic proportion of Al of about 0.010 and one for those with an atomic proportion of Al of about 0.050 in BVI position. In fig. 11 two curves can be seen which are related to orthopyroxenes with an atomic proportion of Ca of about 0.020 and those with an atomic proportion of Ca of about 0.060. One may determine the chemical composition of an orthopyroxene from these three diagrams (figs. 8, 10 and 11). For that purpose one should measure three relative distances. In each diagram one can find two values for the Mg content. From these, a total of six values, three will lie close to each other; the average of these three values indicates the Mg content. With this Mg content one can determine the Al and Ca contents in the diagrams. This röntgenographic method meets with difficulties when there do not occur certain proportions of Al and Ca in the orthopyroxene. Then there may be present two groups of three Mg's which lie close together (see Table 9). In such cases of doubt one must use the optical method to determine the Mg content. By substitution of Fe for Mg, Nz changes strongly, the unit cell dimensions do not, however, and neither do the relative distances. The Al and Ca contents then may be determined by the röntgenographic method. By substitution of Al and Ca for Mg, the unit cell dimensions change strongly and with them the relative distances between the reflections, which are very sensitive. The variation in the relative distance between the reflections mentioned has been explained by means of a crystal model of enstatite (see figs. 12 and 13). This variation results from the substitution of Fe, Al and Ca for Mg and of Al for Si. The substitution of Fe for Mg increases the unit cell dimensions only slightly so that the shape of the unit cell also changes little. The substitution of Ca for Mg has a great influence on the a- and the c dimension, which both become much greater. The substitution of Al for Mg and of Al for Si strongly decreases the b dimension. These changes in the unit cell occur because all substituting ions have a different ionic radius from Mg and moreover because in the structure of enstatite two kinds of Mg ions occur with altogether different positions and which are linked with the tetrahedra in very different ways. Since the relative distance in millimeters between certain reflections depends on the camera and radiation used, in Tables 7a, 7b and 7c these distances are stated for a few types of camera and radiation. In addition the differences between the lattice spacings of these reflections are given in Ångström units. The clinopyroxenes. — In this thesis the optical investigation on clinopyroxenes consists of a description of the specimens, both macroscopieally and microscopically and a determination of 2 V and Z \u039b c. For a few clinopyroxenes the values of Nz and Nx have also been determined. The described clinopyroxenes are subdivided in a number of groups; this classification is based upon the chemical composition (see p. 224). It turned out that the optical properties of the röntgenographically investigated clinopyroxenes do not differ much from the data mentioned in the literature about this group of minerals (see fig. 20 and Table 10). The chemical investigation is restricted to the analysis of a few clinopyroxenes; the results are stated in Table 11. On the basis of difference in position and intensity of certain reflections in the X-ray powder diagrams a classification in four groups has been established for the clinopyroxenes. Group B 1 (figs. 21 and 23) The group includes, hedenbergite, diopside, augite and diallage. Group B 2 (figs. 21 and 23) Pigeonite belongs to this group. Group B 3 (figs. 21 and 22) This group includes, aegirite and jadeite. Group B 4 (figs. 21 and 22) Spodumene belongs to this group. No sharp limits can be drawn between these groups and transitions may exist between some of these groups, as between groups B 1 and B 2 and also between groups B 1 and B 3. Through lack of clinoenstatite and ferrosilite samples we could not check whether any more groups may be distinguished. Of each of these groups the principal features are discussed on p. 245. Each group has its own characteristic reflection pattern; the similarity between these patterns, however, is great enough to conclude that all the investigated clinopyroxenes have a similar structure. The grouping of the X-ray powder diagrams agrees in the main with the classification of the pyroxenes according to the chemical composition. The chemical composition of the different clinopyroxenes of the groups B 1 and B 2 may be determined by a combined optical and röntgenographic investigation. This combination is necessary because the substitution of Fe for Mg has practically no influence on the dimensions of the unit cell, but it does have on the refractive indices. On the other hand the substitution of Ca for Mg strongly influences the shape of the unit cell. For the different clinopyroxenes of groups B1 and B 2 the variation of the relative distance in millimeters between the reflections 2 2 0 and 2 2 1, the reflections 2 2 1 and 3 1 0 and the reflections 1 3 1 and 2 2 1 is plotted against the chemical composition in figs. 25 and 26. From these diagrams one may determine the chemical composition by measuring the relative distances mentioned, on the X-ray powder diagrams. In figs. 27, 28 and 29 the relation between the chemical composition and the difference between the lattice spacings of the reflections in question in Å can be seen. Further Tables 16a, 16b and 16c indicate the distances between these reflections for a few types of camera and radiation. The X-ray powder diagrams of the alkali pyroxenes can be distinguished from those of the other pyroxenes, while they also show great mutual differences. It may be noted, however, that transitions between these pyroxenes always are possible. The powder diagram of spodumene has its own character, so that this pyroxene can be distinguished very simply from the other pyroxenes by the röntgenographic method. The X-ray investigation on clinopyroxenes is not yet completed, because much can still be done, for instance in the jadeite-diopside-aegirite field.

Description: In seiner Bearbeitung einiger von Glaziou in Brasilien gesammelten Convolvulaceen beschreibt Dammer (I) u.a. zwei neue Prevostea-Arten, P. capitata und P. sphaerocephala, welche der Beschreibung nach auffallende Unterschiede aufweisen mit den anderen Arten dieses Genus. Auch Dammer selbst spricht, wenigstens für P. capitata, schon die Vermutung aus, es handele sich hier um Repräsentanten eines selbständigen Genus oder vielleicht einer neuen Sektion von Prevostea, weil er aufmerkt: „An Genus novum? An sectio nova generis Prevosteae, inflorescentia bene distincta?” Aus einer Untersuchung der beiden Arten, welche die Direktion des Berliner Herbariums mir freundlichst zum Studium überliess, stellte sich nun heraus, dass wir die beiden Arten der Beschaffenheit der Blüte nach bei Bonamia unterbringen müssen. Hinsichtlich der Unterschiede zwischen Prevostea und Bonamia bemerkt Hallier (2, S. 530), dass ersteres Genus sich von Bonamia unterscheidet durch „die beiden aüszeren, groszen, fein netzaderigen, häutigen, durchscheinenden, kreisherzförmigen Kelchblätter”. Bei den zwei Dammerschen Arten entsprechen die beiden äusseren Kelchblätter dieser Beschreibung keineswegs. Sie sind nicht auffallend verschieden von den anderen und zeigen eine Form, welche sich vielmehr an die vieler Bonamia-Arten anschliesst. Wohl treten im Habitus der Pflanzen einige Unterschiede mit den anderen Arten dieses Genus auf, besonders hinsichtlich der zu Köpfchen am Ende der Zweige gehäuften Blüten. Vergleichen wir dieses Merkmal nun aber mit den Verhältnissen welche sich bei anderen Gattungen der Familie auftun, wie bei Evolvulus und Jacquemontia, dann stellt sich heraus, dass auch hier Arten auftreten mit köpfchen- bis ährenförmigem Blütenstand. In meiner Monographie der Gattung Evolvulus (5) habe ich schon auf diese Spezialisation in der Beschaffenheit des Blütenstandes hingewiesen. Die Arten dreier Sektionen zeigen hier das genannte Merkmal. Diese Arten sind hauptsächlich auf Brasilien beschränkt, wo sie in den Campos Vorkommen. Auch bei Ipomoea besteht die Tendenz zur Bildung endständiger, ährenförmiger Blütenstände. Als Beispiel nenne ich Ipomoea echioides Choisy und I. Pohlii Choisy. Unten werde ich noch die Gelegenheit haben auch bei Jacquemontia auf ähnliche Verhältnisse hinzuweisen.

Description: The genus Thoracostachyum was described in 1869 by S. Kurz in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. XXXVIII, part 2, p. 75 and based upon Lepironia sumatrana and L. bancana of Miquel. We are justified to accept the first-mentioned species as the type-species of the genus. It is true, that Kurz published the name Thoracostachys bancana five years earlier in the „Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië” XXVII (1864), p. 224, but this name is not valid, as it was published as a nomen nudum, without a generic or specific description and even without citing the synonym Lepironia bancana Miq. In Recueil des Travaux botaniques néerlandais, Vol. XXXII (1935) p. 184 and Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium te Utrecht, nr. 16 (1935), p. 184 I splitted of the genus Paramapania, characterized by its leafless scapes, small bracts and some, less conspicuous, floral characteristics. The remaining part of the genus is rather homogeneous, as may be seen from the diagnosis.

Description: The present investigation has been carried out in the “Botanisch Museum en Herbarium” of the University of Utrecht. I wish to render to Dr. A. Pulle, the Director of the Institute, my most sincere thanks for the facilities afforded to me and for the interest in the progress of this work. I am also greatly indebted to the Directors of the Berlin-Dahlem, Brussels, Göttingen, Leiden and Paris Herbaria and to the members of their staff for the opportunity of studying in these Institutes the collections entrusted to their care and for their helpful advice. Special words of thanks are due to Dr. O. C. Schmidt (Berlin-Dahlem), Dr. R. Benoist (Paris) and Dr. Exell (South Kensington). To Mr. Wilmott (South Kensington) I am obliged for the information he gave me with regard to the genus Persea, and to Dr. Hochreutiner (Geneva) for the loan of the type specimen of Ocotea vernicosa. To the Brussels, Berlin-Dahlem, Göttingen, Kew, Leiden and Paris Herbaria I am indebted for the loan of specimens which I needed for the solution of various special problems.

Description: Prom the time of CORREA DE SERRA (1805), MIRBEL. (1813), DE JUSSIEU (1815), ROEMER (1846), BAILLON (1855), and OLIVER (1861), a great stress is laid upon the number of stamens, locules, and ovules to the primary classification of the Rutaceae-Aurantioideae, but the importance of the presence of an inflorescence and its reduction of the number of flowers, the pinnate leaf and its reduction of the number of leaflets, venation of the leaf, its conspicuousness and the construction, the origin and development of the wing upon the rachis and the petiole, the number and the nature of thorns upon the branches, the fundamental number of the floral organs and its increase or decrease, the formation of pulp vesicles, the hardening of the rind of fruits, and other points affecting the universal affinity of plants as a whole, have been quite neglected in the past, the consideration of which would have helped the orderly development of the taxonomy of the subfamily. It is clear that the increased number of the floral organs and the development of the pulp vesicles are undoubtedly very important systematic features of the subfamily, but such are those out of many significant characteristics which take part in the classification of the whole group. A character like the increase or decrease of the number of locules, for instance, can occur even within one genus, as in the well-known case of Citrus and Fortunella. The ovules may be single, or binary, either superposed or collateral, or otherwise numerous in uni-, or biseriate arrangement: the gradation of this character is also continuous, as in the case of Merope Triphasia, and Wenzelia, all having similar floral characteristics but the last only has biseriate ovules. Unquestionably, the biseriate character is derived from collateral arrangement which is commoner in rather advanced groups. The increase of the number of filaments more than ten, occurs also in tribes not closely related, as Aegle (also Feroniella, and Balsamocitrus Section Afraegle), Oxanthera, and Citrus (also Poncirus and Fortunella), but the true pleiotaxy of stamens occurs only in Aegle and in the Section Citrophorum of the genus Citrus. The pulp-vesicle formation is also seen in various tribes widely divergent from each other, such as Aegleae-Swingleinae (Swinglea), Lavangeae (Pleiospermium), Atalantieae (Atakmtia and Severinia), Microcitreae (Microcitrus, Eremocitrus, Monanthocitrus and Pleurocitrus), Aurantieae-Citropsinae (Citropsis), and Aurantieae-Citrinae (Poncirus, Citrus and Fortunella). It is very clear that the starting point of the subfamily is represented by Micromelum and Glycosmis, both having pinnate leaves with alternate leaflets and unwinged rachis, many-flowered inflorescences, an ovary with less than 5 locules and one or two superposed ovules in each locule. Having dry fruits and contortuplicate cotyledons, Micromelum forms the most primitive tribe Micromeleae, somewhat analogous to the Rutoideae-Cusparieae of tropical America. The genera Glycosmis, Murraya and Clausena, altogether forming the tribe Clauseneae, have fleshy fruit, plano-convex cotyledons and unarmed branches with pinnate leaves, resembling the Micromelum in general appearance of the plant. It is worthy of note that the great reduction of the number of leaflets is seen in such species, as Micromelum diversifolium MIQ., Clausena Guillauminii TANAKA, and Murraya stenocarpa TANAKA (= Chalcas stenocarpa TANAKA) , and the alate rachis is found in Clausena Wallichii OLIV., C. Guillauminii TANAKA and Murraya alata DRAKE. The reduction of the number of locules in Murraya is also to be noted. No thorn-bearing plants occur in these tribes, except in the doubtful species, Clausena impunctata HIERN, which has curved paired axillary spines, almost entirely opposite leaflets, and a distinctly winged rachis. The gradation of this tribe into the next tribe Aegleae, having hard-shelled fruits, is seen in the Malayan genus Merrillia, which has large flowers, reminding of Murraya (Subgen. Euchalcas TANAKA), and a winged rachis like M. alata, mentioned above.

Description: Tuber et folium non videmus; unam spadicem glabram tantum videmus. Cataphylla 3 oblongo-lanceolata, 33, 19, 17 em longa, 6.7, 2.8, 4.5 cm lata, apice obtusa, duo ut apparet basi, unum (brevissimum) pedunculi apice affixa. Pedunculus 4.5 cm longus et i. v. 2.1 cm (i. s. 1.9 cm) crassus. Spatha 25 cm longa, late campanulata, basi convoluta, margine laciniata, marginem versus valde plicata, intus basin versus purpurea (?) et minute papillosa, supra pallidior, laciniae inaequales usque ad 9 cm longae. Spadix quam spatha duplo longior, 45 cm longa; inflorescentia feminea cylindrica, circ. 5.5 cm longa, 2.5—2.8 cm crassa; mascula arete contigua basi paulo constricta, circ. 5 cm longa, 2—2.5 cm crassa; appendix 36 cm longa, anguste cylindrica, sensim attenuata; flores masculini plus quam flores feminei congesti. Ovarium globosum sessile, 3-loculare, apice in stylum attenuatum; stylus ovario subaequilongus vel (paulo) longior; stigma non vel obscure 2-lobata. Stamen solitarium circ. 1 mm longum, 2 mm latum; antherae adnatae apice 2 poris dehiscentes. Celebes: N. Celebes, Bolaang-Mongondou, Modajag, 750 m in alt., in forest (leg. W. KAUDERN 243, Oct. 1917, type spec, in Herb. Stockholm).

Description: During the study of the Xyridaceae of the Malaysian area it was desirable to study those of Australia and Continental Asia as well. The Malaysian species now have, in the meantime, been published (Flora Malesiana, ser. 1, 4, 1953, 366—376). To the new taxa described in Blumea 7, 1953, 307—308 the Latin diagnoses of the following new species and a new section may here be added: 1. Xyris linifolia van Royen, nov. spec. — Fig. 1. Herba mediocris, ad 40 cm alta. Folia subulata, ad 25 cm longa, c. 1 cm diam., subfalcata, acuta, sparse papillata; vaginae 6—8 cm longae, basi 3—6 mm latae; ligula brevis acuta c. 1 mm longa. Scapus 20—40 cm, c. 1 mm diam., teretiusculus, 2- vel pluricostatus, minute papillatus. Capitula ovoidea ad globosa, pauciflora, ad 7 X 6 mm, bracteae basales suborbiculares, 4.5—5.5 X 3.5—4 mm, obtusae, enerves, in parte superiori minute papillatae, papillis arcum triangularem formantibus, medianae obovatae, 6—6.5 X 4.5—5 mm, nervosae, nervis nervo mediano et uno nervo completo in costae utroque latere orto ad bracteae apicem laxe reticulato compositis, in parte mediana superiori minute papillatae, papillis aream suborbicularem formantibus. Flores masculini ignoti, florum femineorum sepala lateralia angusta, 5.5—6.5 X c. 1.5 mm, acutiuscula, emarginata, ecristata, alata, alis sat latis, sepalum medianum cucullatum, 4.5—5 X c. 2 mm, binerve. Petala nondum evoluta limbo orbiculari 4 mm longo et lato munita, margine serrata, unguiculo c. 2 mm. Stamina c. 3 mm, antherae c. 2 mm, apice profunde emarginatae, basi apiceque obtusae thecis emarginatis. Staminodia 2.5—3 mm, penicillata bifida? Ovarium incomplete cognitum, stylus 4.5—5 mm (vel longior?), trifidus, ramificationibus c. 2.5 mm, apice capitatis. Capsula ignota. Typus: Smiles s. n. in K. Distr.: Siam — in open grassland near base of Mt Kau. This species differs from all Malaysian species except X. borneensis in the terete leaves and the three complete nerves of the bracts. Though the leaves of X. borneensis are also terete, the bracts are provided with numerous complete nerves. Moreover, the lateral sepals in X. borneensis are ciliate, those of X. linifolia smooth and entire. In its anthers the present species resembles X. ridleyi, X. pauciflora, X. borneensis, X. capensis, X. complanata etc., the anthers being deeply incised at the top and the thecae emarginate. 2. Xyris nigromucronata van Royen, nov. spec. — Fig. 2. Herba annua parva, ad 6 cm alta. Folia linearia, 1—2.5 cm X c. 1 mm, mucronata, apice nigra et pilis robustis paucis hispida, anguste bi-alata, alis tenuiter et sparse papillatis, in parte basali elliptica in sectione transversa, apice incrassata et triangularia in sectione transversa, vaginae 3— 6 cm longae, apice pilis multis albis munitae, margine membranacea, marginibus pedunculi basin includentibus, pedunculo ligula biloba pilis destituta praedito. Scapus ad 6 cm longus, subangularis, valde obscure alatus, alis 1 vel 2, proxime infra capitulum elatus ubi 3- vel 4-alatus. Capitula oblongo-ellipsoidea, c. 7 X 5 mm, bracteae omnes cristatae, basales ovatae, c. 6.5 X 3 mm, sat brunneo-nigrae, mucronatae, mucrone ad 2.5 mm longa, cristata, nigra, crista pallide flava in parte apicali tantum tenuiter et sparse papillata, medianae subcirculares ad panduriformes, 4—5 X 2—5 mm, margine sat brunneo-nigrae, uninerves, nervo completo laevi, in parte basali membranaceae. Sepala lateralia naviculata, fere ad apicem connata, c. 5 X 1 mm, membranacea ecristata. Petala 6, alba, 6—7 mm longa, unguiculata, ungui 4—5 mm, arcte cohaerentia et quasi tubulosa, limbo elliptico-oblongo, obtuso, c. 2 X 0.8 mm. Stamina 6, c. 1.2 mm, antheris ovoideis, c. 0.6 mm, truncatis, emarginatis thecae basi obtusae; filamenta subulata, c. 0.6 mm. Staminodia desunt. Ovarium subovoideum ad ellipsoideum, c. 2 X 1 mm, trilobum, in parte basali 3-, in parte superiori 1-loculare, stigmatibus 3 terminatum. Capsula ovario similis, sed ad 3 X 1.5 mm metiens; semina sparse papillatae. Typus: Pritzel 635 a in L. Distr.: Australia — in scrub between Moore and Murchinson river. This specimen was found mixed with Stylidium bulbiferum Benth. var. septentrionale Mild braed in Pritzel 635. Therefore it is separated from that species under 635 a. This highly characteristic species differs from all other species of Xyris by the fimbriate top of the sheath, the united lateral sepals (also found in the Brasilian X. obtusiuscula Nilsson), the 6 united petals, the 6 stamens (also once found by the author in X. bancana Miquel), the more or less campylotropous ovules, the entire style, and the papillate curved seeds. Moreover, the flowers seem to be white but owing to the dried material it can not be stated for certain whether this is the proper colour. These details warrant the establishment of a separate section in Xyris, Australoxyris with the following Latin diagnosis: Xyris Linnaeus, sect. Australoxyris van Royen, nov. sect. Folia apice in sectione transversa triangularia, vaginae exteriores apice ciliatae, flores capitati; sepala lateralia maxime connata; petala 6, connata; stamina 6; stylus simplex; ovarium in parte basali 3-loculare, in parte superiori 1-loculare; ovula plus minusve campylotropa; semina papillata. Typus: Xyris nigromucronata van Royen.

Description: In thinsections of tertiary limestones from Borneo I studied numerous specimens of a new genus of foraminifera showing an interesting and rather complicated structure. The material belongs to the Geological Survey of the Netherlands East Indies („Dienst van den Mijnbouw in Nederlandsch Indië”) at Bandoeng, Java. Syntypes 1) are in the palaeontological collection of the „Instituut voor Mijnbouwkunde” at Delft. My thanks are due to Mr. A.C. de Jongh, formerly director of the geological survey in the East Indies, who kindly lent me these rocks.

Description: The present paper deals with the results of my investigations on the Tenebrionidae of the Leeward Group and the xerophilous regions of Venezuela and Colombia. I am much indebted to Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck for giving me the opportunity to study the material he collected during his trips to this area. Some other specimens used were collected by the present writer himself. Material for comparison has been obtained through the courtesy of several people, particularly the Director of the British Museum (N.H.), Mr H. Kulzer (Frey collection, Munich), and Prof. E. Tortonese (Museum of Zoology, Turin University), to all of whom I am deeply obliged. In particular I also wish to thank Prof. E. Gridelli, Director of the Natural History Museum, Trieste, to whom I am greatly indebted for his constant help and advice in my work, and to Prof. R. Malaroda, of the Institute of Geology, Padua University, for the useful criticism about my geological considerations. Not the last, I would express my gratitude to Dr E. MacC.Callan of the I.C.T.A. (Trinidad, B.W.I.) for the communication of material of that Institute. — The photographs were made by Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, with the expert assistance of Mr H. van Kooten, at the Zoological Laboratory of the State University, Utrecht. The material has been deposited with the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam and the State Museum at Leyde. The material indicated as “Marcuzzi leg.” is included in author’s private collection, excepting some specimens which have been given to the Biological Department of the Caracas University, Venezuela.

Description: § 1. In this study only those folds as observed in the upper sedimentary layers of the Earth’s crust will be treated. Even with this restriction the subject is still so complicated, that we must narrow the scope to be able to treat it from a theoretical point of view. Hence we will confine ourselves to simple folds as synclines and anticlines, leaving alone those intricate structures generally known as Alpine folding. On the other hand faults connected with folding are such a common feature that any theory that does not take them into account will be valueless. Folding is the result of tangential forces acting at unknown depth. Only in very few instances we have some idea at what depth the force is active. In the Jura mountains for instance we know that the sedimentary layer must have been pushed over its granite basement rock, as it has glided over the granite on a very incompetent layer of Anhydrite. But such knowledge of the total depth of a system of folds is an exception.

Description: The Moraceous genus Clarisia was described by Ruiz et Pavon in 1794 in ”Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus” p. 128. This generic name must be rejected, if it is not placed on the list of Nomina Generica Conservanda, as in 1792 there had already been published a genus of this name by Pedro Abat In the list of genera recommended for placing on the list of Nomina Generica Conservanda (Kew Bulletin 1935 pp. 341-544). Mr. Weatherby mentions Clarisia R. et P. I quote here what he writes on Clarisia Abat: „Placed by Sprengel, L. Gen. Pl. ed. 9, I. 202 (1830) in synonymy under Anredera Juss. (1789). He has apparently been followed by all subsequent authors who have noticed the name at all. I have not seen Abat’s publication. If the date is correctly given by Dalla Torre & Harms and the genus adequately published, Clarisia R. & P. must be conserved if it is to be retained. ”As far as can be judged from literature no botanists have seen Abat’s publication. This is not to be wondered, as Abat’s paper was published in a scarcely spread periodical. I have tried to obtain this periodical in the Netherlands, in London and Paris but nowhere I could get hold of it. Thanks to the kind assistance of Prof. Cuatrecasas of Madrid I could receive a copy of this paper and a photograph of the plate from the original in the library at Sevilla. Abat’s paper was published in ”Memorias de la Real Sociedad de Medicina, y Demas Ciencias de Sevilla, Tomo Decimo. 1792. pp. 418- 438”. The name of the periodical was cited by Sprengel as ”Acta etc.” The word ’Acta’ does not occur in the completely copied title of the periodical which I received from Prof. Cuatrecasas, so apparently Sprengel must have been mistaken. The publication is a communication made by Pedro Abat, Correspondiente del Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, y Socio Botanico, to the Society mentioned in the title of the periodical. Abat begins his paper with a statement of the necessity of great exactness in the decription of plants which is of course still true and especially for the plants we are dealing with in this paper. Therefore I have started my present paper with the same words as Abat did nearly 150 years ago. In the first part of his paper, Abat gives an account of the literature dealing with his plant. He quotes the words of Hans Sloane on Fagopyrum scandens and concludes from Sloane’s description that it is the same species as he (Abat) demonstrated before the Society. Then he writes extensively on Linné’s Polygonum scandens L. His conclusion from the description of Linnaeus is that Polygonum scandens L. is not Sloane’s Fagopyrum scandens, though Linné placed the latter in synonymy under his Polygonum scandens. Sloane’s plant of which he shew a living specimen, is according to him quite different from Polygonum scandens L. from which he had brought a herbarium specimen.

Description: 1. The following definition is proposed for the term Savannah. Savannahs are plains in the West Indian Islands and Northern South America covered with more or less xeromorph herbs and small shrubs and with few trees or larger shrubs. 2. It is suggested that the Suriname Savannahs have originated from Tropical Rain Forest, modified by Edaphic and Climatic conditions. The Edaphic Conditions being the main influence. 3. This new vegetation is liable to damage by fire, and this gives rise to the true savannah vegetation, which is a „fire climax”. 4. A description and species lists are given of Savannahs near Zanderij I, Brownsweg, Sectie O and between Moengo tapoe and Albina. 5. The vegetation of these savannahs seems to be most closely related to that of the French Guiana Savannahs. 6. A general description of the Swamps in the Western part of Suriname is given. Three main „associations” are recognized. The Typha angustifolia L. — Cyperns giganteus Vahl Swamp, the Cyperus articulatus L. Swamp and the Homalocenchrus hexandrus (Sw.) Kuntze — Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Hitch. Swamp. 7. Species lists are given of the Swamps near Nieuw Nickerie and near Coronie. 8. Species lists are given of the aquatic vegetation in the open water of these swamps.

Description: Verrucaria maas-geesterani Servít sp. n. (fig. 1). Thallus epilithinus, maculas 1—4 cm latas formans, atrofuscescens, H2O ater, sat tenuis, continuus vel h. i. imperfecte rimulosus, superficie verruculis atris 0.03 mm latis ± tecta et levissime asperata, protothallo indistincto. Stratum corticale usque ad cca 20 μ altum, p.p. pallidum usque ad fuscum, p.p. nigrum, cellulis in partibus pallidioribus ut in strato basali, in partibus atris ad 4 μ in diam. Stratum algarum 40—80 μ altum, prosoplectenchymaticum, cellulis 4—6 μ altis, 3—4 μ latis, algis 6—12 μ altis, 4—6 μ latis, in seriebus sat distinctis verticalibus, incoloratum, maculis obscuris interruptum. Stratum basale fusco-atrum vel carbonaceum, usque ad 60 μ altum, supra cum maculis obscuris strati algarum concrescens.

Description: Chloothamnus BUSE ap. MIQUEL, Pl. Jungh. 1854, 386 — Oreiostachys GAMBLE ap. KOORDERS, Verh. Kon. Ak. Wet. 16, 1908, 657.. Hab.: Malay Archipelago. 1. C. chilianthus BUSE, l.c., type species of the genus — Schizostachyum chilianthum (BUSE) KURZ, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 39, ii, 1870, 88 — non Melocanna gracilis KURZ ap. MUNRO, Transact. Linn. Soc. 26, 1866, nec Schizostachyum chilianthum in GAMBLE, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 7, 1896, 116, pl. 101. Hab.: Sumatra (Angkola 300—900 m). 2. C. elegantissimus (HASSK.) HENR., nov. comb. — Bambusa elegantissima HASSK., Pl. jav. rar. 1848, 42 — Beesha elegantissima (HASSK.) KURZ ap. MUNRO , l.c. 1866 — Schizostachyum elegantissimum (HASSK.) KURZ, l.c. 1870, 90. Hab.: W. Java (Preanger, 1500—1600 m). Remark: Possibly identic with the preceding species. 3. C. Schlechteri (PILG.) HENR., nov. comb. — Oreiostachys Schlechteri PILG., Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 52, 1914, 74. Hab.: N.E. New Guinea (Dischore, 1300 m).

Description: Although this journal is more particularly destined to contain the results of taxonomical and geographical studies, it may sometimes provide accomodation for subjects of a different, though kindred nature. The more so, when an item is concerned, which is, in some way or another, closely allied to the editing institution. The apparently long-forgotten XVth Century MS., rediscovered in the library of the Rijksherbarium, is therefore a worthy subject for a series of papers under the general title proposed above. It has been carefully transponed into modern type, as may appear from the quotations given. Both the entire rewritten MS. and the original may be consulted in the Rijksherbarium and I avail myself of this opportunity to request the interest and, if possible, the cooperation of anyone, who may know something to solve the problem of its origin.

Description: Mr. BRASS’S New Guinea collection has yielded valuable data to our knowledge of the Verbenaceae. He discovered one new genus (Archboldia), 3 new species (Clerodendron Brassii, C. populneum and Premna inaequilateralis) and some interesting additions to the area’s of earlier described species, among which the rediscovery of Faradaya chrysoclada, and the discovery of two species new for South New Guinea (Premna sessilifolia and Teysmanniodendron bogoriense) and of one more for the whole island ( Glossocarya Hemiderma).

Description: Exbucklandia R. W. Brown ( Bucklandia R. Br. non Pr. ex Sternb., Symingtonia Steen.) In an article on “Alterations in some fossil and living floras” (J. Wash. Ac. Sc. 36: 348. Oct. 1946) R. W. Brown proposed the new generic name Exbucklandia for the Hamamelidaceous genus Bucklandia R. Br., non Pr. ex Sternb., while describing a new fossil species from the United States. He also transferred B. populnea to the new genus. Unfortunately I had overlooked this publication when proposing Symingtonia to replace Bucklandia R. Br. (Acta Bot. Neerl. 1: 443—444. 1952). Exbucklandia will have to be accepted for it in future. The Indo-Chinese species B. tonkinensis Lecomte should be referred to as Exbucklandia tonkinensis (Lecomte) Steen. comb. nov. I have to thank Dr E. H. Walker for pointing my attention to R. W. Brown’s paper.

Description: This charming and handy book printed on excellent paper, with its numerous clear pictures of well-known Malayan plants, reminds one in many ways of Merrill’s “Plant Life of the Pacific World” (MacMillan 1946, New York), which has perhaps served Prof. Holttum as an example. Its size being only slightly smaller than Merrill’s book and the area covered being very considerably smaller, its descriptions of plants are naturally more detailed; the more so as only a choice has been made, in which the special interests of the author — ferns, orchids, gingers — are evident though not predominant. The plants described are not regionally arranged. The 17 chapters are rather headed by names of life-forms, striking organs, and special habitats. As is pointed out in the Preface, the book is “intended primarily for the Malayan resident who wishes to begin a study of Malayan plants”. In this purpose the book will doubtless prove to be a success: the reader is gradually taught quite a bit of botany of various fields, morphology, anatomy, ecology, hybridisation, etc. These are demonstrated at plants which are within easy reach of the ordinary layman for which it is destined. Short opening and concluding chapters deal with general features of tropical plants and with the Malayan forest. Since the author is a well-known expert and the Malayan flora as here described is a very good example of any flora between, say, Calcutta and Fiji, it may well be useful to residents of many other countries as well.

Description: Archboldia, nov. gen. — Frutices; folia opposita; inflorescentiae terminales, paniculato-corymbosae, e cymis compositae; calyx plus minusve patens, infundibuliformis, 5-lobatus; corolla exserta, ventricoso-cylindrica, utrinque glabra, aetinomorpha, breviter 5-lobata; stamina 4 alternipetalia, introrsa, dorsifixa haud exserta, monodynamia, corollae paulo sub fauce inserta, breviter filamentosa; ovarium 4-sulcatum, bicarpellatum, imperfecte 4-loculatum, ovula 4 anatropa placentis basi-parietalibus inflexis affixa; stylus haud exsertus, stigmate subulato; cetera desunt. Though the material is very scanty and not very well preserved, we may suppose with some probability that this is the representative of a new genus. It cannot be combined with any Verbenaceous genus thusfar known from Malaysia, New Guinea, Australia or Polynesia, being particularly distinguished by its peculiarly glabrous, inflate and actinomorphous corolla and its mododynamous and very short stamens. These features remind somewhat of certain Ericaceae, hence the specific name, chosen for the only species known at the time.

Description: The Netherlands Antilles may be divided into: (1) The Curaçao Group (or Netherlands Leeward Islands): Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire. (2) The St. Martin Group (or Netherlands Windward Islands): (Netherlands) St. Maarten, Saba and St. Eustatius. The latter islands are very small, forming together only 8.1 per cent of the total area of the Netherlands Antilles, and 2.2 per cent of its population. The Curaçao Group often has a desert-like aspect with a “tropical dry-forest” vegetation. Therefore on these islands the mosquito pest is nothing like so bad as it usually is in the tropics. There are few permanent breeding places, except man-made receptacles in and around the houses to store rainwater or well-water in as the Government waterworks do not always produce sufficient and adequate water. The St. Martin Group has a higher rainfall and a more abundant vegetation. In the preceding pages the morphological characteristics which are of taxonomic value have been described. Keys to the mosquitoes, their classification, their geographical distribution and their biology observed in the Netherlands Antilles have been given. Mosquitoes may be spread by automobiles, ships and airplanes on the islands. Fortunately, all airplanes from foreign airports and St. Maarten are sprayed on Curaçao and Aruba. Except this measure little was done before 1951 to control mosquitoes, except in the areas occupied by the oil companies. An anti-Aëdes aegypti campaign was initiated on Curaçao in October 1951 and on Aruba in March 1952 (residual DDT house spraying and larviciding). Because of the paucity of mosquito records of the Netherlands Antilles a rather thorough survey was made on Curaçao from 1941- 1947, while the other islands were visited only for a short time. At the moment 20 species are known from the Netherlands Antilles. Anopheles pseudopunctipennis pseudopunctipennis was found on Curaçao and rarely on Aruba, and An.albimanus once on St. Maarten, but never an indigenous case of malaria has been reported from the Netherlands Antilles. The larvae of An. pseudopunctipennis were found in earth-lined breeding places, but also frequently in manmade receptacles. Nearly all these breeding places contained clear, fresh or slightly brackish water with green algae; the majority were sunlit. Though the females of An.pseudopunctipennis attacked man, they were more attracted to animals. Culex quinquefasciatus was a common domestic pest mosquito on all of the islands. Though it often bred in earth-lined breeding places, it was found more frequently in man-made receptacles. The water was fresh or slightly brackish and usually polluted. Wuchereriasis bancrofti prevailed at a low rate on the Curaçao Group (4.2%, of which at least 2.7% was indigenous) and at a higher rate on the St. Martin Group (10.3% of which at least 5.1% was autochthonous). Elephantiasis was very rare. Aëdes aegypti was the most common domestic pest mosquito on both groups of islands. It was usually caught in clear, fresh water in man-made receptacles in or around human dwellings. The females bit in the daytime and at night. Several epidemics of yellow fever occurred in the previous century; the last one was on Curaçao in 1901. The last sporadic case occurred on Curaçao in 1914. Dengue was very common in newcomers from non-endemic areas. Haemagogus anastasionis was collected on Curaçao and rarely on Aruba. The larvae were mainly found in tree holes after occasional rains. All the breeding places contained dark brown rainwater with a layer of humus. The bite of the female is painful. Fortunately it has not been incriminated as a vector of jungle yellow fever. Besides, there are no wild monkeys on the Netherlands Antilles. Wyeomyia celaenocephala was found in various species of bromeliads on the Christoffelberg on Curaçao. The females will bite fiercely in the jungle. Uranotaenia lowii was collected from a pond on Bonaire. Aëdes taeniorhynchus was mainly caught in stagnant, sunlit beach pools with clear, dark brown, brackish water on Curaçao, and once in a well on Saba. The females are severe biters. Aëdes busckii was found in a tree hole on St. Eustatius. Psorophora cyanescens was reported from Aruba only once. Psorophora confinnis bred in rock holes and other earth-lined breeding places, and rarely in man-made receptacles on the Curaçao Group. The majority of the breeding places were temporary and sunlit, and contained clear or turbid rainwater. The females are fierce biters. They entered houses. Psorophora pygmaea was collected from a ditch on St. Maarten. Deinocerites cancer was mainly found in crab holes on both groups of islands. The water of the breeding places was turbid and brackish. Adults lived in the crab holes. Females did not bite the author. Culex erraticus was caught in clear fresh water near the airport on Curaçao. Culex americanus was found in various bromeliads on the St. Martin Group. Culex bahamensis was collected from fresh or brackish water on the St. Martin Group. Culex habilitator adults and larvae were found in crab holes on St. Maarten. Culex maracayensis was caught in earth-lined breeding places and sometimes in concrete tanks and troughs on Curaçao. The water was usually clear, shaded and fresh or slightly brackish. Culex nigripalpus was collected near the airport on Curaçao from a temporary ground pool with rainwater. Megarhinus guadeloupensis was found once in a bromeliad on Saba.

Description: The border region between Coahuila and Zacatecas is part of the mountainous country south of Parras in northeastern Mexico. It includes a thickness of about 2,600 meters of Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks that were deposited along the northern border of the Mexican geosyncline along the southern margin of the Coahuila Peninsula massif. During early Tertiary time these sediments were compressed into folds parallel to the borders of the massif. The majority of the anticlines in the area mapped is overturned to the north. After the compressive stage a tensional stage developed and a system of tensional faults was formed. Block faulting found place on a large scale. A suggestion by de Sitter that some longitudinal faults may be comparable to schistosity planes in microfolds is tested in the horizontal outcrop pattern of this area, and no indications are found which could contradict this hypothesis. It is suggested that this horizontal outcrop pattern should also vary with the relative competency of the rock formation. The stratigraphic column is divided into formations. The Jurassic includes the Zuloaga limestone of Oxfordian age and the equivalent La Caja and La Casita formations of Kimmeridgian-Portlandian age. The Cretaceous from the base upward includes the Taraises formation of Lower Neocomian age, the Cupido limestone of upper Neocomian-lower Aptian age, the La Peña formation of upper Aptian-lower Albian age, the Aurora limestone of middle Albian age, the Indidura formation of upper Cenomanian-Turonian age, the Caracol formation of Coniacian age, and the Parras shale of Santonian age. The La Caja formation contains a variable amount of phosphorites, the genesis of which is discussed. The conclusion is reached that there are indications that this deposit had a biochemical mode of origin rather than a purely chemical one as advocated by Kazakov.

Description: Besides the Umbelliferae of the Netherlands Indies proper, also those of the Malay Peninsula and the non-Dutch parts of Borneo and New Guinea have been taken up in this revision. The materials examined belong to the following Herbaria: (B) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg. (BD) = the Herbarium of the Botanical Museum, Berlin\xe2\x80\x94Dahlem. (BM) = the Herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History, London. (E) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. (G) = the Herbarium of the University, Groningen. (K) \xe2\x80\x94 the Herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Kew. (L) = the National Herbarium (Rijksherbarium), Leiden. (NY) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, New York. (Pa) = the Herbarium of the Java Sugar Experiment Station, Pasoeroean. (S) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. (Sa) = the Herbarium of the Sarawak Museum, Kuching. (U) = the Herbarium of the University, Utrecht.\nMost of the herbarium materials were sent to Groningen to be examined there. Moreover I had the opportunity to work a few weeks in the Kew Herbarium and in that of the British Museum of Natural History in London.

Description: Of this series of preparations to the definite publication of the Burseraceae in \xe2\x80\x9cFlora Malesiana\xe2\x80\x9d, the present part is giving an additional note on VI. Garuga and dealing with the genera VII. Triomma, VIII. Dacryodes and IX. Santiria (and a new combination in Protium).\nThe present paper gives only additions to and alterations of Lam\xe2\x80\x99s monograph (H. J. Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., S\xc3\xa9r. 3, 12, 1932, 281\xe2\x80\x94 561); descriptions, synonyms, litterature, specimens cited, ecological and other notes are only mentioned insofar as they are not given by Lam.

Description: Exbucklandia R. W. Brown ( Bucklandia R. Br. non Pr. ex Sternb., Symingtonia Steen.) In an article on \xe2\x80\x9cAlterations in some fossil and living floras\xe2\x80\x9d (J. Wash. Ac. Sc. 36: 348. Oct. 1946) R. W. Brown proposed the new generic name Exbucklandia for the Hamamelidaceous genus Bucklandia R. Br., non Pr. ex Sternb., while describing a new fossil species from the United States. He also transferred B. populnea to the new genus. Unfortunately I had overlooked this publication when proposing Symingtonia to replace Bucklandia R. Br. (Acta Bot. Neerl. 1: 443\xe2\x80\x94444. 1952). Exbucklandia will have to be accepted for it in future. The Indo-Chinese species B. tonkinensis Lecomte should be referred to as Exbucklandia tonkinensis (Lecomte) Steen. comb. nov. I have to thank Dr E. H. Walker for pointing my attention to R. W. Brown\xe2\x80\x99s paper.

Description: Premna brongersmai, nov. spec. \xe2\x80\x94 Frutex? Ramuli teretes conspicue subdistanter lenticellati 0.3\xe2\x80\x940.5 cm crassi, internodia in specimine 7\xe2\x80\x9411 cm longa. Folia coriacea subrigida, decussatim opposita glaberrima petiolata, ovata vel oblongo-ovata vel subovata vel oblongo-lanceolata, basi plus minusve late rotundata, marginibus integra, apice abrupte vel subabrupte peracute acuminata, latiora 8.5\xe2\x80\x9411 X 4.7\xe2\x80\x945.7 cm, angustiora (in eodem specimine, ut apparet) 12\xe2\x80\x9414.5 X 4\xe2\x80\x944.5 cm ; nervi haud prominentes, costa media subtus prominente excepta; nervi secundarii graciles utrimque 5\xe2\x80\x947, curvati, margines versus diminuti haud confluentes, tertiarii pertenues subdistanter transversi, reticulatione minutissima areolata; petioli e basi incrassata 1\xe2\x80\x94 1.7 cm longi tenues. Inflorescentiae paniculatae terminales, partiales inferiores ex axillis foliorum parvorum, superiores ex axillis bractearum subulatarum 0.3\xe2\x80\x940.1 cm longarum ortae, totae 12\xe2\x80\x9417 cm longae, 17\xe2\x80\x9429 cm latae, partiales medianae longiores, e pedunculo gracili 10\xe2\x80\x9414 cm longae, pseudodichotomice late divaricatae, ramificationes ultimae dichasiales minute pubescentes. Flores parvi tetrameri subsessiles, alabastris pyriformibus, glabris; calyx glaber cupularis subbilabiatus, c. 0.25 cm altus, labio inferiore acute integro vel leviter acuto-bidentato, superiore 2 lobis majoribus acutis suffulto, calyx intus praecipue dimidio superiore multis glandulis in sicco opacis munitus; corolla in regione staminum insertionis tantum intus pilosa, cetera glabra, 0.4\xe2\x80\x940.45 cm alta, tubo subcylindrico 0.3\xe2\x80\x940.35 cm longo, limbo aestivatione cochleata subbilabiato, labio inferiore trilobo (lobo medio in alabastro ceteros tegente, 0.15 cm longo, rotundato, lateralibus 0.1 cm longis, subtruncatis), superiore integro 0.1 cm longo subtruncato, in alabastro omnino tecto; regio pilosa sub labio superiore paulo infirmior; stamina alternipetala in regione pilosa aequa altitudine inserta, subdidynamia, filamentis sub labio superiore paulo brevioribus in alabastro sigmoideo-sinuatis 0.2 cm longis, sub labio inferiore 0.25 cm longis, omnibus vittatis apice abrupte contractis filiformibus; antherae 0.05 X 0.1 cm, subreniformes, thecae poris ovatis dehiscentes; ovarium globosum glabrum 0.15 cm altum 4-loculatum, loculis uniovulatis; ovula longa apotropa medio affixa; stylus filiformis 0.25 cm longus, stigma bilobum, lobis acutis piano mediano patentibus. Fructus ignoti.\nShrub? Branchlets (all?) apparently long and drooping, 0.3\xe2\x80\x940.5 cm in diam.. Leaves decussate, entirely glabrous, ovate to ovate-oblong, base more or less broadly rounded, apex more or less abruptly and very acutely acuminate, margins entire, 8.5\xe2\x80\x9414.5 X 4\xe2\x80\x945.7 cm, nerves not prominent except midrib below, secondary ones 5\xe2\x80\x947, curved, reticulation minutely areolate between the almost inconspicuous transverse tertiary ones; petioles 1\xe2\x80\x941.7 cm long, incrassate at base. Inflorescences widely paniculate, terminal, 12\xe2\x80\x9417 cm long, 17\xe2\x80\x9429 cm broad, the lower partial panicles in the axils of ever smaller leaves, the upper ones in those of subulate bracts; ultimate ramifications dichasial, minutely pubescent. Flowers subsessile, 4-merous, glabrous but for a hair ring inside at the insertion of the filaments. Calyx cupular, more or less bilabiate, 0.25 cm high, lower lip entire or shallowly acutely bidentate, upper one with two larger acute teeth, inside with dispersed dark glands: corolla tube suibcylindrical 0.3\xe2\x80\x940.35 cm long, aestivation cochleate, slightly 2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed, midlobe rounded and 0.15 cm long, lateral ones subtruncate and 0.1 cm long; upper lip entire, 0.1 cm long, subtruncate. Stamens 4, subdidynamous, those below upper lip with slightly shorter filaments; filaments ribbon-shaped, 0.2 and 0.25 cm long respectively, subabruptly narrowed below the anther and ending into a very thin apex; anthers kidney-shaped, 0.05 X 0.1 cm, with two ovate pores; ovary globose, glabrous, 0.15 cm high, 4-celled, cells uniovulate, ovules long, apotropous, attached in the middle of the cell; style filiform, 0.25 cm long, stigma with two acute lobes spreading medianly. Fruits unknown.

Description: Mr. BRASS\xe2\x80\x99S New Guinea collection has yielded valuable data to our knowledge of the Verbenaceae. He discovered one new genus (Archboldia), 3 new species (Clerodendron Brassii, C. populneum and Premna inaequilateralis) and some interesting additions to the area\xe2\x80\x99s of earlier described species, among which the rediscovery of Faradaya chrysoclada, and the discovery of two species new for South New Guinea (Premna sessilifolia and Teysmanniodendron bogoriense) and of one more for the whole island ( Glossocarya Hemiderma).

Description: The present investigation has been carried out in the \xe2\x80\x9cBotanisch Museum en Herbarium\xe2\x80\x9d of the University of Utrecht. I wish to render to Dr. A. Pulle, the Director of the Institute, my most sincere thanks for the facilities afforded to me and for the interest in the progress of this work.\nI am also greatly indebted to the Directors of the Berlin-Dahlem, Brussels, G\xc3\xb6ttingen, Leiden and Paris Herbaria and to the members of their staff for the opportunity of studying in these Institutes the collections entrusted to their care and for their helpful advice. Special words of thanks are due to Dr. O. C. Schmidt (Berlin-Dahlem), Dr. R. Benoist (Paris) and Dr. Exell (South Kensington). To Mr. Wilmott (South Kensington) I am obliged for the information he gave me with regard to the genus Persea, and to Dr. Hochreutiner (Geneva) for the loan of the type specimen of Ocotea vernicosa. To the Brussels, Berlin-Dahlem, G\xc3\xb6ttingen, Kew, Leiden and Paris Herbaria I am indebted for the loan of specimens which I needed for the solution of various special problems.

Description: The Moraceous genus Clarisia was described by Ruiz et Pavon in 1794 in \xe2\x80\x9dFlorae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus\xe2\x80\x9d p. 128. This generic name must be rejected, if it is not placed on the list of Nomina Generica Conservanda, as in 1792 there had already been published a genus of this name by Pedro Abat In the list of genera recommended for placing on the list of Nomina Generica Conservanda (Kew Bulletin 1935 pp. 341-544). Mr. Weatherby mentions Clarisia R. et P. I quote here what he writes on Clarisia Abat: \xe2\x80\x9ePlaced by Sprengel, L. Gen. Pl. ed. 9, I. 202 (1830) in synonymy under Anredera Juss. (1789). He has apparently been followed by all subsequent authors who have noticed the name at all. I have not seen Abat\xe2\x80\x99s publication. If the date is correctly given by Dalla Torre & Harms and the genus adequately published, Clarisia R. & P. must be conserved if it is to be retained. \xe2\x80\x9dAs far as can be judged from literature no botanists have seen Abat\xe2\x80\x99s publication. This is not to be wondered, as Abat\xe2\x80\x99s paper was published in a scarcely spread periodical. I have tried to obtain this periodical in the Netherlands, in London and Paris but nowhere I could get hold of it. Thanks to the kind assistance of Prof. Cuatrecasas of Madrid I could receive a copy of this paper and a photograph of the plate from the original in the library at Sevilla. Abat\xe2\x80\x99s paper was published in \xe2\x80\x9dMemorias de la Real Sociedad de Medicina, y Demas Ciencias de Sevilla, Tomo Decimo. 1792. pp. 418- 438\xe2\x80\x9d. The name of the periodical was cited by Sprengel as \xe2\x80\x9dActa etc.\xe2\x80\x9d The word \xe2\x80\x99Acta\xe2\x80\x99 does not occur in the completely copied title of the periodical which I received from Prof. Cuatrecasas, so apparently Sprengel must have been mistaken. The publication is a communication made by Pedro Abat, Correspondiente del Real Jard\xc3\xadn Bot\xc3\xa1nico de Madrid, y Socio Botanico, to the Society mentioned in the title of the periodical.\nAbat begins his paper with a statement of the necessity of great exactness in the decription of plants which is of course still true and especially for the plants we are dealing with in this paper. Therefore I have started my present paper with the same words as Abat did nearly 150 years ago. In the first part of his paper, Abat gives an account of the literature dealing with his plant. He quotes the words of Hans Sloane on Fagopyrum scandens and concludes from Sloane\xe2\x80\x99s description that it is the same species as he (Abat) demonstrated before the Society. Then he writes extensively on Linn\xc3\xa9\xe2\x80\x99s Polygonum scandens L. His conclusion from the description of Linnaeus is that Polygonum scandens L. is not Sloane\xe2\x80\x99s Fagopyrum scandens, though Linn\xc3\xa9 placed the latter in synonymy under his Polygonum scandens. Sloane\xe2\x80\x99s plant of which he shew a living specimen, is according to him quite different from Polygonum scandens L. from which he had brought a herbarium specimen.

Description: In seiner Bearbeitung einiger von Glaziou in Brasilien gesammelten Convolvulaceen beschreibt Dammer (I) u.a. zwei neue Prevostea-Arten, P. capitata und P. sphaerocephala, welche der Beschreibung nach auffallende Unterschiede aufweisen mit den anderen Arten dieses Genus. Auch Dammer selbst spricht, wenigstens f\xc3\xbcr P. capitata, schon die Vermutung aus, es handele sich hier um Repr\xc3\xa4sentanten eines selbst\xc3\xa4ndigen Genus oder vielleicht einer neuen Sektion von Prevostea, weil er aufmerkt: \xe2\x80\x9eAn Genus novum? An sectio nova generis Prevosteae, inflorescentia bene distincta?\xe2\x80\x9d Aus einer Untersuchung der beiden Arten, welche die Direktion des Berliner Herbariums mir freundlichst zum Studium \xc3\xbcberliess, stellte sich nun heraus, dass wir die beiden Arten der Beschaffenheit der Bl\xc3\xbcte nach bei Bonamia unterbringen m\xc3\xbcssen. Hinsichtlich der Unterschiede zwischen Prevostea und Bonamia bemerkt Hallier (2, S. 530), dass ersteres Genus sich von Bonamia unterscheidet durch \xe2\x80\x9edie beiden a\xc3\xbcszeren, groszen, fein netzaderigen, h\xc3\xa4utigen, durchscheinenden, kreisherzf\xc3\xb6rmigen Kelchbl\xc3\xa4tter\xe2\x80\x9d. Bei den zwei Dammerschen Arten entsprechen die beiden \xc3\xa4usseren Kelchbl\xc3\xa4tter dieser Beschreibung keineswegs. Sie sind nicht auffallend verschieden von den anderen und zeigen eine Form, welche sich vielmehr an die vieler Bonamia-Arten anschliesst. Wohl treten im Habitus der Pflanzen einige Unterschiede mit den anderen Arten dieses Genus auf, besonders hinsichtlich der zu K\xc3\xb6pfchen am Ende der Zweige geh\xc3\xa4uften Bl\xc3\xbcten. Vergleichen wir dieses Merkmal nun aber mit den Verh\xc3\xa4ltnissen welche sich bei anderen Gattungen der Familie auftun, wie bei Evolvulus und Jacquemontia, dann stellt sich heraus, dass auch hier Arten auftreten mit k\xc3\xb6pfchen- bis \xc3\xa4hrenf\xc3\xb6rmigem Bl\xc3\xbctenstand. In meiner Monographie der Gattung Evolvulus (5) habe ich schon auf diese Spezialisation in der Beschaffenheit des Bl\xc3\xbctenstandes hingewiesen. Die Arten dreier Sektionen zeigen hier das genannte Merkmal. Diese Arten sind haupts\xc3\xa4chlich auf Brasilien beschr\xc3\xa4nkt, wo sie in den Campos Vorkommen. Auch bei Ipomoea besteht die Tendenz zur Bildung endst\xc3\xa4ndiger, \xc3\xa4hrenf\xc3\xb6rmiger Bl\xc3\xbctenst\xc3\xa4nde. Als Beispiel nenne ich Ipomoea echioides Choisy und I. Pohlii Choisy. Unten werde ich noch die Gelegenheit haben auch bei Jacquemontia auf \xc3\xa4hnliche Verh\xc3\xa4ltnisse hinzuweisen.

Description: E sectione Peltaea, Pavoniae speciosae H.B.K. proxima, sed forma folorium, indumento, involucri phyllis peltatis diversa.\nSuffrutex, caule minute stellato-piloso glabrescente, linea singula pilis simplicibus longioribus vestita in primo internodio ramulorum lateralium adaxiale notato. Folia breviter petiolata, petiolis tomentellis 2\xe2\x80\x944 mm longis, oblongo-elliptica, elliptica vel ellipticolanceolata, 3\xe2\x80\x945 cm longa, 1.25\xe2\x80\x941.5 cm lata trinervia basi acuta vel obtusa, superiora 5-nervia, basi subcordata, acutissima vel subacuminata, margine regulariter serrato-dentata, supra minute stellato-pilosa, oculo nudo glabra, infra dense sed minute stellatotomentella. Flores in axillis foliorum vel in apice ramulorum 2\xe2\x80\x943-glomeratis, bracteis ovato-triangularibus suffulti, plerumque subsessiles, interdum usque ad 4 mm pedicellati. Involucri phylla fere io linearia birta uniserialia, basi paullo connata, apice lamina foliacea peltata, id est supra basin affixa, anguste elliptica hirta, basi rotundata, apice acuta, appendiculata, 4 mm longa. Calyx cupuliformis, ultra medium incisus, 4\xe2\x80\x949 mm longus, lobis acutis hirtis, nervis trinis conspicuis, binis intermediis brevibus vel nullis. Petala 2.5\xe2\x80\x943 cm longa, teste collectore roseo-rubra, sicca rosea, basi atropurpurea. Stamina et styli more generis. Carpella 4 mm longa, mutica, dorso costa perpendiculari instructa, transverse nervosa, dense pubescentia.

Description: Acrodiclidium Nees, Laur. Disp. Progr. (1833), p. 13; id., Syst. Laur. (1836), p. 266; Endl., Gen. (1837), p. 319, n. 2042; id., Ench. (1841), p. 197; Dietrich, Synops. Pl. II (1840), p. 1332; Spach, Hist. nat. V\xc3\xa9get., Phaner. X (1841), p. 471; Steudel. Nomencl. ed. 2 (1841), p. 21; Meissn., Gen. I (1836\xe2\x80\x9443), p. 326, II, p. 238; Reichb., Nom., p. 71, n. 2668; Orbigny, Diet. univ. VII (1846), p. 259; Lindl., Veg. Kgd. (1846), p. 537; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. I. isl. I (1860), p 280; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 84; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 172; Benth. in Benth. et Hook., Gen. III (1880), p. 154; Baillon, Hist. II (1870), p. 474;. Pfeiffer, Nomencl. (1873), p. 35; Durand, Index Gen. (1888), p. 349, n. 6190; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 81; Pax in Engl.-Prantl, Pfl. fam. III, 2 (1889), p. 123; Dalla Torre et Harms, Gen. (1900\xe2\x80\x9407), p. 178, n. 2819; Britton and Wilson, Porto Rico and Virg. isl. (1924), p. 316; Lem\xc3\xa9e, Dict. I (1929), p. 50; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931), p. 65; Kosterm. in Pulle, Fl. Surin. II (1936), p. 315; \xe2\x80\x94 Licaria Aubl., Guia. I (1775), p. 313; Nees, Syst., p. 344; Endl., Gen, p. 320; id., Ench., p. 197; Spach., l.c.; Steudel, l.c., p. 41; Meissn., Gen. II, p. 238; Lindl., l.c.; Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 259; Benth., l.c., p. 150; Baillon, l.c., p. 452; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 107; Durand, l.c., p. 489; Mez, l.c., p. 220;. dalla Torre, l.c., p. 177 et 585; Lem\xc3\xa9e, l.c., IV, p. 85; Benoist l.c., p. 274; Kosterm. in Meded. Bot. Mus. Utrecht 25 (1936), p. 34; id. in Pulle, l.c., p. 323; \xe2\x80\x94 Evonymodaphne Nees, Syst., p. 244 et 263; Lindl., Syst. ed 2 (1836), p. 442; Endl., Gen. p. 319;. id., Ench., p. 197; Dietrich, l.c., p. 1332; Spach, l.c.; Steudel, l.c., p. 621; Meissn., Gen. I, p. 326; id. II, p. 238; Rchb., l.c.; Lindl., l.c., p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. III; id. in Fl. Bras., p. 203; Benth., l.c., p. 158; Baillon, l.c., p. 437; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1322; Durand, l.c., p. 349; Mez, l.c., p. 82; dalla Torre, l.c., p. 177; \xe2\x80\x94 Triplomeia Rafin., Fl. Tellur. (1838), p. 134; dalla Torre, l.c., p. 178; Mez, l.c.\nType species: Acrodiclidium brasiliense Nees.

Description: Notwithstanding the large amount of work spent by several botanists on this family, taxonomy does not appear very satisfactory, and a general agreement on generic limits has not yet been reached. The result has been a perplexing number of generic and sectional names. The present author apologizes for his adding to the number of interpretations.\nThis study of American Sapotaceae, primarily undertaken in connection with the Flora of Surinam, could not have been completed without the generous loan of specimens by the herbaria at Brussels [B], Berlin\xe2\x80\x94Dahlem [D], Kew [K], and Leyden [L]. In 1934 the author paid a short visit to the herbaria at Brussels [B] and at Paris [P]. The collections of this family at Paris are of special interest owing to the fact that they contain the material studied by Baillon, Pierre and Dubard, and bear numerous notes and analytical drawings, especially by Pierre, attached to the sheets. A number of British Guiana Sapotaceae from the Kew Herbarium was received for determination shortly afterwards. The author feels greatly indebted to the directors of the above mentioned Herbaria for their kind help, and particularly to Prof. Dr. A. Pulle, Utrecht, under whose direction this study was undertaken.

Description: En Z\xc3\xa9lande, province des Pays-Bas, l\xe2\x80\x99on trouve diff\xc3\xa9rentes stations o\xc3\xb9 croissent des algues marines. Ce sont: 1. Les digues, 2. Les canaux d\xe2\x80\x99eau de mer, 3. Les parcs \xc3\xa0 hu\xc3\xaetres, 4. Les slikkes et les schorres.\nLa Z\xc3\xa9lande comprend une bande continentale et deux s\xc3\xa9ries d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xaeles. Compar\xc3\xa9 aux autres provinces des Pays-Bas, le climat est assez temp\xc3\xa9r\xc3\xa9. La temp\xc3\xa9rature moyenne \xc3\xa0 Flessingue (Vlissingen) est de 3\xc2\xb0C en janvier, le mois le plus froid, et de 18\xc2\xb0C durant les mois les plus chauds, juillet et ao\xc3\xbbt. La temp\xc3\xa9rature moyenne de l\xe2\x80\x99eau de mer en surface est de 1\xe2\x80\x94 3\xc2\xb0C en janvier et de 19\xc2\xb0C en juillet et ao\xc3\xbbt.

Description: Dr. C. A. BACKER, Verklarend Woordcnboek van wetenschappelijke plantennamen (Explanatory dictionary of scientific plantnames) \xe2\x80\x94 Noordhoff-Kolff, Groningen-Batavia, 1936 \xe2\x80\x94 XII + 664 \xe2\x80\x94 Price: flh. 19.50.\nMany botanists and also sylvi-, liorti- and agriculturists and almost all taxonomists are, in the course of their daily task, meeting plant-names, the exact meaning, signification or derivation of which is not immediately clear to them. Being an intelligent and studious man, he often feels the desire to know more of a name than just its orthography and so he makes a grab at one of those books written to spread more knowledge about the matter. If it is the name of a genus or of a subgenus, WITTSTEIN\xe2\x80\x99S \xe2\x80\x9eIIandw\xc3\xb6rterbuch\xe2\x80\x9d is the book he needs, although it yields no help for genera younger than 1852 (date of preface). If it is a specific name or a latin or latinized botanical term, BISCHOFF is his man, either by his \xe2\x80\x9eHandbuch der botanischen Terminologie\xe2\x80\x9d of 1833\xe2\x80\x941844 or by his smaller \xe2\x80\x9eW\xc3\xb6rterbuch der beschreibenden Botanik\xe2\x80\x9d, of 1857 (2nd Ed.). In case these books cannot meet his wishes, on account of their age or merely out of deficiency, our present-day investigator will try to find the name in one of the more recent lists: BAILEY\xe2\x80\x99S \xe2\x80\x9eCompanion for the Queensland student of plant life\xe2\x80\x9d of 1893; SALOMON-SCHELLE, Worterbuch der botanischen Kunstsprache, 1904; KANNGIESSER, Etymologie der Phanerogamen-Nomenclatur, 1908 (mainly generic names); Voss, Botanisches Hilfs- und W\xc3\xb6rterbuch (6th ed. 1922), etc.

Description: Casearia amplectens Sleum. sp. nov. \xe2\x80\x94 Arbuscula 1.5 m alta; ramulornm apicibus dense breviter flavido-pilosis, partibus vetustioribus cito glabratis corticeque cinerascenti obtectis. Folia elliptico-oblonga vel oblonga, apicem versus breviter (1\xe2\x80\x942 cm) subcaudato-acuminata, apice ipso paullo falcato obtusa, basi late cuneata fere rotundata, inferiora usque ad 2 mm longe petiolata, superiora subsessilia, membranacea, arcte pellucido-punctata et -lineata, petiolo, costa nervisque subtus brevissime pilosulis exceptis glabra, in sicco brunnescentia, utrinque opaca, regulariter crenato-serrata (dentibus obtusiusculis glandula terminatis 1 mm altis et c. 3\xe2\x80\x946 mm distantibus), 9\xe2\x80\x9415 cm longa, 4\xe2\x80\x944.5 cm lata, costa utrinque elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 6\xe2\x80\x948 curvato-ascendentibus praeter marginem excurrentibus supra subimpressis, subtus elevatis, venis supra obscuris, subtus parum conspicuis. Stipulae reniformes fere amplectentes, membranaceae, 4\xe2\x80\x946 mm altae, 6\xe2\x80\x948 mm latae, persistentes. Flores pro axilla. 1\xe2\x80\x942 fere sessiles, in statu nondum plane evoluto tantum visi; bracteae paucae membranaceae glabrae 1\xe2\x80\x942 mm longae. Calyx tubulosus, carnosulus, c. 3 mm longus, extus fulvo-sericeus, intus glaber, lobis oblongis c. 1 mm longis. Stamina 10, alte ad faucem inserta; filamenta glabra, medio dilatata, alternatim 0.6 et 0.3 mm longa. Staminodia rudimentaria parum pilosa. Ovarium columnare, glabrum, c. 3 mm longum, 1 mm crassum. Fructus carnosus, ruber, 1.5\xe2\x80\x942 cm longus, 1 cm diam., trivalvis, basi calycis lobis accrescentibus 4 mm longis et 1.5 mm latis fultus, 2 mm longe pedunculatus.\nNEW GUINEA. W. New Guinea, 4 km SW of Bernhard Camp, Idenburg Riv., rain-forest undergrowth, 850 m: L. J. Brass 13470 (A; L, typus), fl. fr. March 1939.

Description: Being occupied with studies on the Convolvulaceae of Netherlands India I met with a remarkable specimen in the Buitenzorg Herbarium, collected by Dr. O. POSTHUMUS during the expedition in Djambi (Sumatra) in the year 1925. At first sight this plant seemed to be a Merremia. A closer examination, however, soon showed some important differences with that genus, especially in respect to the corolla, which has a long, narrow and rather fleshy tube and a limb with 5 short, reflexed (or patent?) lobes. Each lobe is deeply bifid, so that the limb appears 10-lobed. The middle part of the lobes is fleshy just as the tube; it corresponds with a midpetaline field of the corolla of most genera of Convolvulaceae, the lateral parts of the lobes (lobules) are much thinner, membranaceous and nerved. They represent the interpetaline fields of the Convolvulaceous corolla. In general there is a resemblance with the essential corolla construction of many species of Erycibe, where the lobes are also bifid and possess a thick middle part and two membranaceous lobules. The lobules in the new genus are not fully equal in size, those on the right of each lobe, as seen from the inside of the corolla being always slightly larger. The corolla is fully glabrous or bears some papillae at the base of the filaments. The pistil has a two-celled ovary, each cell with 2 ovules and bears a long, filiform style with two globular, papillose stigmas, exactly as in Merremia. I suppose this plant to be closely related to that genus, but as the corolla with its fleshy tube and remarkable lobes is so different from all other species, it is impossible to incorporate it in Merremia without important alteration of the generic limits. I, therefore, propose to establish a new genus, under the name of Decalobanthus (derived from dexa, ten, \xce\xbbo\xce\xb2o\xcf\x82, lobe and \xce\xac\xce\xbd\xce\xb6\xce\xbf\xcf\x82, flower).

Description: Prom the time of CORREA DE SERRA (1805), MIRBEL. (1813), DE JUSSIEU (1815), ROEMER (1846), BAILLON (1855), and OLIVER (1861), a great stress is laid upon the number of stamens, locules, and ovules to the primary classification of the Rutaceae-Aurantioideae, but the importance of the presence of an inflorescence and its reduction of the number of flowers, the pinnate leaf and its reduction of the number of leaflets, venation of the leaf, its conspicuousness and the construction, the origin and development of the wing upon the rachis and the petiole, the number and the nature of thorns upon the branches, the fundamental number of the floral organs and its increase or decrease, the formation of pulp vesicles, the hardening of the rind of fruits, and other points affecting the universal affinity of plants as a whole, have been quite neglected in the past, the consideration of which would have helped the orderly development of the taxonomy of the subfamily. It is clear that the increased number of the floral organs and the development of the pulp vesicles are undoubtedly very important systematic features of the subfamily, but such are those out of many significant characteristics which take part in the classification of the whole group. A character like the increase or decrease of the number of locules, for instance, can occur even within one genus, as in the well-known case of Citrus and Fortunella. The ovules may be single, or binary, either superposed or collateral, or otherwise numerous in uni-, or biseriate arrangement: the gradation of this character is also continuous, as in the case of Merope Triphasia, and Wenzelia, all having similar floral characteristics but the last only has biseriate ovules. Unquestionably, the biseriate character is derived from collateral arrangement which is commoner in rather advanced groups. The increase of the number of filaments more than ten, occurs also in tribes not closely related, as Aegle (also Feroniella, and Balsamocitrus Section Afraegle), Oxanthera, and Citrus (also Poncirus and Fortunella), but the true pleiotaxy of stamens occurs only in Aegle and in the Section Citrophorum of the genus Citrus. The pulp-vesicle formation is also seen in various tribes widely divergent from each other, such as Aegleae-Swingleinae (Swinglea), Lavangeae (Pleiospermium), Atalantieae (Atakmtia and Severinia), Microcitreae (Microcitrus, Eremocitrus, Monanthocitrus and Pleurocitrus), Aurantieae-Citropsinae (Citropsis), and Aurantieae-Citrinae (Poncirus, Citrus and Fortunella).\nIt is very clear that the starting point of the subfamily is represented by Micromelum and Glycosmis, both having pinnate leaves with alternate leaflets and unwinged rachis, many-flowered inflorescences, an ovary with less than 5 locules and one or two superposed ovules in each locule. Having dry fruits and contortuplicate cotyledons, Micromelum forms the most primitive tribe Micromeleae, somewhat analogous to the Rutoideae-Cusparieae of tropical America. The genera Glycosmis, Murraya and Clausena, altogether forming the tribe Clauseneae, have fleshy fruit, plano-convex cotyledons and unarmed branches with pinnate leaves, resembling the Micromelum in general appearance of the plant. It is worthy of note that the great reduction of the number of leaflets is seen in such species, as Micromelum diversifolium MIQ., Clausena Guillauminii TANAKA, and Murraya stenocarpa TANAKA (= Chalcas stenocarpa TANAKA) , and the alate rachis is found in Clausena Wallichii OLIV., C. Guillauminii TANAKA and Murraya alata DRAKE. The reduction of the number of locules in Murraya is also to be noted. No thorn-bearing plants occur in these tribes, except in the doubtful species, Clausena impunctata HIERN, which has curved paired axillary spines, almost entirely opposite leaflets, and a distinctly winged rachis. The gradation of this tribe into the next tribe Aegleae, having hard-shelled fruits, is seen in the Malayan genus Merrillia, which has large flowers, reminding of Murraya (Subgen. Euchalcas TANAKA), and a winged rachis like M. alata, mentioned above.

Description: The bogs of S. E. Groningen are part of the great peat-marshes extending from S. E. Drente as far as N.W. Germany inclusive. So far as the territory of Westerwolde is concerned, people have begun digging off very early. According to the map by Krayenhoff in 1816 nearly the whole peat-marsh westward from the line Blijham\xe2\x80\x94Termaarsch had already been reclaimed, only a few parts still being covered with the original peat-layer (cf. map, fig. 1). The digging off east of the above line commences at the beginning of the 19th century on the borderland of Groningen and Drente.\nBorings were performed in three places and the samples pollenanalytically and stratigraphically examined.

Description: The genus Thoracostachyum was described in 1869 by S. Kurz in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. XXXVIII, part 2, p. 75 and based upon Lepironia sumatrana and L. bancana of Miquel. We are justified to accept the first-mentioned species as the type-species of the genus. It is true, that Kurz published the name Thoracostachys bancana five years earlier in the \xe2\x80\x9eNatuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indi\xc3\xab\xe2\x80\x9d XXVII (1864), p. 224, but this name is not valid, as it was published as a nomen nudum, without a generic or specific description and even without citing the synonym Lepironia bancana Miq.\nIn Recueil des Travaux botaniques n\xc3\xa9erlandais, Vol. XXXII (1935) p. 184 and Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium te Utrecht, nr. 16 (1935), p. 184 I splitted of the genus Paramapania, characterized by its leafless scapes, small bracts and some, less conspicuous, floral characteristics. The remaining part of the genus is rather homogeneous, as may be seen from the diagnosis.

Description: TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS APRIONA CHEVR. (CERAMBYCIDAE, LAMIINAE, BATOCERINI) Apriona hageni nov. spec. \xe2\x99\x82 (fig. 1).\nLength 32 mm, breadth at the shoulders 9.2 mm, length of the antennae 56 mm.\nLocality: Sumatra (Tandjong Morawa, Serdang, N. E. Sumatra, Dr. B.\nHagen). Holotype.\nClosely related to Apriona cylindrica Thoms., more slender. Thorax less compressed, anterior transverse furrow less distinct and curved. Elytra almost parallel, with light sepia-brown pubescence and ornated with many milky white spots, which are irregularly spread over the surface. Shoulders not armed with a tooth.\nBasal quarter of the elytra with black, shining granules, which diminish from the shoulder towards the suture, where they are nearly absent. Apex truncate. Sutural angle with a thorn. Scutellum posteriorly Fig. 1. Apriona hageni nov. spec. truncate with rounded angles. Type \xe2\x99\x82. Natural size Antennae dark brown with greyish pubescence. Legs dark brown with yellowish grey pubescence.

Description: A collection of Surinam fishes, all probably collected in the neighbourhood of Paramaribo during the late autumn of 1952, was kindly presented to the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden by the direction of the Rotterdam Zoological Garden \xe2\x80\x9eBlijdorp".\nThe collection contains some 800 specimens, the examination of which yielded sufficiently interesting results to justify the present publication.\nOrder\nOSTARIOPHYSOIDEA\nFamily\nCHARACINIDAE\nCurimatopsis macrolepis Steindachner 1 ex., neighbourhood of Paramaribo, standard length 26 mm (caudal fin damaged).\nThis species was already known from the lower regions of the Surinam River and the Marowini River.\nCurimatus copei Fowler Curimatus copei Fowler, 1906, p. 301, fig. 7. 1 ex., neighbourhood of Paramaribo, standard length 10.4 cm (caudal fin slightly damaged).\nThe specimen is in a reasonably good condition and hardly differs from Fowler\'s extensive description of the present species; moreover, some of the aberrant characters show a much closer agreement with Fowler\'s figure which, in some respects, slightly disagrees from his text. On account of this, only the differing characters are given.\nBody slightly more slender, the predorsal hump less developed (sexual character?), depth about 3 in standard length. About 24 scales before dorsal.\nSnout about 4 in head (as in Fowler\'s figure). Interorbital space 2.8 in head. Mouth roof with two moderate ridges, converging rostrad. Gill rakers

Description: CONTENTS\nIntroduction............... 1\nCelebochoerus heekereni Hooijer........... 2\nLower premolars............. 4\nUpper premolars............. 9\nLower canines.............. 13\nUpper canines.............. 15\nLower incisors.............. 23\nUpper incisors.............. 24\nLower molars.............. 25\nUpper molars.............. 30\nCranium and mandible............ 33\nPostcranial skeleton............. 35\nRelationships of Celebochoerus........... 38\nAge and composition of the Archidiskodon-Celebochoerus fauna .... 41\nReferences............... 42\nExplanation of the plates............ 44\nINTRODUCTION\nThe very first Pleistocene vertebrate remains to be made known from the island of Celebes were two fragments of upper canines that I considered to represent a new genus and species of Suidae (Hooijer, 1948a). These specimens, collected by Mr. H. R. van Heekeren at Beru near Tjabeng\xc3\xa8 (Sopeng district), between the Walanae river and the Singkang depression, about 100 km Northeast of Macassar in Southwestern Celebes, have been entrusted to me by the Head of the Archaeological Survey, Prof. Dr. A. J.

Description: Thanks to the courtesy of Drs. Boschma and Brongersma the author has been privileged to examine a large series of West African amphibians from the collections of the Royal Museum of Natural History in Leiden. Of the comparatively easily accessible parts of Africa, Liberia is probably the least known, in so far as its herpetological fauna is concerned, and consequently it is not surprising to find that the present material contains much of interest. The following notes concern some of the more obvious points which arise out of the material examined and do not purport to be in any way exhaustive. The author is indebted not only to the gentlemen already mentioned, but also to M. Angel and Mr. Loveridge who have most generously placed at his disposal material without which much of the work could never have been done.\nThe herpetological fauna of Liberia is essentially that of the western section of the "Rain Forest Province". In past times the fauna of the whole Rain Forest Province from Senegal to Uganda southwards to Angola was considered to be more or less uniform and the same species were frequently reported from diametrically opposite extremes of this area. Thus, for example, many "species" have been recorded from "West Africa and Angola" and, though there undoubtedly are many wide-ranging forms which may occur in these two widely-separated areas, it is becoming increasingly evident that the "West African" region, i.e., the forested zone from Senegal to Dahomey, is a very distinct faunal province which has very few species in common with Angola, and is even quite clearly marked off from the Cameroon-Gaboon area with which it is almost confluent.\nThe Liberian collections were made by the following collectors: \xe2\x80\x94

Description: Pieris napi L. \xe2\x99\x80 gefangen bei Bignasco, Tessin, etwa 450 m hoch, 26.\nVI. 1931.\nDie Oberseite der Fl\xc3\xbcgel ist nicht milchweiss wie bei der typischen Form, sondern etwas gelblich angehaucht, wenngleich schw\xc3\xa4cher als bei der ab. bryoniae O. meistens vorkommt; ihre Wurzeln sind breit schwarz best\xc3\xa4ubt. Die Rippen der Hinterfl\xc3\xbcgel sind ausserdem wurzelw\xc3\xa4rts grau best\xc3\xa4ubt. Auf den Vorderfl\xc3\xbcgeln endigen die Rippen an der vorderen H\xc3\xa4lfte des Aussenrandes in schwarze, dreieckige Flecke, deren Breite und Dunkelheit nach der Fl\xc3\xbcgelspitze hin zunimmt. Diese ist gleich dem Vorderrande tiefschwarz. Eine submarginale dunkle Binde zieht sich vom Vorder- zum Innenrande; sie ist dort, wo sonst die beiden isolierten Flecken vorkommen, verbreitert; ihre R\xc3\xa4nder sind beiderseits verwaschen. Ebenso die R\xc3\xa4nder des tiefschwarzen Vorderrandsflecks der Hinterfl\xc3\xbcgel, welcher gross und schwach sichelf\xc3\xb6rmig gebogen ist; denn es ist ein Ansatz zur Bildung einer submarginalen Binde auch auf den Hinterfl\xc3\xbcgeln vorhanden.\nDie Unterseite der Vorderfl\xc3\xbcgel ist weiss mit gelber Spitze. Die Rippen sind hier schmal schw\xc3\xa4rzlich best\xc3\xa4ubt; die dunkle Binde der Oberseite tritt in ihrer inneren H\xc3\xa4lfte sehr deutlich, sonst aber kaum durch. Die Hinterfl\xc3\xbcgel haben unten dottergelbe F\xc3\xa4rbung und die schwarze Best\xc3\xa4ubung der Rippen ist einwarts sehr breit; der Vorderrandsfleck ist hier kaum angedeutet.\nDer Falter schliesst sich eng an die schwedische ab. continua Bryk 1) an; aber letztere ist nicht so dunkel. Die Br\xc3\xbccke zwischen den beiden Flecken der Vorderfl\xc3\xbcgel sowie diejenige zwischen dem oberen dieser Flecken und den Vorderrandsflecken ist weit schw\xc3\xa4cher, so dass die submarginale Binde

Description: Unter diesem Titel, indessen mit dem Zusatz \xe2\x80\x9eunter Benutzung des Materials der Kollektion Eisner, Dahlem" \xe2\x80\x94 die Sammlung befindet sich z.Zt. im Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden \xe2\x80\x94 haben mein Freund Felix Bryk und ich die Gruppen Parnassius mnemosyne L., P. stubbendorfi M\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tr., P. eversmanni M\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tr., P. nordmanni M\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tr., P. clarius Eversm., P. clodius M\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tr., P. Orleans Ch. Oberth., P. apollonius Eversm., P. honrathi Staud. und A. Bang-Haas, P. bremeri Bremer, P. phoebus F., P. actius Eversm., P. jacquemontii Boisd., P. epaphus Ch. Oberth., P. tianschanicus Ch. Oberth., P. nomion Hb. und einen Teil von P. apollo L. kritisch bearbeitet, bis die Entwicklung der politischen Verh\xc3\xa4ltnisse in Deutschland die weitere Herausgabe der \xe2\x80\x9eParnassiana" durch uns unm\xc3\xb6glich machte und dadurch unsere Arbeit unterbrach. W\xc3\xa4re der Weltkrieg nicht ausgebrochen, h\xc3\xa4tten wir wahrscheinlich einen Weg gefunden, um das uns an\'s Herz gewachsene Werk schon l\xc3\xa4ngst fortzusetzen. Bryk weilt nun in Stockholm, mein Wohnsitz ist Den Haag, die enge Zusammenarbeit der Vergangenheit ist nicht m\xc3\xb6glich. Ich habe mich deshalb gefragt, ob ich es ohne die Unterst\xc3\xbctzung von Bryk\'s tiefem Wissen um die Parnassier und ohne seine kritische Kontrolle wagen kann, allein mit der Revision der Gattung fortzufahren. Ich habe aber das Gef\xc3\xbchl, damit doch einen Beitrag zu der Kenntnis dieser interessanten Lepidopteren-Familie leisten zu k\xc3\xb6nnen, und habe mich angemutigt durch meine Leidener Freunde entschlossen, dies zu tun. Herr Professor Boschma, dem ich daf\xc3\xbcr zu grossem Dank verpflichtet bin, hat mir angeboten, f\xc3\xbcr die Ver\xc3\xb6ffentlichung meiner Arbeiten in einer Form sorgen zu wollen, die es gestatten wird, diese separat zu sammeln und als Fortsetzung der fr\xc3\xbcheren Ver\xc3\xb6ffentlichung in \xe2\x80\x9eParnassiana" zu ge-

Description: In June 1951 Dr. A. R. Ranjha of the Zoological Survey Department, Government of Pakistan, at Karachi, sent me 26 samples of Loricata, together 46 specimens, preserved in 75% rectified spirit, all, except one, from the rockey beach of Manora Island, about two miles West off the Karachi coast, where they had been collected from the tidal area at low tide.\nThe samples were taken at different dates and by several collectors or collecting parties.\nThere are four species and one variety among the material, of which three species and the variety are supposed to be new.\nChiton iatricus Winckworth, 1930 Winckworth, R., 1930. Description of a new Chiton from Karachi. Proc. Malac. Soc.\nLondon, vol. 19, pp. 78-80, pl. 8b.\nMaterial examined: 200 yards W. of Mandir, Manora Island, rocky beach, 26-IV-1950, coll. Sufi, Taher & Qadri, 11 specimens.\nManora Creek, W. of Mandir, rocky beach, 11-V-1950, coll. Taher & Sufi, 5 specimens.\nManora Creek, Karachi, 16-V-1951, coll. Departmental Survey Party, 12 specimen \xce\x9b.\nManora Island, rocky beach, 6-X-1950, coll. S. Taher, 5 specimens.\nManora Creek, 22-IX-1949, coll. Dr. A. R. Ranjha, 6 specimens.\nWinckworth gave an excellent description of this species. His specimens were collected near the end of the East Pier at Karachi. The type measures 54 X 36 mm, the largest specimen 66 X 41 mm.\nThe 39 specimens from Manora Island are of a smaller size, the largest measuring 43 X 31, the smallest 8X6 mm. A few additional characters

Description: The material to be described below forms part of a collection of fossil vertebrates made by Dr. J. Cosijn North of Djetis and Perning in Eastern Java (Cosijn, 1931, 1932). The Cosijn collection has not yet been fully described, some preliminary identifications were made by the late Prof.\nDr. J. H. F. Umbgrove (in Cosijn, 1931, pp. 118-119). The collection is preserved in the Geological Museum at Leiden ; I have previously described the remains of rhinoceros (Hooijer, 1946, pp. 3, 55, 73, and 76) and those of hippopotamus (Hooijer, 1950, pp. 66, 69-72, and 87-108). It is a pleasure again to acknowledge my indebtedness to Prof. Dr. B. G. Escher and to Prof. Dr. I. M. van der Vlerk for permission to study this valuable material.\nUmbgrove\'s first conclusion that the vertebrate fauna found by Cosijn is analogous to that of the Trinil bone beds is not shared by Von Koenigswald, who claims the mammalian fauna first discovered by Cosijn, the Djetis fauna, to be older than the Trinil fauna. The latter is Middle Pleistocene, and the Djetis fauna is placed in the Early Pleistocene (Von Koenigswald, 1935, p. 193).\nI have presented arguments elsewhere (Hooijer, 1952) for regarding the Djetis fauna as similar in age to the Trinil fauna. Both are early postVillafranchian faunas, and both are characterized by the presence of a series of forms (notably Macaca, Hylobates, Pongo, Ursus, Crocuta, and Tapirus) typifying the Southern Chinese Stegodon-Ailuropoda fauna (fully described in Colbert and Hooijer, 1953). The presence of these forms in the Javanese faunas shows that by the time of the formation of the Djetis and the Trinil beds these invading elements from the mainland of Asia had already reached Java (cf. Von Koenigswald, 1940, p. 72; 1950, p. 92). In our opinion the

Description: In the course of the year 1954 I received for identification a little Nematoceron belonging to the family Lycoriidae (Sciaridae). After a careful examination of the material and the literature I arrived at the conclusion that my specimens represented a hitherto undescribed species. It belongs to the genus Neosciara Pettey, 1918 (sensu Lengersdorf, 1930 and Frey, 1942).\nThere is some confusion about the naming and delimitation of the genera in the subfamily Lycoriinae. The four most important opinions are : I. Lengersdorf (1930) : Genus Lycoria Meigen, 1800, syn. Saara Meigen, 1803, Gruppe I (no name, veins cu and m with bristles) and Gruppe\nII\nNeosciara Pettey, 1918 (cu and m bare).\nII. S\xc3\xa9guy (1940) : Genus Lycoria Meigen, 1800 (cu and m with bristles) and S ciara Meigen, 1803 (veins cu and m bare).\nIII. Frey (1942) : Genus Sciara Meigen, 1803, syn. Lycoria Meigen, 1800 (cu and m with bristles) and genus Neosciara Pettey, 1918 (cu and m without bristles).\nIV. Frey (1948): Genus Sciara Meigen, 1803 (cu and m with bristles) and genus Bradysia Winnertz, 1867, containing the subgenus Neosciara Pettey, 1918.\nThe character concerning the bristles on the veins cu and m is very important for distinguishing these genera. When summarizing the above opinions we find that the species with bristles on cu and m have been named Lycoria Meigen, 1800 = Sciara Meigen, 1803 (Lengersdorf, 1930) ; Lycoria Meigen, 1800 (S\xc3\xa9guy, 1940) ; Sciara Meigen, 1803 = Lycoria Meigen, 1800 (Frey, 1942, 1948). The species lacking setae on the veins cu and m have been named Neosciara Pettey, 1918 (Lengersdorf, 1930, Frey, 1942) ; Sciara

Description: In a previous paper (Boschma, 1935) I made some remarks concerning the parasites of Pachygrapsus crassipes Randall from Japan, viz., Sacculina confragosa and the specimens mentioned then under the name Sacculina rotundata. The latter parasite, indeed, shows some resemblance to S. rotundata, but a closer examination of its characters shows that it is specifically distinct from this species. It appears to be a new species which is described in the present paper as Sacculina yatsui. Moreover the results of a more or less detailed investigation on Sacculina rotundata are given here to show the differences between the two species.\nSacculina yatsui nov. spec.\nSacculina rotundata: Boschma 1935.\nMaterial examined: Sagami Bay, 1901, Dr. Haberer. Zool. Museum Munich. 2 specimens.\nSagami Bay, March 1903, Dr. Haberer. Zool. Museum Munich. 2 specimens.\nAburatsuko, Misaki, litoral, August 1929, Prof. A. S. Pearse. Museum Leiden.\nI specimen1).\nMisaki, Marine Biol. Sta., 1930, Prof. Naohide Yatsu. Museum Leiden. 5 specimens (holotype and paratypes).\nShimoda, Shizuo-ken, sea shore near Marine Biological Laboratory, May 3, 1934, Prof. Yaichiro Okada. Museum Leiden. 3 specimens.\nAll the specimens mentioned above are parasites of Pachygrapsus crassipes Randall.\nDiagnosis. Male genital organs in the posterior part of the body, outside the visceral mass. Testes more or less globular. Colleteric 1) The statement in my previous paper (Boschma, 1935, p. 152) is erroneous;

Description: The species mentioned in the title of the present contribution was first described on the base of two incomplete upper molars, some fragments, and two portions of limb bones (Hooijer, 1949). The two and only complete molars were described later (Hooijer, 1953a). To this has been added the description of the milk dentition and of three premolars (Hooijer, 1953c).\nThere are, however, important lacunae in our knowledge of the molar dentition to be filled. It remains as yet uncertain whether the type upper molar of 1949 represents M2 or M3, while the smaller of the complete lower molars of 1953 could be either M1 or M2. The prolonged study of the fragmentary molars in the Celebes collection has now made it possible to assemble the full set of upper and lower molars, and to determine the correct serial position of the previously described specimens. This study further showed the occasional presence of tusks in the mandible, the first time that incisive tusks have been found to occur in the lower jaw of an Archidiskodon. The problem of the descent of the archidiskodonts, and thereby of the elephantids in general, has to be reconsidered in the light of this unexpected discovery.\nI wish, again, to express my feelings of gratitude toward Prof. Dr. A. J.\nBernet Kempers, former Head of the Dinas Purbakala R.I. at Djakarta, Java, who entrusted the material to me for study, and to Mr. H. R. van Heekeren to whom we owe the discovery of the Pleistocene vertebrate fauna of Celebes.\nArchidiskodon celebensis Hooijer Archidiskodon celebensis Hooijer, Zool. Med. Museum Leiden, vol. 30, no. 14, 1949, p. 206, pis. VIII-IX; Chronica Naturae, vol. 105, 1949, p. 149; The Scientific Monthly,