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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-10-14
    Beschreibung: The test capabilities of the Stability Wind Tunnel of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University are described, and calibrations for curved and rolling flow techniques are given. Oscillatory snaking tests to determine pure yawing derivatives are considered. Representative aerodynamic data obtained for a current fighter configuration using the curved and rolling flow techniques are presented. The application of dynamic derivatives obtained in such tests to the analysis of airplane motions in general, and to high angle of attack flight conditions in particular, is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AGARD Dyn. Stability Parameters; 13 p
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  • 2
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: The problem of the hypersonic double ellipse in rarefied flow is treated by a particle method using the collision model first described by McDonald (1988). In the approach used here, the computational overhead is reduced by using simple cubic cells. The problem of the definition of complex geometries is addressed by developing an algorithm to define the relation of a body surface to the network of cells.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: In: Hypersonic flows for reentry problems. Vol. 2 (A93-42576 17-02); p. 912-923.
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  • 3
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: Program LAURA (Langley Aerothermodynamic Upwind Relaxation Algorithm) is an upwind-biased, point-implicit relaxation algorithm for obtaining the numerical solution to the governing equations for 3D viscous hypersonic flows in chemical and thermal nonequilibrium. The algorithm is derived using a finite-volume formulation in which the inviscid components of flux across cell walls are described with a modified Roe's averaging and with second-order corrections based on Yee's Symmetric Total Variation Diminishing scheme. The code has been applied to Problem 8.2 of this workshop for the case of thermochemical nonequilibrium flow through a nozzle. Chemical reaction rates are defined with the model of Park (1987). Thermal nonequilibrium is modeled using a two-temperature approximation in which the vibrational energies of all molecules are assumed to be in equilibrium at a single temperature which is generally different from the translational-rotational temperature. Two grids were used to define the flow for the original problem, with a stagnation temperature of 6500 K. A third case with a stagnation temperature of 10,000 K is also presented. The solution domain includes the converging nozzle, subsonic flow domain in which the gas is substantially in thermochemical equilibrium and the diverging nozzle, hypersonic flow domain in which the gas is substantially in thermochemical nonequilibrium.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: In: Hypersonic flows for reentry problems. Vol. 2 (A93-42576 17-02); p. 1145-1158.
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  • 4
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: Solutions have been computed and results are presented for Problem 1, the case of Mach 9 transitional flow past a 7 deg half-angle cone at zero incidence. The solutions were computed using a code developed for the integration of the parabolized Navier-Stokes equations. The algorithm employed in the code is based on a Roe-type flux-difference-splitting scheme applied following a finite-volume approach. The basic algorithm has been modified to make it implicit and second-order accurate in the crossflow directions. Results are presented in terms of surface pressure and heat transfer as well as boundary layer profiles of pitot pressure, Mach number, and tangential velocity. The case was recalculated several times in an effort to determine sensitivities to such parameters as grid density, wall temperature, turbulence model parameters, as well as freestream expansion. Comparisons with the experimental data are presented and discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: In: Hypersonic flows for reentry problems. Vol. 2 (A93-42576 17-02); p. 75-91.
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  • 5
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: Airloads measured on a two-bladed helicopter rotor in flight, from the Tip Aerodynamic and Acoustic Test, are compared with calculations from a comprehensive helicopter analysis (CAMRAD/JA), and the pressures compared with calculations from a full-potential rotor code (FPR). The flight test results cover an advance ratio range from 0.19 to 0.38. The lowest speed case is characterized by the presence of significant blade-vortex interactions. Good correlation of peak-to-peak vortex-induced loads and the corresponding pressures is obtained. The results of the correlation for this two-bladed rotor are substantially similar to the results for three- and four-bladed rotors, concerning the tip vortex core size for best correlation, calculation of the peak-to-peak loads on the retreating side, and calculation of vortex-induced loads on inboard radial stations.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: In: AHS and Royal Aeronautical Society, Technical Specialists' Meeting on Rotorcraft Acoustics(Fluid Dynamics, Philadelphia, PA, Oct. 15-17, 1991, Proceedings (A93-29401 10-71); 38 p.
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: A new CFD potential code, FPX (eXtended Full-Potential), has been developed for application to both helicopters and tilt-rotors. The code solves the unsteady, three-dimensional full potential equation and is an extension of the rotor code, FPR. Both entropy and viscosity corrections are included to enhance the physical modeling capabilities. A number of efficiency related modifications have yielded a factor of two speed-up in the code. An axial flow capability has been added to treat tilt-rotor in forward flight (cruise mode). In order to employ streamwise periodicity and accurately solve for the propagation of acoustic signals in the tip region, an H-H topology has been added to the basic O-H grid system. Computations are performed for the XV-15 Standard and ATB blades at high-speed conditions. Comparisons are made for the blade aerodynamics and the induced fuselage cabin pressure for a range of Mach numbers. Grid generation, wake treatment, and far-field wall treatment are identified as problem areas with recommendations for future research.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: In: AHS and Royal Aeronautical Society, Technical Specialists' Meeting on Rotorcraft Acoustics(Fluid Dynamics, Philadelphia, PA, Oct. 15-17, 1991, Proceedings (A93-29401 10-71); 15 p.
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  • 7
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: A preliminary test/theory correlation evaluation is conducted for wake measurement test results obtained by LDV for a B360 helicopter rotor, at conditions critical to the understanding of wake-rollup and blade-vortex interaction phenomena. The LDV data were complemented by acoustic, blade pressure, rotor performance, and blade/control load measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: In: AHS and Royal Aeronautical Society, Technical Specialists' Meeting on Rotorcraft Acoustics(Fluid Dynamics, Philadelphia, PA, Oct. 15-17, 1991, Proceedings (A93-29401 10-71); 16 p.
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: Computations were made for those test cases of Problem 3 which were designated as laminar flows, viz., test cases 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, and 3.5. These test cases corresponded to flows over a flat plate and a compression ramp at high Mach number and at high Reynolds number. The computations over the compression ramps indicate a substantial streamwise extent of separation. Based on previous experience with separated laminar flows at high Mach numbers which indicated a substantial effect with spatial grid refinement, a series of computations with different grid sizes were performed. Also, for the flat plate, comparisons of the results for two different algorithms were made.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: In: Hypersonic flows for reentry problems. Vol. 2 (A93-42576 17-02); p. 244-254.
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: A development status evaluation is presented for CFD methods applicable to fuselage-integrated scramjet powerplant incorporating hypersonic vehicles; these methods are critically important due to the unavailability of experimental facilities for such elevated Mach number/high-enthalphy conditions. Advancements are required in algorithm robustness and speed, geometric flexibility, and the inclusion of more complete flow physics. The most serious deficiencies lie in turbulence modeling, the lack of complete transition-prediction methods, and combustion modeling.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: In: Hypersonic flows for reentry problems. Vol. 1 (A93-42576 17-02); p. 55-71.
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  • 10
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: An overview is given of research activity on the application of computational fluid dynamics (CDF) for hypersonic propulsion systems. After the initial consideration of the highly integrated nature of air-breathing hypersonic engines and airframe, attention is directed toward computations carried out for the components of the engine. A generic inlet configuration is considered in order to demonstrate the highly three dimensional viscous flow behavior occurring within rectangular inlets. Reacting flow computations for simple jet injection as well as for more complex combustion chambers are then discussed in order to show the capability of viscous finite rate chemical reaction computer simulations. Finally, the nozzle flow fields are demonstrated, showing the existence of complex shear layers and shock structure in the exhaust plume. The general issues associated with code validation as well as the specific issue associated with the use of CFD for design are discussed. A prognosis for the success of CFD in the design of future propulsion systems is offered.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: In: Hypersonic flows for reentry problems. Vol. 1 (A93-42576 17-02); p. 170-186.
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  • 11
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: A central artificial-viscosity and an upwind-biased difference method are contrived to solve the Euler equations for flowfields over typical spacecrafts. The spatial discretization is based on either nodal or cell-vertex formulation in the domain extending from free stream to the end of the vehicle. The outer boundary is treated as a bow shock in the first method but is placed in the free stream in the second, which captures both bow and internal shocks using an approximate Riemann solver based on high-order extrapolation to the cell face. These methods were tested for the Shuttle and Hermes orbiters at wind-tunnel conditions and angles of attack ranging from 0 to 60 deg. The artificial-viscosity method incorporated with a shock-fitting procedure shows smeared crossflow and wing-shock positions and required 15 percent more CPU per node than the upwind method. Greater flexibility and robustness is demonstrated by the latter on a fixed grid for all cases considered.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering (ISSN 0045-7825); 87; 2-3,
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  • 12
    Publikationsdatum: 2004-12-04
    Beschreibung: Three optimization-based methods for solving aerodynamic design problems are compared. The Euler equations for one-dimensional duct flow was used as a model problem, and the three methods are compared for efficiency, robustness, and implementation difficulty. The smoothness of the design problem with respect to different shock-capturing finite difference schemes, and in the presence of grid refinement, is investigated.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center, The Third Air Force(NASA Symposium on Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization; p 77-88
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  • 13
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A joint NASA/U.S. industry program to test advanced technology airfoils in the Langley 0.3-meter Transonic Tunnel (TCT) was formulated under the Langley ACEE Project Office. The objectives include providing U.S. industry an opportunity to compare their most advanced airfoils to the latest NASA designs by means of high Reynolds number tests in the same facility. At the same time, industry would again experience in the design and construction of cryogenic test techniques. The status and details of the test program are presented. Typical aerodynamic results obtained, to date, are presented at chord Reynolds number up to 45 x 10(6) and are compared to results from other facilities and theory. Details of a joint agreement between NASA and the Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsantalt fur Luft- and Raumfahrt e.V. (DFVLR) for tests of two airfoils are also included. Results of these tests will be made available as soon as practical.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Advan. Aerodyn.: Selected NASA Res.; p 37-53
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  • 14
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Dynamic model verification is the process whereby an analytical model of a dynamic system is compared with experimental data, adjusted if necessary to bring it into agreement with the data, and then qualified for future use in predicting system response in a different dynamic environment. These are various ways to conduct model verification. The approach taken here employs Bayesian statistical parameter estimation. Unlike curve fitting, whose objective is to minimize the difference between some analytical function and a given quantity of test data (or curve), Bayesian estimation attempts also to minimize the difference between the parameter values of that funciton (the model) and their initial estimates, in a least squares sense. The objectives of dynamic model verification, therefore, are to produce a model which: (1) is in agreement with test data; (2) will assist in the interpretation of test data; (3) can be used to help verify a design; (4) will reliably predict performance; and (5) in the case of space structures, will facilitate dynamic control.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Recent Experiences in Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Part 2; 15 p
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  • 15
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Multidisciplinary analysis often requires optimization of nonlinear systems that are subject to constraints. Trajectory optimization is one example of this situation. The Program to Optimize Simulated Trajectories (POST) was used successfully for a number of problems. The purpose is to describe POST and a new optimization approach that has been incorporated into it. Typical uses of POST will also be illustrated. The projected-gradient approach to optimization is the preferred option in POST and is discussed. A new approach to optimization, the random-walk approach, is described, and results with the random-walk approach are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Recent Experiences in Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Part 2; 23 p
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  • 16
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The purpose is not to provide a detailed discussion of several wall interference experiments, but rather to use these experiments (recently accomplished in the Boeing Transonic Wind Tunnel (BTWT) to illustrate the problems associated with many of the measurements required by current wall interference assessment/correction (WIAC) procedures. The wall correction to lift is emphasized. It is shown that, because conventional tunnels and relatively small models continue to be used, the flow field or flow boundary measurements to be made impose severe requirements on the experiment itself. In some cases, existing instrumentation and test techniques may not be adequate to obtain the data accuracies needed.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 21-42
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  • 17
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Based upon limited, initial observations of wall interference corrections obtained for one airfoil test, there is a need for assessing the upstream flow direction. If there is no direct measurement then a two-pass correction procedure similar to the one described here is required. Questions have arisen pertaining to the correct interpretation of the pressure coefficients measured on the slats of a slotted tunnel wall, the interpretation of just what the calculated equivalent body encompasses or should include, and what can or should be considered as quantitative criteria for data correctability. Further studies using this modified procedure will address these questions. Hopefully, a meaningful WIAC procedure can be validated for the airfoil tests in the 0.3-m TCT.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 393-414
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  • 18
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A series of airfoils were tested in the Langley 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel (TCT) at Reynolds numbers from 2 to 50 million. The 0.3-m TCT is equipped with Barnwell slots designed to minimize blockage due to the tunnel flow and ceiling. This design suggests that sidewall corrections for blockage is needed, and that a lifting airfoil produces a change in angle of attack. Sidewall correction methods were developed for subsonic and subsonic-transonic flow. Comparisons of theory with experimental data obtained in the 0.3-m TCT for two airfoils, the British NPL 9510 and the German R-4 are presented. The NPL 9510 was tested as part of the NASA/United Kingdom Joint Aeronautical Program and R-4 was tested as part f the DFVLR/NASA Advanced Airfoil Research Program. For the NPL 9510 airfoil, only those test points that one would anticipate being difficult to predict theoretically are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 375-392
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  • 19
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Representation of the flow around full-scale ships was sought in the subsonic wind tunnels in order to a Hain Reynolds numbers as high as possible. As part of the quest to attain the largest possible Reynolds number, large models with high blockage are used which result in significant wall interference effects. Some experiences with such a high blockage model tested in the NASA Ames 12-foot pressure wind tunnel are summarized. The main results of the experiment relating to wind tunnel wall interference effects are also presented.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 345-360
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  • 20
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The various procedures referred to as wall interference assessment and correction procedures presume the existence of a surface distribution of data (usually static pressure) measured over a surface on or near the tunnel walls for each test point to be assessed. An alternative approach in which a reasonably sophisticated computer model of the test section flow would be fitted parametrically to a sparse set of measured data is presented. The measurements provides line distributions of static pressure near the center lines of the top, side and bottom walls. The development of a test section model incorporating explicit recognition of discrete slots of finite length with controlled flow reentry into the solid wall downstream portion of the tunnel is shown.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center. Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 323-334
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  • 21
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Wall interference is made predominant in tunnel models and by wall geometries to facilitate the study of slot flow. The viscous effects in slots are studied by two dimensional measurements of flow. Wall interference is assessed by measuring pressure distributions at two levels near the walls. Interference on lifting delta wings is calculated. Pressure distributions at inner boundaries show basis axisymetries between the pressure side and the suction side, pointing to the necessity of having wider slots on the pressure side.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 293-300
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  • 22
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Classical methods for calculation of wall corrections which are not satisfactory for a number of flows of interest are discussed. To meet these objections, a number of methods were developed which use measurements of the low at or close to the tunnel walls as an outer boundary condition to define wall interference. The development, assessment and application of one such method is summarized.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 259-271
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  • 23
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Measured field data as a boundary condition for calculating the interference flow field were applied. They are divided into two categories. In the first category, the field data must consist of distributions of a single velocity component, and an accurate estimate of the hypothetical free air contribution of the model to this component is required. The differences between measured values and estimated model contributions are attributed to wall interference and they establish the boundary condition. The associated field data measurements are simple, yet the necessary model representation generally is a serious drawback. The second category requires field data which consist of velocity vector distributions at the price of multicomponent measurements, but at the profit that no information at all is required about the model. In solid wall test sections, the price is reduced to virtually zero but the profit remains.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 221-229
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  • 24
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A limited-zone ventilated wall panel was developed for a closed-wall icing tunnel which permitted correct simulation of transonic flow over model rotor airfoil sections with and without ice accretions. Candidate porous panels were tested in the Ohio State University 6- x 12-inch transonic airfoil tunnel and result in essentially interference-free flow, as evidenced by pressure distributions over a NACA 0012 airfoil for Mach numbers up to 0.75. Application to the NRC 12- x 12-inch icing tunnel showed a similar result, which allowed proper transonic flow simulation in that tunnel over its full speed range.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 165-170
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  • 25
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The free-stream interference caused by the flow through the slotted walls of the test sections of transonic wind tunnels has continuously a problem in transonic tunnel testing. The adaptive-wall transonic tunnel is designed to actively control the near-wall boundary conditions by sucking or blowing through the wall. In order to make the adaptive-wall concept work, parameters for computational boundary conditions must be known. These parameters must be measured with sufficient accuracy to allow numerical convergence of the flow field computations and must be measured in an inviscid region away from the model that is placed inside the wind tunnel. The near-wall flow field was mapped in detail using a five-port cone probe that was traversed in a plane transverse to the free-stream flow. The initial experiments were made using a single slot and recent measurements used multiple slots, all with the tunnel empty. The projection of the flow field velocity vectors on the transverse plane revealed the presence of a vortex-like flow with vorticity in the free stream. The current research involves the measurement of the flow field above a multislotted system with segmented plenums behind it, in which the flow is controlled through several plenums simultaneously. This system would be used to control a three-dimensional flow field.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 119-142
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  • 26
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A three-dimensional adaptive-wall wind tunnel experiment was conducted at Ames Research Center. This experiment demonstrated the effects of wall interference on the upwash distribution on an imaginary surface surrounding a lifting wing. This presentation demonstrates how the interference assessment procedure used in the adaptive-wall experiments to determine the wall adjustments can be used to separately assess lift- and blockage-induced wall interference in a passive-wall wind tunnel. The effects of lift interference on the upwash distribution and on the model lift coefficient are interpreted by a simple horseshoe vortex analysis.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 89-100
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  • 27
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A wall interference correction method for closed rectangular test sections was developed which uses measured wall pressures. Measurements with circular discs for blockage and a rectangular wing as a lift generator in a square closed test section validate this method. These measurements are intended to be a basis of comparison for measurements in the same tunnel using ventilated (in these case, slotted) walls. Using the vortex lattice method and homogeneous boundary conditions, calculations were performed which show sufficiently high pressure levels at the walls for correction purposes in test sections with porous walls. In Gottingen, an adaptive test section (which is a deformable rubber tube of 800 mm diameter) was built and a computer program was developed which is able to find the necessary wall adaptation for interference-free measurements in a single step. To check the program prior to the first run, the vortex lattice method was used to calculate wall pressure distributions in the nonadapted test section as input data for the one-step method. Comparison of the pressure distribution in the adapted test section with free-flight data shows nearly perfect agreement. An extension of the computer program can be made to evaluate the remaining interference corrections.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 61-78
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  • 28
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The following areas were addressed: interchangeable test sections in the 0.3-M Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel (TCT); typical airfoil installation; airfoil capability; advanced technology airfoil test (ATAT); effects of the Reynolds number on the normal force coefficient; effects of the Reynolds number on the drag coefficient; and comparison of experimental results with theory.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 361-374
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  • 29
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A formula for the determination of equivalent model geometry with two variables measured at the interface is derived, based on two dimensional subsonic flow. This predicted model profile is a reasonable initial estimate for transonic flow as long as the sonic region does not reach the interface. A general formula is given in two forms. One is in terms of complex variable functions and the other is an integral equation. The complex-function formula has the advantage of using analytic expressions. The integral equation form requires a numerical solution after assuming the model geometry as a polynomial function. Examples are given to illustrate the application of the formulas.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 335-342
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  • 30
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The two body problem was analyzed with a specific drag model. The model treats drag as a force proportional to the vector velocity and inversely proportional to the distance to the center of attraction. The solution is expressed in terms of known functions and is of a simple and compact form. The time of flight is expressed as a quadrature in the true anomaly. The results are: (1) development of a vector differential equation which allows analysis of an infinite number of gravitational and drag models; and (2) obtaining the solution of a linear differential equation using the inverse method of laplace transforms.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 2; 22 p
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  • 31
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Wall interference correction procedures seek to determine the required changes in certain flow or geometric parameters so that the difference between the flow properties at the model's surface in the tunnel and free air are minimized. A transonic and a linear correction procedure were developed for aircraft models. In addition to Mach number and angle of attack corrections, an estimate of the accuracy of the corrections is provided by the transonic correction procedure. Lift, pitching moment and pressure measurements near the tunnel walls are required. The efficiency and accuracy of the correction procedure are improved. Moreover, correction of both the wing and tail angles of attack is allowed. The procedure is valid for transonic as well as subcritical flows. However, for subcritical flows further approximations and simplifying assumptions are made, leading to a very simple and efficient correction procedure.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center. Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 301-322
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  • 32
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A facet of a unified tunnel correction scheme which uses wall pressures to determine tunnel induced blockage and upwash is described. With this method, there is usually no need to use data concerning model forces or power settings to find the interference; it follows directly from the pressures and tunnel dimensions. However, highly inclined jets do not produce good pressure signatures and are highly three dimensional, so they must be treated differently. Flow modeling is also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center. Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 273-290
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  • 33
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Wall corrections as a function of wall porosity in the transonic wall interference problem was assessed. Effective porosities primarily for the two dimensional case were established as follows: (1) comparison of experimental data for two geometrically similar models of different chord/height ratio, an overall value of wall porosity could be deduced; (2) theoretical development which allows for unequal porosity for the floor and ceiling and wall boundary pressure measurements, porosities for floor and ceiling could be deduced; (3) a scheme was developed which allowed unequal porosity of floor and ceiling and streamwise varying porosity. The boundary layer development along the perforated floor and ceiling under the influence of the model pressure field, variations in boundary layer thickness underlining the difficulties in deducing meaningful values of wall porosity were determined. Wall boundary pressure measurement, in combination with singularity modelling of the airfoil, was sufficient to yield required information on the wall interference flow without having to establish some value for wall porosity. The singularity modelling of the airfoil initially covered only lift and volume but was extended to include drag and pitching moment, and second order volume term. It is shown by asymptotic transonic small disturbance analysis, that the derived corrections to angle of attack and free stream Mach number are correct to the first order.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 231-257
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  • 34
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The effort to develop classical methods to compute wall interference at transonic speeds is outlined. The two-dimensional theory and three-dimensional development are discussed. Also, some numerical application of the two-dimensional work are indicated. The basic advantages of the asymptotic theory are noted.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 193-203
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  • 35
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A solution for the tunnel wall boundary layer effects for three-dimensional subsonic tunnels is presented. The model potentials are represented with simple singularities placed on the centerline of the tunnel and Laplace's equation in cylindrical coordinates is solved for either the conventional homogeneous slotted-wall boundary condition, the solid-wall viscous boundary condition, or a combination of them. The most pronounced wall boundary layer effect is on solid blockage for completely closed wind tunnels. Boundary layers on the wall reduce the blockage from the solid-wall, no-boundary-layer case in a manner similar to opening slots in a solid wall. Additionally, for solid-wall tunnel configurations, the streamline curvature interference factor is reduced by a significant amount, whereas the lift interference factor at the model station does not depend on the boundary layer parameter. For combination wall configurations, the slot effect of the horizontal walls dominates the viscous effect of the solid sidewalls.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 205-218
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  • 36
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Three experiments suitable for wall interference assessment and evaluation of proposed correction methods are presented. The experiments are: (1) a series of airfoil tests using a newly designed transonic flow facility that employs side-wall boundary layer suction and upper- and lower-wall shaping; (2) tests on a swept airfoil section spanning a solid-wall wind tunnel with fixed contouring on all four walls; and (3) tests on a swept wing of aspect ratio 3 mounted in a solid-wall wind tunnel with fixed flat walls. Each of the experiments provides data on the airfoil sections as well as on the wind tunnel walls. All the experiments were performed in solid wall wind tunnels corrected for boundary layer displacement effects. Although the experiments were performed primarily to evaluate computer code performance, it is believed that they also provide information that can be used to evaluate methods for assessing and correcting wall interference effects.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 171-190
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  • 37
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Sidewall boundary layer effects were investigated by applying partial upstream sidewall boundary layer removal in the Langley 0.3-m transonic cryogenic tunnel. Over the range of sidewall boundary layer displacement thickness of these tests the influence on pressure distribution was found to be small for subcritical conditions; however, for supercritical conditions the shock position was affected by the sidewall boundary layer. For these tests (with and without boundary layer remove) comparisons with predictions of the GRUMFOIL computer code indicated that Mach number corrections due to the sidewall boundary layer improve the agreement for both subcritical and supercritical conditions. The results also show that sidewall boundary layer removal reduces the magnitude of the sidewall correction; however, a suitable correction must still be made.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 143-163
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  • 38
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A validation of a measured boundary condition technique was carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of a wall interference assessment/correction (WIAC) system. An experimental evaluation was also carried out to compare performances of various techniques, to define the number of necessary boundary measurements for accurate assessment/corrections and to define the envelope of test conditions for which accurate assessment/corrections are achieved. The relative merits of a WIAC system and an adaptive wall tunnel are compared. The measurement surface boundary data is performed with a system of two rotating pipes. These pipes sweep out a cylindrical measurement surface near the tunnel walls, approximately one inch from the wall at the closest point. The experimental model was specially designed and fabricated for the adaptive wall experiments. The model is a wing/tail/body configuration with swept lifting surface. The boundary data taken in Tunnel 1T with the rotating pipe system has been shown to offer several attractive features for WIAC code evaluation. Good spatial resolution of measurements is achieved and measurements are made upstream and downstream of the model. Also, two velocity components are determined.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 101-118
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  • 39
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The research undertaken concerning the computation and/or reduction of wall interference follows two main axes: improvement of wall correction determinations, and use of adaptive flexible walls. The use of wall-measured data to compute interference effects is reliable when the model representation is assessed by signatures with known boundary conditions. When the computed interferences are not easily applicable to correcting the results (especially for gradients in two-dimensional cases), the flexible adaptive walls in operation in T2 are an efficient and assessed means of reducing the boundary effects to a negligible level, if the direction and speed of the flow are accurately measured on the boundary. The extension of the use of adaptive walls to three-dimensional cases may be attempted since the residual corrections are assumed to be small and are computable.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 43-60
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  • 40
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: To determine the low speed performance characteristics of a representative high aspect ratio supercritical wing, two low speed jet transport models were fabricated. A 12-ft. span model was used for low Reynolds number tests in the Langley 4- by 7-Meter Tunnel and the second, a 7.5-ft. span model, was used for high Reynolds number tests in the Ames 12-foot Pressure Tunnel. A brief summary of the results of the tests of these two models is presented and comparisons are made between the data obtained on these two models and other similar models. Follow-on two and three dimensional research efforts related to the EET high-lift configurations are also presented and discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Advan. Aerodyn.: Selected NASA Res.; p 55-77
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  • 41
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Highlight results are presented from subsonic and transonic pressure measurement studies conducted in the Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel on a supercritical wing model representative of an energy efficient transport design. Steady- and unsteady-pressure data were acquired on the upper and lower wing surface at an off-design Mach number of 0.60 and at the design Mach number of 0.78, for a Reynolds number of 2.2 x 10(6) (based on the wing average chord). The model configuration consisted of a sidewall-Mounted half-body fuselage and a semi-span wing with an aspect ratio of 10.76, a leading-edge sweepback angle of 28.8 degrees, and supercritical airfoil sections. The wing is instrumented with 252 static pressure orifices and 164 dynamic pressure gages. Model test variables included wing angle of attack, control-surface mean deflection angle, control-surface oscillating deflection angle and frequency, and phasing between oscillating leading-edge and trailing-edge controls when used together.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Advan. Aerodyn.: Selected NASA Res.; p 21-36
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  • 42
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: Research requirements to an ultra-high-Reynolds-number liquid helium facility are reviewed. Aerodynamic research areas under consideration include wave vortex hazard reduction, vortex control and diagnostics for maneuvering fighter aircraft, and performance of high-lift devices.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
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  • 43
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 28; 628-635
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  • 44
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: A static aeroelastic analysis capability that calculates flexible air loads for generic configuration wings was developed. It was made possible by integrating a finite element structural analysis code (MSC/NASTRAN) and a panel code of aerodynamic analysis based on linear potential flow theory. The framework already built in MSC/NASTRAN was used, and the aerodynamic influence coefficient matrix was computed externally and inserted in the NASTRAN by means of a DMAP program. It was shown that deformation and flexible air loads of an oblique wing configuration including asymmetric wings can be calculated reliably by this code both in subsonic and supersonic speeds.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 28; 801
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  • 45
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 2054-206
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  • 46
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: A recent study of total-pressure probes for use in highly turbulent streams is extended herein by developing probe systems that measure time-averaged static or ambient pressure and turbulence intensity. Arrangements of tubular probes of circular and elliptical cross section are described that measure the pressure at orifices on the sides of the probes to obtain different responses to the cross-stream velocity fluctuations. When the measured data are combined to remove the effect of the presence of the probes on the local pressure, the time-averaged static pressure and the cross-stream components of turbulence intensity can be determined. If a system of total pressure tubes, as described in an accompanying paper, is added to the static pressure group to form a single cluster, redundant measurements are obtained that permit accuracy and consistency checks.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 28; 750-755
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  • 47
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 1836-184
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  • 48
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: Flow over slender prolate spheroids at incidence is examined. The incidence angle is chosen high enough to cause streamwise separation of the flow in addition to crossflow separation generally observed at lower incidence angles. The freestream Mach number for the cases investigated here is subsonic, thus precluding the use of parabolized procedures. Laminar, transitional and turbulent flow cases are investigated.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Computers and Fluids (ISSN 0045-7930); 20; 3, 19
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  • 49
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 28; 552-559
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  • 50
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 5; 456-462
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  • 51
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 560-566
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  • 52
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: NASA's Aeroassist Flight Experiment (AFE) vehicle will be deployed from the Space Shuttle Orbiter in 1994 to make a data-gethering aeropass through the upper atmosphere before returning to orbit for Shuttle pickup. An axisymmetric, chemically-reacting viscous shock-layer code is presently used to calculate AFE heating rates which automatically accounts for the viscous-inviscid interaction and entropy layer-swallowing effects which are ignored by the conventional boundary-layer methods. Results are presented for the stagnation-point heating of the current AFE baseline trajectory.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 28; 125-128
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  • 53
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 28; 9-15
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  • 54
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 28; 31-39
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  • 55
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A computational procedure is developed that uses a moving zonal grid concept to model complex flexible aerospace vehicles. The Euler/Navier-Stokes equations are used to model the flow, and computations are made using efficient methods based on both central and upwind schemes. The structure is represented by a finite element method which can model general aerospace vehicles. Provisions are made to accommodate other disciplines such as controls and thermal loads. The code is capable of computing unsteady flows on flexible wings with vortical flows. Adaptation of this procedure for parallel processing and validation for complete aerospace configurations is in progress.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Computing Systems in Engineering (ISSN 0956-0521); 1; 2-4,
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  • 56
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An unstructured-grid, finite-volume method has been developed for simulating the inviscid flow over spacecrafts of realistic configuration. The grid generation is accomplished by a new technique on the basis of the advancing-front concept. This simple technique is shown to be equally as powerful for a complex multibody as for a single vehicle. Second- or third-order accuracy is obtained via an innovative interpolation procedure similar to the conventional MUSCL approach. This method has been applied to the Shuttle orbiter and a representative Shuttle launch vehicle consisting of the orbiter, the external tank, and the solid rocket boosters. A comparison is discussed between the present results and other results obtained from structured- and unstructured-grid methods.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Computers and Structures (ISSN 0045-7949); 39; 1-2,
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  • 57
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 27; 589-596
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  • 58
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Finite-difference approximations for steady-state compressible Navier-Stokes equations, whose two spatial dimensions are written in generalized curvilinear coordinates and strong conservation-law form, are presently solved by means of Newton's method in order to obtain a lifting-airfoil flow field under subsonic and transonnic conditions. In addition to ascertaining the computational requirements of an initial guess ensuring convergence and the degree of computational efficiency obtainable via the approximate Newton method's freezing of the Jacobian matrices, attention is given to the need for auxiliary methods assessing the temporal stability of steady-state solutions. It is demonstrated that nonunique solutions of the finite-difference equations are obtainable by Newton's method in conjunction with a continuation method.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 93; 108-127
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  • 59
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A series of experiments are performed in the NASA Lewis Transonic Oscillating Cascade Facility to provide fundamental data quantifying the high subsonic and transonic steady and oscillating aerodynamics of a biconvex airfoil cascade at realistic reduced frequency values for all interblade phase angles. This is accomplished by developing and utilizing an unsteady aerodynamic influence-coefficient technique in which only one cascaded airfoil is oscillated at a time. The vector summation of the resulting airfoil-surface unsteady pressures (measured on a dynamically instrumented airfoil) makes it possible to determine the unsteady aerodynamics of an equivalent cascade with all airfoils oscillating at any specified interblade phase angle.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aerospace Power (ISSN 1000-8055); 5; 275-282
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  • 60
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Theodorsen's 1948 analog evaluation of the parameters governing the ideal (friction-free) efficiency of propellers is updated and extended by computer. The results are presented both in his format and in a much more convenient one by Kramer that avoids iteration: curves of power coefficient at constant ideal efficiency are plotted vs propeller advance coefficient. The curves for a wide range of blade numbers are collapsed into just three sets (with some approximation) by use of multiple, shifted (and distorted) abscissae scales. Along with an overview of Theodorsen's theory, analytic asymptotic results at low and high advance coefficients are given. At the low end, the disagreement with actuator disk theory is given support and physical interpretation. At the high end, exact agreement is found with the thrust of a slender twisted delta propeller.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 27; 810-819
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  • 61
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 27; 764-770
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  • 62
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The present treatment of the inviscid flow past an ellipse via the numerical solution of the Euler equations yields a lifting solution for any combination of grid and/or angle of attack which is nonsymmetric, in order to illustrate the CFD challenge posed by this unusual flow behavior. The results obtained call into question the general capability and validity of numerical Euler results in the realm of conventional difference methods; specifically, the mechanism generating lifting results is not understood, and the problem's resolution is not yet in sight.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 28; 1703
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  • 63
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 6; 612-620
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  • 64
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The last ten years have yielded intriguing research results on aerodynamic boundary outer-layer manipulators as local skin friction reduction devices at low Reynolds numbers; net drag reduction device systems for entire aerodynamic configurations are nevertheless noted to remain elusive. Evidence has emerged for dramatic alterations of the structure of a turbulent boundary layer which persist for long distances downstream and reduce wall shear as a results of any one of several theoretically possible mechanisms. Reduced effectiveness at high Reynolds numbers may, however, limit the applicability of outer-layer manipulators to practical aircraft drag reduction.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
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  • 65
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An account is given of the development status and performance levels achieved with natural laminar flow (NLF), extended wing chord laminar flow control (LFC), and hybrid laminar flow control (HLFC) concepts combining NLF and partial-chord LFC in the leading-edge region. Attention is given to NLF wing structure construction methods capable of achieving the requisite surface-irregularity tolerances, LFC through wing surface suction slots or perforated skins, and the deleterious effects of insects, ice crystals, and noise disturbance inputs on the ability of NLF, LFC, and HLFC wings to maintain effective laminar flow operation.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
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  • 66
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The three-dimensional flow over a projectile has been computed using an implicit, approximately factored, partially flux-split algorithm. A simple composite grid scheme has been developed in which a single grid is partitioned into a series of smaller grids for applications which require an external large memory device such as the SSD of the CRAY X-MP/48 or multi-tasking. The accuracy and stability of the composite grid scheme have been tested by numerically simulating the flow over an ellipsoid at an angle of attack and comparing the solution with a single-grid solution. The flow field over a projectile at M = 0.96 and 1.1, and 4-deg angle of attack has been computed using a fine grid and compared with experiment.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (ISSN 0271-2091); 10; 855-873
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  • 67
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A method based on backward finite differencing in time and a least-squares finite element scheme for first-order systems of partial differential equations in space is applied to the Euler equations for gas dynamics. The scheme minimizes the L-sq-norm of the residual within each time step. The method naturally generates numerical dissipation proportional to the time step size. An implicit method employing linear elements has been implemented and proves robust. For high-order elements, computed solutions based on the L-sq method may have oscillations for calculations at similar time step sizes. To overcome this difficulty, a scheme which minimizes the weighted H1-norm of the residual is proposed and leads to a successful scheme with high-degree elements. Finally, a conservative least-squares finite element method is also developed. Numerical results for two-dimensional problems are given to demonstrate the shock resolution of the methods and compare different approaches.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (ISSN 0271-2091); 10; 557-568
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  • 68
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: To predict the unsteady convected gust aerodynamic response of a cascade comprised of arbitrary thick and cambered aerofoils in an incompressible, inviscid, flow field, a complete first-order model is formulated. The flow is analyzed by considering a periodic flow channel. The velocity potential is separated into steady and unsteady harmonic components, each described by a Laplace equation. The strong dependence of the unsteady aerodynamics on the steady effects of aerofoil and cascade geometry and incidence angle is manifested in the coupling of the unsteady and steady flow fields through the unsteady boundary conditions. Analytical solutions in individual grid elements of a body-fitted computational grid are then determined, with the complete solution obtained by assembly of these local solutions. The validity and capabilities of this model and solution technique are then demonstrated by analyzing the steady and unsteady aerodynamics of both theoretical and experimental cascade configurations.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (ISSN 0271-2091); 10; 285-303
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  • 69
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The impingement of a row of finite-area vortices on an edge is presently used to efficiently simulate the shear layer/edge interaction, yielding support for the hypothesis that the pressure waves emitted from an impingement edge are generated by the vortices/edge interaction. A parametric application of this method shows that pressure wave amplitude is a function of the length of the succession of vortices and that frequency of their release; this amplitude decreases with decreasing vortex spacing while succession length remains constant, or when succession length decreases while the number of vortices remains constant.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 28; 1557-156
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  • 70
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 27; 679-691
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  • 71
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 28; 1464-147
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  • 72
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 27; 481-487
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  • 73
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The importance of nonlinear effects to the solution of two-dimensional adaptive-wall outer-flow problems is presently evaluated by comparing outer-flow solutions computed on the basis of the transonic small perturbation equations with solutions based on the linear Prandtl-Glauert equation. Both methods are applied to simulated measurements of transonic flow past a two-dimensional airfoil in free air. Nonlinear effects are found to be important in the outer-flow solution only where the outer flow included supersonic flow.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 27; 475-477
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  • 74
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 6; 276-282
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  • 75
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 4; 162-169
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  • 76
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 27; 300-305
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  • 77
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Airfoil large-eddy breakup (LEBU) devices were tested on an axisymmetric body in the Langley Two Tank up to speeds of 50 ft/sec. NACA-0009, NACA-2412, E-193, and Clark Y contours were tested in single and tandem configurations. At the higher Reynolds numbers local skin friction downstream of the devices showed minimal reductions O (10 percent) and total body drag was increased 1 to 3 percent. At lower Reynolds numbers skin-friction reductions as large as 25 percent were measured and total body drag tended toward net reductions. The loss of effectiveness with increasing Reynolds number of conventional, outer layer devices suggests a decoupling of the outer and inner scales in high Reynolds number turbulent boundary layers.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
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  • 78
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center, Theoretical Aerodynamics Contractors' Workshop, Volume 2; p 607-63
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  • 79
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 7; 626-634
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  • 80
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An engineering approach was used to include the nonlinear effects of thickness and camber in an analytical aeroelastic analysis of casecades in supersonic acial flow (supersonic leading-edge locus). A hybrid code using Lighthill's nonlinear piston theory and Lane's linear potential theory was developed to include these nonlinear effects. Lighthill's theory was used to calculate the unsteady pressures on the noninterference surface regions of the airfoils in cascade. Lane's theory was used to calculate the unsteady pressures on the remaining interference surface regions. Two airfoil profiles were investigated (a supersonic throughflow fan design and a NACA 66-206 airfoil with a sharp leading edge). Results show that compared with predictions of Lane's potential theory for flat plates, the inclusion of thickness (with or without camber) may increase or decrease the aeroelastic stability, depending on the airfoil geometry and operating conditions. When thickness effects are included in the aeroelastic analysis, inclusion of camber will influence the predicted stability in proportion to the magnitude of the added camber. The critical interblade phase angle, depending on the airfoil profile and operating conditions, may also be influenced by thickness and camber. Compared with predictions of Lane's linear potential theory, the inclusion of thickness and camber decreased the aerodynamic stiffness and increased the aerodynamic damping at Mach 2 and 2.95 for a cascade of supersonic throughflow fan airfoils oscillating 180 degrees out of phase at a reduced frequency of 0.1.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 7; 404-411
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  • 81
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An efficient and highly accurate algorithm based on a spectral collocation method is developed for numerical solution of the compressible, two-dimensional and axisymmetric boundary layer equations. The numerical method incorporates a fifth-order, fully implicit marching scheme in the streamwise (timelike) dimension and a spectral collocation method based on Chebyshev polynomial expansions in the wall-normal (spacelike) dimension. The spectral collocation algorithm is used to derive the nonsimilar mean velocity and temperature profiles in the boundary layer of a 'fuselage' (cylinder) in a high-speed (Mach 5) flow parallel to its axis. The stability of the flow is shown to be sensitive to the gradual streamwise evolution of the mean flow and it is concluded that the effects of transverse curvature on stability should not be ignored routinely.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (ISSN 0271-2091); 13; 713-737
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  • 82
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 28; 609-617
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  • 83
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center, Theoretical Aerodynamics Contractors' Workshop, Volume 2; p 557-58
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  • 84
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center, Theoretical Aerodynamics Contractors' Workshop, Volume 2; p 539-55
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  • 85
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center, Theoretical Aerodynamics Contractors' Workshop, Volume 2; p 461-49
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  • 86
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Supersonic flows over a sharp and a flat-faced blunt fin mounted on a flat plate are simulated numerically. Several basic issues involved in the resultant three-dimensional steady flow separation are studied. Using the same number of grid points, different grid spacings are employed to investigate the effects of a grid resolution on the origin of the line of separation. Various shock strengths are used to study the so-called separation and unseparated boundary layer and to establish the existence or absence of secondary separation. The length of separation ahead of the flat-faced blunt fin, bifurcation of a horseshoe vortex, and the accessibility of a closed-type separation are investigated. The usual interpretation of the flow field from previous studies and new interpretations arising from the present simulation are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 1659-166
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  • 87
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 1573-158
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  • 88
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The Vaisala-Brunt frequencies of atmospheric waves lie sufficiently near He-filled balloon buoyancy oscillation frequencies to cause a near-resonance condition, especially in the 11.6-24.4 km altitude range. This excitation will hold for such balloons irrespective of size and payload variations due to the independence of balloon buoyant frequencies from size. Vertical perturbations of approximately 5-min period should accordingly be anticipated by balloon flight-control system designers.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 28; 606-608
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  • 89
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Numerical solutions of the thin-layer approximation of the 3D Navier-Stokes equations are presented for flows around an ogive-cylinder body with and without a splitter plate. It is suggested that the presence of the splitter plate prevents the interaction between flows on either side of the symmetry plane. It is concluded that, as a result of the enforced symmetry, the antisymmetric mode of the convective instability near the apex of the body cannot be excited and, therefore, the vortices remain symmetric, staying low and parallel to the upper body surface. The antisymmetric mode of the absolute instability mechanism cannot be initiated, which suppresses the alternate shedding of vortices from the cylindrical portion of the body. High-frequency fluctuations of the shear layer are found to remain virtually unaffected by the presence of the splitter plate.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Physics of Fluids A (ISSN 0899-8213); 3; 2122-213
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  • 90
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 1355-136
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  • 91
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 28; 517-525
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  • 92
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 28; 481-488
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  • 93
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 1250-125
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  • 94
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 28; 403-409
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  • 95
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 28; 456-462
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  • 96
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Improved algorithms for the solution of the three-dimensional, time-dependent Euler equations are presented for aerodynamic analysis involving unstructured dynamic meshes. The improvements have been developed recently to the spatial and temporal discretizations used by unstructured-grid flow solvers. The spatial discretization involves a flux-split approach that is naturally dissipative and captures shock waves sharply with at most one grid point within the shock structure. The temporal discretization involves either an explicit time-integration scheme using a multistage Runge-Kutta procedure or an implicit time-integration scheme using a Gauss-Seidel relaxation procedure, which is computationally efficient for either steady or unsteady flow problems. With the implicit Gauss-Seidel procedure, very large time steps may be used for rapid convergence to steady state, and the step size for unsteady cases may be selected for temporal accuracy rather than for numerical stability. Steady flow results are presented for both the NACA 0012 airfoil and the Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aerospatiales M6 wing to demonstrate applications of the new Euler solvers. The paper presents a description of the Euler solvers along with results and comparisons that assess the capability.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 28; 397-402
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  • 97
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 28; 374-380
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  • 98
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 5; 301-307
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  • 99
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 29; 1108-111
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  • 100
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An extension is undertaken of a previous numerical study in order to improve current understanding of nonequilibrium flow effects over slender bodies. Upon extension of the parametric study to encompass smaller nose radii, the downstream influence of equilibrium nonequilibrium flow is found to be much smaller than for the larger nose radii. A comparison of individual stagnation nonequilibrium heating rates demonstrates that a relative comparison of the ratios was not indicative of the actual heating reduction.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 28; 358-360
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