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  • Articles  (21,906)
  • Springer  (21,668)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (238)
  • 1995-1999  (7,512)
  • 1980-1984  (13,866)
  • 1925-1929  (528)
  • 1997  (7,512)
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  • 1928  (528)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (21,906)
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  • Articles  (21,906)
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  • 1995-1999  (7,512)
  • 1980-1984  (13,866)
  • 1925-1929  (528)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer Simulations of Diffraction Effects due to Stacking Faults in β-SiC: I, Simulation Results (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 80 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns from nominally β-SiC specimens often differ from those expected for the cubic crystal structure. These differences include the presence of additional peaks, enhanced background intensities, peak broadening, changes in relative peak heights, and shifts in peak positions. It has long been recognized that they are due to the presence of stacking faults, and models relating the experimental observations to stacking fault population have continued to evolve. The presence and relative magnitude of these features vary among different β-SiC specimens. In this work, computer simulations were used to show that the variations are closely related to differences in the type and spatial distribution of stacking faults in each specimen. In these simulations, stacking sequences were generated using a selectively activated 1-D Ising model with a Boltzmann-type probability function for specifying errors, which allows a wide variety of fault configurations to be generated. Direct correlations between different features in the XRD data to the underlying fault population are demonstrated, which are discussed in this paper. It is also shown that this computer model is general, in the sense that many of the models presented in prior work can be interpreted as limiting cases of it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb03034.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE BOUSSINESQ WEDGE AND THE Jk, L AND M INTEGRALS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper examines the application of the Jk, L and M integrals, in complex-variable form, to the Boussinesq wedge. The wedge is symmetrical and subjected to a point couple and point forces at the apex of the wedge. In the case of a point couple acting at the wedge apex the Jy, L and M integrals are found to vanish for all wedge angles whereas Jx displays a 1/r3 path-dependence; where r is a radial dimension measured from the wedge apex. When the wedge is subjected to point forces at the wedge apex then Jx and Jy are 1/r path-dependent whereas L and M are path-independent.The property that the L and M integrals are path-independent for the Boussinesq wedge is applied to the problem of determining the modes I and II stress intensity factors for a corner-loaded edge crack in a half-plane subjected to both normal and parallel point forces to the free surface of the half-plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01534.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A STUDY ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH UNDER OUT-OF-PHASE COMBINED LOADINGS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue tests were performed on thin-walled tubular specimens of S45C steel under tension-compression, pure torsion, in-phase and out-of-phase axial-torsional loadings. The relationship between cracking behaviour and stress components on the crack plane was investigated. Measurement of microcrack density showed that microcracking was governed predominantly by the shear stress amplitude acting on the crack plane for all loading conditions. The failure crack was formed by coalescence of many cracks initiated near the maximum shear planes. The cracks grew turning their orientation to the direction perpendicular to the maximum normal stress. The transition of crack orientation occurred at relatively longer crack lengths at a higher stress ratio. The crack growth behaviour for all loading modes can be correlated using an equivalent strain intensity parameter based on shear and normal strains on the crack plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01536.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANALYSIS AND MODELISATION OF SHORT CRACK GROWTH BY DUCTILE FRACTURE MICROMECHANISMS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A ductile medium strength steel has been modelled by means of the Gurson model, and been used to investigate the effect of crack tip constraint in several fracture mechanics specimens. Both numerical and experimental results have been obtained, in the course of the crack extension process, for single edge notch bending specimens with different crack length-to-width ratios. The geometries with the shorter cracks always exhibited higher J values at initiation and steeper J crack growth resistance curves, and these results have been explained in terms of the stress and strain fields and damage development in the region ahead of the crack tip.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00297.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LOW-TEMPERATURE AUTOFRETTAGE: AN IMPROVED TECHNIQUE TO ENHANCE THE FATIGUE RESISTANCE OF THICK-WALLED TUBES AGAINST PULSATING INTERNAL PRESSURE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— It is shown that autofrettage at low temperatures is superior to autofrettage at room temperature in enhancing the fatigue resistance of thick-walled tubes against pulsating internal pressure. The physical reason is based on the well-known temperature dependence of the mechanical behaviour of metals and alloys which generally exhibit an enhancement of both the yield stress and strain hardening behaviour at lower temperatures. As a consequence, significantly larger compressive residual hoop stresses can be introduced during pressurization at low temperatures than at room temperature. Experimental data obtained on thick-walled tubes of the metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 L which were subjected to pulsating internal pressure at room temperature after autofrettage at temperatures between-110°C and room temperature are presented. These data demonstrate convincingly the advantages offered by low-temperature autofrettage in enhancing both the fatigue life in the finite-life region and the fatigue endurance limit in comparison with autofrettage at room temperature. In conclusion, some specific materials requirements for optimum low-temperature autofrettage performance are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00291.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    APPLICATION OF A NORMALIZATION METHOD FOR DETERMINING J-R CURVES IN GLASSY POLYMER PVC AT DIFFERENT CROSSHEAD SPEEDS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A new single-specimen testing method, the normalization method with the so-called LMN calibration function, based on the load separation principle and function calibrations from an individual test record, was used to construct J-R curves directly from load versus load-line displacement records without any additional on-line crack-length monitoring equipment. The research was done on CT-specimens of a glassy polymer PVC at different crosshead speeds ranging from 0.01 to 50 mm/min. The J-R curves evaluated from the normalization method are in good agreement with those from the conventional multiple-specimen testing method in the whole range of the tested crosshead speeds. The results demonstrated the applicability of the normalization method for developing J-R curves at different crosshead speeds in PVC. The crack initiation J-integral values, J0.2, showed a two-regime dependence on the crosshead speeds in the tested crosshead speed range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00272.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EFFECT OF BIAXIAL MEAN STRESS ON CYCLIC STRESS-STRAIN RESPONSE AND BEHAVIOUR OF SHORT FATIGUE CRACKS IN A HIGH STRENGTH SPRING STEEL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Biaxial fatigue tests were conducted on a high strength spring steel using hour-glass shaped smooth specimens. Four types of loading system were employed, i.e. (a) fully reversed cyclic torsion, (b) uniaxial push—pull, (c) fully reversed torsion with a superimposed axial static tension or compression stress, and (d) uniaxial push—pull with a superimposed static torque, to evaluate the effects of mean stress on the cyclic stress—strain response and short fatigue crack growth behaviour. Experimental results indicate that a biaxial mean stress has no apparent influence on the stress—strain response in torsion, however a superimposed tensile mean stress was detrimental to torsional fatigue strength. Similarly a superimposed static shear stress reduced the push—pull fatigue lifetime. A compressive mean stress was seen to be beneficial to torsion fatigue life. The role of mean stress on fatigue lifetime, under mixed mode loading, was investigated through experimental observations and theoretical analyses of short crack initiation and propagation. Using a plastic replication technique the effects of biaxial mean stress on both Stage I (mode II) and Stage II (mode I) short cracks were evaluated and analysed in detail. A two stage biaxial short fatigue crack growth model incorporating the influence of mean stress was subsequently developed and applied to correlate data of crack growth rate and fatigue life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00276.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CRACK INITIATION MECHANISMS IN TORSIONAL FATIGUE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The development of fatigue damage in Co45Ni specimens during push—pull and reversed torsion tests, performed inside a scanning electron microscope, was observed and the different stress states compared. It appeared that transgranular crack initiation and development is delayed and intergranular crack initiation promoted under torsional loading. This was explained in terms of reduced surface distortion at the emergence of persistent slip bands (PSBs) and smaller compatibility stresses at the PSB-matrix interfaces. The influence of the mechanical strength of grain boundaries on the difference between tensile and torsional fatigue lives is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00280.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS AND WEIGHT FUNCTIONS FOR SEMI-ELLIPTICAL SURFACE CRACKS IN FINITE-THICKNESS PLATES UNDER TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A Fourier series approach is proposed to calculate stress intensity factors using weight functions for semi-elliptical surface cracks in flat plates subjected to two-dimensional stress distributions. The weight functions were derived from reference stress intensity factors obtained by three-dimensional finite element analyses. The close form weight functions derived are suitable for the calculation of stress intensity factors for semi-elliptical surface cracks in flat plates under two-dimensional stress distributions with the crack aspect ratio in the range of 0.1 ≤a/c≤ 1 and relative depth in the range of 0 ≤a/t≤ 0.8. Solutions were verified using several two-dimensional non-linear stress distributions; the maximum difference being 6%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01517.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AN IMPROVED PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF HOT SPOT STRESSES IN TUBULAR JOINTS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A conventional finite element method may show a weakness when determining the hot spot stress distributions in the brace/chord intersection region of offshore tubular joints. This is because the chosen element displacement functions do not implicitly satisfy the conditions which prevail on the free surfaces. A procedure has been proposed to modify the conventional finite element method so as to allow the hot spot stresses, which occur at the free boundary of the weld toe of tubular joints, to be determined with improved accuracy. The results obtained by this modified method are compared with both an experimental and a traditional finite element solution. The comparison shows that the modified solution is in better agreement with the experimental data as compared with the traditional solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01523.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INFORMATION ON CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01504.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A SIMPLE TEST METHOD FOR ENERGY DISSIPATION RATE, CTOA AND THE STUDY OF SIZE AND TRANSFERABILITY EFFECTS FOR LARGE AMOUNTS OF DUCTILE CRACK GROWTH (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Simple extensions to the standard deep notch bend test procedure are suggested to allow the collection of data relevant to the energy dissipation rate, D, crack opening angle, COA, and J, all for arbitrarily large amounts of growth in extensive plasticity. The methods of analysis are detailed for real elastic-plastic behaviour of a high strength low-hardening type metal with a view to encouraging use on a wider range of materials. A proposal is made, and equations given, that the particular version of J used for an R-curve derived from the area under the loading diagram, should correspond to the value of the far-field integral, Jff.The relationship between the global measure of COA that emerges from D and the local crack tip opening angle, CTOA, as used in computational studies, is established. Transferability of CTOA data is examined in the light of effects of size and configuration. An explicit rule of the form CTOA √G =f (material and configuration) is proposed for the modelling of ductile growth in finite element studies. It is applied to a set of data in the literature, for the variation of CTOA with size in the deep notch bend test and for the configurations, bending, double edge and centre cracked tension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01507.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ELECTRON CHANNELLING CONTRAST TECHNIQUE APPLIED TO THE CHARACTERISATION OF DISLOCATION STRUCTURES IN THE VICINITY OF A FATIGUE CRACK (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— In this investigation the Electron Channelling Contrast (ECC) technique in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to reveal the dislocation structures in the vicinity of surface fatigue cracks in comparison to those of cyclically-deformed recrystallized polycrystalline copper. The plastic zone around a fatigue crack was found to consist of an innermost region containing cells, followed by a region containing dense veins and PSBs, surrounded by a structure of loose veins, bundles and loop patches typical of the cyclically deformed matrix. A relation between plastic strain amplitude values deduced from cyclic stress-strain investigations and the dislocation structures near fatigue cracks are given. Typical regions of damage accumulation were identified and plastic strain contours for surface fatigue cracks established. The essentially non-destructive ECC technique is particularly suited to identify the changes in mesoscopic dislocation structures from surface layers to the interior of specimens over large specimen areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01510.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INFORMATION ON CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01494.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PREDICTION OF THE FATIGUE LIMIT OF CRACKED SPECIMENS BASED ON THE CYCLIC R-CURVE METHOD (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The propagation behaviour of fatigue cracks emanating from pre-cracks was numerically simulated to evaluate the development of crack closure with crack growth. The crack opening stress intensity factor at the threshold was approximated as a function of the applied stress and the amount of crack extension. Pre-cracked specimens of a medium-carbon steel with a small surface crack and a single-edge crack were fatigued to investigate experimentally the initiation and propagation of cracks from pre-cracks. Crack closure was dynamically measured by using an interferometric strain/displacement gauge. The threshold condition of crack initiation from pre-cracks was given by a constant value of the effective stress intensity range which was equal to the threshold value for long cracks. The cyclic R-curve was constructed in terms of the threshold value of the maximum stress intensity factor as a function of crack extension approximated on the basis of the experimental and numerical results. The cyclic R-curve method was used to predict the fatigue thresholds of pre-cracked specimens. The predicted values of the fatigue limits for crack initiation and fracture, and the length of non-propagating cracks agreed very well with the experimental results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01497.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THREE-DIMENSIONAL CRACK-SHAPE EFFECTS DURING THE GROWTH OF SMALL SURFACE FATIGUE CRACKS IN A TITANIUM-BASE ALLOY (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A basic study was performed on the evolution of three-dimensional shapes of small surface fatigue cracks during fatigue, and the effect of this evolution on small-crack growth behavior of a titanium-base alloy. Specifically, the nature and the magnitude of variations in crack aspect ratio, a/c (a is the crack depth and c is the half-surface crack length), during cyclic crack growth and its impact on growth rates have been studied. Experiments were performed on naturally initiated micro-cracks in a microstructure consisting of equiaxed primary-α2 phase in a Widmanstätten (transformed β) matrix. Several cracks under stress ratio (R) levels of 0.1 and −1, were studied. A specialized experimental system, consisting of a laser interferometer (to measure precisely the small-crack surface displacements), and a photo microscope (to automatically and continuously photograph the fatigue micro-cracks) was employed in the study. Apparent aspect ratios of surface cracks were calculated from the compliance response and the surface crack length data as a function of fatigue cycles. These data enabled accurate calculations of growth rates at the surface crack tip as well as the tip at depth in the bulk over the entire crack growth period, thus giving an insight into the crack growth process. Measurements of closure levels of small cracks were also performed and were used to partly account for the differences in growth rates. In the comparisons of small-crack growth data with the large-crack data, surface growth rates correlated relatively well with the large-crack data. Growth rates at depth exhibited large variations due to the irregularity of crack fronts at this location, and these rates deviated significantly from the large-crack behavior. Additionally, these growth rates varied between different cracks. An attempt was made to rationalize these observations in terms of the effects of inhomogeneities present in the microstructure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01500.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PREDICTION OF FATIGUE FAILURE IN A CRANKSHAFT USING THE TECHNIQUE OF CRACK MODELLING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A new technique, known as crack modelling, is used here to predict fatigue failure in a crankshaft component. The technique uses a linear elastic finite element (FE) analysis to derive a stress intensity factor (K) for the component under load. The novel feature of the technique is that K is calculated without introducing a crack into a component; the stress field around the maximum stress point is examined and compared to that for a standard centre-cracked plate. The fatigue limit for a crankshaft was successfully predicted, when compared to experimental data. The only material parameter required for this prediction was the threshold stress intensity range, ΔKth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00397.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EFFECTS OF DRAWING STRAIN AND BLUING ON THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF EUTECTOID STEEL WIRES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The effects of bluing, associated with drawing strain, on the fatigue strength of eutectoid steel wires have been investigated. The fatigue limit increases by bluing and the increase is more significant with higher drawing strain. The peak in the fatigue limit with regard to the drawing strain in the wires, at a strain of 2.5, disappears after bluing. On the other hand, in the ferritic steel wires investigated for comparison, the fatigue limit gradually increases with the drawing strain up to 7.7. Furthermore, no appreciable change in the fatigue limit due to bluing is found. Based on the results of hardness tests on fatigue specimens with- and without-bluing, it is deduced that the decrease of the fatigue limit beyond the peak drawing strain in the eutectoid steel wire can partly be attributed to insufficient locking of the high-density dislocations by solute atoms. The effect of relaxation of residual stress during bluing is also briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01520.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LIMITATIONS ON THE USE OF THE STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR, K, AS A FRACTURE PARAMETER IN THE FATIGUE PROPAGATION OF SHORT CRACKS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— It is well known that for very short cracks the stress intensity factor K is not a suitable parameter to estimate the stress level over the small but finite Stage II process zone activation region of size rs near the crack tip, within which crack growth events take place. A critical appreciation of the reasons for the limitations on the applicability of ΔK as a fatigue crack propagation (FCP) parameter, when the crack length a is of the same order of magnitude or smaller than the size of the ‘fatigue-fracture activation region’, rs is presented. As an alternative to ΔK the range Δσs of the cyclic normal stress at a point situated at the fixed distance s=rs/2, ahead of the crack tip, inside the fatigue-fracture activation region, is proposed. It is observed that the limitation on the use of ΔK when the crack is short, is mathematical (and not physical) but this inconvenience is easily circumvented if the stress Δσs at the prescribed distance is used instead of ΔK since nowadays Δσs can be obtained numerically by using finite element methods (FEM). It follows that the parameter Δσs is not restricted by the mathematical limitations on ΔK and so it would seem that there is, a priori, no reason why the validity of the parameter Δσs cannot be extended to short cracks. It is shown that if the Paris law is expressed in terms of Δσs (πrrs)½ instead of ΔK the validity of the modified Paris law can be extended to short cracks.A coherent estimate of the value of the fatigue-fracture activation region rs is derived in terms of the fatigue limit ΔσFL obtained from S-N tests and of the threshold value ΔKth obtained from tests on long cracks where both relate to Stage II crack growth that ends in failure, namely, rs= (ΔKth/ΔσFL)2/π. An overall, threshold diagram is presented based on the simple criterion that, for sustained Stage II FCP, Δσs must be greater than ΔσFL. The study is based on a simple continuum mechanics approach and its purpose is the investigation of the suitability of both ΔK and Δσs to characterise the crack driving force that activates complex fracture processes at the microstructure's scale. The investigation pertains to conditions that lead to the ultimate failure of the component at values of Δσs 〉 ΔσFL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01521.x
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    A SINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATION SOLUTION FOR THE LINEAR ELASTIC CRACK OPENING DISPLACEMENT OF AN ARBITRARILY SHAPED PLANE CRACK: PART II REGULAR INTEGRAL SOLUTIONS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The boundary value problem for an arbitrarily shaped plane crack embedded in a 3D linear elastic solid can be reduced to a governing hyper-singular integral equation. A discretizing procedure based on a triangulation of the crack area has been offered in Part I of this work. The main goal of Part I is to introduce the analytical results for the 18 resulting finite-part integrals defined over a triangular mesh area. The finite-part integrals occur in those triangles where the source point coincides with one of the element nodes. Mostly the source point lies outside of the considered triangle. In these cases the occurring area integrals are regular.The aim of Part II is, therefore, the derivation of the closed form expressions for the relevant 18 regular area integrals. The resulting relations are of algebraic form which can easily be coded in compact form. Their numerical proof by two different methods shows the highest accuracy and, therefore, the correctness of the final solutions. The relevant numerical results are offered in Appendix I.With the formulae provided in Part I and Part II of the paper the determination of the coefficient matrix, necessary for the calculation of COD values from a linear equation system, is precise and needs only minimum computer time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01506.x
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    SUBINTERFACIAL FRACTURE IN FERRITE-AUSTENITE JOINTS UNDER MODE—III LOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Circumferentially notched cylindrical specimens are tested in torsion to obtain critical J values from crack resistance curves. The specimens are explosion cladded, half ferrite, half austenite, with the interface perpendicular to the cylinder axis and the circumferential notch at, or parallel to, the interface. Critical J values for crack extension in mode III were found to be a factor 1.1 to 2.1 higher than under comparable mode I loading.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01511.x
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    THE MINIATURISATION OF THE 4-POINT-BEND TEST (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Strength measurements are becoming increasingly important for electroceramics. Bending of specimens small enough to be cut out of small electroceramic components may be one possibility. Therefore the miniaturisation of the 4-point bend-test for ceramic specimens is now being attempted. In this paper the errors in determining the flexural strength arising from the test principle itself, plus the geometry and measuring inaccuracies are calculated and expressed as a function of the outer span length. Contact pressure and a tolerable total measuring inaccuracy determines the dimensions of miniature specimens and fixtures. The possibilities of appropriate specimen preparation are also investigated.Ceramic materials show a volume (i.e. a specimen size) dependence of strength which is described by Weibull's statistical theory. The applicability of the miniature bend-fixtures is demonstrated by measuring this volume effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01514.x
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    AN IMPROVED NUMERICAL TECHNIQUE FOR SIMULATING THE GROWTH OF PLANAR FATIGUE CRACKS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper describes a versatile technique for simulating the fatigue growth of a wide range of planar cracks of practical significance. Crack growth is predicted on a step-by-step basis from the Paris law using stress intensity factors calculated by the finite element method. The crack front is defined by a cubic spline curve from a set of nodes. Both the 1/4-node crack opening displacement and the three-dimensional J-integral (energy release rate) methods are used to calculate the stress intensity factors. Automatic remeshing of the finite element model to a new position which defines the new crack front enables the crack propagation to be followed. The accuracy and capability of this finite element simulation technique are demonstrated in this paper by the investigation of various problems of both theoretical and practical interest. These include the shape growth trend of an embedded initially penny-shaped defect and an embedded initially elliptical defect in an infinite body, the growth of a semi-elliptical surface crack in a finite thickness plate under tension and bending, the propagation of an internal crack in a round bar and the shape change of an external surface crack in a pressure vessel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01495.x
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    RELAXATION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES AT COLD-WORKED FASTENER HOLES DUE TO FATIGUE LOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Cold-expansion of fastener holes is now commonly used within the aerospace industry to increase the fatigue endurance of airframes. Although a number of methods of cold expansion are possible, the split-sleeve cold-expansion process is the most widely accepted and is frequently used in the repair and manufacture stages of both military and civil aircraft. In the present work, the redistribution of residual hoop stresses due to the application of constant amplitude fatigue loading at 4% cold-expanded holes has been studied. A modified Sachs method was adopted to evaluate the residual stress profiles and a replication technique was used to quantify crack growth. It was found that the decay of the residual hoop stress profile near the bore of the hole was due to the initiation and growth of small fatigue cracks. Cracks were found to initiate both near and below the fatigue limit, but subsequently arrested so stabilising the overall residual stress profile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01501.x
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    FACTORS CONTROLLING THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF NITRIDED TITANIUM (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The factors affecting the fatigue strength of nitrided titanium were clarified. The fatigue strength depended strongly on the fracture strength of the compound layer formed on the surface by nitriding. We found a Hall-Petch relationship between the fatigue strength of nitrided titanium and the grain size. The findings indicated that the reduction in the fatigue strength by nitriding results from both the formation of the compound layer possessing low fracture strength and grain growth occurring from ordinary nitriding. Furthermore, low-temperature nitriding (620°C, 24 h) was proposed to suppress grain growth. This treatment method improved not only the wear resistance and the corrosion resistance but also the fatigue strength of titanium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00404.x
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    REINFORCEMENT FRACTURE AND TENSILE DUCTILITY IN SPHERE-REINFORCED METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Sphere-reinforced metal-matrix composites are modelled as a three dimensional array of hexagonal cylinders, each one with a broken or intact spherical reinforcement at its centre. Using this model, the stress-strain response of the composite in uniaxial tension was obtained. A parametrical analysis of the influence of matrix and reinforcement properties as well as volume fraction on the ductility of these composites was performed. It was found that the decrease in ductility with respect to the unreinforced matrix depended mainly on the reinforcement/matrix strength ratio and on the defect distribution in the particulates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00301.x
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    THE INFLUENCE OF LOADING RATE ON HYDROGEN INDUCED CRACKING OF MICRO ALLOYED STEELS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Since the degradation effect due to environment on the cracking of materials depends on time, the loading rate has an important influence on the parameters that characterise its behaviour. This work analyses the effect of loading rate on the resistance to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) of two microailoyed steels, E690 and E500. Monotonic loading tests were performed on precracked CT samples using a slow strain rate machine. Tests were done under constant displacement rate varying from 4.1 × 10–7 m/s to 8.2 × 10–10m/s on the two steels that were cathodically charged with hydrogen at different current densities (1, 5 and 10 mA/cm2) to obtain different hydrogen concentration levels inside the material.Based on an analytical study, the initiation conditions for cracking as well as the crack propagation rates were determined in each case, and analysed as a function of K1. An extensive fractographic SEM study has been performed to help in the analysis of the different zones of behaviour obtained as an effect of loading rate, for each material and environmental condition used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00303.x
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    CYCLIC FATIGUE OF Al2O3 AND Al2O3-Al2TiO5 COMPOSITES IN DIRECT PUSH-PULL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A reaction sintering route is developed to produce, “in situ”, composites of alumina-aluminium titanate using alumina and titania as starting powders. Aluminium titanate, can be formed by a solid state reaction between Al2O3 and TiO2 at temperatures above the eutectoid temperature of 1280°C. These composites have different grain sizes of alumina matrix and a different quantity and distribution of aluminium titanate according to the heating cycle used.In the present work direct push-pull tests under cyclic loads have been carried out with both monolithic alumina and alumina-aluminium titanate composites. It has been found that all the samples show a decrease in tensile strength with the number of applied cycles of loading when plotted in graphical form but the slopes of these graphs for both Al2O3-Al2TiO5 composites are lower than for the alumina specimens. The role of aluminium titanate and the alumina matrix grain size in fatigue crack growth resistance has been studied during push-pull tests, where failure occurs by catastrophic propagation of small surface cracks after a very short regime of subcritical crack growth. These results have been compared with measurements of slow stable fatigue crack growth rates in Al2O3-Al2TiO5 composites carried out elsewhere with pre-notched specimens of the compact tension type. These latter tests provide information about the behaviour of significantly long cracks, i.e. cracks that are several millimetres long.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00308.x
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  • 29
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    ESIS TC 6 ROUND ROBIN ON FRACTURE TOUGHNESS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The Technical Committee “Ceramics” (TC 6) of the European Structural Integrity Society (ESIS) organized a round robin relating to the fracture toughness of ceramic materials at room temperature. Five materials were tested with five testing methods by eighteen laboratories. The five testing methods were: chevron notched beam in four point bending, direct measurement of the cracks emanating from a Vickers indentation, indentation strength by four-point bending, single edge precracked beam in four-point bending, and single edge notched beam in four-point bending. The results of the round robin performed in the period 1993 to 1994 are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00284.x
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    THE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF A CENTRE CRACKED TENSILE SPECIMEN (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper reviews the stress intensity factor, limit load, compliance and J-integral functions for a centre cracked tensile (CCT) specimen available in the literature. Compliance and J-integral functions are derived from the optimum stress intensity factor and limit load solutions. The functions are compared with the results obtained from two-dimensional finite element analyses of the specimen.The finite element results have confirmed the accuracy of the compliance and limit load functions available in the literature and suggest that the unloading compliance technique, based on crack mouth opening displacement, could be developed for a CCT specimen. Non-linear finite element analyses have shown that J can be estimated from the measured load versus load-point displacement behaviour providing a/W≥ 0.5
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00278.x
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    COMPRESSION FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR OF AN ALUMINIUM ALLOY: EFFECT OF OVERLOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The behaviour of fatigue cracks in an Al-alloy under cyclic compression, either with or without overloads, was studied. For constant-amplitude compressive cycling, a non-catastrophic (saturation) character of the fatigue crack behaviour was confirmed, with the final depth of a crack depending on the applied load level. Single (tensile or compressive) intermittent overloads were shown to re-activate a previously arrested crack while reversed (tensile—compressive or compressive—tensile) ones were also shown to maintain continual fatigue crack extension under otherwise fully compressive cycling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00282.x
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    AN ACCELERATED TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING NEAR-THRESHOLD STRESS INTENSITY VALUES IN HSLA STEELS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A new method for accelerating the collection of near-threshold corrosion fatigue crack propagation data, using local hydrogen embrittlement in the crack tip region, has been investigated for ASTM A710 HSLA steel. Fatigue tests were conducted at 10 and 0.2 Hz (stress ratio, R= 0.1) on “constant K” contoured double cantilever beam (CDCB) specimens, to establish near-threshold crack growth rates in a locally hydrogen charged region at the crack tip. Hydrogen charging was then discontinued and crack growth rates were monitored in the uncharged material. Near-threshold fatigue crack growth rates were found to be 100 times faster in the locally hydrogen charged specimens than in the uncharged material. Fatigue thresholds, ΔKth, were defined in less than one fifth the time required for load shedding tests in air at 0.2 Hz. Although demonstrated for HSLA steels, the technique is applicable to any material which can be embrittled by hydrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01518.x
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    CHARACTERIZATION OF DELAMINATION GROWTH BEHAVIOUR OF HYBRID BONDED LAMINATES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The objective of this work is to study the delamination growth behaviour of hybrid composite-aluminium bonded laminates. A modified Double Crack Lap Shear (DCLS) specimen was chosen for this study. An expression relating the delamination size and the compliance of a DCLS specimen was derived, and a test method for the delamination growth rate in DCLS specimens developed. The delamination sizes and the delamination growth rates of DCLS specimens were determined by monitoring the compliances of specimens during fatigue. Delamination growth rates at different stress ratios (R= 0.1, 0.3,0.5) were measured. A Walker-type equation for the delamination growth rate was obtained by a multiple linear regression analysis.It was shown that the compliance method for determining the delamination growth rate of DCLS specimens is not only convenient and practical, but also accurate. The delamination size in DCLS specimens increases linearly with cycles during fatigue, i.e. delamination growth rate is constant, independent of delamination size. The energy release rate was adopted to characterize delamination growth behaviour. Good agreement between the Walker equation and test results of the delamination growth rate was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01522.x
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    A SINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATION SOLUTION FOR THE LINEAR ELASTIC CRACK OPENING DISPLACEMENT OF AN ARBITRARILY SHAPED PLANE CRACK: PART I FINITE-PART INTEGRAL SOLUTIONS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The aim of the paper is to compute the local crack face displacements of a linear elastic body containing an arbitrarily shaped plane crack. From the crack face displacements the local stress intensity factors can be derived.The boundary value problem for a plane crack of arbitrary shape, embedded in a linear elastic medium, has been treated by several authors by the singular integral equation (SIE) approach. Their computations lead to a set of hyper-singular integral equations for the Cartesian components of the unknown crack face displacements. To solve these equations the authors present a discretization procedure based on six-node triangular finite elements. A total set of 24 finite-part integrals defined over a triangular area can be developed. These 2D-finite-part integrals can be split into both a 1D-regular and a 1D-finite-part-integral by means of the polar coordinates so that they can be solved in closed form. Finally, the investigation of the SIEs is reduced to a discrete set of linear algebraic equations for the unknown nodal point values. The necessary steps will be demonstrated in detail. The derived closed-form solutions will be offered in the text and in the appendices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01505.x
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    A NEW POWERFUL TOOL FOR SURVEYING CLEAVAGE FRACTURE SURFACES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A new tool is presented to investigate cleavage fracture surfaces. It is based on the combined techniques of crystal orientation measurements using the Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction (EBSD)-technique and 3-dimensional surfaces reconstruction by an Automatic Surface Reconstruction System (ASRS).With this tool we can perform crystallographic fractometry of cleavage fracture facets of polycrystals within the limits of the resolution of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), e.g. we can determine the crystallographic indices of cleavage planes and of directions on such planes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01509.x
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    A FRACTURE MECHANICS APPROACH FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF REFRACTORY MATERIALS WITH REDUCED BRITTLENESS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Ordinary ceramic refractories are used as lining material for industrial pyro-processes. A high resistance to mechanical failure from an imposed strain or thermal shock is usually termed “flexibility”. A scientific approach to enhance this property is hindered by the fact that there is a lack of understanding, definition and measurement of this parameter in relation to its physical basis.Wedge splitting tests were performed on a variety of typically shaped refractories together with standard procedures. This type of test enables stable crack propagation even for relatively large specimen dimensions that are necessary due to the size effect. High “flexibility” proved to be achievable in low brittleness materials and can be characterised by a brittleness number, the characteristic length or the thermal shock fracture resistance parameter according to Hasselman. A sufficient decrease of brittleness can be successfully achieved by the formation of precracks during the burning process which enhance the development of a fracture process zone. For a magnesia refractory (with additions of magnesia-alumina spinel) a friction bridging mechanism plays an important role in reducing brittleness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01513.x
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    DISLOCATION STRUCTURE AND NON-PROPORTIONAL HARDENING OF TYPE 304 STAINLESS STEEL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper describes the microstructure of Type 304 stainless steel after cyclic loading at room temperature under tension-torsion non-proportional strain paths. The degree of cyclic non-proportional hardening is correlated with changes in the dislocation substructure. Dislocation cells, dislocation bundles, twins and stacking faults are all observed. The type of microstructure formed and resultant stress response is dependent on the degree of non-proportional loading and strain range. Cyclic stress range was uniquely correlated with mean cell size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01496.x
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    THE EFFECT OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR SHEAR LIPS ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN Al 2024 (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Multiple underloads and overloads with constant ΔK were carried out on centre-cracked tension specimens. It was found that when shear lips develop, underloads or overloads affect the crack growth rate da/dN and the subsequent retardation. The appearance of the shear lip fracture surfaces depends on the frequency. At higher frequencies a greater number of rough shear lip fracture surfaces will develop, while at lower frequencies there is a tendency towards smooth shear lips. The amount of crack closure differs in each case. It was found that the type of shear lip, rough or smooth, can be related to the effect on da/dN during and after underloads. The effect of rough and smooth shear lip growth was investigated in constant ΔK tests, performing these tests with and without crack closure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01499.x
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    FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH UNDER ULTRASONIC FATIGUE LOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— In this paper, a stress and modal analysis of an ultrasonic vibration system consisting of a notched specimen and one or two amplifying horns have been performed by using 3D finite element calculations. The stress intensity factors in ultrasonic fatigue crack propagation are evaluated by means of displacement and energy approaches. The particular advantages as well as limitations of the two approaches are briefly discussed. Two types of ultrasonic fatigue loading, with a different stress ratio, are exerted on the specimen. From a comparison of the results a conclusion is formed that the energy approach is more accurate; it also has a wide range of practicality in engineering industries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00398.x
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  • 40
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    A THERMAL ACTIVATION APPROACH TO THE CRACK RESISTANCE OF STEELS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— In this study, the relation between fracture toughness and mechanical properties, grain structure, temperature and strain rate is analysed on the basis of a thermo-activation analysis of the plastic deformation of metals.As a result of the study, the relationships obtained are of sufficient accuracy in relation to standard cracked samples of many steels.These relations can be used as a tool when designing new alloys which have a strong resistance to crack growth.This study is limited to temperatures in the range 0 ≤ T ≤ 0.2Tm and BCC metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00400.x
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    A NEW MODEL FOR THE NUMERICAL DETERMINATION OF PITTING RESISTANCE OF GEAR TEETH FLANKS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A numerical model for determining the pitting resistance of gear teeth flanks is presented in this paper. The model considers the material fatigue process leading to pitting, i.e. the conditions required for crack initiation and then simulation of fatigue crack propagation. The theory of dislocation motion on persistent slip bands is used to describe the process of crack initiation, where the microstructure of a material plays a crucial role. The simulation of crack growth takes into account both short crack growth, where the modified Bilby, Cottrell and Swinden model is used for simulation of dislocation motion, and long crack growth, where the theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics is applied. The stress field in the contact area of meshing spur gear teeth and the functional relationship between the stress intensity factor and crack length are determined by the finite element method. For numerical simulations of crack initiation and crack propagation in the contact area of spur gear teeth, an equivalent model of two cylinders is used. On the basis of numerical results, and with consideration of some particular material parameters, the service life of gear teeth flanks is estimated. The developed model is applied to a real spur gear pair, which is also experimentally tested. The comparison of numerical and experimental results shows good agreement and it can be concluded that the developed model is appropriate for determining the pitting resistance of gear teeth flanks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00403.x
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  • 42
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    STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR CORNER CRACKS AT A HOLE BY A 3-D WEIGHT FUNCTION METHOD WITH STRESSES FROM THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Stress intensity factors for quarter-elliptical corner cracks emanating from a circular hole are determined using a 3-D weight function method combined with a 3-D finite element method. The 3-D finite element method is used to analyze uncracked configurations and provide stress distributions in the region where a crack is likely to occur. Using this stress distribution as input, the 3-D weight function method is used to determine stress intensity factors. Three different loading conditions, i.e. remote tension, remote bending and wedge loading, are considered for a wide range of geometrical parameters. The significance of using 3-D uncracked stress distributions is studied. Comparisons are made with solutions available in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01485.x
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  • 43
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    FATIGUE, CREEP AND CREEP/FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF A NICKEL BASE SUPERALLOY AT 700°C (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper presents the results of an experimental testing programme to examine the uniaxial creep, low cycle fatigue and creep/fatigue interaction behaviour of a Ni-base superalloy at 700°C. The material is used in the manufacture of aeroengine turbine discs. A creep continuum damage mechanics model is shown to be capable of accurately predicting the creep and creep rupture behaviour of the material. A healing term has been incorporated into the damage mechanics model to allow the behaviour under creep/fatigue conditions to be described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01488.x
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  • 44
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    EFFECT OF MIXED-MODE OVERLOADS ON ENVIRONMENTAL-HYDROGEN-INDUCED FRACTURE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The effect of short periods of mixed-mode overloading on the environmental hydrogen induced fracture life of 0.42%C, 0.87%Cr, 0.21%Mo steel has been studied. Tests were performed in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution under continuous hydrogen charging conditions using a weight loading system. Experimental results show that the application of mixed-mode overloads can cause more severe crack growth retardation than those of mode I. Possible mechanisms responsible for the retardation of subsequent crack growth, such as crack deflection, plasticity-induced residual compression stresses, dislocation shielding and overload damage, are examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01491.x
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    EDITORIAL: AN ITALIAN SPECIAL ISSUE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00312.x
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    THE DAMAGE PROCESS IN A FINITE-SIZED BRITTLE SPECIMEN WITH INTERACTING MICROCRACKS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The whole damage process in a finite sized specimen with interacting microcracks is simulated by a method combining the closed form crack solutions with boundary elements. Interactions among microcracks and boundary elements are taken into account with an explicit interaction matrix. A coalescence criterion is assumed to rule the intersection behaviour and propagation arrest. The fatal coalescence cluster resulting in the failure of the specimen, out of many intersections of propagating microcracks, is identified with a particular coalescence matrix. The numerical model proposed in this paper can be used to simulate the damage process in a brittle specimen of any shape, under arbitrary plane stress conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00316.x
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    CREEP CRACK GROWTH MICROMECHANISMS AT 405°C IN COLD BENT TUBES OF A C-Mn-Mo STEEL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Creep Crack Growth (CCG) tests were performed at 405°C on specimens cut out of the cold bent extrados of five tubes of a C-Mn-Mo steel. Intergranular fracture and grain boundary cavitation was less in the C-Mn-Mo than in the C-Mn steels, in accordance with better CCG resistance of the former material. The dimensions and hardness variation across the crack tip process zone were measured by microhardness profiles performed on metallographic sections of the broken samples. TEM analysis of the dislocation patterns close to the fracture surface confirmed the presence of temperature- and stress-induced plasticity phenomena. A significant enrichment of N at grain boundaries (GB) inside the process zone was detected by Auger spectroscopy; N not only inhibits dislocation motion and stress field relaxation at the crack tip but also causes a decrease in GB cohesion ahead of the crack tip. These results help in understanding the micromechanisms which reduce the creep ductility of C-Mn-Mo and C-Mn cold bent tubes and the role of chemical composition in improving CCG resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00320.x
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    SIZE EFFECTS IN THE FRACTURE OF A PIPE-GRADE HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The effect of specimen size on fracture toughness of a pipe-grade high density polyethylene has been examined using the J integral approach. It was found that the size requirements set up by common standards appear inadequate for this material. Measurements at low temperatures, at which a plane strain fracture toughness value could be obtained, turned out to be very effective in establishing a more appropriate size requirement for this material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00325.x
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  • 49
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    FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN D16T A1-ALLOY SHEET SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL OUT-OF-PHASE LOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fractographic peculiarities of fatigue crack development are studied in cruciform specimens of D16T aluminium alloy under out-of-phase biaxial tension and tension-compression. In the range of the biaxial load ratios λ from −0.5 to +0.5 and an R-ratio of 0.3, fatigue striation formation took place beyond a crack growth rate near to 4 × 10−8 m/cycle. The striation spacing and the crack growth rate increase as the φ-angle of the out-of-phase biaxial loads increases in the range of φ-angles from 0° to 180°. The ratio between the increment of crack growth, da/dN, and the striation spacing, δ, is approximately 1 to 1 when da/dN is greater than 4 × 10−8 m/cycle. The relationship between the number of cycles from the beginning of a test up to the growth rate of 10−6 m/cycle (Nd), and the crack growth period, NP, from when the crack initiates up to the instant when that growth rate is reached, was determined for different λ ratios and φ angles. The value of Nd decreases as the φ angle is increased in the range from 0° to 1807deg;.Cycle loading parameters must be taken into account in order to describe the crack growth period when using a unified method that involves an equivalent stress intensity factor Ke=KIF1(λ, R)F2(φ). The values of F2(φ) were determined.The calculated fatigue crack growth period, Nc, applicable up to and including the stage of fatigue striation formation (predicted by using both of the F1(λ, R) and F2(φ) functions) is correlated with the experimental data and the error is of the order of 15%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01541.x
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    THE CRACK INITIATION TOUGHNESS FOR BRITTLE FRACTURE OF SUPER DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The occurrence of brittle stable crack growth before unstable fracture was demonstrated with the aid of heat-tinting, for a ferritic matrix super duplex stainless steel which had been age-hardened at 475°C. The critical crack tip opening displacement for stable crack growth, i.e. the crack initiation toughness, was measured using the direct-current-potential drop crack monitoring technique. A quantitative model for the effect of temperature and age-hardening on the brittle crack initiation toughness is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01543.x
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    HIGH RESOLUTION CRACK GROWTH MEASUREMENTS IN VIBRATING BEAMS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue crack propagation characteristics are measured by continuously determining the resonant frequency in vibrating systems, which is stabilized through a feedback control loop. The precisely controlled resonant frequency is related to the crack length by a nonlinear model based on fracture mechanics, hence crack growth can be monitored with respect to time with very high accuracy. The nonlinearity due to the opening and closing of the crack needs to be taken into account. In contrast to conventional fatigue tests, which require a long duration of time due to the high numbers of load cycles at low frequencies, the proposed technique operates at much higher frequencies, i.e. in the range of 100 Hz to 100 kHz. Thus the required time for measurements in the high cycle fatigue range is considerably reduced. The experimental setup is simple and inexpensive and does not require high energy inputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01547.x
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    MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES RELATING TO THE FRACTURE STRESS AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF SILICON NITRIDE (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Microstructure and mechanical properties of HP (Hot Pressed), HP/GP (Gas Pressed), and HP/HIP (Hot Isostatic Pressed)—Si3N4 are studied using scanning electron microscopy, bending tests and the indentation fracture method. The grain diameter distribution is analyzed to clarify the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties; and also the bending strength and fracture toughness. It is shown that bending strength increases with decreasing grain diameter. The results also show that a Hall—Petch type of relationship is obtained between grain diameter and fracture strength. The fracture toughness shows a linear relationship with 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:8756758X:FFE829:FFE_829_fu1" location="image_n/FFE_829_fu1.gif" extraInfo="missing"/〉, where σF= bending strength, β= a proportionality factor and da= average grain diameter, and is closely related to the aspect ratio of Si3N4 grains. It is concluded, from the morphological analysis, that a microstructure composed of Si3N4 grains, with both a small grain diameter and a large aspect ratio, is effective in improving both the fracture strength and fracture toughness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01527.x
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    THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE MODEL OF THERMAL STRIPING FOR CYLINDRICAL GEOMETRIES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The random temperature fluctuation produced by the incomplete mixing of hot and cold fluid streams passing over the surface of a component or structure is known as thermal striping. This phenomenon may cause thermal fatigue to occur. It is of particular concern in various types of nuclear reactors, for rapid shut-downs of hot plant and in thermal stratification. A computer code, “TBL”, is a design tool which has been developed to assess thermal striping damage in plates. This model is further developed in this paper to assess such damage in cylindrical components. A recent, universal weight function method is examined and incorporated into TBL. Good comparisons are found between TBL and finite element results for a sinusoidally varying temperature-time-striping history. Potential thermal striping damage is assessed for a cylindrical component of material typically found in the above-core region of a fast reactor under a random temperature-time-striping history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01531.x
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    THE INFLUENCE OF AGEING AT INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURES ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF A DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL: Part II. FATIGUE LIFE AND FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The mechanical behaviour of AISI 329 steel has been investigated for ageing times up to 20,000 h at temperatures of 475, 425, 375, 325 and 275°C. The study has concentrated on the changes in the response to cyclic strains, in the low-and the high-cycle fatigue regimes, and in the resistance to fatigue crack propagation as a function of temperature and time of ageing.It is shown that ageing increases the fatigue resistance in the high-cycle fatigue regime, but the opposite occurs in the low-cycle fatigue regime. Ageing increases the LEFM threshold stress intensity factor range for fatigue crack propagation which reaches high values in these alloys, and is influenced by the fatigue load ratio. Crack closure contributes to the LEFM threshold stress intensity factor range for crack propagation only in the annealed condition of the AISI 329 steel.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01535.x
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    MICROSTRUCTURAL EFFECT ON LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR IN Ti-ALLOYS UNDER BIAXIAL LOADING (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Low cycle fatigue tests under axial, torsional and combined axial-torsional loading were conducted using thin-wall tubular specimens of Ti-6A1–4V titanium alloys. Two kinds of alloys with different microstructures, the (α+β) and β alloys, were investigated in fatigue tests at room temperature. When the failure life was correlated with the equivalent plastic strain, the life in axial loading shifted toward the lower life region compared with those in other loading modes in both alloys. Dominant surface cracks propagated in mode I under axial and combined loading in the two alloys. Although growth by the mode II type was predominant under torsional loading, the growth direction of the main crack coincided with the specimen axis in the (α+β) alloy, but the circumferential direction in the β alloy. The cracking morphology depended on the microstructure, especially under the torsional mode of loading, and was simulated successfully by using the proposed model for crack initiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01537.x
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    FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF UNTREATED AND SILANE-TREATED TALC-FILLED POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fracture behaviour of injection-moulded polypropylene filled with silane-treated talc was studied as a function of filler volume fraction (0–20%) and compared to that of polypropylene filled with untreated talc. High-rate tests (0.57 m/s) on SENB specimens were carried out using an instrumented Charpy impact pendulum, and linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) was applied to calculate the fracture parameters, KC and GC. It was found that moderate fractions of talc which were added to the polypropylene matrix increased the fracture toughness of the composite independent of the talc surface treatment. This general improvement seems to be due to the peculiar orientation of the talc platelets in the injection-moulded specimens. The fracture behaviour of the composites was also studied at low strain rate (1 mm/min) by tests on J-integral type specimens with the same SENB geometry. In this case, the composites with silane-treated talc presented poor J-integral values compared to those of the samples with untreated talc. This was attributed to a reduction of the plastic zone at the crack tip, since the improved coupling between the talc platelets and matrix increased the yield strength of the composite. All the results are explained on a basis of morphological and microstructural details.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00299.x
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    MODELLING THE TENSILE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF THE REINFORCING FIBRE YARNS IN CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Using experimentally determined data on fibre radius distributions, yarn geometry, matrix and fibre elastic moduli and frictional shear stress at the matrix/fibre interface (obtained by nano-indentation experiments), the failure probability of the composite fibre yarns (after matrix cracking) is estimated. Each fibre is divided into a fixed number of segments above and below the matrix crack. The failure probability on every segment of each fibre is computed using Weibull fibre strength statistics. A fibre is assumed to be broken when the cumulative failure probability for the complete yarn reaches a value of 0.5. The segment and fibre are then selected at “random”, according to their individual failure probabilities. After fibre failure, the broken fibre can only carry the frictional load and the load drop is transferred to its neighbours according to their distances to the broken fibre. The remote stress is then modified to match again the cumulative failure probability of 0.5 and a new fibre is broken. This procedure is repeated until all the fibres are broken. In this way, it is possible to obtain the “characteristic” load carried by the yarn and its corresponding elongation. Fibre extraction and pull-out behaviour are also considered. The roles of different load-transfer laws (from global to highly localised) are examined. The model is applied to simulate the fracture tensile behaviour of individual yarns of SiC/SiC ceramic-matrix composites. The results are compared with those obtained from tensile experiments on SiC/SiC individual yarns. The computed fracture morphology, in terms of individual pull-out lengths, is also compared to the actual SEM fractography of a woven SiC/SiC composite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00302.x
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    SOLVING TRANSIENT DYNAMIC CRACK PROBLEMS BY THE HYPERSINGULAR BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The subject of hypersingular boundary integral equations is a rapidly developing topic due to the advantages which this kind of formulation offers compared to the standard boundary integral method. The hypersingular formulation is particularly well suited for fracture mechanics problems, where there are important gradients of the stress field and singularities. This formulation for time domain antiplane problems has been recently addressed by the authors and in the present paper, the formulation for time domain plane problems is presented and applied for the first time. A mixed Boundary Element approach based on the standard integral equation and the hypersingular integral equation is developed. The mixed formulation allows for a very simple discretization of the problem, where no subregion is needed. Conforming quadratic elements are used for the crack and the external boundaries. The hypersingular integral equation is used for collocation points within the crack elements, while the standard integral representation is used for the external boundaries. Several examples with different crack geometries are studied to illustrate the possibilities of the method. The Stress Intensity Factor (S.I.F.) is very accurately computed from the crack tip opening displacements along the crack tip element. The results show that the proposed approach for S.I.F. evaluation is simple and produces accurate solutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00309.x
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    DETERMINATION OF THE MOST APPROPRIATE MESH SIZE FOR A 2-D FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FATIGUE CRACK CLOSURE BEHAVIOUR (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A two-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis is performed for plane stress conditions with 4-node isoparametric elements to examine closure behaviour of fatigue cracks, giving special attention to the determination of the most appropriate mesh sizes. It is found that a smaller mesh size does not always give more accurate simulation results in the fatigue crack closure analysis, unlike a conventional structural analysis. A unique, most-appropriate mesh size exists for a given loading condition that will provide numerical results which agree well with experimental data. The most appropriate mesh size can be determined approximately in terms of the theoretical reversed plastic zone size. In particular, the ratio of the most appropriate mesh size to the theoretical reversed plastic zone size is nearly constant for a given stress ratio in the so-called crack-length-fixed method proposed in this study. By using the concept of the most appropriate mesh size, the finite element analysis can predict fatigue crack closure behaviour very well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00285.x
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    THE HIGH STRAIN-RATE FRACTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF DUCTILE METALS AT ELEVATED AND SUB-AMBIENT TEMPERATURES (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— High strain-rate tensile tests have been carried out on pre-notched specimens of OFHC copper and Remko iron at both elevated and cryogenic temperatures. When properly expressed as a function of stress triaxiality at the centre of the notch (as predicted by numerical simulations of the experiment), the ductility of copper was found to be independent of temperature over a range from —190°C to 300°C. The specially-processed Remko iron was found to undergo a ductile-to-brittle transition at a temperature dependent on the stress triaxiality and the particular batch of the material. Otherwise the fully ductile strains-to-failure (when expressed as a function of stress triaxiality) for iron were found to decrease with increasing temperature up to 400°C; this being the maximum temperature tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00289.x
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    A TECHNICAL NOTE STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR THE EXTENDED COMPACT TENSION SPECIMEN OBTAINED BY SUPERPOSITION (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00293.x
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  • 62
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    FRACTURE SURFACE DEVELOPMENT IN AN OVERLOADED D16T Al-ALLOY SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL LOADING. A FRACTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue crack growth experiments were carried out on cruciform specimens of D16T Al-alloy, loaded under uniaxial and biaxial loads, including a sequence of various overloads. It is shown that, for biaxial cyclic loads at stress ratios λ and various R-ratios, fracture surface development during overloads and the crack length dependences on the cyclic loads following overloads are similar to those for uniaxial loading.The aim of this investigation was to study interaction effects by analyzing the crack retardation length and associated parameters together with their relationships. These parameters’depend on the biaxial ratio (λ) and the stress ratio (R) and their uses in crack growth modelling are briefly considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00275.x
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  • 63
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    THE BRITTLE FRACTURE OF 475°C EMBRITTLED CAST DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The fracture behaviour of cast duplex stainless steels, heat treated to different ferrite contents and hardness was investigated using tensile and notched bend tests. The purpose was to identify the microstructural features which controlled the ductile-to-brittle fracture transition of 475°C embrittled duplex stainless steel. The results indicate that twin nucleated cleavage has a tensile stress fracture criteria and the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature depends on ferrite microhardness, ferrite grain size and constraint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00288.x
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    ANALYSIS OF CRACK INITIATION AND PROPAGATION IN FRETTING FATIGUE: THE EFFECTIVE INITIAL FLAW SIZE METHODOLOGY (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A number of fretting fatigue tests were carried out on CMV steel and INCO 718 alloys under closely controlled experimental conditions. A fracture mechanics-based lifing model was developed and the Paris Law employed to predict fatigue lives under a range of experimental conditions. An effective initial flaw size was used to describe initiation and early propagation of cracks. This approach was found to give good predictions of fatigue life of specimens for different values of bulk stress under the same fretting load.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00402.x
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    SOME USEFUL FORMULAE FOR MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS RELATING TO THE WEIBULL AND TO THE EXPONENTIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper develops some useful formulae relating the estimated and the actual values of the parameters of the Weibull and of the Exponential Probability Distribution functions. These formulae simplify the calculations for Monte Carlo simulations executed for the estimation of some reference statistics, for instance, the reliability function. The reduction of the calculation is possible because of the reduction of the possible values that the parameters of the random numbers generating function should assume. In some cases of the reliability function, only one Monte Carlo simulation is necessary for a given data sample amplitude. An explanation is made of the use of these formulae when estimating the reliability function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00406.x
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    INFORMATION ON CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00395.x
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  • 67
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    CTODi MEASURED BY MEANS OF A MODIFIED CHARPY-V-SPECIMEN (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Measurements of CTODi on Charpy-V-specitnens of mild steel St 37 and pressure-vessel steel 22NiMoCr37 have been carried out. Slotted and precracked specimens have been used besides the original V-notched ones. A definition of CTOD = 2(R – Ro) has been proposed which corresponds to δ45, defining the CTOD of fatigue cracks. The symbols Ro and R represent the original and the actual crack tip radii respectively. Additionally, this definition presents the opportunity to measure CTOD and CTODi by a direct metallographic method. It is demonstrated that COD testing, based on the hinge model, can also be applied to slotted bars, delivering CTOD and CTODi values which are equal to those evaluated by direct metallographic measurements.The results obtained on four different tip radii, Ro, show a linear increase of CTODi as a function of Ro, which is steeper for the softer material St 37. The extrapolation to the tip radius Ro=0 gives a CTODi, which is equal to those determined from precracked specimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00399.x
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    STRESS INTENSITY AND FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN MULTIPLY-CRACKED, PRESSURIZED, PARTIALLY AUTOFRETTAGED THICK CYLINDERS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 4 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Stress intensity factors are determined for internally and externally cracked, pressurized thick cylinders with partial autofrettage (less than 100% overstrain). The solutions are based on a superposition of existing solutions which does not involve any loss of accuracy. Implications of the stress intensity factor results for the safe-life design of pressure vessels subjected to fatigue are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1981.tb01129.x
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    STRESS-RATIO EFFECT OF FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN A BIAXIAL STRESS FIELD (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 4 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fatigue crack propagation tests were conducted under conditions of equibiaxial, uniaxial and shear loading by using a cruciform specimen in a servo hydraulic testing machine. The effect of non-singular stress cycling on the fatigue crack propagation rate was examined based on the observation of crack opening behavior. The crack propagation rate was significantly influenced by the non-singular stress parallel to the crack when it was correlated to the stress intensity range. The crack closure behavior was greatly affected by the non-singular stress. The crack propagation rate was uniquely correlated to the effective range of the stress intensity factor except for the case of completely reversed shear loading where significant plasticity was detected. The crack opening displacement range was concluded to be a parameter controlling the crack propagation rate for all the stress conditions examined in the present experiments. Some discussion is made on the effect of material anisotropy on fatigue crack propagation in a biaxial stress field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1981.tb01132.x
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    THE ENGINEERING FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF WROUGHT COPPER (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 4 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper presents a comprehensive review, supplemented by original data, of the engineering fatigue behaviour of copper. Variations in manufacturing route and softening treatments are shown to have little effect on the fatigue of annealed copper but the high cycle fatigue strength is increased by cold work. The high strain fatigue behaviour is defined in terms of the plastic strain range and the cyclic stress-strain characteristics are documented. Fatigue behaviour in bending and torsion is defined by data and related to that in tension by simple design rules.Notches are found to reduce the laboratory measured fatigue strength of copper by ∼ 30% and the effect of surface finish, surface distortion and surface residual stress is defined in the literature. Fatigue crack growth is defined in terms of stress intensity factor range ΔK by an upperbound law and, together with the conditions for non-growth (ΔK0), shown to relate to the equivalent conditions for steels via the ratio of the respective elastic moduli.The effect of environment on the fatigue of copper has received scant attention in the literature, such results as exist suggesting little if any reduction in strength to be brought about by gaseous or aqueous environments. The most dramatic change is the improvement of about an order of magnitude which results when tests in vacuum are compared with equivalent tests in air. Results of fatigue tests on copper in ammoniacal environments are conspicuously absent from the literature.As the test temperature is reduced below room temperature there is a predictable increase in high cycle fatigue strength, a reduction in fatigue strength occurring above room temperature. High strain fatigue test results presented in terms of plastic strain range appear insensitive to temperature although at very low strain rates and high temperatures a reduction in fatigue strength occurs. A linear life fraction cumulative damage creep-fatigue law appears sometimes to be non-conservative but much more testing is needed to evaluate fatigue damage summation laws generally for copper.Numerical data are given in support of all the aspects of the engineering fatigue behaviour reviewed in the paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1981.tb01121.x
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    DAMAGE ACCUMULATION DURING INITIATION AND SHORT CRACK GROWTH REGIMES (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 4 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The birth and growth of short cracks is analysed from an elastic-plastic fracture mechanics viewpoint. Low to high cumulative damage tests from the low stress to high strain regime indicate that there is no crack initiation period in the metallurgical sense and that cracks grow from the first cycle, but at a slow rate. The initiation phase terminates when one crack starts to dominate and accelerates to failure, its initial size being given by 〈displayedItem type="mathematics" xml:id="mu1" numbered="no"〉〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:8756758X:FFE263:FFE_263_mu1"/〉 for the medium carbon steel tested here, of grain size 56 μm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1981.tb01124.x
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    FRACTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF CORROSION FATIGUE MECHANISMS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 4 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fractographic analyses have been used to explain the cyclic crack growth behaviour of A533-B, Ducol W30, a C-Mn steel and type 304 stainless steel in simulated light water reactor environments at ambient temperature. Fractographic observations have offered an explanation for anomalous crack growth behaviour and have also indicated where micro structural or environmental variables dominate in producing certain fracture modes and crack growth rates. An understanding of the operative corrosion fatigue mechanisms has been formulated through these fractographic analyses. Environmental crack growth in the ferritic steels has been described by a model involving both anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement. Conditions where only one of these mechanisms would dominate have been identified and limits to their effect postulated. A crystallographic mode of failure observed in the austenitic type 304 stainless steel has also been explained by a selective dissolution process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1981.tb01122.x
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  • 73
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    LOW- AND HIGH-CYCLE FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS STEELS SPECIFIED IN JIS FOR MACHINE STRUCTURAL USE (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 4 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract —Low-cycle fatigue properties were investigated on four carbon steels and five low alloy steels specified in JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) for machine structural use, which are the most commonly used in Japan. Several different heats from each of several representative manufacturers were sampled so as to represent the average fatigue characteristics of current materials. The cyclic deformation behaviour of material was denned by comparing the monotonie yield stress on the extrapolated tensile work hardening curve with the cyclic yield stress in the cyclic stress-strain curve determined by incremental step test. The normalized ferrite-pearlitic steels cyclically hardened, while the quench-tempered martensitic were cyclically stable or softened. The S–N relations derived from the strain-controlled low-cycle tests were compared with the results obtained by load-controlled high-cycle tests. The extrapolated S–N curves based on the cyclic stress-strain curve predicted the fatigue strength in the high-cycle range to be stronger for cyclic-hardening steels, but weaker for cyclic-softening steels. The predicted S–N curves for stable steels coincided with the high cycle test data. The fatigue limit had a proportional relationship with cyclic yield stress, slightly depending on the cyclic deformation behaviour. On the other hand, the cyclic yield stress was found to exhibit a very good linear correlation with the monotonie tensile strength, independent of cyclic deformation behaviour. This explains the empirical law that the fatigue limit is approximately proportional to the tensile strength.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1981.tb01377.x
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    THE EFFECT OF CRACK LENGTH ON FATIGUE THRESHOLD (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper puts forward a new method for analysing the behaviour of very short fatigue cracks. A probability function is introduced into the definition of the growth threshold, which rationalises the scatter in experimental data produced using an aluminium bronze alloy. This probability function can be visualised in terms of the microstructure of the material.It is shown that, in this material as in mild steels, fatigue crack initiation is not the critical stage. Initiation occurs relatively easily, but the cracks so formed may grow to only a few grain diameters in length before being arrested; thus it is the behaviour of cracks of this length which is critical in determining the fatigue strength of the material.These observations, when combined with the probability functions, allow estimation of the probability of failure of a component or structure in service with greater confidence than the methods used at present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00195.x
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    EFFECT OF PROCESSING ON THE HIGH TEMPERATURE LOW CYCLE FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF MODIFIED 9Cr-1Mo FERRITIC STEEL (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The high temperature low cycle fatigue properties of modified 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steel in a hot forged and a hot rolled condition have been evaluated. The hot forged material exhibited inferior fatigue properties as compared to the finer grained hot rolled material. Analysis of the data indicates that a larger grain size adversely affects the initiation stage but has little effect on the propagation stage. A steeper slope on the Coffin-Manson plot results when the number of cycles to initiation is reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00198.x
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    ON THE OVERLOAD INDUCED FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION BEHAVIOR IN ALUMINUM AND STEEL ALLOYS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The overload induced fatigue crack propagation behavior of several aluminum and steel alloys was examined as a function of the baseline stress intensity factor range (δKb). In order to gain a clearer understanding of the parameters which influence the cyclic delay phenomenon, under both plane strain and plane stress conditions, tests were conducted at δKb values ranging from the near threshold regime to high δK levels approaching fast fracture. Large amounts of overload induced cyclic delay (˜100,000 cycles) were observed at both high and low δK levels (provided the plastic zone size/thickness ratio and plastic zone size/grain size ratio approached unity, respectively) with significantly less delay occurring at intermediate δK values. All alloys examined exhibited this type of delay behavior which can be described by a “U-shaped” plot. The delay phenomenon at high δKb levels under plane stress conditions was attributed to increased crack closure associated with large tensile displacements in the wake of the advancing crack. At low δKb levels increasing cyclic delay was attributed to an increased effective overload ratio as δK approached δKth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00188.x
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    EFFECTS OF SHORT-TERM HEATING CYCLES ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN 7075-T651 (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Changes in the crack growth behavior of 7075-T651 aluminum specimens which had been exposed to temperatures between 121 and 179°C were evaluated. Specimens were fatigue tested at room temperature under flight-by-flight loading conditions. Results from these tests were then compared with data from the as-received material. Exposure to 141°C or more produced a definite increase in specimen life, apparently due to a decrease in crack growth rate. In contrast, preliminary experiments using constant amplitude loading did not show noticeable effects of these thermal treatments on fatigue lifetime. The thermal treatments were found to cause overaging of the metastable precipitate microstructure, which was thought to be responsible for the changes in fatigue response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00190.x
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    SHORT CRACK FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR IN A MEDIUM CARBON STEEL (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The initiation stage and short crack behaviour in torsional fatigue of a 0.4% C steel was investigated by a replication technique.The fatigue cracks initiated and propagated in the ferrite phase which is located at the prior austenite grain boundaries in the form of long allotriomorphs. At this stage of crack development it is proposed that crack growth rate depends on the extent and intensity of plasticity at the tip of the crack. Crack growth per cycle is correspondingly proportional to the strength of the slip band. The ferrite-pearlite boundaries are strong barriers to crack propagation, which is manifested by a deceleration of growth and possible arrest. On raising the stress level the previously non-propagating cracks may continue to grow by branching or joining with other cracks in the ferrite phase. This process is repeated until the stress fields of one or more dominant cracks attain a critical value to sustain continued growth that leads to failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00408.x
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    FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RATE BEHAVIOUR OF STAINLESS STEEL CLADDINGS IN AIR AND UNDER VACUUM AT 300°C (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: CT type specimens containing two layers of 309L and 308L cladding stainless steels welded to A508 carbon steel and 316 stainless steel were specially devised to test the influence of R ratio and environment on the crack propagation rate behaviour of cladding materials at 300°C. Large effects are shown. The crack growth rate under vacuum can be smaller by more than one order of magnitude as compared to air. Large differences are also shown on the fracture surfaces, where it is observed than vacuum promotes the formation of large crystallographic {111} facets. The effect of environment is briefly discussed on the basis of existing gas adsorption models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00411.x
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  • 80
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    THE EFFECT OF REST PERIODS ON THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF Ti-6A1-4V (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The monitoring of fatigue crack initiation mechanisms and short fatigue crack growth usually involves interrupting otherwise continuous load cycling for examination of the test-piece. This permits attainment of high resolution over a large area of surface where the fatigue cracks could initiate. However, breaks in the fatigue cycling can affect the fatigue endurance of the test-piece and in the present study of Ti-6A1-4V this has been shown to depend on the duration of the rests, the number of cycles between rests, the type of examination employed and the hydrogen content of the material. The results of the work are discussed in terms of the possible influence of the monitoring technique on the fatigue process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00413.x
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  • 81
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    FATIGUE CRACK TIP MECHANICS OF A POWDER METALLURGY ALUMINUM ALLOY IN VACUUM AND HUMID AIR (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue crack tip opening displacements and strains in the material very close to the crack tip have been determined from measured displacements for cracks grown in both vacuum and humid air environments. The environment alters both the relations between crack tip opening displacement and crack tip strain, and the effect of cyclic stress intensity on these factors. Results of dynamic observation of intermittent crack growth are correlated with fractographic evidence. The relationships between crack tip parameters are used in a previously developed mathematical model. The effect of wet air on fatigue crack growth is found to be a reduction in crack tip plasticity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00357.x
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  • 82
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    FATIGUE-CRACK ARREST IN MILD STEEL SPECIMENS UNDER CONSTANT AMPLITUDE LOADING (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Unexpected arrest of long fatigue cracks was observed in mild steel single edge notch three-point bend specimens tested under constant amplitude loading. Arrest was associated with a low, but still positive, slope of the crack length against stress intensity factor curve, and can be explained using the R -curve concept for fatigue-crack growth. At a stress ratio of 0.1, the fatigue threshold was 6.6, 7.3 or 8.0 MN/m3/2 depending on the definition of threshold used. This has obvious implications for both the development of a standard test method for the fatigue threshold and the application of data to practical problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00360.x
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  • 83
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    ON THE APPLICABILITY OF THE MAGNETIC EMISSION TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING DUCTILE CRACK INITIATION IN IMPACT TESTS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The magnetic emission (ME) technique is used to determine the onset of crack propagation in brittle and ductile steels under dynamic loading. Brittle fracture is directly indicated by the ME signal; however the onset of stable crack propagation can usually not be seen in this signal. A new result is that the integrated ME signal, which is proportional to the magnetic field at the site where the probe is located, is capable of detecting this event. Critical values of the J-integral derived with this method, in different test series, are compared with conventional R-curve and stretch zone methods. The ME-derived critical dynamic J-integral data fit very well to the stretch zone results which describe physical crack initiation. It is therefore concluded that the easy-to-apply and low-cost ME technique is capable of indicating material failure even with stable crack propagation and can therefore provide critical material parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00274.x
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  • 84
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    ON DETERMINING STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR MIXED MODE CRACKS FROM THERMOELASTIC DATA (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— An alternative methodology is presented for determining stress intensity factors for cracks subject to mixed-mode displacements. The methodology involves thermoelastic data generated from a SPATE (Stress Pattern Analysis by Thermal Emission) system and has been adapted from one used successfully in photoelasticity. The thermoelastic data is collected throughout the elastic stress field dominated by the crack tip singularity. The stress field is described using a Fourier series within Muskhelishvili's approach. This method allows different applied stress fields to be described which may include transient or non-uniform stress fields. The results obtained using the new methodology are at least as good as those obtained previously for pure mode I cases, and generally better for mixed mode displacement conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00279.x
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  • 85
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    INFORMATION ON CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01516.x
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  • 86
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    INFLUENCE OF NITRIDING ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF A SOLUTE-RICH BETA TITANIUM ALLOY (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The solute-rich beta titanium alloy Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr was subjected to 1500 bar nitrogen pressure at elevated temperatures (500–920°C), leading to a diffusion layer with a high surface hardness. Microstructural, crystallographic and compositional analyses indicate that TiN (δ) and Ti2N (ε) are formed at temperatures exceeding 815°C. The increased concentration of nitrogen, which is a potent α-stabilizer in titanium, also causes α-Ti to form near the surface. The nitriding treatment does not significantly alter the tensile properties or fatigue limit in solution heat treated material. A subsequent ageing treatment of 72 h at 440°C and 16 h at 500°C reduces toughness significantly, allowing cracks induced by nitriding to propagate more easily into the bulk. Tensile ductility and fatigue performance of aged nitrided Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr—4Mo-4Zr are thus significantly lower than in the untreated reference condition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01519.x
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  • 87
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    A MODEL OF FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH AFTER AN OVERLOAD IN D16T Al-ALLOY SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL CYCLIC LOADS AT VARIOUS R-RATIOS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue crack growth after a biaxial overload has been investigated. The crack retardation parameters, ND, and, aD, do not have monotonous dependencies on the biaxial stress ratio, λ, because the shear stress, τIII, acting in the perpendicular direction of the specimen face, influenced the values of these parameters.It has been found that the plastic zone size parameters, rab, and Δ, do not increase monotonously with increasing λ ratio. The plastic zone size in the crack growth direction, rho=aD13, was calculated on the basis of newly proposed relations.Crack growth after an overload was simulated on the basis of the equivalent mode I stress intensity factor, ICC, invoking a unified kinetic diagram and calculated crack increments, aD13 and aD=Δc, where Δc is the maximum value of the calculated size of plastic zone. The experimental data for crack growth after an overload had good agreement with the calculated data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01524.x
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  • 88
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    INFORMATION OF CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01483.x
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  • 89
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    CRACK CLOSURE IN SMALL FATIGUE CRACKS—A COMPARISON OF FINITE ELEMENT PREDICTIONS WITH IN-SITU SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE MEASUREMENTS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A three dimensional, elastic-plastic, finite element analysis of fatigue crack growth and plasticity-induced crack closure has been performed for a range of small, semi-circular cracks. Predicted crack opening displacements have been compared with data obtained from in-situ SEM measurements for a coarse-grained aluminium alloy 2024-T351. The magnitude of fatigue crack closure measured from in-situ SEM measurements was consistently higher than that predicted from the finite element analysis. It is deduced that the higher closure stresses obtained from in-situ SEM measurements are due to the contact of asperities on the fatigue crack surfaces. A simple mathematical model is suggested to describe the fatigue crack closure stress caused by the combination of both a plastic wake and asperities on the fatigue crack surfaces. The predicted fatigue crack closure stresses and their dependence on crack size are consistent with experimental measurement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb01487.x
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  • 90
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    CALCULATION OF THE STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR AND ESTIMATION OF ITS ERROR BY A SHAPE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The precision with which the stress intensity factor (SIF) can be calculated from a finite element solution depends essentially on the extraction method and on the discretization error. In this paper, the influence of the discretization error in the SIF calculation was studied and a method for estimating the resulting error was developed. The SIF calculation method used is based on a shape design sensitivity analysis; this assures that the resulting error in the extracted SIF depends solely on the global discretization error present in the finite element solution. Moreover, this method allows us to extend the Zienkiewicz-Zhu discretization error estimator to the SIF calculation. The reliability of the proposed method was analysed solving a two-dimensional problem using an h-adaptive process. Also the convergence of the error with the h-adaptive refinement was studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1997.tb00310.x
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  • 91
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    SHORT CRACK BEHAVIOUR IN NODULAR CAST IRON (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fatigue crack growth rates have been determined on standard specimens containing long cracks (∼5–10mm) and on specimens containing two-dimensional short cracks (∼0.10–0.50mm). Large differences have been observed indicating that at a given stress intensity factor short cracks propagate much faster than long cracks. Mouth opening displacement measurements for both specimen geometries have shown that the crack closure effect is largely responsible for the observed effect. These results are used to rationalize the behaviour of short cracks initiated from natural sites which were either graphite nodules or microshrinkage pores. The three-dimensional aspect of these natural small cracks is analysed and discussed in detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00194.x
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  • 92
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    FATIGUE UNDER CYCLIC COMPRESSIVE LOAD (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: For ultra-high strength steels and aluminium alloys, a fatigue crack could initiate from a notch tip under cyclic compressive load. The threshold value for fatigue crack initiation under compressive load can be as great as four times that under tensile load. The crack grew at a decreasing rate until eventually it stopped growing altogether under cyclic compressive load with a maximum length of 0.2-0.5 mm. If the minimum compressive load was near zero, i.e. compression to zero load cycling, the threshold value was near that under tensile loading and the compressive fatigue crack could continue to grow; however, the crack growth rate under compression to zero load fatigue was 10–100 times less than that under the tensile fatigue loading.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00196.x
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  • 93
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    IN-REACTOR LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE OF TYPE 0Kh16N15M3B STAINLESS STEEL (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An investigation has been carried out on austenitic stainless steel 0Kh16N15M3B under normal conditions and also to neutron irradiation of 6.8 × 1016nm-2s-1 (E 〉 0.1 MeV) intensity. Thin-walled torsion cylindrical specimens were tested in strain-controlled fully reversed loading mode at 923 K. Various ranges of strain, pre-loading fluences and half-cycle hold times (1, 5 and 30min) were applied. Neutron irradiation was found to result in hardening of the steel, stimulating cyclic stress relaxation and a reduction in cyclic life. When acting together, neutron irradiation and static loads cause a more significant reduction in the number of cycles to failure than if summed up as independent factors. Application of a kinetic failure criterion based on a damage parameter enables an estimation to be made of the limiting state of the steel under high-temperature cyclic loading with hold periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00199.x
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  • 94
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    EFFECTS OF PRE-MOULDED WOVEN CFRP PATCHES ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH AND RESIDUAL STRENGTH IN 7475-T761 ALUMINIUM ALLOY SHEET (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fatigue crack propagation tests have been made on 150 mm wide panels of 1.6 mm thick 7475-T761 clad aluminium alloy sheet with and without adhesively bonded patches of pre-formed carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP). The test frequency was 10 Hz, the minimum stress: maximum stress ratio, R, was 0.1 and the peak applied fatigue stress was 60 MPa.The tests were undertaken to assess the possibility of preventing the growth of fatigue cracks, or reducing their rate of growth, by the application of CFRP patches to one face only of pre-cracked aluminium alloy sheet. The variables examined included the type of patch and adhesive; the size, shape and thickness of the patch; and the effect of chamfering the edges of the patch and the removal of the cladding prior to patching.Results indicated that correctly designed and bonded CFRP patches substantially decreased the subsequent crack growth rate. The size and thickness of the patch had significant effects upon the reduction of fatigue crack growth rate whereas the shape of the patch, chamfering and the removal of the cladding prior to patching had little influence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00200.x
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  • 95
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    INFLUENCE OF ADIABATIC SHEAR BANDS ON THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF A TITANIUM ALLOY (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An experimental investigation is reported of the possible effects of adiabatic shear bands, caused by projectile impact, on the fatigue strength of a titanium alloy (Ti-6%A1-4%V). No significant reduction in fatigue strength due to the presence of adiabatic shear bands was found, nor did the fatigue cracks initiate from the bands. The results are relevant to the problem of foreign object impact damage to compressor blades in gas turbine aeroengines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00191.x
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  • 96
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    CREEP-FATIGUE STUDIES UNDER A BIAXIAL STRESS STATE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In order to study creep-fatigue interactions under multiaxial stress states, both push-pull and reversed torsion low-cycle fatigue tests were carried out using an austenitic stainless steel, SUS 304, at 923 K in air. From the tests, it is concluded that the hold-times introduced at the peak strain reduce low-cycle fatigue lives in the push-pull mode, but in the torsional mode they were not so harmful. This difference in the hold-time effect is discussed from considerations of crack formation and propagation and the stress amplitude applied to the specimen.Both maximum principal strain range, Δε1, and the von Mises' equivalent strain range, Δεeq, provide a nearly adequate comparison base for the assessment of biaxial low-cycle fatigue lives in tests without strain hold-time but are inadequate for hold-time tests. An equivalent stress range, Δσ*, which includes the effect of the stress parallel to the fatigue crack and which was previously proposed by the authors for no hold-time tests, is applied to the hold-time tests in the biaxial stress state. It is found that Δσ* is a good parameter for the correlation of biaxial low-cycle fatigue data in both no hold-time and hold-time tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00407.x
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  • 97
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    SMALL FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR UNDER TWO STRESS LEVEL MULTIPLE LOADING (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Small fatigue crack growth behaviour in a low alloy steel was investigated under two stress step multiple loading in which the secondary stress was below the fatigue limit. Crack growth rates were presented in terms of a stress intensity factor and compared with data obtained under constant amplitude loading. In the higher ΔK region, crack growth rates increased monotonously with increasing ΔK even though the stress level was below the fatigue limit, and tended to be lower than those for constant amplitude loading. In the lower ΔK region, cracks showed a complicated behaviour, that is, an initial high growth rate was observed followed by an arrest or a drop to a minimum value and then a gradual increase. The average crack growth rates per cycle at both primary and secondary stresses in each block were approximately consistent with the da/dn-ΔK relation for constant amplitude loading. A suggestion for the prediction of crack growth life is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00409.x
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  • 98
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    ANNOUNCEMENTS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00354.x
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  • 99
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    FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION IN ALUMINIUM ALLOYS UNDER PROGRAMMED BLOCK LOADING (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Tests for fatigue crack initiation were carried out on two different aluminium alloys. Results and analysis of initiation under constant amplitude loading are presented; elastic and elastoplastic analyses are applied. Initiation under programmed block loading is investigated and damage accumulation is discussed. Tests were performed on two notch root radii:5 and 0.5mm. The electric potential method was used to detect fatigue crack initiation. Three point bending tests on smooth specimens were carried out to follow the evolution of damage during the crack initiation phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00356.x
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  • 100
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    THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN ON HIGH TEMPERATURE LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— High strain fatigue properties of AISI 316, AISI 316N and Sandvik 253MA have been investigated at 600°C. The two latter alloys, which contain significant amounts of N, exhibit a higher resistance to fatigue than 316. This effect is accompanied by a planar dislocation slip mode in 316N and 253MA as opposed to a wavy slip mode in 316. The results provide strong evidence that N improves fatigue strength in austenitic stainless steels, by inhibiting cross-slip of screw dislocations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1984.tb00359.x
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