ALBERT

Description: In May 1999, drilling of a borehole through the entire ice strata (around 750 m) was initiated on the Akademiya Nauk glacier of Komsomolets Island, Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago. The Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI), St. Petersburg Mining Institute (SPMI) and Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI, Germany) take part in this venture. For undertaking drilling activities, a dismantling drilling complex was designed and manufactured at SPMI by request of AWI. It includes a drilling house, land drilling equipment and two sets of the electromechanical drill KEMS-127 that also allows drilling of subglacial mountain rocks. The core has a maximum length of 1.5 m and a diameter of 106 mm. Drilling started in spring of 1999 and 54 m was drilled. In April 2000, the borehole drilling was continued. Up to a depth of 109 m, a "dry" method was used. Then the borehole was filled with aviation kerosene TS-1. By the end of seasonal work (May 9, 2000), the borehole bottom reached a depth of 504.7 m. After the drilling was stopped, a complex of geophysical observations was carried out that included measurements of the borehole diameter, the axis deviation angle from the vertical, temperature at different depths and drilling fluid pressure. An analysis of the data obtained allows a conclusion about the reliability and stability of the drilling technology and equipment and developing recommendations to continue drilling that is planned to do during 2001 season.

Description: Baited cameras and traps were deployed at four stations in the deep Arabian Sea to investigate the composition of the necrophagous fauna and to evaluate whether regional differences in trophic conditions are reflected by differing scavenger assemblages. The ophidiid fish Barathrites iris, the large lysianassoid amphipod Eurythenes gryllus, the aristeid prawn Plesiopenaeus armatus, and zoarcid fishes of the genus Pachycara were abundant at the bait at all stations. The ophidiid Holcomycteronus aequatorius, the liparid fish Paraliparis sp., and galatheid crabs of the genus Munidopsis occurred in considerable numbers at single sites. Trap catches further contained lysianassoid amphipods of the genera Paralicella, Abyssorchomene and Paracallisoma. In contrast to scavenger assemblages of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, macrourid fishes were virtually absent at the bait. E. gryllus and B. iris consumed the main proportion of the bait, while consumption was at most moderate in all other taxa. Feeding strategies of the respective taxa are inferred from their behavior at the bait and discussed with regard to the profit that can be drawn from food falls. Differences between stations were pronounced with respect to species dominating bait consumption. E. gryllus appeared in highest numbers at the bait in the productive northern and central Arabian Sea where a relatively high availability of food items is expected to sustain high population densities. High numbers of B. iris in the least productive southern part indicate their ability to persist under food-poor conditions and may correspond to a high dependency on food falls. E. gryllus and B. iris both occurred in smaller numbers in the particularly productive western Arabian Sea. This may reflect a reduced dependency on food falls, due to an access to alternative food sources, rather than small population densities. Smaller numbers of E. gryllus and B. iris resulted in slower bait consumption and gave Pachycara spp. the opportunity to contribute considerably to bait consumption. The relation between scavenger assemblages and trophic conditions is discussed with respect to results obtained under differing trophic regimes in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean.

Description: In my revision of the Rubiaceae in Pulle’s Flora of Surinam two genera, viz. Pagamea and Perama, which are now usually included in this family, are relegated to an appendix. On account of its superior ovary Pagamea was formerly reckoned to the Loganiaceae, from where it was referred to the Rubiaceae by Baillon and K. Schumann, who were of opinion that its solitary ascending ovules, and the valvate aestivation of the corolla lobes assigned it a place among the Psychotrieae. I think however that they overestimated the value of these characters, which are of a rather general nature, and that Pagamea both in the structure of its inflorescence and in that of its flowers shows so little resemblance to the Psychotrieae that it is impossible to include it in this group. In my opinion its removal from the Loganiaceae was not justified.

Description: The morphology, function and distribution of exocrine glands of copepods have rarely been studied in detail and almost nothing is known about them in the sea lice species L. salmonis and C. elongatus. This study utilised a novel application of a light-microscopy staining technique to reveal a variety of glands m nauplius, copepodid, chalimus, preadult and adult stages. The stain, 3’,3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB), applied to fresh material, differentiated a population of exocrine glands and enabled a study of their distribution. The stain was successful in highlighting the ducts and pores associated with the larger glands. The locations of gland sub-populations were conserved in all life-stages, although glands in the swimming legs were found to be better represented in mobile and freeswimming stages i.e. copepodids, preadults and adults. Glands associated with the mouth-tube were also located. Other, nonglandular, peroxidase-positive regions were also highlighted by the stain. These regions were found mainly in preadult and adult stages where they formed characteristic bi-symmetrical patterns on the cuticle of the dorsal surface. A study of some calanoid copepods suggested that peroxidase-positive glands are a feature peculiar to caligid copepods. This staining technique has proven useful for elucidating the ontogeny of gland populations in caligids.

Description: To verify if and to what extent egg and nauplii development of the salmon lice take place during winter, the development from egg to the copepodid stage at 2,3,4,5 and 10°C was examined. Newly extruded egg strings from a winter population of salmon lice were individually placed in 6 ml stagnant hatching systems. Initially, no significant differences in egg development time were found between these and larger aerated systems, though a tendency for less synchronised hatching of the total egg string was detected in the stagnant systems (difference〈 12 h). In light versus dark conditions the time to hatching was significantly prolonged by darkness (10-15%). The use of small stagnant experimental units was a pronounced simplification of hatching methods used earlier. At low temperature all but one pair of egg strings hatched. Time to first hatching was found to be 45.1±0.5 days at 2°C, 35.2±0.4 days at 3°C, 27.6±0.2 days at 4°C, 21.6±0.1 days at 5°C and 8.7±0.1 days at 10°C. The developmental time to hatching correlated to temperature fitted the polynomial function: Days to first hatching=0.6638 T² – 12.492T + 67.116 (R²=0.99). A high proportion of the nauplii developed to the copepodid (infectious stage) stage at 4°C and higher but only a small proportion at 2 and 3°C. Total developmental time to copepodid ranged from 12.7 days at 10°C to 68.5 days at 2°C or to the polynomial function Days to first copepodid = 1.0236 Tˉ² – 19.129 T + 101.5 (R²=0.995). The «physiological age» at hatching, i.e. the product of days and the respective temperature, showed not to be linearly correlated to temperature, but showed a maximum at 4°C. Average age at hatching was 90°days at 2°C and 110° days at 4°C. Thus the egg strings of the winter population appeared to be adapted to very low temperature by reducing the time for egg development. The present results show that eggs of salmon lice can develop to the infectious stage during winter along the Norwegian west coast.

Description: In a collection of terrestrial isopods from Venezuela, a distinct species was identified which does not fit any of the known genera. Therefore, a new taxon Metaprosekia gen.n. is instituted to accomodate the new species. An analysis of its morphological characters revealed a close relationship to the genus Prosekia Vandel, 1968 and allied genera. The phylogeny of this group is discussed and one of its poorly known representatives, Xiphoniscus mirabilis Vandel, 1968 is redescribed on the basis of the type material.

Description: Approximately 2,600 genera of marine crustaceans have been recognized in the fossil record, and crustaceans constitute the major component of marine arthropod diversity from the mid-Paleozoic to the Recent. Despite problems of sporadic fossil preservation and/or taxonomic ambiguity, some general statements can be made about the history of crustacean biodiversity, based on global taxonomic data bases. Ostracodes were the first major group to radiate, attaining high diversity during the Ordovician Period with other members of the Paleozoic evolutionary fauna; rates of extinction and responses to mass extinctions were also similar to those of groups within the Paleozoic fauna. Malacostracans and barnacles (cirripedes), the two other crustacean groups with important fossil records, had minor diversity throughout the Paleozoic Era. Both groups experienced diversification from the mid-Mesozoic to Recent with lower extinction rates, as characteristic members of the Modern evolutionary fauna.

Description: Several aspects of the ecology of Jameson’s green mamba Dendroaspis jamesoni jamesoni (Traill, 1843), a large-sized arboreal elapid snake, are studied in southern Nigeria. This species 18 common and widespread in the region studied. On the basis of the analysis of both the habitats of capture of the various specimens and the results of a logistical regression model, it seems that this species inhabits a wide variety of habitats (including secondary forest patches and the plantation-forest mosaic), and that its local distribution is not influenced by the Presence of any macrohabitat parameter. Green mambas were observed both in the dry and in the wet season, without any statistical bias toward a particular season. Adult sex-ratio was aPproximately 1 : 1. Males were significantly longer than females. All adult mamba dietary records involved warm-blooded prey (mainly birds), whereas young mambas fed also upon lizards and toads. Nearly all the prey eaten by adult mambas were arboreal, and thus there was no support for the recent hypothesis that adult mambas develop an orientation to forage on terrestrial rodents. Male-male combats and matings were observed in December, January, and February (dry season), and gravid females were collected in April, May, and June (wet season). Females produced 7-16 eggs (mean 10.9), and litter size was Positively correlated with maternal length.

Description: New fossils referable to the Cancridae Latreille, 1802 extend the known stratigraphic range of the family into the middle Eocene and the geographic range into South America. Each genus within the family has been reevaluated within the context of the new material. A suite of diagnostic characters for each cancrid genus makes it possible to assign both extant and fossil specimens to genera and the two cancrid subfamilies, the Cancrinae Latreille, 1802, and Lobocarcininae Beurlen, 1930, based solely upon dorsal carapace morphology. Cheliped morphology is useful in assigning genera to the family but is significantly less useful at the subfamily and generic level. Each of the four subgenera sensu Nations (1975), Cancer Linnaeus, 1758, Glebocarcinus Nations, 1975, Metacarcinus A. Milne Edwards, 1862, and Romaleon Gistl, 1848, are elevated to full generic status. Additionally, three new genera and three new species accommodate the new, as well as some previously described taxa, and include Anatolikos new genus, Anisospinos berglundi new genus and species, and Notocarcinus sulcatus new genus and species and several new combinations. Recognition of new genera and reassignment of several species within the Cancrinae indicates that that subfamily may have arisen in the southern hemisphere, contrary to the previous interpretation of the subfamily as a primarily North Pacific or Tethyan group. The Lobocarcininae was primarily a Tethyan group.

Description: In the skeletons of three species of Indomalayan bears, pathological changes are described that could be diagnosed as spondyloarthropathy and as discarthrosis/osteoarthrosis.

Description: An international survey revealed that eleven compounds representing five pesticide types are currently being used on commercial salmon farms for sea lice control. These include two organophosphates (dichlorvos and azamethiphos); three pyrethrin/pyrethroid compounds (pyrethrum, cypermethrin, deltamethrin); one oxidizing agent (hydrogen peroxide); three avermectins (ivermectin, emamectin and doramectin) and two benzoylphenyl ureas (teflubenzuron and diflubenzuron). The number of compounds available in any one country is highly variable, ranging from 9 (Norway) to 6 (Chile, United Kingdom) to 4 (Ireland, Faeroes, Canada) to 2 (US)). Dichlorvos, Azamethiphos and cypermethrin were the most widely used compounds (5 countries) followed by, hydrogen peroxide, ivermectin and emamectin (4 countries each), teflubenzuron (3 countries), diflubenzuron (2 countries), and deltamethrin, pyrethrum and doramectin (1 country each). Although, like trichlorfon, dichlorvos use is being discontinued in several countries notably Norway and the Faeroes. In most instances the availability of sea lice chemotherapeutants is limited, many being used under extra-label veterinary prescription or exemption, and special investigation permits. Access to a broad range of compounds with different modes of action, as well as application methods, has only recently been acquired making assessment of chemotherapy, and therefore integrated pest management, difficult.

Description: Observations of whales and dolphins in the Cape Verde Islands obtained in 1995 and 1996 are reported and data on the occurrence of 14 taxa are given, including four not previously reported from the region, viz. Bryde’s Whale Balaenoptera edeni, Killer Whale Orcinus orca, Rough-toothed Dolphin Steno bredanensis, and Striped Dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba. An earlier report of Fin Whale B. physalus is reviewed and re-identified as B. cf. borealis. Status and occurrence of the Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae are discussed at some length. Unpublished observations from other observers are also included and a short account on the history of whaling in the islands is given. A list of all cetacean taxa reliably recorded in the Cape Verde region is presented and unsubstantiated reports are briefly discussed.

Description: The investigation of specific characteristics of Lepeophtheirus salmonis populations on farmed salmon was made possible by the examination of the parasite infestation parameters of regular non destructive samples taken for up to six years in five bays. Perennial persistence of seasonal patterns of infestation as exhibited by intensity, prevalence and abundance was examined. Site specific characteristics were detected which appeared to be independent of inter-annual variations. Seasonal variations in individual lice size and fecundity, and temporal variation in population dynamics on the farmed fish in the five bays are considered in the context of the not inconsiderable changes in husbandry and lice control practices which have been introduced in the industry over the six year period.

Description: The effects of short-term infection with the branchurian crustacean ectoparasite Argulus foliaceus, and the fish stress hormone cortisol (which is reported to stimulate mucus discharge), were studied on the mucous cell population of the head skin of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Argulus infection did not raise plasma cortisol significantly and had no effect on the number of epidermal mucous cells in the head skin. Cortisol was administered twice to groups of trout via the food, significantly elevating circulating plasma cortisol at 24 h post feeding without affecting numbers of mucous cells, and increasing the numbers of vesicles in the upper cells of the epidermis. Subsequent infection with the parasite (6 Argulus f/fish) did not affect either plasma cortisol or total numbers of mucous cells at 48 h post-infection with the parasite, but led to a significantly lower parasite infestation per fish in the cortisol-administered groups. A 24 h culture system was used to expose pieces of trout skin to 50 ng/ml cortisol in vitro to investigate whether cortisol alone would stimulate reductions in mucous cell numbers. These were unaffected by the addition of cortisol. The in vivo and in vitro results are discussed in relation to the current understanding of crustacean host-parasite interactions.

Description: In 1885 publiceerde J.D. Kobus een Flora van Wageningen en omgeving. Hij vermeldt hierin het voorkomen van Sambucus racemosa L. op de Wageningse Berg met het bijschrift; „aangeplant?” Of de soort aan de zuidelijke Veluwerand oorspronkelijk voorkomt is thans minder dan toentertijd uit te maken; ze is er nu zeker plaatselijk niet zeldzaam. Ook in het Zuidoosten van de provincie Utrecht wordt ze op tal van plaatsen aangetroffen. Zo groeit ze in groot aantal op en om de Grebbeberg, evenzo op en nabij het landgoed Remmerstein tussen Rhenen en Veenendaal. fan kunnen we de plant nog verspreid aantrffen te Eist (Utr.) en in de omgeving van Amerongen. Een wat ongewone en daardoor interessante vindplaats ligt in de gemeente Veenendaal. Hier vindt men in het laagste deel van het Griftgebied het natuurreservaat De Ho. open water met rietland er om heen. Als afsluiting heeft men na de laatste oorlog enkele el zenbosjes aangeplant. In deze elzenbosjes zijn verscheidene houtige gewassen spontaan verschenen: Ribes sylvestre, Ribes nigrum, Rubus, Sambucus nigra en ook Sambucus racemosa. He kiemplanten van Sambucus racemosa gaan veelal te gronde door te vochtig en schaduwrijk milieu, maar op enkele meer geschikte plaatsen hebben zich struiken weten te handhaven. Het rietland van De Hel is sinds jaar en dag een slaapplaats voor spreeuwen, die zich hier uit wijde ontrek verzamelen, waarschijnlijk uit een gebied met een straal van wel 15 km. Deze spreeuwen zijn stellig grotendeels oorzaak van het optreden van bovengenoende soorten.

Description: 1. Introductory.--This project was to study fern specimens in certain herbaria in the U.S.A., especially of tree-ferns (Cyatheaceae), in connection with preparation of the Pteridophyte Series of Flora Malesiana, and to make contacts in the U.S.A. with a view to continued cooperation in this work. The family Cyatheaceae, on which I am at present engaged, is a particularly difficult one, comprising 350 described species in Malaysia, in a close alliance. Probably all should be regarded as belonging to one genus. Descriptions of species have on the whole been unsatisfactory, so that many identifications of specimens in herbaria are doubtful or erroneous. It is thus necessary to see all type specimens to establish the significance of names; and also, as the fronds are large so that only a part of one appears on each herbarium sheet, the different specimens of the same collection, distributed to different herbaria, often give complementary information, so that to see one is not enough. Furthermore, it is necessary to see as many collections as possible, to understand what variation is possible within a species. The material is bulky, and it is a physical impossibility to gather together in one place all that one needs to see for a proper understanding of the family. I had already spent more than a year on this study before going to the U.S.A., and had seen most of the type material in European herbaria.

Description: In de oudere jaargangen van Heukels’ flora staan aanvankelijk alleen Schouwen en Huisduinen genoemd als groeiplaatsen van Crithmum maritimum, in nieuwere drukken is er Vlissingen bijgekomen, nog later veranderd in Walcheren en thans prijkt Crithmum met vier groeiplaatsen, n.l. Huisduinen, Schouwen, Walcheren en West Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, Daaruit zoumen mogen concluderen.dat Crithmum, hoewel zeldzaam, niettemin in opmars is en zijn gebied uitbreidt. Een nauwkeurig volgen van de ontwikkeling op de bekende groeiplaatsen en een naarstig zoeken naar nieuwe gedurende een tijdvak van ongeveer 15 jaren hebben mij echter de overtuiging gebracht, dat de soort in Zeeland op zozeer kwetsbare plaatsen groeit, dat misschien wel van opmars doch geenszins van uitbreiding kan worden gesproken. Alle in die jaren gevonden planten groeiden aan zeeweringen op glooiingen van Vilvoordse steen en basalt, met slechts één uitzondering. Deze glooiingen staan enerzijds bloot aan zware aanvallen van de zee en behoeven anderzijds als gevolg van die aanvallen regelmatig te worden hersteld, vernieuwd of verzwaard. Vooral het herstel en verzwaren van die zeeweringen zijn de laatste jaren voor het voortbestaan van de soort bijna catastrophaal geworden, zoals uit het volgende relaas moge blijken. Het is mij niet bekend of de soort zich. in Huisduinen heeft kunnen handhaven, doch in Zeeland zijn de meeste gevonden groeiplaatsen na korter of langer tijd weer verdwenen, De groeiplaats in Vlissingen is mij nooit bekend geweest, maar er groeit in Vlissingen nu geen Crithmum meer. Op Schouwen was een groeiplaats op Vilvoordse steen in de omgeving van Flauwers met vrij veel, goed ontwikkelde planten, die konden bogen op een grote mate van inschikkelijkheid jegens haar door de Waterstaatsmensen – Zo zeer zelfs dat toen de glooiing versterkt moest worden en de ruimte tussen de stenen werd volgegoten met beton, de groeiplaats van Crithmum daarvan werd uitgezonderd om de planten te sparen, Na de ramp in 1953, waarbij de dijk en de planten ter plaatse intact bleven, moest de dijk zodanig worden verzwaard, dat het niet mogelijk bleek de planten nog langer te sparen. Zij zijn daar onder een laag klei van ongeveer twee meter dik begraven.

Description: History of Indian Botany. It is with great pleasure that Mr I.H. Burkill wrote us that the third and final instalment of his History of Indian Botany was ready for fair copying, Xmas 1959. The Bombay Natural History Society contemplates reprinting the three chapters in one booklet. Pacific Plant Areas (see p. 645). The text and maps of the first instalment are finished now.

Description: Endlicher, S.: Genera plantarum. 1836-40. Index. -----: Ibid. Suppl. 1842. Index. Index nominum genericorum. Card index I.A.P.T. In course of preparation.

Description: A pantropical family of trees, in Malesia represented by six genera: Endocomia (4 species), Gymnacranthera (6), Horsfieldia (97), Knema (75, only one species in New Guinea), Myristica (152, of which the majority endemic to New Guinea), and Paramyristica (1, Papua New Guinea). Altogether there are 335 species of the family in the Malesian area. Some species are of economic importance, for instance Myristica fragrans, nutmeg. The general part consists of 28 pages and also includes paragraphs on vegetative anatomy by P. Baas & J. Koster, on palynology by R.W.J.M. van der Ham, and on phytochemistry and chemotaxonomy by R. Hegnauer. Myristicaceae are dioecious. In addition to the general keys, mainly based on male specimens, also regional keys are given for the larger genera Horsfieldia, Knema, and Myristica, based on female (fruiting) specimens. For each species full references, synonymy, keys to infraspecific taxa, diagnostic descriptions, field-notes, distribution, and annotations regarding relationships or differences with resembling species are presented. Genera and species are arranged alphabetically. This treatment is illustrated with 94 line drawings (many full-page), 6 maps, and 4 pages with colour photographs* (inserted after p. 8).

Description: Trees, shrubs, herbs, or armed climbers; roots not rarely tuberous. Indument consisting of simple hairs. Leaves simple, exstipulate, opposite or rarely in whorls or pseudowhorls, sometimes unequal in one pair. Inflorescence cymose, often thyrsoid, corymbose or umbellate terminal or axillary, sometimes cauliflorous. Bracts and bracteoles present, sometimes very small, not rarely early caducous. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual or unisexual by reduction; pedicelled, with 1-3 bracteoles sometimes coloured, or sustained by an involucre. Perianth tubular, campanulate, funnel-shaped, or urceolate, sometimes articulated with the pedicel; the basal part persistent, enclosing the receptacle, tubular, club- or funnel-shaped, often accrescent; the apical, mostly circumscissile caducous part plicate or valvate in bud, with (4—)5—10 lobes, green or coloured. Stamens 1-40, rarely more, in 1-2 whorls, connate at the base, free from the perianth; anthers 2-locular, latrorse, basifixed. Ovary (sub)sessile, superior, 1-celled, with one erect, anatropous ovule. Style terminal, stigma capitate or fimbriate- to shortly lobed. Basal persistent part of the perianth accrescent in fruit and enveloping the fruit, the whole being known as anthocarp; anthocarp indehiscent, smooth, or with viscid ribs and glands, sometimes the glands accrescent into prickles; pericarp thin. Seed 1; embryo straight or folded; endosperm mealy or reduced to a gelatinous rest. Distribution. About 26 genera with 300 spp. in the New World, particularly in South America, with poor representations of mostly widespread (native or introduced) species in the warm parts of the Old World. Although the family is predominantly tropical, its area reaches to 38° SL in New Zealand and to 45° SL in Argentina. In Malesia there are 19 spp. in 4 genera, of which only Pisonia is undoubtedly native.

Description: Trees, shrubs, woody climbers, or herbs. Hairs simple, stellate, or glandularcapitate; colleters often present in the axils of the leaves, stipules, and sepals (among Mal. genera absent in Buddleja only). Leaves nearly always opposite, entire or nearly so, penninerved, rarely 3-7-plinerved (Strychnos) or curvinerved (Mitrasacme); ; stipules interpetiolar (in many genera reduced to a stipular line) in some genera moreover intrapetiolar. Flowers in cymose to thyrsiform (rarely racemose or spicate) inflorescences or solitary, 5-(rarely 4-, in Anthocleista up to 16-)merous, nearly always bisexual, actinomorphic (in some genera slightly zygomorphic). Disk sometimes present (not in Mal. spp.). Sepals united or free. Corolla gamopetalous, very rare with a corona. Stamens isomerous in Mal. spp. in 2 extra-Mal. genera less), alternating, inserted on the corolla tube (with one exception in Buddleja), , included or exserted; anthers basifixed or sometimes slightly (in the Spigelieae), , slightly to deeply bifid at base, lengthwise dehiscent. Ovary superior (in Polypremum, Cynoctonum, and Mitrasacme p.p. semi-inferior), (1-)2(-4)-celled, placentas axile (parietal if 1-celled), often peltate; ovules l-~ per cell, amphitropous or anatropous; style usually one. Fruit always superior, capsular, baccate, or drupaceous. Seeds 1-~, with copious endosperm; embryo minute straight, cotyledons small. Distribution. About 28 genera with some 600 spp., almost confined to the tropics of both eastern and Western hemispheres, a few genera extending to the warm-temperate regions, mainly towards the south. In Malaysia 11 genera with 80 spp.

Description: Families and higher taxa have been entered under their name. Names of families which have been revised in volumes 4, 5, and 6 have been entered and are printed in bold type, so that as far as this is concerned this index is complete for all preceding volumes as well.

Description: Trees or shrubs, very rarely herbs or fleshy saprophytes. Leaves spiral, sometimes opposite or pseudowhorled, simple, entire, crenate or serrate, mostly evergreen and ± coriaceous (Malesia), exstipulate (stipule-like perulae of axillary buds occur in Diplycosia and Vaccinium p.p.). Flowers bisexual (rarely functionally unisexual; or the plant dioecious in extra-Mal.), characteristically regular, (4-)5 (rarely 6-7)-merous. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, entirely covered by perulae in bud, mostly in racemes, these sometimes arranged to panicles or condensed to umbels, or reduced to few-flowered fascicles, or even to a solitary flower. Sepals (reduced in Monotropastrum and Wirtgenia) very rarely free, generally connate below to a calyx tube, the latter free or ± adnate to the ovary, persistent, whether or not accrescent in fruit, lobes imbricate or open in bud. Corolla campanulate to funnel-shaped, urceolate or cylindric, sometimes slightly zygomorphous, caducous, lobed to various degree, lobes imbricate (sometimes ± contorted), rarely valvate in bud. Stamens usually 10 (rarely 5, 8, or up to 20), obdiplostemonous, rarely haplostemonous, inserted at the outer margin of the disk between its lobes, or slightly attached to the base of the corolla; filaments free (Malesia); anthers dorsifixed to almost basifixed, the 2 cells (thecae) not rarely extending into free or connate tubules, these muticous or sometimes (bi)aristate distally by the prolonged back-wall, opening by terminal or introrse, very rarely extrorse pores or slits, not rarely with projecting dorsal appendages or spurs; pollen in tetrads, simple in Monotropoideae. Gynoecium syncarpous, 5- or pseudo-10-, rarely 2-4- or 6-7-celled. Disk hypogynous or epigynous, often fleshy and nectariferous, entire or mostly 5-10-lobed. Ovary 1, superior, half-inferior or inferior, generally with as many cells as carpels; placentation central, with 1 or 2 lamellas per cell, each bearing mostly numerous, rarely 1, anatropous or obliquely amphitropous, 1-tegumented ovulus. Style 1; stigma obtuse, capitate or peltate, whether or not 5-7-lobed. Fruit a 5(-7)-valved, septicidal or (sometimes lately or irregularly) loculicidal capsule, which may be ± included by the accrescent, ± fleshy calyx, or a rather dry to fleshy berry (Malesia). Seeds usually numerous, small, whether or not winged or tailed at one or both ends; testa thin, often reticulate; embryo cylindric, small, with copious endosperm. Distribution. About 125 genera with approximately 3500 spp., predominantly woody, all over the world.

Description: This smallish family, containing five genera¹, is almost confined to the northern hemisphere in both the Old and New World, overstepping the equator only in Ecuador and Peru in S. America and in Malaysia, where it is found southward to Java and New Guinea. Among the genera Huertea is confined to Peru and the West Indies (Cuba, Haiti). Tapiscia and Euscaphis are East Asian. Staphylea is widely distributed in the subtropical and temperate zone on the northern hemisphere. Turpinia is subtropical and tropical, it is the only genus represented in Malaysia. It is remarkable that the distributional areas of the latter two genera seem to exclude one another save for a slight overlapping in SE. Asia.

Description: The completion of the sixth volume of this Flora gives me the privilege to dedicate this to the memory of ELMER DREW MERRILL, a man who has achieved more for the knowledge of the Malesian flora than any other individual botanist. It is neither my intention to give nor is it the proper place for a full biography of this most distinguished American scientist, as it would for the greater part be duplication of his own ‘Autobiographical’ (1953), the scholarly essay by ROBBINS (1958), and the vivid life sketch by SCHULTES (1957), which together give the story of his life, his ambitions, his personality, his immense drive, his multiple interests, his capacity for establishing botanical periodicals as well as successfully filling the posts of Dean of a Faculty of Agriculture, director of the Bureau of Science at Manila, director of the New York Botanical Gardens, and administrator of Botanical Collections of Harvard University.

Description: Within the Helobieae there has been a great deal of controversial opinion about the evaluation of the genera belonging to the Potamogetonaceae, among which Najas finds by almost unanimous opinion its closest relatives. Generally Najas has been accepted to represent a separate monotypic family on account of the basal ovule and the structure of the anther (with a thin, tight, 2-lipped envelope and apically escaping pollen). The closest allied genus among Potamogetonaceae seems to be Zannichellia, which is by HUTCHINSON (1934) accepted as a separate family, Zannichelliaceae, put together with Najadaceae in his order Najadales. Within the Helobieae some authors accept the structure of Najadaceae as primitive, notably CAMPBELL (1897) and RENDLE (1930), but others find it a derived, advanced state within the order, cf. HUTCHINSON (1934) and LAWRENCE (1951).

Description: Annual or perennial herbs, erect, ascending or prostrate, less than 1½ m high. Leaves spirally arranged or alternate (often various in one plant), or opposite, often in a basal rosette, exstipular, simple, sometimes lobed, penninerved. Inflorescences racemose, terminal (sometimes axillary) racemes or umbels, or flowers in whorls, or solitary axillary. Bracts small or leafy. No bracteoles. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic (rarely zygomorphic), isomerous, in Mal. always 5-merous, often dimorphous in sexual organs. Calyx dentate or cleft, persistent, sometimes leafy, rarely coloured ( Glaux). Corolla connate, shallowly to deeply cleft (free in Pelletiera), in bud often quincuncial or contorted, variously coloured (absent in Glaux). Stamens inserted on the corolla, epipetalous, rarely alternating With staminodes or their vestiges; anthers dorsifixed or versatile, sometimes basifixed; cells opening with apical pores or latrorse, filaments free or connate. Disk absent. Ovary superior (in Samolus semi-inferior), 1-celled with ~ ovules on a free central placenta; style simple. Capsule mostly 5-valved (valves epi- or alternisepalous) or 10-valved, sometimes irregularly bursting, or circumsciss. Seeds mostly ~, often angular, small; embryo straight, endosperm present; integuments 2. Distribution. Genera 21 with approximately 900 spp., all over the world, but mainly developed in the temperate and cold regions of the northern hemisphere; in the tropics mostly on the mountains. The largest genera, Primula (incl. Androsace) with c. 500 spp. and Lysimachia with c. 150 spp. are almost confined to the northern hemisphere and centre in the Sino-Himalayan region. In Malaysia and Melanesia Primula extends across the equator and finds its southernmost stations in the Old World. Lysimachia and Anagallis have a worldwide area. It is remarkable that the almost cosmopolitan species Samolus valerandi L., which occurs in the surrounding continents of Asia and Australia and is widely distributed in the Pacific (New Caledonia, Loyalty Is., Norfolk I., Chatham, Auckland Is., Kermadec, New Zealand, and Easter I.), has never been found in Malaysia.

Description: For the ecologist systematic units are actors in a play. Whatever their christian- and family-names may be — it is their role, whether master or servant, whether villain or hero — which determines the character of the performance. This performance has, moreover, the property of being both continuous and simultaneous: all scenes are given at once. Such a continuous and simultaneous performance is called a biocoenosis. In a great many ways, a biocoenosis reminds us of an organism. For the coördination between organs or tissues, or even cells is also continuous and simultaneous. A biocoenosis is a higher vital unit, and may be approached by the same methods which we use for the study of organisms (V. D. KLAAUW (24)). In the systematic approach we establish the name, sex and age of the actors, in the anatomical approach the “pattern” of the constitutional units is established (“the dramatical situation”), while the physiological approach is concerned with the metabolism of the entity (“the plot”). As counterpart of these methods, however, we have to consider the study of the environment. The environment, which LOTKA has called “the stage of the life drama” (28).

Description: Anlässlich der Centenarsfeier des „Rijksherbarium” zu Leiden im Jahre 1930 schrieb Prof. Dr L. DIELS in Berlin-Dahlem einen Beitrag, betitelt „Herbarien und Sammler”, für die „Herdenkingsuitgave” der „Mededeelingen van ’s Rijks Herbarium” (No. 62—69, Leiden, 1931). In diesem Beitrag wurde Wert und Bestimmung von Herbarien und die Aufgabe des Sammlers gekennzeichnet. Durch das Sammeln ganzer Pflanzen und genauer Etikettierung können, so führte DIELS aus, die Sammler viel beitragen zur Vermehrung der botanischen Kenntnis, u. a. von den Verbreitungsgebieten der Pflanzen und der Pflanzenökologie. DIELS kommt zu dem Schluss: „Selbst in den alten Kulturländern liegen dankbare Aufgaben in dieser Richtung vor. Doch am grössten ist die Verantwortung der Anstalten, die ihre Arbeit in erster Linie auf die tropischen Floren wenden. Denn das Gesamtbild, das wir uns von der Pflanzenwelt machen, gewinnt seinen Umfang, seine Mannigfaltigkeit und viele besondere Farben aus den Floren der Tropen. Mit der fortschreitenden Vernichtung der ursprünglichen Zustände in den, wärmeren Ländern droht dieses Bild zu verarmen und eintöniger zu werden, ehe wir noch wirklich seinen Reichtum begriffen haben”. Java, das heutigentags grösstenteils Kulturland geworden ist, bestätigt die Wahrheit des zitierten Satzes überdeutlich. So sind, um ein spezielles Beispiel herauszugreifen, die Urwälder der Niederung, welche früher grosse Flächen bedeckten, bis auf kleine Resten Opfer der Kultivierung geworden, lange bevor man die ursprüngliche Vegetation in ihren Elementen gut kennen gelernt hatte. Möge die Entdeckung von Relikten heute auch interessant sein, vom pflanzengeographischen Standpunkt aus muss man sehr bedauern, dass die systematische Erforschung der Vegetation nicht vor der Vernichtung des Urzustandes zu gewisser Vollendung gebracht werden konnte.

Description: Bei der Einteilung der Organismen, welche in dieser Arbeit mir von botanischem Gesichtspunkt betrachtet wird, ist die Frage nach „wesentlichen” Merkmalen oder Einteilungsgründen von grosser Wichtigkeit. Es ist die Frage nach der Substanz (Essenz) und den akzidentellen Merkmalen. Der Substanzbegriff entstammt der Aristotelischen Logik und Metaphysik. Aeltere Botaniker, die sich die prinzipiellen Grundlagen ihres Systems klarzustellen versuchen, sind z.B. Cesalpin und Ray. Cesalpin kommt in seiner Auffassung der Substanz Aristoteles sehr nah. Ray, obwohl öfters noch Aristotelisch beeinflusst, hat eine typisch empiristische Auffassung der Substanz, wodurch er sich den Ansichten LOCKEs anschliesst. Auch in den modernen Theorien treten substantielle Formen auf. Driesch stellt seine Entelechie gleich Substanz, aber diese ist in der Systematik jetzt noch nicht anwendbar. Vavilov hat in seinem Begriff „Radikal” eine substantielle Form, die der Aristotelischen sehr nahe steht, indem sie durch Abstraktion dargestellt worden ist. Diese Form ist sehr brauchbar, sagt aber nur wenig aus. Von genetischer und physiologischer Seite versucht man Funktionsbegriffe einzuführen, welche jetzt aber in der Biologie nur eine sehr beschränkte Anwendung finden können. Ungeachtet ihrer Bedeutung, mit für die Systematik, kann man in letzterer Wissenschaft die festen, beharrlichen substantiellen Formen nicht entbehren, weil ohne diese jetzt noch keine Systematik möglich ist.

Description: A revision of the genus Phaeanthus Hook.f. & Thomson (Annonaceae) is presented. The genus comprises 8 species. A key to the fruiting and/or flowering specimens of the genus is included. The genus consists of shrubs to small-sized trees from Malesia and Vietnam. It is characterised by sepals and outer petals that are alike, numerous carpels and stamens, the latter truncate with a distinctive connective prolongation, monocarpous fruits, and leaves often drying dark brown to black. A phylogenetic analysis shows the monophyly of the genus and that Phaeanthus nutans can be considered the sister species of the remaining species.

Description: Three species of Zehneria subg. Zehneria are accepted for Java and Bali: Z. mucronata (Blume) Miq., Z. perpusilla (Blume) Bole & Almeida, and Z. repanda (Blume) C. Simmons, comb. nov. They are defined, keyed out, and lectotypified.

Description: After Mr. S. BLOEMBERGEN had planned a revision of the Cornaceae, sensu amplissimo, of the Netherlands Indies (inclusive those of the Malay Peninsula and the non-Dutch parts of Borneo and New Guinea) and had received, for that purpose, herbarium materials from different institutes, it appeared desirable to him to confine his revision to the Alangiaceae. I therefore took the Cornaceae, sensu stricto, for my account. It was very convenient to me that Mr. BLOEMBERGEN had already composed a nearly complete list of literature wanted. The herbaria of which materials have been worked up in this revision, arE the following. B = Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg, Java. Be = Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Berlin—Dahlem. L = State Herbarium, Leiden. S = Herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. U = Herbarium of the University, Utrecht.

Description: The genus Cyathostemma Griff., occurring from SW China to NE Australia, is revised, and a total of ten species is recognised. One new species, C. siamensis, is described. The status of the genus Tetrapetalum Miq. is discussed and reduced, in part, to synonymy with Cyathostemma, and in part to Uvaria L. A key to taxa is given, with new descriptions and distribution maps.

Description: Through the kind assistance of Prof. Dr D. K. Zerov large photographs were obtained of type specimens of two dozen Verbenaceae which have been described by Turczaninow and are preserved in his Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Science of the Ukrainian S.S.R. at Kiew. These have been studied by Dr Moldenke and have been deposited in his files. He discarded one of them as it did not seem verbenaceous, viz Vitex lanceolata Turcz. (Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 36, 1863, ii, p. 224). The provenance of the specimen on the label reads “Goring coll. Japon: Java” — No. 90.

Description: Descriptions are given of the tribe Lepidagathideae, that had already been proposed in an earlier paper, and of an entirely new tribe related to the latter, the Borneacantheae. The last-named tribe comprises so far but a single genus, Borneacanthus, based on B. grandifolius; it further includes B. angustifolius, B. paniculatus, B. stenothyrsus, B. parvus and B. mesargyreus (Hall. f.) Brem. (Strobilanthes mesargyreus Hall. f. = Filetia mesargyrea Brem.), and is confined to Borneo. Another new genus, Cosmianthemum, a near ally of Pseuderanthemum, seems to have an even narrower geographical distribution, for it has been found so far only in the western part of Borneo. It is based on C. magnifolium, and comprises in addition C. latifolium, C. angustifolium, C. obtusifolium, C. longibracteatum, C. brookeae, C. punctulatum and C. subglabrum. To the species of these two genera keys are provided. Further are described Hemigraphis sarawacensis, Lepidagathis marginata, Filetia brookeae, F. lanceolata, Hallieracantha peranthera and Peristrophe monosemaeophora. The area of Hallieracantha is extended to Siam by the inclusion of H. graphocaula (Imlay) Brem. ( Justicia graphocaula Imlay). On account of the presence of two different kinds of pollen in this genus, it is suggested that it may not be an altogether natural unit. The leaves of the two new species of Filetia proved to contain inulin, but this substance, whose occurrence in the Acanthaceae was so far unknown, is not present in all the representatives of this genus.

Description: The material of Saldidae covered in this paper comprises: Pentacora signoreti, from St. Martin; Pentacora sphacelata, from Aruba, Curaçao, Klein Curaçao, Bonaire, and St. Martin; Saldula “palustris”, from St. Martin; Saldula dentulata, from Curaçao, and Bonaire; Micracanthia humilis, from Curaçao, St. Eustatius, and St. Martin; Micracanthia drakei, n. sp., from Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire; Micracanthia husseyi, from St. Martin.

Description: A few years ago, an interesting collection of fresh-water fishes from Trinidad was presented to the Leiden Museum by Mr. J. S. KENNY, fish culturist of the Trinidad Department of Agriculture. For this gift we are also greatly indebted to Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK of the Zoological Laboratory at Utrecht, who kindly acted as intermediary. Most specimens were collected by Mr. J. L. PRICE, a few by Mr. W. A. KING-WEBSTER or by Mr. KENNY himself; a few more were added by Dr. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK. All examples had already been identified and, evidently, represent part of the material assembled during a survey of the fresh-water fishes of the island, reported upon by PRICE (1955) in a valuable though rather scarce publication. During the usual examination preceding addition to our collections, a procedure which was expected to be merely a matter of routine, questions arose concerning the identifications of various samples. Some of these will be discussed in the annotated list of species in the present paper.

Description: The following Tardigrada were collected from a few Antillean localities which were studied by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK in 1930 and 1936. One discovery on floating Sargassum north of the Azores was added. It may be expected that much richer material will result from more thorough microscopic examination of the many samples still awaiting further study. Styraconyx sargassi ..... on floating Sargassum, north of the AZORES. Echiniscoides sigismundi . . in salt-water ponds, BONAIRE. Macrobiotus rubens . . . . in a shallow cave, Isla de Conejo, Los TESTIGOS, Ven. Macrobiotus spec. on a hill top, Morro Grande, Los TESTIGOS, Ven. Macrobiotus spec. .....on a hill top, CURAÇAO. Milnesium tardigradum . . . at a brackish-water spring, CURAÇAO.

Description: A sequence of more than 4000 m of marine sediments, mainly unfossiliferous and apparently without any unconformities, range in age from probable Cambrian to pre-Hercynian Carboniferous. The lower formations are of neritic facies and there is no indication of a Pyrenean basin before the Devonian, the deposits of which are much thicker in the centre of the present axial zone than on the margins. A relatively thin band of black shales of Silurian age acted as a tectonic lubricant and thus its presence resulted in a marked disharmony between the infra- and supra-structures. The infra-structure is very complicated and consists of multiple composite anticlinoria and synclinoria in which the tectonic shortening is mainly accounted for by the smallest fold unit — the tightly isoclinal micro-folding. Fold axes and b-lineations of this cleavage microfolding plunge consistently in the same direction over sharply delimited areas of up to hundreds of square km. In the supra-structure the microfolding plays a much smaller role than in the infra-structure; the folding is less composite and high-amplitude folds of some 1000 times larger dimensions provide a real shortening of about 40—50 %. A thinning of roughly 20 % of the Devonian sediments by compression has been calculated from fracture phenomena in thin slate intercalations in limestone beds. This thinning thus gives an apparent shortening which is greater than is actually the case. The northern boundary of the main dome of Lower Palaeozoic is formed by a steep flexured zone with a throw of at least 2 km. Adjacent to this flexure on the northern side is a zone of steep isoclinally folded Upper Palaeozoic rocks cut by an E—W branch of the North-Pyrenean fault system, resulting in a tilting of both blocks towards the north. The main dome is flanked to the south by a deep Upper Palaeozoic syncline of which the southern flank in the Monseny area passes into recumbent folds directed towards the south. After the main folding arching caused a fanning out of the originally vertical structure elements. Genetically related to this fanning is a late fracture cleavage (knick-zones) which displaces the syn-tectonic cleavage in such a way as to indicate a dilatation in a N—S direction. A subsequent, yet pre-Triassic vertical jointing, visible on aerial photographs, shows a complicated picture with many strike maxima of poor regional consistency. These major lineaments greatly influence the drainage. Important remnants of pre-glacial denudation surfaces have been preserved and lie at 2400—2600 m and 1850—2350 m altitude. The lower altitudes of these ranges are found towards the west of the area. The snow line of the last glaciation — derived from the lowest level of nivation cirque excavation — lay at 1500—1600 m in the north rising to 2100—2200 m in the south. A purely petrographical description is given of granodiorite batholiths, dykes, sills and basic rock intrusions. The talc of Fonta probably originated from dolomite by metasomatic addition of large quantities of hydrothermal quartz which penetrated from the granodiorite intrusion along a fault plane. The galena and sphalerite occurrences of Carbauère are also connected with a fault.

Description: The present paper is based upon a small collection of water striders of the family Hebridae, collected by the junior author while conducting a field survey of the Hemiptera of Curaçao and the other Netherlands Antillean islands in the Caribbean Sea. It is striking that the hebrids mentioned here were found only on the three islands of the Leeward Group, off the coast of Venezuela, i.e. Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire. On the very small islands of St. Martin, St. Eustatius and Saba, situated about 900 km farther to the northeast, not a single hebrid has been met with, in spite of the fact that suitable habitats were examined very carefully for their occurrence. The collection comprises four species of hebrids, divided between two genera: Merragata hebroides, from Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire; Hebrus concinnus, from Curaçao; Hebrus consolidus, from Curaçao; Hebrus elimatus, nov., from Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire.

Description: A collection of 79 specimens of Notostraca from the islands of Bonaire, Curaçao, and Aruba was kindly handed over to me for examination by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, Utrecht, to whom my thanks are due for giving me this opportunity of seeing some interesting material. All the specimens concerned belong to Triops longicaudatus (LeConte) — usually known as Apus longicaudatus LeConte — which is the only species of its genus yet found in America.

Description: Mr. H. R. VAN HEEKEREN and Mr. C. J. DU RY, of the Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde at Leiden, entrusted me with the identification of some animal remains collected from Indian sites on Aruba by Professor J. P. B. DE JOSSELIN DE JONG in 1923. These remains relate for the most part to marine turtles (Chelonia mydas L. and Caretta caretta (L.)), indistinguishable from the recent forms today living in the Caribbean Sea, but they do include also a small number of bones of mammals. These comprise a few items which are of sufficient interest to make it worth while placing the specimens on record. Five species of mammals are represented, three of which do not belong to the extant fauna of Aruba. The annotated list is given below. Details on the localities of Santa Cruz and Savaneta are to be found in Mr. VAN HEEKEREN’S recent account on the non-ceramic artifacts (VAN HEEKEREN, 1960).

Description: Die Untersuchung des Ems-Estuarium mit dem Dollart und dem anschließenden Wattgebiet wurde u.a. vorgenommen, um durch das Sammeln von ökologischer Kenntnisse, die paläo-ökologischen Verhältnisse derartiger Regionen aus früheren Epochen der Erdgeschichte besser kennen zu lernen. Deshalb haben diese Schlußfolgerungen über die ökologischen Verhältnisse einen etwas anderen Akzent, als wenn sie von einem Biologen stammten. Die Ökologie der Diatomaceae, Mollusca, Ostracoda, Amphipoda, Copepoda, Foraminifera und noch einiger anderer wirbelloser Tiere wurde einer näheren Untersuchung unterzogen. Absichtlich war die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Mikrofauna und -flora gerichtet, weil wir besonders unsere mikropaläontologische Kenntnis vertiefen wollten.

Description: Community analyses of the macrobenthos living on the the Weddell Sea shelf revealed a distinct horizontal patchiness. Within some systematic groups a specific faunistic classification could clearly be defined, e.g. for asterozoans and holothurians. For fish, however, only a general zoogeographical pattern was discernible, in addition there were some recognisable relationships to different microhabitats. The extreme differences in the distribution of sponges observed seems to reflect their highly variable biological characteristics. Studies using underwater imaging methods for benthic research have provided strong evidence for the ecological significance of two factors. The first, iceberg scouring leads to a variety of simultaneous stages of recolonization, which result in an increase in beta-diversity. As a consequence, it is unlikely that regionally a stage approaching a theoretical climax will ever be attained. Secondly, the structural diversity of living substrata provides the basis for an additional variety of epibiotic species. Only weak or non-detectable correlations have been found between benthic assemblages and physical parameters, such as water depth, sediment type, bathymetric features and the abundance of deposited phytodetritus. This indicates a benthic system which is relatively uncoupled from processes in the water column. The combination of stable environmental conditions and disturbances taking place over long periods of time, which are partly a special feature of Antarctica?s glacial history, shaped the diversity and faunal composition of the macrobenthos. Consequently, neither Houston's "intermediate-disturbance-hypothesis" nor Sander's "stability-time-hypothesis" can be rejected for this part of the antarctic ecosystem.

Description: Retention of melt-water runoff by percolation and/ or refreezing in the snowpack cannot be neglected when studying the surface mass balance of the Greenlandice sheet. In this paper, we make a detailed comparison of several treatments proposed in the literature to account for this process in large-scale mass-balanceparameterizations. The melt on the Greenland ice sheet is calculated with a revised degree-day model using updated datasets of surface elevation and precipitationrate on a 5 km grid. Crucial model parameters are recalibrated by comparing mass-balance characteristics with available observations on a regional basis. Wediscuss the role of meltwater retention in the light of the overall mass-balance of the Greenland ice sheet and its sensitivity to climatic change, and displaypatterns of effective retention fractions for the various methods. As a main conclusion, it appears that overall results are quite similar for the various models, butthat meltwater retention has a large spatial variation not described by the simple treatments. Using the most comprehensive retention model, the sensitivity of therunoff is found to be +0.35 mm/ deg C of sea-level change per year. We also present a new map of the different zones (facies) that characterize the accumulationarea of the Greenland ice sheet, that is useful for interpreting field data and calibrating satellite observations.

Description: This paper presents a new compilation of gridded data sets for three-dimensional modeling of the Antarctic ice sheet. These are for surface elevation, icethickness, bedrock elevation and accumulation rate as interpolated on a 281 x 281 mesh with 20 km spacing, and encompass all of the ice sheet and thesurrounding continental shelf. Data sources include the Bamber digital elevation model from ERS-1 radar altimeter data, a redigitization of available ice thicknessdata, the Giovinetto accumulation data, recent ice-thickness data from British and German expeditions as well as accumulation data from German and Norwegianexpeditions. In particular, new data were incorporated for the Filchner-Ronne-Schelfeis and for Dronning Maud Land arising from the EPICA pre-site survey.Special attention was devoted to carefully match the various data sources, both among themselves as across the grounding line and below the ice shelves toenable ice-sheet expansion and retreat in dynamic situations. As an application, the balance flow is calculated over the entire ice sheet using a two-dimensionalfinite difference scheme and compared with a previous assessment. This brought to light the existence of ice-streaming features extending well inland of the icesheet. A detailed zoom over Dronning Maud Land exhibits the general flow characteristics of interest for locating a future deep-drilling site. As a by-product, anupdated value of 26.4 x 106 km3 was obtained for the total volume of the ice sheet and ice shelves, or equivalent to 61.1 m of global sea-level rise after removalof the ice sheet and subsequent oceanic invasion and isostatic rebound. The total accumulation over the grounded ice sheet, including the Antarctic Peninsula, is1924 Gta-1, or between 5 and 20% higher than earlier estimates. Including all of the ice shelves, the value is 2344 Gta-1.

Description: Seventeen surface sediment samples from the North Atlantic Ocean off NE-Greenland between 76° and 81°N, and nine samples from the South Atlantic Ocean close to Bouvet Island between 48° and 55°S were taken with the aid of a Multiple Corer and investigated for their live (Rose Bengal stained) benthic foraminiferal content within the upper 15 cm of sediment. Preferentially endobenthic Melonis barleeanum, M. zaandami, and Bulimina aculeata as well as preferentially epibenthic Lobatula lobatula were counted from 1-cm-thick sediment slices each and analyzed for stable carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of their calcareous tests. Live and dead specimens were counted and measured separately. The carbon isotopic composition of the foraminifera was compared to that of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of simultaneously sampled bottom water. During a period of one month one station off NE-Greenland was replicately sampled once every week and samples were processed as above.Live specimens of Lobatula lobatula are confined to the uppermost two centimeters of sediment. Live specimens of Melonis spp. are found down to eight centimeters within the sediment but with a distinct sub-surface maximum between two and five centimeters. The down-core distribution of live Bulimina aculeata shows a distinct surface maximum in the top centimeter and constant but low numbers down to 11 cm subbottom depth.The average stable carbon isotopic composition (d13C per mil VPDB) of live L. lobatula off NE-Greenland is by 0.4 ± 0.1 per mil higher than the d13CDIC of the ambient bottom water at the time of sampling. There is evidence that this species calcify before the ice-free season, when bottom water d13CDIC is supposed to be higher. This would reconfirm the one-to-one relationship between d13C of ambient water DIC and cibicids, widely used by paleoceanographers. Live M. barleeanum show a negative offset from bottom water DIC of -1.7 ± 0.6 per mil in the uppermost sediment and of -2.2 ± 0.5 per mil in three to four centimeters subbottom depth. All d13C values of live Melonis spp. decrease within the upper four centimeters, regardless of the time of sampling and site investigated. The offset of live B. aculeata from bottom water d13CDIC values of eight stations rather constantly amounts -0.6 ± 0.1 per mil, no matter what subbottom depth the specimens are from. At one station however, where is strong indication of elevated organic carbon flux, the negative offset averaged over all sub-bottom depths increases to -1.5 ± 0.2 per mil. Buliminids actively move within the sediment and by this either record an average isotope signal of the pore water or the signal of one specific calcification depth. The recorded signal, however, depends on the organic carbon flux and reflects general but site specific pore water d13CDIC values. If compared with epibenthic d13C values from the same site, not influenced by pore water and related phytodetritus layer effects, Bulimina d13C values bear some potential as a paleoproductivity proxy. Specimens of Melonis spp. seem to prefer a more static way of life and calcify at different but individually fix depths within the sediment. Although live specimens thus record a stratified pore water d13C signal, there is no means yet to correct for bioturbational and early diagenetic effects in fossil faunas.

Description: Because investigations of PAN at higher southern latitudes are very scarce, we measuredsurface PAN concentrations for the first time in Antarctica. During the PhotochemicalExperiment at Neumayer (PEAN'99) campaign mean surface PAN mixing ratios of(13 ± 7) pptv and maximum values of 48 pptv were found. When these PAN mixing ratioswere compared to the sum of NOx and inorganic nitrate they were found to be equal orhigher. Low ambient air temperatures and low PAN concentrations caused a slowhomogeneous PAN decomposition rate of approximately 5 x 10^-2 pptv hr^-1. These slowdecay rates were not sufficient to firmly establish the simultaneously observed NOxconcentrations. In addition, low concentration ratios of [HNO3] / [NOx] imply that thephotochemical production of NOx within the snow pack can influence surface NOx mixingratios in Antarctica. Alternate measurements of PAN mixing ratios at two different heightsabove the snow surface were performed to derive fluxes between the lower troposphereand the underlying snow pack using calculated friction velocities. Most of the concentrationdifferences were below the precision of the measurements. Therefore, only an upper limitfor the PAN flux of ± 1 x 10^13 molecules m^-2 s^-1 without a predominant direction canbe estimated. However, PAN fluxes below this limit can still influence both the transfer ofnitrogen compounds between atmosphere and ice, and the PAN budget in higher southernlatitudes.

Description: English Summary - Living in Arctic watersThe Arctic ocean and its seasonally changing sea-ice cover influence the heat and energy exchange between cold air masses and warmer ocean currents which finally affects the climate. In these high latitudes scientists from various fields are searching for answers related to global change questions and theirs effects on marine communities. One problem is the ozone-hole and the resulting increase in biologically harmful ultraviolet radiation. The use of divers is essential for many field experiments such as measurements of the underwater radiation climate, collecting of marine organisms and observation and identification of ecological interactions between different species. Many physiological processes of marine macroalgae such as photosynthesis and growth are inhibited by UV radiation. The sensitivity of individual species is generally related to the depth zonation, i.e. eulittoral macroalgae are more resistant than sublittoral plants. The synthesis and accumulation of UV-absorbing substances may prevent photodamage and hence represents an important adaptation mechanism against UV stress. Although UV effects on whole macroalgal communities are not well investigated, losses in productivity and biomass, and consequently decreases in associated animals such as crustaceans and fish can be expected if the UV is further increasing. Benthic marine macroalgae represent suitable bio-indicators for environmental changes in Arctic coastal waters.

Description: Summary:Air clathrates in polar ice sheets exist in different shapes and sizes. For the description of transition states from air bubbles to clathrates and between different stages of transformation, and for statistical purposes, a classification into different categories is necessary. We have tried to establish a framework for the classification of clathrates employing criteria such as transparency, to distinguish between different stages of crystallisation, size, to reconstruct segregation processes, and shape, to investigate the crystal properties and the processes of recrystallisation. A miscellaneous category accounts for mixed-type clathrates, which are the result of different factors leading to their formation.Zusammenfassung:Luftclathrate in polaren Eisschilden weisen verschiedene Formen und Größen auf. Für die Beschreibung von Übergangszuständen von Luftblasen zu Clathraten und zwischen verschiedenen Transformationsphasen sowie für statistische Auswertungen ist eine Klassifizierung in verschiedene Kategorien notwendig. Ausgehend von Unterscheidungskriterien wie Transparenz, um zwischen verschiedenen Kristallisationsphasen zu unterscheiden, Größe, um Teilungsprozesse nachzuvollziehen, und Formen, um die Kristalleigenschaften und Umkristallisierungsprozesse zu untersuchen, haben wir ein Kriterienschema zur Klassifizierung von Clathraten aufgestellt. Eine weitere Kategorie beschreibt Clathrate, die verschiedenartige Merkmale auf Grund von verschiedenen Faktoren, die zu ihrer Entwicklung geführt haben, aufweisen.

Description: As part of the World Climate Research Programme, the World OceanCirculation Experiment (WOCE) has produced during the last decade aglobal set of hydrographic, nutrient and tracer data that is ofunprecedented quality and quantity. Large parts of this dataset arenow publicly available and are being used for general oceanographicresearch and climate studies. However, wide-spread use of thecombined WOCE dataset is hampered by the fact that the data residein many separate data files and by the complexity of the fileformat.In an effort to facilitate the use of the global WOCE dataset, allcurrently released data of the WOCE Hydrographic Programme (WHP)have been compiled into an integrated dataset. Together with theOcean Data View visualization software for Windows, thisdataset constitutes an ``Electronic Atlas of WOCE Data''(eWOCE) that allows the graphical display and interactive analysisof the data in many different ways. Because of extensiveinteractive controls like, for instance, user-defined plotconfiguration, zooming, auto-scaling, color adjustment andstation/sample selection, this electronic atlas complements and goesbeyond the printed atlases that are being prepared now.More than 200 property distributions along WHP sections are providedwith eWOCE. Starting from these template plots, users can easilyproduce (1) arbitrary property/property plots, (2) distributions ongeneral iso-surfaces, (3) property difference distributions betweenrepeats, (4) time-series plots, (5) geostrophic velocity sectionsand many other plot types. With eWOCE, the data can either bepresented as color-shaded and/or contoured fields or as coloredsymbols or numbers at the measurement locations. In addition to themeasured, basic variables, a large number of derived quantities canbe calculated and analyzed just as the basic variables. The WOCEdata collection can be extended easily: data from the WorldOcean Atlas 1994, the World Ocean Database 1998 and otherpopular data formats can be imported without modification. Asadd-ons, eWOCE comes with a gazetteer of WOCE sections andwith the GEBCO (General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans) gazetteerof undersea features which allow easy identification of sections andtopographic features. In addition to research applications,eWOCE can be useful for teaching and training.For more information on eWOCE visit the Web page http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/GEO/eWOCE.

Description: The present work provides a first description of three planktonic larval stages of Chorismus tuberculatus which were obtained from plankton samples collected in the south-western Atlantic during the expeditions of the RVs 'Walther Herwig' and 'Shinkai Maru' in 1978 and 1979, respectively. Three early developmental stages of C. tuberculatus are described and compared with those of the second species of this genus, C. antarcticus which is known to be distributed in the southern Atlantic Ocean and Antarctica. Both species are distinguishable by the presence /absence of supraorbital spines at the carapace, an anal spine and the exopodite on pereiopod 4. The rostrum is less developed in C. tuberculatus, the shape of the somites is less pronounced, and the number of posterior spines at the telson is lower than in C. antarcticus. Due to an abbreviated larval development as a physiological adaptation to it wider distribution into the Polar region, we assume C. antarcticus to have phylogenetically separated from C. tuberculatus, represented by the well developed first larval stages in contrast to that of the species described herein.

Description: Abstract Chondrus crispus and Mastocarpus stellatus both inhabit the intertidal and upper sublittoral zone of Helgoland, but with C.crispus generally taking a lower position. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence, activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO), and content and composition of UV absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) were conducted inthe laboratory, to test whether susceptibility to UV radiation may play a role in the vertical distribution of these two species. Effective andmaximal quantum yield of photochemistry as well as maximal electron transport rate (ETRmax) in C. crispus were more strongly affected byUV-B radiation than in M. stellatus. In both species, no negative effects of the respective radiation conditions were found on total activity ofRubisCO. Total MAA content in M. stellatus was up to 6-fold higher than in C. crispus and the composition of MAAs in the two specieswas different. The results indicate that, among others, UV-B sensitivity may be a factor restricting C. crispus to the lower intertidal andupper sublittoral zone, whereas M. stellatus is better adapted to UV radiation and is therefore more competitive in the upper intertidal zone.Key words Chondrus crispus · Chlorophyll fluorescence · Mastocarpus stellatus · Mycosporine-like amino acids · UV radiation

Description: Summary:In the present work certain parameters of the lipid metabolism of the Southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) are investigated using biochemical and electrophoretical methods and electronmicroscopy. Further it will be discussed whether the results indicate that the lipid metabolism has been adapted specifically to the polar environment. Earlier investi-gations on Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) showed that in this species, choles-terol levels were comparatively high (400-1000 mg/dl), while levels of triacylglycerides were comparatively low (30-90mg/dl), despite high dietary fat intake. However, no evi-dence of arteriosclerotic degeneration was detected in the arteries of Weddell seals and one elephant seal studied. In humans, however, a number of epidemiological studies have indi-cated a strong correlation between disorders in the lipid metabolism and coronary disease. Therefore, a number of laboratory methods have been established for routine and specia-lised diagnostics in human medicine. In the present study a number of these methods were used for investigations on Southern elephant seals and discussed.Field studies were carried out during two expeditions in 1995/96 and 1996/97 to the German-Argentinian Dallmann field laboratory on King George Island, Antarctica. For blood sampling, adult seals were either immobilised with ketamin or a ketamine/xylazine combination. Juvenile seals were not immobilised. Three different methods of drug ad-ministration were used, depending on field conditions. Three of 79 immobilisations were terminated using yohimbine.Laboratory analyses were carried out in the field laboratory, in the Klinikum Groß-hadern (LMU München), and in the Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl II (LMU München).In total, 182 blood samples were obtained from 40 seals, from 4 different animal groups: lactating cows, sucking pups, weaned pups, and adult seals during the annual moult. Each of the following parameters were analysed regularly in the 4 animal groups (value profiles):1) ultracentrifugation of blood serum to obtain lipoproteinfractions and determination of cholesterol concentration in each lipoprotein fraction2) concentration in the blood serum of: esterified and non-esterified cholesterol, phospho-lipids, triacylglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, b-hydroxybutyrate (b-HBA), blood glucose, and a-tocopherole3) in each animal group and for each parameter the value profiles were calculated statis-tically using Kendall's coefficient of concordance. Value profiles with p 〈 0.05 were also checked statistically with the Spearman rank order correlation coefficient.4) in addition, following laboratory methods were applied to single samples of each animal group: quantitative lipoproteinelectrophoresis, fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) with concentrations of cholesterol in each FPLC fraction, high performance liquid chro-matography (HPLC)electron microscopy of lipoprotein particles in the blood serum and in the lipoprotein fractions separated by ultracentrifugation (Anatomische Anstalt, Lehrstuhl II).In lactating cows all parameters showed a significant coincidence with stage of lactation (p 〈 0.05). In sucking pups, coincidence with the sucking period (p 〈 0.05) was noted for the value profiles of cholesterol, esterified and non-esterified cholesterol, phospholipids and triacylglycerides. In weanlings coincidence with the weaning period (p 〈 0.05) was noted in the value profiles of phospholipids, b-HBA, and blood glucose (p 〈 0.05). During the moulting period, no coincidence was noted of any parameter (p 〉 0.05). In all animal groups, comparatively high levels of cholesterol and phospholipids were found. In all animal groups, an unknown tocopherol peak (called gML-peak) occurred in the HPLC, close to and of similar shape to the g-tocopherol peak as known in humans. It was noted that the diameters of some lipoprotein particles as found in the electron microscope photographs differ widely from those in humans.When ultracentrifugation is compared with the FPLC and the quantitative lipoprotein-electrophoresis, the HDL-cholesterol appears to be the predominant fraction. The HDL-binding SR-BI-receptor might play a central role in eliminating unnecessary cholesterol from the lipoprotein metabolism in order to avoid arteriosclerotic disease, as it has been found in mice. However, an high amount of disposable cholesterol might be necessary to ensure sufficient fluidity of cell membranes in blood vessels during deep diving. Chol-esterol might also be necessary as a source of precursors for aldosterone synthesis in order to save water during the lactation (and fasting) period in lactating cows. It is possible that the comparatively high levels of serum phospholipids are necessary for the synthesis of sufficient quantities of lung surfactant factor. In elephant seals, surfactant factor is assumed to be an essential substrate for the expansion of the lungs during the ascent from deep dives (over 1500m).The particular aspects of lipid metabolism to be discussed are changes occuring as a result of changes in the nutritional status during the fasting periods in elephant seals. The value profiles of the investigated parameters indicate that the fasting periods of lactating cows, weaned pups, and moulting seals differ considerably from each other. Thus, it appears that there is a characteristic limit determining maximum fasting duration for each group. However, the minimum of fasting duration in each group is assumed to be a matter of behaviour and ontogenesis of elephant seals and of the development of weaned pups respectively. Because a lactating cow requires a minimum of 22 days to nurse the pup, she must remain in the breeding colony ashore. While undergoing the transition from sucking to nutritional independence, the weaned pup continues to develop body tissues, such as musculature, lungs and nervous system. The moulting seals probably do not fast per-manently. Their onshore period is supposed to be due to the reduced thermoregulatory capabilities during the moulting process when the blood circulation of the body surface and thus, the thermosteresis is increased.In summary, the lipid metabolism in all ages is directly and variously involved in the adaptation to the polar environment.

Description: During the Arctic Expedition ARK VIII/3 (August to September 1991) with RV Polarstern, the macrofauna, meiofauna, foraminifera, bacteria were sampled and sediment chemistry was determined at 13 stations along a transect from the Barents Sea slope across the deep Arctic Eurasian Basins towards the Lomonosov Ridge. Water depths ranged from 258 to 4427 m. In general, higher values for all benthic compartments as well as total organic carbon (TOC) and total hydrolysable amino acids (THAA) were recorded for the Barents Sea slope than for the deeper stations in the basins and the ridge slopes. The only significant correlation found was between macrofaunal abundance and depth. Bacterial and all faunal abundances as well as bacterial and macrofaunal biomass decreased significantly with increasing latitude. Although correlations between food items such as TOC and THAA and the fauna were weak, significant relationships between the bacterial and faunal size-classes reflected a distinct food chain typical of oligotrophic systems. The smallest compartments bacteria, meiofauna and foraminifera were more abundant than the macrofauna in the central Arctic Ocean. Macrofauna biomass dominated the biomass on the Barent Sea shelf and slope and on the Lomonosov Ridge, but bacterial biomass was equally or even more important on the Gakkel Ridge and in the deep basins. The results reveal the Eurasian Basin as one of the most oligotrophic regions in the World Ocean. Although primary production is low, recent foraminiferal investigations have revealed that benthic communities in the central Arctic Ocean are driven by the sedimentation of fresh organic material. Lateral transport of organic material from the Siberian shelf may provide additional food. The various benthic compartments compete either for fresh organic matter or for refractory material that is transferred to higher levels of the food chain by bacterial mineralisation.

Description: The neotropical crab Armases miersii (Rathbun, 1897) breeds in supratidal rock pools, where great salinity variations occur. In laboratory experiments, all larval stages and the first juveniles were reared at six different salinities (5-55 PSU, intervals of 10 PSU). In five series of experiments, exposure to these conditions began either from hatching (Zoea I) or from the onset of successively later stages (Zoea II, III, Megalopa, Crab I). Growth was measured in terms of dry weight, carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen content. At osmotically extreme conditions (5, 55 PSU), all stages showed minimum biomass accumulation; this was consistent with maximum mortality and longest duration of development (data presented in a separate paper). Successively later exposure to these salinities tended to reduce these effects. Lowest mortality and shortest time of development occurred generally at 15-25 PSU, indicating an optimum at moderately reduced salinities. This response pattern, however, was not congruent with that observed in growth. Biomass accumulation was initially maximum within a wide range of salinities (15-45 PSU), but in the Zoea II and III stages this range tended to narrow and to shift towards higher salinities (35-45 PSU). These trends reversed in the megalopa and Crab I, where maximum growth occurred again in a wider range and at lower salinities (15-35 PSU). The reduction of zoeal growth in moderately dilute media (15-25 PSU), which were optimal for survival and development, is interpreted as an energetic cost of hyper-osmoregulation, which begins already at hatching. 5 PSU caused hypo-osmotic stress, exceeding in the long term the larval capacity for hyper-regulation. Poor zoeal survival and growth at 55 PSU are interpreted as effects of hyper-osmotic stress. In the Megalopa and Crab I, reduced growth at salinities *35 PSU may reflect the energetic costs of hypo-osmoreguation beginning in these stages. Our data suggest that the physiological adaptations of larval and early juvenile A. miersii allowing for survival and development in a physically harsh and unpredictable habitat imply a trade-off with reduced growth, due to energetic costs of osmoregulation.