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  • Nitrate
  • Nitrogen fixation
  • Springer  (50)
  • 2025-2025
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (50)
  • 1981  (26)
  • 1980  (24)
  • 1929
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (50)
Years
  • 2025-2025
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (50)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The roles of nitrate and ammonium in the regulation of the development of nitrate reductase in Chlamydomonas reinhardii (1980)
    Springer
    Planta 150 (1980), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Chlamydomonas (mutant) ; Nitrate ; Nitrate reductase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The regulation of the development of nitrate reductase (NR) activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardii has been compared in a wild-type strain and in a mutant (nit-A) which possesses a modified nitrate reductase enzyme that is non-functional in vivo. The modified enzyme cannot use NAD(P)H as an electron donor for nitrate reduction and it differs from wild-type enzyme in that NR activity is not inactivated in vitro by incubation with NAD(P)H and small quantities of cyanide; it is inactivated when reduced benzyl viologen or flavin mononucleotide is present. After short periods of nitrogen starvation mutant organisms contain much higher levels of terminal-NR activity than do similarly treated wild-type ones. Despite the inability of the mutant to utilize nitrate, no nitrate or nitrite was found in nitrogen-starved cultures; it is therefore concluded that the appearance of NR activity is not a consequence of nitrification. After prolonged nitrogen starvation (22 h) the NR level in the mutant is low. It increases rapidly if nitrate is then added and this increase in activity does not occur in the presence of ammonium, tungstate or cycloheximide. Disappearance of preformed NR activity is stimulated by addition of tungstate and even more by addition of ammonium. The results are interpreted as evidence for a continuous turnover of NR in cells of the mutant with ammonium both stimulating NR breakdown and stopping NR synthesis. Nitrate protects the enzyme from breakdown. Reversible inactivation of NR activity is thought to play an insignificant rôle in the mutant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00385608
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of combined nitrogen on anapleurotic carbon assimilation and bleeding sap composition in Phaseolus vulgaris L. (1980)
    Springer
    Planta 148 (1980), S. 338-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Allantoin ; Amino acids ; Bleeding sap ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phaseolus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dwarf french beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., were grown with or without inoculation with rhizobia (strain 3644), and with or without a combined nitrogen source (nitrate or ammonium ions). The distribution of radioactivity into products of dark 14CO2 assimilation was studied in roots or nodules from these plants. A detailed study was also made of the distribution and rates of excretion of nitrogen in xylem bleeding sap in 28 day old plants grown on the various sources of nitrogen. Whereas detached nodules accumulated radioactive glycine, serine and glutamate when incubated with 14CO2, bleeding sap from plants root fed 14CO2 contained low levels of radioactivity in these compounds but higher levels in allantoin. Chemical analysis showed allantoin to be the major compound transported in the xylem of nodulated plants, whether or not they were fed on combined nitrogen. In contrast uninoculated plants accumulated mainly amino acids in the bleeding sap, the amount and chemical composition of which depended on the combined nitrogen source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388121
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of chemical inhibitors of photorespiration on nitrogenase activity in nodulated alfalfa plants (1980)
    Springer
    Planta 150 (1980), S. 299-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Glyoxylate ; Isonicotinic acid hydracide ; Medicago ; Nitrogen fixation ; Photorespiration ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fixation (measured as acetylene reduction) by whole nodulated alfalfa plants was stimulated when the plants were treated with isonicotinic acid hydracide (INH) and glyoxylate, both inhibitors of the glycolate pathway of carbohydrate metabolism, at concentrations of 300 and 100 mM, respectively. Reducing energetic loses caused by photorespiration results in an increase in the symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384659
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    15N2 Incorporation and metabolism in the lichen Peltigera aphthosa Willd (1981)
    Springer
    Planta 152 (1981), S. 544-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ammonium assimilation ; Lichens ; Nitrogen fixation ; Peltigera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Nostoc in the cephalodia of the lichen Peltigera aphthosa Willd. fixed 15N2 and the bulk of the nitrogen fixed was continuously transferred from it to its eukaryotic partners (a fungus and a green alga, Coccomyxa sp.). Kinetic studies carried out over the first 30 min, after exposure of isolated cephalodia to 15N2, showed that highest initial 15N2-labelling was into NH 4 + . After 12 min little further increase in the NH 4 + label occurred while that in the amide group of glutamine and in glutamate continued to increase. The 15N-labelling of the amino group of glutamine and of aspartate increased more slowly, followed by an increase in the labelling of alanine. When total incorporation of 15N-label was calculated, the overall pattern was found to be rather similar except that, throughout the experiment, the total 15N incorporated into glutamate was about six times greater than that into the amide group of glutamine. Pulse chase experiments, in which 14N2 was added to cephalodia previously exposed to 15N2, showed that the NH 4 + pool rapidly became depleted of 15N-label, followed by decreases in the labelling of glutamate, the amide group of glutamine and aspartate. The 15N-labelling of alanine, however, continued to increase for a period. When isolated cephalodia were treated with L-methionine-SR-sulphoximine, an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2), and azaserine, an inhibitor of glutamate synthase (EC 2.6.1.53), there was no detectable labelling in glutamine although the 15N-labelling of glutamate increased unimpaired. On treating the cephalodia with amino-oxyacetate, an inhibitor of aminotransferase activity, the alanine pool decreased. Evidence was obtained that glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase were located in the Nostoc, and that glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4) and various amino-transferases were located in the cephalodial fungus. Possible implications of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380825
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relative levels of guanosine 5′-diphosphate 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp) in some N2 fixing bacteria during derepression and repression of nitrogenase (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 128 (1981), S. 341-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Regulation ; Guanosine 5′-diphosphate 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Addition of ammonium to N2 fixing cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Clostridium pasteurianum rapidly reduced the intracellular levels of guanosine 5′-diphosphate 3′-diphosphate (ppGpp) by 70–90%. This change might reflect a regulatory role of ppGpp in nitrogen metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422542
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The occurrence of coryneform bacteria in the leaf cavity of Azolla (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 127 (1980), S. 163-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Arthrobacter ; Corynebacterium ; Anabaena azollae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Coryneform bacteria were found associated with the nitrogen fixing blue-green alga, Anabaena azollae in the leaf cavity of Azolla caroliniana. Plate counts indicated ca. 7,400±1,900 bacterial cells per mature leaf cavity or approximately 1 bacterial cell for every algal cell. No other type of bacterium was found in these cavities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428020
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antigenic differences between Anabaena azollae fresh from the Azolla fern leaf cavity and free-living cyanobacteria (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 126-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Fluorescent antibody staining ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiosis ; Anabaena azollae ; Azolla caroliniana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescent antibody staining indicated differences in surface antigenicity in Anabaena azollae cells fresh from the leaf cavities of the fern, Azolla caroliniana, and algae which were isolated and subcultured from this fern. Such results suggest that either changes in antigenicity occur in this phycobiont during culturing or that isolation selects for an antigenically different mutant strain capable of in vitro growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422316
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    The uptake and hydrolysis of disaccharides by fast-and slow-growing species of Rhizobium (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 238-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Disaccharide ; Bacteroid ; Transport ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Slow growing strains of rhizobia appear to lack both uptake systems and catabolic enzymes for disaccharides. In the fast-growing strains of rhizobia there are uptake mechanisms and catabolic enzymes for disaccharide metabolism. In Rhizobium leguminosarum WU 163 and WU235 and R. trifolii WU290, sucrose and maltose uptake appears to be constitutive whereas in R. meliloti WU60 and in cowpea Rhizobium NGR234 uptake of these disaccharides is inducible. There is evidence that there are at least two distinct disaccharide uptake systems in fast-growing rhizobia, one transporting sucrose, maltose and trehalose and the other, lactose. Disaccharide uptake is via an active process since uptake is inhibited by azide, dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone but not by arsenate. Bacteroids of R. leguminosarum WU235 and R. lupini WU8 are unable to accumulate disaccharides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425257
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of nitrogenase messenger RNA synthesis and stability in Klebsiella pneumoniae (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 38-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Gene expression ; Regulation ; Messenger RNA ; Transcription ; Klebsiella pneumoniae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogenase messenger RNA synthesis in Klebsiella pneumoniae was determined by labelling cells with (3H)uracil and isolating total RnA, which was then hybridized to filterbound recombinant plasmid pSA30 DNA carrying the nitrogenase structural genes nifH, D, and K. Derepression of nitrogenase mRNA starts 1.5 h before the onset of nitrogenase activity (as measured by acetylene reduction). Exposure of nif-derepressed cultures to either NH 4 + , air, or high temperatures (39° C) results in a rapid decrease of the synthesis rates both of nitrogenase mRNA and nitrogenase polypeptides. Nitrogenase mRNA is remarkably stable. After blocking transcription with rifampicin, hybridizable and actively translatable nitrogenase mRNA survives with an average half-life of 18 min. Half-lives are considerably shorter when rifampicin-inhibited cultures are simultaneously shifted to conditions which are non-permissive for nitrogenase synthesis, pointing to some posttranscriptional influence on nitrogenase mRNA stability. In all experiments performed there was no evidence for uncoupling of nitrogenase mRNA synthesis from nitrogenase mRNA translation, indicating that nitrogenase synthesis is regulated solely by transcriptional control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00527069
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Nitrogen fixation associated with a hotspring green alga (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 124 (1980), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Photosynthesis ; Green alga ; Chl a and b ; DCMU ; Light and O2 dependency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A unicellular alga which can grow in the light without a combined nitrogen source was isolated from a hot spring. The cells were almost spherical, usually 5–10 μm in diameter. Absorption spectra of the watersoluble pigments and of the acetone-extracted ones revealed the existence of chlorophyll a and b and the absence of phycobilins. Thin sections examined by electron microscopy revealed an eukaryotic organization with features typical of the coccoid green algae (the Chlorococcales). Cells divided by internal cytokinesis and subsequent liberation of daughter cells from the parental wall, in a way similar to Chlorella. The alga reduced acetylene to ethylene and incorporated 15N2 into cell protoplasm when incubated in a low oxygen atmosphere. Nitrogenase activity was light-dependent, microaerophilic and thermophilic. Although the association of symbiotic nitrogen fixing prokaryotes with the cells may still be possible, any such organisms have not so far been detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427722
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  • 11
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    Expression of klebsiella his and nif genes in serratia marcescens, Erwinia herbicola and Proteus mirabilis (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 127 (1980), S. 115-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Proteus mirabilis ; Serratia marcescens ; Erwinia herbicola ; Nitrogen fixation ; nif genes ; his genes ; Plasmids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plasmid pRD1, an R plasmid of the P incompatibility group which carries his and nif genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae in addition to drug resistance markers derived from RP4, was transferred to His- mutants of Serratia marcescens, Erwinia herbicola and Proteus mirabilis. His+ transconjugants were obtained at low but different frequencies according to recipient genus. Transconjugants all acquired the drug resistance, and were Nif+ in S. marcescens and E. herbicola, having acetylene-reducing activities of the same order of magnitude as the parent K. pneumoniae and fixing 15N2. No evidence for nif expression in P. mirabilis transconjugants was obtained though the nif genes were present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428014
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  • 12
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    Transformations of inorganic nitrogen by Azospirillum spp. (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 130 (1981), S. 96-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrate respiration ; Denitrification ; Assimilatory nitrate reduction ; Dissimilatory nitrate reduction ; Acetylene reduction ; Azospirillum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Azospirillum spp. participate in all steps of the nitrogen cycle except nitrification. They can fix molecular nitrogen and perform assimilatory nitrate reduction and nitrate respiration. Culture conditions have been defined under which nitrate is used both as terminal respiratory electron acceptor and as nitrogen source for growth. Nitrate and, possibly to a very limited extent, nitrite, but not sulfate, iron or fumarate support anaerobic respiration. Under anaerobic conditions, nitrate can also supply energy for nitrogen fixation but without supporting growth. Nitrate-dependent nitrogenase activity lasts only for 3–4 h until the enzymes of assimilatory nitrate reduction are synthesized. Nitrite accumulates during this period and inhibits nitrogenase activity at concentrations of about 1 mM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00411058
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  • 13
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    Effect of long-term fertilizer treatments on groundnut yield, nodulation, and nutrient uptake at Samaru, Nigeria (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Groundnut fertilization ; Nigeria ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Nutrient uptake ; Tropical soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract It was observed in a long-term fertility study that P application results in better nodulation and seed yield. The N yield per plant increased significantly with P, K, and B application, but the promoting effect of K and B on N content per plant was not reflected in the final yield. Data on mean nutrient uptake indicate that about 63% of N, 68% of P, 23% of K, 4% of Ca and 24% of Mg were present in the kernels, the remainder being in the haulm and shells. Soil will be exhausted fast if the nutrient rich groundnut residues are completely exported from the field and not compensated by adequate fertilizer application. Judicious use of fertilizers on groundnut has been shown to yield more than 100 kg of biologically fixed N per hectare.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181796
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  • 14
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    Forest-floor nitrogen dynamics in a 60-year-old paper birch ecosystem in interior Alaska (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 359-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alaska ; Ammonium ; Birch ; Forest-floor ; Isotopedilution ; Kinetics ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen pool
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An analysis was conducted of nitrogen dynamics in the forest floor of a paper birch forest in subarctic Alaska. Low addition levels of high enrichment isotope (〈1% of the total nitrogen pool with 95 to 99 atom percent excess15N) and isotope dilution analysis, were used to establish the kinetics of nitrogen flow. The pools examined were NH4, NO3+NO2, soluble organic-N and forest floor organic matter. This approach allows a more realistic assessment of rates of N movement at the levels of nitrogen concentration encountered in natural systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181831
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  • 15
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    Seasonal and diurnal variations in nitrate reductase activity of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 27-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrate ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrogen nutrition ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The seasonal and diurnal variations in nitrate reductase (NR) activity of field grown ‘Altona’ soybean, with and without applied nitrogen, were determined. The NR activity in the fortnightly collected leaf samples was, on the average, 20 percent higher throughout the season in N-treated plants, the highest being early in the season and declining gradually in the samples of subsequent dates. Diurnal variations were marked by increase in the NR activity from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. and then declining gradually to a minimum at 7 a.m. the next morning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197949
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  • 16
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    Effect of soil moisture stress on yield, nodulation and nitrogenase activity ofMacroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro andDesmodium intortum cv. Greenleaf (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Moisture stress ; Nitrogen fixation ; Tropical forage legume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of soil moisture stress on growth, nodulation and nitrogenase activity of two tropical forage legumes,Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro andDesmodium intortum cv. Greenleaf was studied in a pot experiment. After ten weeks growth, the highest moisture stress (20 per cent water holding capacity) significantly reduced only the top weight of both plants. Moisture stress progressively retarded top growth in the two legumes. Similar trends were also observed in defoliated plants. Moisture stress had little or no effect on the nodulation or nitrogenase activity of the plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211678
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  • 17
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    Nodulation and N2-fixation byInga jinicuil, a woody legume in coffee plantations (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 201-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Coffee plantation ; Inga jinicuil ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodule biomass ; Woody legume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nodule biomass and yearly C2H2 reduction rates are reported forInga jinicuil, a leguminous tree used for shade in Mexican coffee plantations. Annual fixation by this species approximates 35 kg ha−1; which, when compared to nitrogen additions from fertilizers, represents an important nitrogen input to the coffee ecosystem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184193
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  • 18
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    Respiratory stress in cucumber roots treated with ammonium or nitrate nitrogen (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 195-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Nitrate ; Cucumber ; Respiration ; Stress ; Root
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Characteristic differences in growth and metabolic responses were observed following treatment of cucumber (Cucumis sativus, cv Suisei No. 2) roots with NH4 + or NO3 − as the sole source of N in solution culture. The most significant differences were: 1. Plant growth was more rapid with NO3 − as the nitrogen source. The plants generally appeared healthier, and pH of the nutrient solution was more stable. 2. Free ammonia appeared in the tissues of roots grown in NH4 + media within 3 hr after introduction of the ammonium ion. A rapid accumulation of amide-N and amino-N in root tissue followed within the next 3 h. 3. Characteristic symptoms of ‘rotten root’ appeared on plants growing in ammonium salts, with increasing severity as the volume of solution accessible to each plant diminished. ‘Rotten root’ symptoms were not observed on plants grown in 20 ppm nitrate-N regardless of the solution volume. 4. Root oxygen uptake was clearly higher in plants grown with NH4 + ion than in those grown in NO3 − ion. 5. Increased levels of mitochondrial enzyme activity were observed in NH4 + grown roots. Malate dehydrogenase, NADH oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, succinate: cytochrome c oxidoreductase, and NADH: cytochrome c oxidoreductase were all higher in the NH4 + grown plants, even when under anoxic conditions. NADH diaphorase, however, was not significantly increased.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374104
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  • 19
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    Gnotobiotic cultures of rice plants up to ear stage in the absence of combined nitrogen source but in the presence of free living nitrogen fixing bacteriaAzotobacter vinelandii andRhodopseudomonas capsulata (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 85-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter vinelandii ; Gnotobiotic cultures ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa Rhodopseudomonas capsulata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An all glass tight growth chamber, entirely sterilizable, has been constructed to carry out axenic and gnotobiotic cultures of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). When grown in liquid medium and in the absence of combined nitrogen but in the presence of the diazotrophsAzotobacter vinelandii andRhodopseudomonas capsulata, rice plants exhibited a complete biological cycle from germination up to ear stage, during a period of time similar to the one encountered in french paddy soil of Camargue. In one experiment, mannitol was given to rice culture medium together withAzotobacter vinelandii andRhodopseudomonas capsulata. In another experiment, mannitol was not given together with Rhodopseudomonas, and still positive nitrogen gain was obtained, although it was less than culture with mannitol. When15N labeled cells of Rhodopseudomonas were added in rice culture medium,15N was partly transferred to rice plant. Among the nitrogen substances excreted from the bacteria in the rhizosphere medium, large organic molecules were shown to be the most abundant in our experimental conditions. Moreover, the concentration of free ammonia or aminoacids present in the rice rhizosphere were always compatible with a bacterial nitrogenase activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02377114
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  • 20
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    A comparison of nitrogen-fixing ability of peanut, cowpea and siratro plants nodulated by different strains of Rhizobium (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 317-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bacteroids ; Cowpea ; Nitrogen fixation ; Peanut ; Rhizobium ; Siratro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Acetylene reduction activity and nitrogen accumulation in the plant top per unit nodule mass were compared among peanut, cowpea and siratro plants nodulated by six different strains of Rhizobium. Peanut was found to have several fold higher values than cowpea and siratro for both parameters for all strains of Rhizobium which nodulated it effectively, but the bacteroid content of the peanut nodules was similar to those of cowpea and siratro.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374116
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  • 21
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    The effect of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen sources on copper uptake and amino acid status of cereals (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 279-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Ammonium ; Copper ; Barley ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of different nitrogen sources (NH4, NO3, and NH4 NO3) on the uptake of copper by wheat and barley growing in solution culture were compared in three experiments. Both the copper concentration and weight gain of shoots and roots were found to decrease in the order NO3〉NH4 NO3〉NH4 irrespective of the solution copper concentration. Ammonium nitrogen was also found to decrease the copper concentration of wheat grown on a copper deficient soil compared with a nitrate source of nitrogen. Increasing concentrations of ammonium ions in solution culture caused ammonium toxicity and reduced both plant copper concentrations and vegetative yield. Biochemical investigations using paper chromatography revealed that the amino acid asparagine was the major detoxification product of ammonia in wheat. Copper deficient plants were found to have elevated levels of amino acids compared with controls, irrespective of the nitrogen source.
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    The effect of sulfur on the response of cotton to urea under alkali soil conditions in pot experiments (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 255-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alkalin soil ; Ammonium ; Ammonium nitrate ; Ammonium sulfate ; Application method ; Cotton cultivars ; Incubation ; Nitrate ; N loss ; Phytotoxic effect ; Sulfur ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of sulfur (S) placement and S rate on the efficiency of urea (U) relative to ammonium sulfate (AS) and ammonium nitrate (AN) for cotton were examined in a pot experiment using sandy clay loam soil (pH 7.9). The results showed that AS and AN application in the absence of S increased the yield than U partly because U-induced damage to plants. The combined application of the N sources with S increased the yields and that, the placement of S in the seed horizon in contact with N was more effective than mixing throughout the soil especially with U. These effects were observed with three cotton cultivars. The addition of S to a maximum of 1.5 g/pot gave further increases in yields or the N content of leaves for U, AS or AN. Using the least squares method, it was found that the presence of S significantly increased the efficiency of U than AS or AN. Incubation of S and the N sources with S in the soil was carried out to understand the growth conditions of cotton fertilized by U in alkalin soil. In the case of U-soil system, the pH increased. NO2−N accumulated and considerable loss of N took place. The pH, NO2−N accumulation and the loss of N decreased with S increments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374089
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    Differences in nitrate uptake of species from habitats rich or poor in nitrogen when grown at low nitrate concentrations, using a new growth technique (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 265-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Competition ; Ecophysiology ; Hypochaeris radicata ; Nitrate ; Nitrate uptake ; Urtica dioica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method is described for culturing plants at extremely low nutrient concentrations. Using a Braun infusion pump, a fixed amount of nitrate or ammonium was supplied continuously to plants growing in a culture vessel at a rate limiting the uptake of the plants. At a very low nitrogen concentration an equilibrium was established where uptake rate of the plants is equal to the rate of supply by the infusion pump. The nitrogen concentrations reached appeared to be in the order of 1 μM. The method compared the nitrate uptake byHypochaeris radicata L.ssp.radicata, H. radicata ssp.ericetorum Van Soest andUrtica dioica L. and ammonium uptake byH. radicata ssp.radicata andH. radicata ssp.ericetorum. Plants were cultivated in monocultures or in mixed cultures (two species per culture vessel). For the mixed cultures competition for nitrate (or ammonium) between the species was maintained for long periods. The capacities of the uptake systems of two subspecies ofH. radicata from places different in nitrogen supply and pH were adapted equally well to both low nitrate and low ammonium concentrations. Apparently factors other than nitrogen uptake play a part in the distribution of the subspecies. The capacity of the uptake system ofU. dioica, a nitrophilous species, was lower than that ofH. radicata ssp.radicata, a species from places poorer in nitrogen. This difference is related to the different distribution of the two species in the field. The present results are compared with those of previous experiments where Km and Vmax were measured and the significance of both parameters is discussed.
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    A further extension of the method for independently measuring the amount of nitrogen fixed by a legume crop (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 331-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legumes ; Nitrogen fixation ; 15N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The combination of using15N for determining the amount of nitrogen fixed by a legume crop in field experiments and the labelling of only one treatment at a time in each treatment combination is shown to be conceptually and experimentally valid for determining the effect of cultural practices on the amount of nitrogen fixed by a legume crop.
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    Ectomycorrhizae in coastal miombo woodland of Tanzania (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 63 (1981), S. 283-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Afzelia quanzensis ; Brachystegia spiciformis ; Ectomycorrhiza ; Miombo woodland ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ectomycorrhizae were found in root samples of the treesAfzelia quanzensis Welw. andBrachystegia spiciformis Benth. (Caesalpiniaceae), collected in the coastal miombo type woodland 50 km west of Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Root nodules with a structure resembling that of nitrogen-fixing root nodules of other leguminous plants were observed in theA. quanzensis material. The climate of the locality is rather dry, and strongly seasonal. In the tropics, ectomycorrhizae have previously been found only in humid or rain forest climate zones.
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    Loss of nitrate nitrogen in the soil surface layer in Japanese grassland during the heavy rainfall season and its enhancement by the root mat (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 147-151 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chloride ; Grassland ; Leaching ; Nitrate ; N loss ; Root mat ; Surface layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Measurement of nitrate and chloride in the soil profile have been made in a grassland field at the National Grassland Research Institute, Tochigi, which received heavy applications at the rate of 60 kg/ha of nitrogen and chloride as potassium nitrate and calcium chloride respectively, at 5 days intervals in the summer wet season. The chloride anion was utilized as a tracer of the nitrate anion. Compared with the plots without a root-mat zone (0–2.5 cm), those with a root-mat zone had a lower NO3−N/Cl ratio in the soil surface layer (0–15 cm). Under intensive rainfall (17th July to 5th Sept., 519 mm) and high temperature (23°C), the surface root zone of the grass sward was assumed to be in a significantly reducing condition. From the change of NO3−N/Cl ratio in the soil profile and the plant uptake of nitrogen and chloride, considerable reduction of NO3−N and its loss from the root-mat zone was suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02149718
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    A pellet method to demonstrate nitrogen fixation by free-living rhizobia (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 163-165 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method is described to demonstrate nitrogen fixation by free-living Rhizobium cells. After aerobic growth in a nutrient solution, the bacteria are centrifuged. Acetylene reduction by the rhizobial cells in the pellet can be measured within a few days. Hydrogen gas frequently stimulates acetylene reduction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02149721
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    Influence of phosphorus and sulfur nutrition on composition ofClitoria ternatea L. (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 251-259 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nodulation ; Nitrate ; N-fertilization ; Plant P, S, N ; Sugar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A greenhouse experiment on a silt loam surface soil (Typic Hapludult) was done to investigate effects of P and S on yield, quality aspects and sugar reserves in the tropical forage legumeClitoria ternatea L. Four levels of P and two N treatments (NH4NO3 vs symbiotic) were arranged in a factorial design with four replications. After the first cutting two levels of S were imposed on this design. Phosphorus enhanced dry matter yield in the first cutting. Its effect was smaller in the second cutting. Amount of P required to produce maximum plant yield dropped from 200 mg/kg soil (or more) at the first cutting to 50–100 mg/kg at the second. Added S improved growth at suboptimal levels of P. At optimal P and S, symbiotic and +N plants yielded alike. Phosphorus and S fertilization caused several changes in plant composition. Nitrogen concentration was raised by S treatment and lowered by P. Combined addition of P and S lowered plant nitrate content. In symbiotic plants, soluble sugar concentrations were higher than in N-treated plants, and were increased by P and S treatment. In N-treated plants, neither P nor S increased reducing sugar concentration, but they increased total sugar.
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    Effect of calcium carbonate on ammonium and urea nutrition of young tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.) grown in sand culture (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 455-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acidity control ; Ammonium sulphate ; Calcium carbonate ; Nitrate ; Nitrification ; Urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary When calcium carbonate incorporated nutrient solution containing ammonium sulphate was added to sand in pots marked nitrification of the added ammonium was noted. It resulted in improved growth of tea plants and the toxicity effects of ammonium ions were completely eliminated. Where urea was used as the form of N supply, moderate (50%) nitrification was observed to occur even in the absence of calcium carbonate, however it was very rapid in its presence.
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    Nitrogen fixation in hardwood forests of the northeastern United States (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 33-44 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Harwood forests ; Nitrogen cycle ; Nitrogen fixation ; United States ; Wood litter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen-fixing activity in hardwood forests of the northeastern United States occurred in wood litter, greater than 2 cm in diameter. Activity in large dead wood was independent of species, in the case of deciduous wood litter, but was restricted to partially decayed wood with a high moisture content. Maximum rates of activity were observed in the summer months, minimum rates in the winter. Evidence from six stands of varying ages showed that fixation in large wood litter occurred in only 25% of the samples assayed. Fixation was highest in the youngest, 4 years, and oldest, over 200 years, stands; being about 2 kg/ha/yr. The quantity of nitrogen fixed appears to be related to the biomass of dead wood. Large amounts of wood litter in the youngest stands were from slash left after cutting. As the supply of slash is exhausted by decay, nitrogen fixation decreases, with a low around year 20. Fixation then gradually increases as natural thinning adds wood to the litter compartment. Apparently, the amount of nitrogen fixed in dead wood the first 20 years following clearcutting can only replace a modest fraction of the amount lost as a result of the cutting and product removal. Finally, the results indicate that nitrogen fixation in wood litter does not equal nitrogen fixation in a northern hardwood forest calculated using a mass balance approach, suggesting that additional nitrogen inputs exist.
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    Influence of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen on nitrogenase activity of pea plants as affected by light intensity and sugar addition (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 271-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Ammonium ; Bacteroids ; Carbohydrate supply ; Nitrate ; Nitrogenase ; Pea ; Pisum sativum ; Rhizobium leguminosarum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Addition of ammonium chloride or potassium nitrate to nodulated pea plants resulted in a decrease in acetylene-reducing activity. Both nodule growth and specific activity of the nodules were diminished. Acetylene-reducing activity of isolated bacteroids, treated with EDTA-toluene and supplied with ATP and dithionite, had not decreased after a 3-day treatment of the plants with NH4Cl or KNO3. The effect of combined nitrogen could be counteracted by raising the light intensity or by the addition of sucrose to the growth medium. The latter treatment reduced the nitrogen uptake by the plants. It is concluded that combined nitrogen affects symbiotic nitrogen fixation via the carbohydrate supply to the bacteroids.
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    The influence of mineral amendments on the changes in the organic nitrogen components of composts (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 259-270 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acid ; Amino sugar ; Ammonium ; Bentonite ; Clay ; Compost ; Decomposition ; Galactosamine ; Glucosamine ; Immobilization ; Kaolinite ; Muramic acid ; Nitrate ; Straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A series of straw composts, containing two levels of ammonium nitrate, were incubated with mineral amendments. Rate of decomposition was at a maximum over the first twenty days and was not influenced by the level of added nitrogne. The presence of bentonite and kaolinite reduced the loss of organic material slightly over the period of 150 days. In the low-N series, all the added inorganic nitrogen was immediately immobilized but in the high-N series inorganic N was slightly in excess of the microorganisms requirements. Little or no remineralization occurred. As a result of immobilization there was a rapid increase in amino acid and amino sugar nitrogen over the first 30 days and the values then remained fairly constant. The amino acid and amino sugar levels were slightly higher in the composts containing bentonite and kaolinite. In the early stages of the composting process, approximately half the organic nitrogen was soluble in phosphate buffer but the amount decreased with time of composting. Similarly, the amount of extracted nitrogen which could be hydrolysed by proteolytic enzymes, decreased with time. The composition of amino sugars liberated by acid hydrolysis suggested that chitin, probably of fungal origin, accounted for much of the amino sugar nitrogen and there is some evidence from oxidation studies for this. As composting proceeded, the amount of galactosamine increased and eventually muramic acid was identified indicating an increase in the bacterial flora.
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    Effect of nutrient medium pH on symbiotic nitrogen fixation byRhizobium leguminosarum andPisum sativum (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 71-80 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid-sensitive step ; Nitrogen content ; Nitrogen fixation ; Pisum sativum ; Rhizobium leguminosarum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experiments were performed to measure the pH-sensitive steps in nodulation and symbiotic fixation byPisum sativum and isolate RP-212-1 ofRhizobium leguminosarum. An aeroponic system with rigorous pH control was used to obtain numerous effective nodules. After exposure to various pH levels, the following responses were measured: (1) legume root growth and development, (2) survival and growth rate of a single effective bacterial isolate, (3) degree of nodulation, (4) rate of nitrogen fixation, (5) plant biomass, and (6) nitrogen content of plants. Both bacterial growth and root development were adequate at all pH levels from 4.4 to 6.6, but efficient nodulation and nitrogen fixation did not occur at pH 4.8 and below. The processes required for symbiosis were about 10 times as sensitive to acidity as either bacterial growth or root growth alone. Nodulation was the most acid-sensitive step.
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    Association of cation and organic anion accumulation with iron chlorosis of Scots pine on prairie soils (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 293-300 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcareous soils ; Calcium ; Cation-anion balance ; Induced-iron chlorosis ; Nitrate ; Organic anions ; Pinus sylvestris L ; Prairie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Iron chlorosis of 4 year old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in comparison to areas of adjacent healthy growth on calcareous prairie soil, was associated with slight increases in the soluble ion content of the saturation paste extract. Such increases in soluble ions (mainly calcium sulphate) were associated with significant increases in ash, cation (including iron) and organic anion content of the chlorotic needles. Increasing levels of available soil nitrate were also related to increase in organic anions. Nitrogen and phosphorus assimilation was adversely affected under conditions of iron chlorosis. These observations support the theory of induced iron deficiency associated with elevated levels of organic anions or translocated cations and are applicable to plantings of conifers on prairie soils.
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    Non-destructive semi-quantitative determination of acetylene reduction in the field (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 335-340 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Field method ; Nitrogen fixation ; Non-destructive ; Pisum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Direct injection of acetylene into soil around plant roots, followed by determination of ethylene/acetylene ratios in the soil atmosphere has been tested as a rapid, non-destructive method of estimating acetylene reducing activity. In pots of artificial media as well as in field soil, the ratios determined within 10 min. after injection were significantly correlated with the rates of acetylenedependent ethylene production in detached roots. The method may be useful in preliminary screening of large numbers of plant-bacteria combinations.
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    Effects of boron on nitrogen metabolism and sugar levels of sugar beet (1980)
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    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 3-9 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: B-deficient ; B-toxic ; Corrections ; Growth ; Leaf ; Metabolism ; Molybdenum ; Nitrate ; NRase ; Potassium ; Root ; Sap ; Sugar ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of deficient and toxic levels of boron on various aspects of nitrogen metabolism in sugar beet are studied. Plant analysis shows a nitrate ion accumulation, a decrease in the activity of the nitrate reductase enzyme and a lower molybdenum absorption. The effect of boron levels on the plant and root sugar concentration has also been studied.
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    Heterotrophic nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) associated to flooded rice: A modified measurement technique in the field (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 439-453 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A modifiedin situ technique for measuring heterotrophic nitrogen fixing (acetylene reducing) activity associated to rice is proposed. Ethylene evolution rates measured in opaque cylinders covering the stems of rice plants which have been cut 10 cm over the water level were found independent of the diurnal cycle. Cutting of the leaves resulted in decreased variation between plants and suppression of the acceleration of ethylene evolution rate after 12 h incubation as compared to intact plants. In both systems ethylene evolved was swept by a current of methane and the molar ratio between methane and ethylene was stabilized after 12 h. Methane evolution rates remained stable during 12 h and more than 24 h in whole plants and cut plants respectively. It is suggested that alteration in the active gas transport system after 12 h incubation under 10% acetylene may lead to erroneous evaluation of the actual ethylene production in the root's environment. The average values of ethylene evolution rates by cut plants between 12 and 24 h of incubation may be used for comparative studies of nitrogen fixing activity associated to flooded rice.
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    Nitrate reductase activity in corn seedlings as influenced byArthrobacter sp. (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 481-485 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arthrobacter sp. ; Corn seedlings GA3 ; IAA ; IPA ; Nitrate ; Nitrate reductase activity ; Phytohormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrate reductase activity has been assayed in corn seedlings grown in a nutrient solution containing different concentrations of nitrate and inoculated withArthrobacter sp. The enzymatic activity was greatly enhanced especially at the levels of NO3-ions suboptimal for the maximum induction. The ability of synthetic phytohormones (IAA, IPA and GA3) in inducting nitrate reductase activity has been also texted.
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    Net assimilation rate and relative nitrogen assimilation rate in relation to the dry matter production of alfalfa cultivars (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 185-192 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alfalfa ; Correlation coefficient ; Factor analysis ; Leaf area ratio ; Nitrogen fixation ; Net assimilation rate ; Path-coefficient analysis ; Relative growth rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twelve alfalfa cultivars inoculated with an indigenous strain (RM9) ofRhizobium meliloti, were compared for their seedling morphological characters, and growth characters, including net assimilation rate (NAR), relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and relative nitrogen assimilation rate (RN). Highly significant differences were obtained between cultivars for most characters. Simple correlation showed that NAR influenced RGR (r=0.91) more than leaf area ratio (LAR) (r=−0.44), and that most characters measured were highly correlated with seedling dry weight. Factor analysis showed that NAR, RGR and RN contributed 25% of the total variation in the dependence structure. The grouping indicated that the higher the NAR and RN the greater was the RGR. Path-coefficient analysis showed that NAR had more important direct and indirect effects than RN in dry matter accumulation. The relationship implied that selection for plants with high NAR, or high efficiency in converting light energy to dry matter production could contribute greater N2 fixation in alfalfa.
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    Influence of hexachlorocyclohexane on the nitrogenase activity of rice rhizosphere soil (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 473-477 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Hexachloroxyclohexane ; Nitrogenase activity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Redox potential ; Rhizosphere ; Rice plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of application of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH=gamma BHC), to a submerged tropical field soil at rates equivalent to recommended field rates (1–2.5kg a.i./ha) and twice this level, upon the rhizosphere soil nitrogenase, nitrogen fixers, and soil redox potential (Eh) was investigated. The rhizosphere soil from HCH-treated field exhibited significantly higher nitrogenase activity than that from untreated fields. HCH retarded the drop in redox potential of the field soil upto 80 days after transplantation under submerged conditions. Populations of nitrogen-fixingAzospirillum sp. and Azotobacter, to a greater extent, and anaerobic organisms, to a lesser extent, were stimulated in HCH-treated soils. Results indicate the stimulation of heterotrophic nitrogen-fixing bacteria by HCH in submerged paddy soils.
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    Cross-inoculation specificity ofPsophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 139-142 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legumes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Winged beans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Only legumes of the cowpea cross-inoculation group, including the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) were found to form nodules in a temperate zone soil with no previous history of legume cropping. Isolates from root nodules from uninoculated winged beans grown in the field only nodulated legumes in the cowpea cross-inoculation group.Rhizobium japonicum formed ineffective nodules with the winged bean.
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    Dark CO2 fixation in leaves of tomato plants grown with ammonium and nitrate as nitrogen sources (1981)
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    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 213-222 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Anaplerotic ; Dark CO2 fixation ; Lycopersicon ; Nitrate ; PEP carboxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The dark (non-photosynthetic) CO2 fixation was studied in the leaves of ammonium-fed and nitratefed tomato plants. The ability to fix14CO2 in the dark of ammonium-fed plants was remarkably lower as compared with nitrate-fed plants, supporting the previous finding that the synthesis of C4-compounds from C3-compounds was reduced in the leaves of ammonium-fed plants. There was no difference in the activity of PEP carboxylase in extracts prepared from the leaves between both the plants during an early period of the treatment. However, the enzyme activity began to decrease rapidly in ammonium-fed plants 4 days after the treatment. By long-term treatments, the enzyme activity in ammonium-fed plants became half as high as that of nitrate-fed plants. The decreased PEP carboxylase activity in ammonium-fed plants was not associated with the presence of NH4-N and the absence of NO3-N in the leaf extract, and was not restored by the addition of the leaf extract from nitrate-fed plants. It is concluded that the decreased rate of synthesis of C4-compounds from C3-compounds in ammonium-fed plants is closely associated with a decrease in the dark fixation involving PEP carboxylase.
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    Growth and nitrogen fixation ofAeschynomene under water stressed conditions (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 60 (1981), S. 309-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Aeschynomene americana ; Flooding ; Leaf water potential ; Nitrogen fixation ; Soil moisture deficits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies on the tolerance ofAeschynomene americana L. to periods of flooding or soil moisture deficit were conducted in an attempt to elucidate nitrogen fixation as affected by soil moisture. Nitrogenase activity was not reduced significantly in pot-grown Aeschynomene plants subjected to flooding in greenhouse conditions. After 20 days of withholding water from the soil, nitrogenase activities of the drought-stressed plants were much lower than those of either the well-watered or flooded plants. Leaf water potentials were similar in flooded and control plants; however, the droughted plants had leaf water potentials that were 4 bars lower than those of the control plants. Aeschynomene plants were tolerant to long-term periods of flooding, but exhibited a reduction in nitrogenase activity and leaf water status when subjected to soil moisture deficits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374115
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    Reduction of the nodulation barrier inMedicago laciniata by alteration of the root temperature (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 93-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ineffective nodules ; Medicago laciniata ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Root temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Medicago laciniata, an annual leguminous plant of Saharo-Sindian origin, is particularly refractory to root nodulation by most strains ofRhizobium meliloti. Using a series of such bacterial strains belonging to the 8 groups of Brockwell and Hely, and a variety of environmental conditions, it was noted that several normally non-nodulating strains (at 20°C) produced ineffective nodules at root temperatures of 24°C to 28°C. Nodulation at 20°C failed to occur in the presence of a wide variety of test compounds and physical conditions. No phytoalexins or anti-Rhizobium growth inhibitors were isolated from inoculated root tissue at any temperature. Temperature shift experiments indicated no infection of the root hairs at 20°C, and infection threads produced at the permissive root temperature failed to elongate after transfer to 20°C. However, if meristematic activity had been initiated in the inner root-cortical cells as a result of infection thread penetration at 28°C, no blockage of nodule maturation occurred upon subsequent transfer to 20°C root temperature. Nodules produced at 28°C were completely devoid of nitrogenase activity, although the apical (but not the distal) regions contained normal-appearing bacteriods, surrounded by enclosing membranes, and possessed a fully functional leghaemoglobin. A shortage of metabolic energy did not appear to be involved in the ineffective response. A hypothesis to explain the nodulation phenomenon observed was based on the observation in the roots of 2 factors present at 20°C but not at 28°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277367
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    Respiration and nitrogen fixation in nodulated roots of soya bean and pea (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 135-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Hydrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulated roots ; Pea ; Respiration ; Soya bean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide evolution and nitrogenase activity, measured either as hydrogen evolution (under argon 80%, oxygen 20%) or as the reduction of acetylene to ethylene, were assayed over the same time period by a direct mass-spectrometric method. When carbon dioxide evolution was used to estimate carbohydrate consumption, the results agreed with other work on whole plants. The RQ values obtained in these experiments were always less than 1.0 and thus the carbohydrate consumption calculated from oxygen uptake suggests that previous estimates, using carbon dioxide evolution as a measure of the cost of nitrogen fixation may be underestimates. Lag periods observed in the reduction of acetylene to ethylene suggest that there is a resistance to diffusion of gases in the root nodules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277370
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    Salinity tolerance of the tree legumes: Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var.torreyana, P. velutina andP. articulata) Algarrobo (P. chilensis), Kiawe (P. pallida) and Tamarugo (P. tamarugo) grown in sand culture on nitrogen-free media (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 311-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Biofuel ; Leguminous trees ; Nitrogen fixation ; Semi-arid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sand culture pot experiments were carried out with Proposis seedlings in the greenhouse on a nitrogen free nutrient solution with increasing levels of sodium chloride. All species tolerated a 6,000 mg/l salinity with no reduction in growth.P. velutina was the only species that poorly tolerated the 12,000 mg/l salinity level.P. articulata, P. pallida, andP. tamarugo tolerated 18,000 mg/l NaCl with little reduction in growth and grew slightly in a salinity (36,000 mg/l NaCl) greater than seawater. This is the first legume known to grown in salinities equivalent to seawater.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182012
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    Characteristics of nitrogen-fixingKlebsiella oxytoca isolated from wheat roots (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 53-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Inoculation ; Klebsiella oxytoca ; Nitrogen fixation ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Of 45 fermentative gram negative bacterial isolates examined from wheat roots, three were capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen as determined by the acetylene reduction technique and by protein contents of cells. A gram negative non-motile facultatively anaerobic bacterial strain capable of N2 fixation was identified asKlebsiella oxytoca ZMK-2. Optimal growth and N2 fixation occurred at pH 6.5. The optimum temperatures for growth under anaerobic conditions ranged between 30°–37°C. Acetylene reduction by intact cells was strikingly inhibited by 0.1 atm. or greater partial pressure of O2. Furthermore, the accumulation of H2 in the gas phase over cultures ofKlebsiella oxytoca ZMK-2 at partial pressures greater than 0.02 atm. resulted in a striking inhibition in the rate of C2H2 reduction. The addition of suspensions of eitherKlebsiella oxytoca ZMK-2 orAzotobacter vinelandii or a mixed culture of these two organisms to axenic cultures of wheat plants produced no significant increase in plant growth as measured by plant dry weight or nitrogen content of plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277362
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    Effect of Azospirillum inoculation on some growth parameters and n-content of wheat, sorghum and panicum (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasilense ; Cereals ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The potential of the nitrogen fixing bacteriumAzospirillum brasilense to enhance development and increase growth of several gramineae was investigated. In both sterilized and non-sterilized systems heading and flowering occurred earlier in the inoculated plants as compared to the noninoculated ones. Total shoot and root weights, total-N content, plant height and leaf length were significantly increased by inoculation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277363
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    Effect of host plant selection and temperature on the structure of root nodules of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 113-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Host selection ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodule structure ; Rhizobium trifolii ; TemperatureTrifolium pratense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary 1. Nodule structure was examined in the red clover cultivar S123 and in lines (designated H2) separately bred for high yield withRhizobium trifolii strains RCR 0403 and RCR 5. Plants were grown at 16/11, 22/17 and 27/22°C in a 16 h day at 25,000 lux. 2. The larger yields of bred lines compared with S123 were directly correlated with larger aggregate nodule size, larger infected zones and with more bacteroid tissue. Over all treatments the correlation of plant dry weight with aggregate areas of bacteroid tissue, assessed in median longitudinal section, accounted for 79% of the variance. 3. Yields were unrelated to the proportion of uninfected cells and vacuoles within the bacteroid zone. 4. Effects of host type and strain on nodule structure and yield were greatest at the moderate temperature and least and most irregular at high temperature. 5. Bacteriod tissue degenerated more rapidly in S123 than in the bred lines, more rapidly with RCR 0403 than RCR 5 and more rapidly at the high temperature than at moderate or low temperatures. 6. Aggregate nodule size irrespective of treatment was correlated with the aggregate sizes of nodule meristem and differentiating tissues. Nodule comtex comprised a larger proportion of the nodule section at 17 days than subsequently. Other than as specified above, the size relationships of the different tissues of the nodule were unaffected by host selection, temperature, bacterial strain or plant age. 7. At 22/17°C over a 17–25 day period the increment in dry matter per mm2 active nodule tissue was similar for H2 and S123 plants and was less for RCR 0403 (3.33 mg) than for RCR 5 (6.87 mg). At 27/22°C the effeciency of bacteroid tissue was much less,viz. 0.67 and 1.23 mg per mm2 respectively. 8. Nodule tissue areas and volumes were closely related so that unit volumes of active bacteriod tissue in general promoted similar dry matter increment in S123 and bred lines,viz. about 50.5 mg mm−3 at 22/17° for RCR 0403 and 80.8 mg mm−3 for RCR 5. The latter was associated with a fixation rate of 0.157 mg N mm−3 active tissue day−1.
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    Influence of inoculation on yield ofAlnus glutinosa in the Netherlands (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 61 (1981), S. 189-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinomycete symbiosis ; Alder ; Alnus glutinosa ; Endophyte ; Farmyard manure ; Forestry ; Frankia ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Root nodules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The occurrence and the infectivity of Frankia, the root-nodule endophyte ofAlnus glutinosa, were studied in different kinds of soil in the Netherlands. Both field and pot experiments indicated that many soils, on which alders have not been grown before, had low numbers of endogenous Frankia or none at all. Inoculation of these soils usually enhanced growth and nodulation of alders. The effect of fertilizer treatments on growth and nodulation ofA. glutinosa were studied in experimental plots. Alders grown in sandy soils, dressed with farmyard manure had the highest yield and the most nodules. The influence of inoculation with homogenates of Sp(+) and Sp(−) nodules and with a pure culture of Frankia AvcIl were studied in pot experiments. The quantity of different kinds of inoculum needed to obtain good growth and nodulation of alder was estimated. The results indicated that addition of a nodule homogenate of 90 g fresh AvcIl Sp(+) nodules is sufficient to inoculate one hectare of nursery soil to produce 10 nodules per plant, while a thousand times larger amount of inoculum is necessary when Sp(−) nodules are used. The limitations and the potentials of using nodule homogenates and pure cultures of Frankia for inoculation in forestry are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277374
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