ALBERT

Description: Twelve species of terricolous microlichens from the Angmagssalik District, Southeast Greenland, are reported: Caloplaca friesii, C. livida, Lecanora boligera, Lecidea oligotropha and Leciophysma arctophila, which are new to the lichen flora of Greenland, Rinodina conradi, which is new to the eastcoast, and Baeomyces roseus, B. rufus, Buellia geophila, B. punctata, Caloplaca tornoensis and Mycoblastus tornoensis, new to Southeast Greenland. In a discussion of the greenlandic distribution, unpublished records from the herbarium of Copenhagen (C) are incorporated. Notes on the habitats are given and the pertinent phytosociological units indicated. Some morphological and anatomical characters are commented upon briefly.

Description: The 16 recognized species of Sorocea are listed with their synonyms and distribution. Two new taxa are described: S. steinbachii C.C. Berg and S. hirtella Mildbread ssp. oligotricha Akkermans & Berg. Three new combinations are made: S. muriculata Miquel ssp. uaupensis (Baillon) C.C. Berg, S. trophoides W. Burger ssp. rhodorachis (Cuatrecasas) C.C. Berg, and S. sprucei (Baillon) Macbride ssp. saxicola (Hassler) C.C. Berg. A key to the species is presented.

Description: Neohattoria Kamim. is a monotypic genus of the Jubulaceae (= Frullaniaceae) with a single species, N. herzogii (Hatt.) Kamim., known from central to northern Japan and the southern part of the Kurile Islands. The present genus was segregated from Frullania by Kamimura (1961; sub. nom. Hattoria Kamim. nom. illeg., non Schust., 1961) on the basis of the branching type, the shape of the first leaf and underleaf on branch, the total lack of secondary pigmentation, the uniform cell structure of the stem in cross section, and the strongly toothed leaf lobes. The generic concept of Neohattoria was greatly expanded by Schuster (1970), who included eight species and classified them into two subgenera, subgen. Neohattoria (with a single species) and subgen. Microfrullania Schust. (with seven species); however, Hattori et al. (1972) transferred all species of subgen. Microfrullania to a newly segregated genus Schusterella Hatt. et al., thus retaining the monotypic status of Neohattoria. As already described and illustrated by Hattori (1955), Kamimura (1961), Mizutani (1961), Ladyzhenskaja (1963), Schuster (1970), and Hattori et al. (1972), Neohattoria herzogii is closely related to species of both Jubula and Frullania. Regarding the taxonomic desposition of Neohattoria, Mizutani (1961) and Mizutani & Hattori (1969) placed it with Jubula in a subfamily Jubuloideae of Lejeuneaceae and Hattori et al. placed it in Jubulaceae (s. lat.). But, Kamimura (1961), Schuster (1970, 1979), and Guercke (1978) placed it more close to Frullania, e.g. in a subfamily Frullanioideae of Jubulaceae (s. lat.); more recently, Asakawa et al. (1979b), admitting three distinct families, Jubulaceae, Frullaniaceae, and Lejeuneaceae, placed Neohattoria and Jubula in the Jubulaceae (s. str.) but Frullania and Schusterella in the Frullaniaceae.

Description: The species Polypodium banaense C.Chr. is transferred to Crypsinus. The recognition of a genus Phymatopteris Pic. Ser. (= Phymatopsis J.Sm.) separate from Crypsinus is discussed.

Description: The six species of Curtia, including a hitherto undescribed species published here, as well as the monotypic genus Hockinia can be distinguished from each other by the seed coat structure. The anticlinal walls and the cuticle provide the most useful information. Curtia tenuifolia appears to be a complex species, but subsp. tenella can be readily separated from this complex by the seed coat structure. Heterostyly has been found in C. tenuifolia subsp. tenuifolia, C. obtusifolia, and Hockinia montana, but differences in seed coat structure can not be correlated with long-, short-, and equal-styled flowers. The differences in seed coat structure, the length of the seeds, and the number of cells per seed plead for maintaining Hockinia (closely related to Curtia) as a distinct genus. One new species of Curtia is described and a new combination is made.

Description: SETTEN, A. K. van & KOEK-NOORMAN, J.: Studies in Annonaceae. VI. A leafanatomical survey of genera of Annonaceae in the Neotropics. — Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 108: 17—50. 1986. — ISSN 0006-8152. Within the scope of the multidisciplinary research project on systematics of Annonaceae, a survey of the leafanatomical features and their distribution in the neotropical Annonaceae is presented. The studied specimens form a rather homogeneous group, as may appear from the family description given here. A detailed study of the leafanatomical features reveals, that differences are mainly found in the indument, the position and contents of the idioblasts, the structure of the primary vein, the type of crystals in the epidermal cells, and the type of sclereids. Based on character states, phenetic similarities and differences are discussed and compared with the classifications of FRIES (1959) and WALKER (1971).

Description: One new species of Dorstenia from Brazil is described: D. carautae C.C. Berg, and four new combinations are made: D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. asaroides (Hooker) C.C. Berg, D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. paraguariensis (Hassler) C.C. Berg, D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. vitifolia (Gardner) C.C. Berg, and D. ramosa (Desvaux) Carauta, Valente & Sucre subsp. dolichocaula (Pilger) C.C. Berg. A list of and a key to the 22 Dorstenia species distinguished in south-eastern tropical America are presented, together with synonymy and distributional data.

Description: Recently a multidisciplinary investigation program on the systematics of Annonaceae was started at Utrecht with special emphasis on the Neotropics. This project will be carried out largely within the framework of the UNESCO-project Flora Neotronica. The first goal is to provide a modern classification of the family as a whole, the second is the publication of a series of monographs for Flora Neotropica. The project has been planned and started in close consultation with leading botanists on the Neotropical flora. The Annonaceae are a family of pantropical distribution with between 2000 and 2500 species in ca. 130 genera as presently understood. In the Neotropics the family is represented by ca. 750 species and 35 genera. It is a family of trees, shrubs, and lianas. Its place is within the order of the Magnoliales and its supposedly closest relative is the family of the Myristicaceae. The Annonaceae, although generally considered primitive in many features, nevertheless offer a number of specialized features as well This makes it a promising object using various kinds of comparative morphological, karyological, and anatomical data. Besides, many species are of medicinal or commercial value, such as various species of Annona and Rollinia, the fruits of which are commonly eaten in most countries of Central America and South America; the Soursop (Annona muricata) is widely cultivated throughout the tropics.

Description: A new species of Asterophorum, A. mennegae, is described from the Sipaliwini Savanne (Suriname). The position of Asterophorum within the family is briefly reviewed, and a key to the 2 species is given.

Description: The originally monotypic eastern Malaysian genus Schiffneriolejeunea Verdoorn 1933 has now become a widespread, pantropical group of about fifteen species by the inclusion of species from the genus Ptychocoleus Trev. nom. illeg. Six species are known from Asia, three of which constitute the sect. Saccatae (Verdoorn) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. These are the widespread Schiffneriolejeunea tumida (Nees) Gradst., the eastern Malaysian S. cumingiana (Mont.) Gradst. and S. nymannii (Steph.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. Schiffneriolejeunea tumida is a rather polymorphic species in which two not sharply defined varieties may be distinguished: S. tumida var. tumida with more or less involuted leaf margins, and S. tumida var. haskarliana (Gott.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. with plane margins.

Description: A phytosociological survey based on methods of the Zürich-Montpellier School was carried out in the páramo vegetation of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. The study area covers about 10,000 and comprises the páramo between the Nevado de Sumapaz (3°55'N, 4250 m), the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (6°25'N, 5493 m) and the Páramo del Almorzadero (7°N, 4375 m). The páramo vegetation was studied along various altitudinal transects from the upper forest line (3000-3500 m) up to the lower limit of the snowcap (4800 m). A general description of the study area includes data on geology, geomorphology, soils, climate, flora, phytogeography, morphological characters of the vegetation, fauna and landuse. The evolution and Quaternary history of páramo vegetation and climate is reviewed, incorporating the first data from the Lateglacial and Holocene of the Páramo de Sumapaz. The general altitudinal zonation of the páramo vegetation was studied and is presented for both the dry and the humid side of the Cordillera. The zonal and azonal plant communities are described including their physiognomy, composition and syntaxonomy, habitat and distribution. Eighty five syntaxa from the rank of variant to that of the class are newly described, 17 of which are provisional. The vegetation is not ranked syntaxonomically yet, but described on the basis of preliminary tables. A number of azonal communities, part of them of lesser extent, are described in a similar way. The páramo vegetation is primarily determined by the tropical diurnal high mountain climate. The diversity of the páramo vegetation is related to temperature (altitudinal gradient) and to humidity (dry and wet climate). The presence of zonal bunchgrass páramo, bamboo-bunchgrass páramo or bamboo páramo mainly depends on the complex interrelation between these factors. Finally a synthesis is provided on ecology, morphology and phytogeography of the páramo vegetation of the study area.

Description: Endlicheria Nees (non Presl) in Linnaea 8 (1833), p. 37; id., Progr. (1833), p. 16; id., Syst. (1836), p. 365; Endl., Gen. (1837), p. 321; id., Ench. (1841), p. 197; Dietrich, Synops. Pl. 2 (1840), p. 1332, 1350; Spach, Hist. nat. Végét. X (1841), p. 473; Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 2 (1841), p. 554; Meissn., Gen. I (1836—43), p. 326, II, p. 238; Orbigny, Dict. univ. (1846), p. 259; Lindl., Veg. kgd. (1846), p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 281; Baillon, Hist. II (1870), p. 480 in adnot.; Pfeiffer, Nomencl. (1873), p. 1201; Benth. in Benth. & Hook., Gen. III (1880), p. 153; Durand, Index Gen. (1888), p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 111; Pax in Engl.-Prantl, Pfl. Fam. III, 2 (1889), p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, Gen. (1900—07), p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, Lexicon (1904), p. 197; Lemée, Dict. 2 (1929), p. 857; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931), p. 63; Kostermans in Meded. Bot. Mus. Utrecht 25 (1936), p. 41; id. in Pulle, F1. Surin. 2 (1936), p. 327. – Goeppertia Nees, Syst, l.c., p. 354, 365 (non alibi nec aliis); Endl., Gen., l.c., p. 321, n. 2051; id., Ench., l.c., p. 197; Dietrich, l.c., p. 1332, 1350; Spach., l.c., p. 473; Steudel, l.c., p. 697; Reichb., Nomencl. (1861), p. 70, n. 2659; Meissn., Gen. I, p. 326, II, p. 238; Orbigny, l.c., p. 259; Lindl., l.c., p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 281; Baillon, l.c., p. 480; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1473; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez, l.c.; Pax, l.c., p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 253; Kosterm. in Meded., l.c. – Schauera Nees in Lindley, Nat. Syst. ed. 2 (1836), p. 202 in adnot. (non aliis nec alibi); Endl., l.c., p. 321; id., Ench., p. 197; Meissn., Gen. II, l.c., p. 238; Orbigny, l.c., p. 259; Lindl., Veg. kgd., l.c., p. 537; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Mez, l.c.; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1071; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 sub Aniba; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 503; Lemée, l.c., p. 1006. – Schaueria Nees ex Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 172; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 281 (non aliis); Baillon, l.c., p. 480; Pax, l.c., p. 122. – Ampelodaphne Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 81; id. in Fl. Bras, l.c., p. 167; Baillon, l.c., p. 473; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1071; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Durand, l.c., p. 348 sub Aydendron; Pax, l.c., p. 122; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178 n. 2812; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 24; Lemée, Dict., l.c., p. 210; Kosterm. in Meded., l.c. – Aydendron Griseb. (non Nees), p.p. in Fl. Brit. W. Ind. isl. (1860), p. 284; Benth., l.c., p. 153; Mez, l.c. – Huberodaphne Ducke in Arch. Jard. Rio de Janeiro 4 (1925), p. 191; Lemèe, Dict., l.c., 3 (1931), p. 661. Type species: Endlicheria hirsuta Nees.

Description: The wood and leaf anatomy of representatives of the 9 genera of the Opiliaceae are described in detail. It is possible to separate the genera on the base of both wood- and leaf anatomical characters. Herein the presence of cystoliths of varying shape and size is important. Some comments on the taxonomy and possible phylogeny of the familiy are given.

Description: Isoëtes Palmeri with a distribution in the High Andes from the Páramo of Venezuela to the Páramo of Ecuador is described as a new taxon, and dedicated to the then American specialist of the genus, Thomas Chalkley Palmer (1860-1934). The new species belongs to the tropical-Andeanaustral-antarctic section Laeves, described as new here as well. The publication of the new species had to be anticipated to the projected monographic treatment of the South-American representatives of the genus Isoëtes, as A.M. Cleef, Utrecht intends to base a new association, the Isoëtetum Palmeri on this new taxon, observed and collected by him at many instances within the Colombian Páramo between 1971 and 1980 in the context of the preparation of his doctoral thesis now under way.

Description: In his introductory statements to 'The Symposium on the Phylogeny and Classification of the Filicopsida' which was held in London, 1972, HOLTTUM, when dealing with 'dubious groups of relationships which would particularly repay investigation', mentioned the Polypodiaceae first (HOLTTUM, 1973: 6). Talking about Polypodiaceae the present authors deal with the Polypodiaceae sensu stricto only, thus excluding the Cheiropleuriaceae, Dipteridaceae, Grammitidaceae, and also the Loxogrammaceae, taxa which were formerly (or are still) included in the Polypodiaceae sensu lato. As delineated in this way, this almost exclusively pantropical family consists of about 600 species and an indefinite number of genera.

Description: The new species Coussapoa manuënsis C.C. Berg is described.

Description: Until recently relatively little attention has been paid to the study of chromosomes in liverworts. The first substantial contributions were made by Heitz (1927, 1928) and Lorbeer (1934). In the second half of this century chromosome studies on liverworts were mainly carried out in Europe (e.g. Fritsch 1972; Newton 1977, 1979) and Japan (e.g. Tatuno 1959; Segawa 1965a, b, c; Inoue 1968). Inoue (in Koponen 1979) reports that until now 28% of all bryophyte species in Japan have been investigated as to their chromosome complement. A comprehensive, but rather outdated, survey of chromosome numbers in Hepaticae and Anthocerotae was given by Berrie (1960). Work on a new, updated survey is now underway (Fritsch, in prep.). In the present article results are presented of a cytotaxonomic investigation of European species of the genera Aneura and Riccardia (Aneuraceae). Most specimens were gathered in the Netherlands, but some chromosome counts based on French and German plants are also included.

Description: IUCN, says the paper Categories, Objectives and Criteria for Protected Areas, ”is dedicated to the wise use of the Earth’s natural resources and to the maintenance of the Planet’s natural diversity.” What to think of the sequence? Use first, maintain second? And this comes from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources? ”The World National Parks Congress, taking place in Bali, Indonesia, October 11-22, 1982, will provide case studies from around the world to illustrate how the various categories of protected areas are meeting the needs of countries of all economic, social, cultural, and political backgrounds,” writes J.A. McNeely, the secretary of the Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, in a special issue of the Swedish journal Ambio (11: 237. 1982). ”No longer just playgrounds for vacationers and means for conserving natural heritage, protected areas have become an inseparable part of the modern human ecosystem.”

Description: Mrs. Delia D. Adefuin, Museum Research Assistant, Manila, is pursuing her M.S. in Botany degree. She is currently the Secretary of the Fern Society of the Philippines. She is working on the Fern Flora of Metro Manila and is preparing the manuscript of a pictorial encyclopedia which will include descriptions of species and horticultural recommendations. Miss Barbro Axelius (S) collected and studied Xanthophytum and Lerchea (Rubiaceae) in Sarawak, Kalimantan and Sumatra, August 1982- February 1983.

Description: Tropical Botany in Aberdeen University. This was started by Professor J.W.H. Trail, who held the chair from 1877 to 1919, and travelled in the Amazon Valley (1873-75) mainly collecting cryptogams and studying palms. He was succeeded by Prof. W.G. Craib (1920-33) who was never in the tropics but devoted his work to the Flora of Siam, based on the collections of A.F.G. Kerr, and assisted by Miss E.C. Barnett. After a considerable lag, tropical botany was revived by the energetic efforts of Dr. P. Ashton as lecturer in systematics and ecology of the eastern tropics, establishing ties with Malayan colleges in teaching and research. This is at present perpetuated by two lecturers, Dr. K. Jong and Dr. M.D. Swaine, the latter’s experience lying largely in the tropics of West Africa. In addition Dr. N.M. Pritchard, Dr. J.B. Kenworthy and Dr. G. Hadley have been on secondment to the University of Malaya, while Dr. I. Alexander made research visits to India, Ghana and Peru. Over the years the Department has provided undergraduate and research training to innumerable students from many different tropical countries, some of which attained responsible posts, e.g. Prof. E. Soepadmo. Important courses in tropical biology are given, not available elsewhere in the U.K. (started 1973). The benefits for Aberdeen students is important: amongst others they led to expeditions to various parts of the tropics, recently to Sabah and to the Ivory Coast. Royal Society Tropical Rain Forest Collaborative Research Programme. Arising out of a feasibility study by Dr. T.C. Whitmore and P.F. Cockburn, the theme ’Recovery of tropical rain forest after disturbance’ was adopted as the initial basis of the programme. Possible territories for the research include Sabah and the Philippines. Detailed plans for a 5-year project are being prepared in consultation with colleagues in Southeast Asia.

Description: It is with the utmost regret that we announce the sudden and quite unexpected death of Dr. Marius Jacobs, editor of this Bulletin. See the obituary on page 3869. He was co-editor of the Flora Malesiana Bulletin for nr. 17 (1962) to nr. 22 (1968) and took full responsibility onwards of nr. 27 (1974). He showed great ability in enlarging its scope and we have many letters in our archives expressing appreciation and admiration for the lively and informative style in which he edited the Bulletin. I had to take over the editorial work for this number at short notice, but I was greatly helped by a number of Rijksherbarium colleagues, which help is gratefully acknowledged. In this way the delay has been kept to a minimum. It is, however, possible that some news items etc. have not been printed and that information submitted to Dr. Jacobs has not been entered due to this sudden change of editorship. I offer my apologies if this has happened and hope that (if still relevant) the news will again be forwarded to the new editor, Dr. J.F. Veldkamp, Rijksherbarium, who will take over starting next number.

Description: The Botanical Survey of India continued to make collections during 1982, with the following results: Andaman & Nicobar Is.: Shola Bag, Mt Harriet, Jirkathang, Poona Nallah, Saddle peak, Diglipur, Rutland I. & Little I., 2875 specimens. Arunachal Pradesh: Various areas of Kameng Distr., Subansiri Distr., 9750 specimens. Assam: Garampani, 60 specimens. West Bengal: Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Hollong, Jaldapara, Chilapata, Salkumar, Daidaighat, Barasat, 2665 specimens. Bihar: Madhuban, Nimiaghat, Paresnath Hills, 315 specimens. Dehra Dun: Chakrata, Missoori, 325 specimens. Gujrat: Catchment and submergence areas of Sipu Reservoir Project, 1505 specimens. Kerala: Trichur, Idduki, Silent Valley, Valra Reserve Forest, Cannanore, Trivandrum, 3770 specimens. Madhya Pradesh: Kanha National Park, Chhodarpur Distr., 1190 specimens. Maharashtra: Areas of Jalgaon Distr. and Buldhana Distr., 4390 specimens. Manipur: Cherrapunjee, Mawphlong, Sorharim, areas of West Khasi Hills Districts, 2000 specimens. Rajasthan: Bharatpur, Desert National Park, 1605 specimens. Sikkim: Rangpo, Singtham, Bumbing, Manuring, Duga, Pandam, Takchi, Meli, areas of Gangtok, Chungtham, Lachi, Thanga, Panthang, 2590 specimens. Uttar Pradesh: Gori & Kali Valley, Chittoragarh Distr., 500 specimens.

Description: The ultrastructure of the spore walls of Beenakia dacostae (Beenakiaceae, Gomphales) has been studied. Spore walls are mainly composed of a distinct episporium and a thick, dark, ornamented ectosporium. The general structure is identical with that of other members of the Gomphales, such as Gomphus and Ramaria

Description: During an ecological study of fungi of the tidal mudflats in Kuwait, a Sporothrix species has been recorded twice, in 1977 and 1980. It differs from other species of the genus (de Hoog, 1974, 1978) in several characters and is here described as a new species. A comparison with similar species of the genus is added.

Description: J. J. Smith was born June 29th, 1867, at Antwerp, where his father was the director of the Netherlands’ Railway Post Office. In 1872 the family moved to Utrecht and in 1875 to Amsterdam. Smith spent his school days in the capital. His leisure hours were occupied by growing and sketching plants and tending such animals as mice and keeping an aquarium and a terrarium. His 10th birthday was celebrated by the establishment of a private herbarium, the first plant inserted being Bellis perennis. His years at secondary school were greatly influenced by the then teacher of Natural History, Dr J. C. Costerus, who advised Smith to look for a position in horticulture. Horticultural schools being not yet ”en vogue“, Smith got his education in this field at the Horticulturist’s Messrs Groenewegen & Co., Amsterdam. In these years the Orchids began to impress him and Smith spent his few free hours in making pictures of flowering species. The connection with Dr Costerus was continued. Together they looked after their herbaria and later on started to study teratologica, found in the Groenewegen gardens and greenhouses, a field in which both would publish several valuable papers later on. After having been working for his firm for 3½ years, Smith went to Kew where he stayed one year and afterwards to Brussels for completing his horticultural knowledge and skill. At Brussels he was working one year in the famous Orchid nursery of Messrs Linden, and then another year at the ”Jardin Botanique“.

Description: Pendant une tournée du chalutier ”De Lanessan“ de l’Institut Océanographique de Nhatrang (Annam) vers le récif Tizard¹) en avril 1936, une collection d’algues marines a été constituée, provenant des îlots Itu-Aba, Sand Caye et Nam Yit. La situation de ces îlots est environ 10° de latitude Nord et 114° de longitude Est. Qu’il me soit permis de remercier M. R. Serène de l’Institut Océanographique de l’Indochine à Cauda par Nhatrang, qui m’a confié l’étude de cette collection.

Description: In continuation of a previous publication by Lam, in which meiomery and pleiomery in male flowers of Canarium decumanum were described, the same phenomenon is now discussed concerning the fruits of C. Mehenbethene (176 of one single tree) and C. commune (1126 fruits mixed from more than one tree). An investigation of the material gave the following results: 1. C. commune and C. Mehenbethene are closely related; the latter may prove to be a polyploid of the former. Their areas are partly overlapping, but C. commune has its centre in the Moluccas, C. Mehenbethene in New Guinea and W. Polynesia. 2. A tendency to reduce the number of ovules and carpels in the ovary is assumed. By means of a statistical method (”phase index“) the position of either species in the phases of this regression is indicated. 3. From this, it is concluded that C. Mehenbethene represents a more advanced phase than C. commune and that therefore an eastward migration must be accepted. This agrees with other facts stated earlier, both in the Burseraceae and in other plant families of western origin. 4. In Canarium commune pleiomery is found in 2.3% of the fruits, meiomery in 0.45%, which agrees fairly well with the figures found earlier for the corolla and the androeceum of the male flowers of C. decumanum (0.9% and 0.3% respectively). 5. The desirability is expressed to investigate the following points: a. the ontogeny and the fertilization of ovaries and ovules in Canarium. b. cytological relations between related trees in the tropics, especially as far as they may supply indications towards migration tracks (cf. the work of Hagerup on Vaccinium [Hereditas 18, 1933]). c. the ”phase index“ of a number of related Canarium species. d. the exact distribution of some of the phases mentioned along those migration tracks which are both geologically and biogeographically supported (e.g. Sunda centre—Philippines, Philippines—Moluccas—New Guinea, New Guinea—Moluccas—Central Celebes, Malay Peninsula—Sumatra—Java, etc.).

Description: Im Jahre 1907 wurde ich als Botaniker der Gouvernements China-Plantagen in Tjinjiroean bei Pengalengan, West-Java, angestellt, wo ich bis 1916 arbeitete. Tjinjiroean liegt etwa 1566 m über dem Meere und hat ein sehr feuchtes Klima. Es war sehr interessant nachzugehen, welche aus der Ebene von Java und aus Europa eingeführten Pflanzen dort wachsen würden. Was würde der Einfluss des Klimas, der Meereshöhe, der Temperatur, u.s.w. auf die Pflanzen sein? In Tjinjiroean fand ich sogleich viele eingeführte Pflanzen, welche dort üppig wuchsen. In den Chinaplantagen fand ich Georginen und Tropaeolum majus L. verwildert; in meinem Garten blühte Richardia africana Kunth reichlich, bildete Früchte, welche wieder zahlreiche Pflanzen lieferten. Nur einige interessante Pflanzen werde ich hier weiter erwähnen.

Description: Een man, die zich nimmer op den voorgrond stelde en wiens naam toch in de geheele botanische wereld bekend is, moet wel heel wat in die wereld hebben gepresteerd. Zoo’n man is Dr J. J. Smith, die op 29 Juni 1937 zijn 70sten verjaardag viert. Zeventig jaar te worden is op zichzelf beschouwd geen verdienste, maar het geeft vrienden en vereerders zulk een mooie gelegenheid den jubilaris eens te toonen, hoe zeer men zijn werk waardeert!

Description: Het lijkt mij niet mogelijk een juisten indruk te krijgen van de beteekenis van J. J. Smith’s phytographisch werk voor den huidigen kweeker, zonder de belangrijkste phasen in de geschiedenis der Orchidophilie in Europa kort te schetsen, die aan dit werk zijn voorafgegaan. Deze geschiedenis heeft zich practisch geheel in Engeland afgespeeld. Dit machtige rijk, in zijn gouden eeuw onbetwist heerscher ter zee, had ter behartiging van zijne overzeesche belangen de beschikking over een kolossale handelsvloot. De bemanningen der schepen voerden van heinde en verre allerlei rariteiten mede, ook levende planten en dieren. Op deze wijze kwamen in de laatste helft der achttiende eeuw de eerste exotische Orchideeën binnen uit gebieden, die niet al te ver van Engeland af lagen: Jamaica, de Bahama-eilanden, Trinidad.

Description: Het is mij een bijzonder voorrecht, om uit het leven van Dr Smith eenige bijzonderheden te mogen vertellen, waarvan enkele wellicht minder algemeen bekend zijn. Deels heb ik de gegevens geput uit datgene wat van zijn levensloop bekend is, deels stammen ze uit mijn persoonlijk contact met Dr Smith, en de gelegenheid van dit jubileum lijkt mij bij uitstek geschikt om dezen te bescheiden werker in het licht te plaatsen waarin hij behoort te staan. In de beginjaren van mijn loopbaan als Hortulanus van ’s Lands Plantentuin was Dr Smith voor mij de groote vraagbaak, was hij de man die met zijn groote liefde voor en zijn uitgebreide kennis van den Plantentuin mij als het ware heeft ingewerkt en opgeleid.

Description: Some collections which I received recently, contain interesting addenda to former studies of the paleotropical Frullaniaceae (cf. especially “De Frullaniaceis VII”, Ann. Bryol. Suppl. Vol. I, 1930) and Lejeuneaceae Holostipae (esp. “De Frullaniaceis XVII”, Ann. Bryol. Suppl. Vol. IV, 1934).

Description: Durch die extremen Existenzbedingungen, welche die Mangroven als: Formation bestimmen, sollte man glauben, dass die ökologischen Probleme, die sich in dieser Hinsicht zeigen, leicht gelöst werden könnten, um so mehr, weil diese Pflanzengenossenschaft relativ arm an Arten ist. Dass dies jedoch nicht der Fall ist, möge hier im Hinblick auf die Verbreitung der Lumnitzera-Arten im Malaiischen Archipel mit einigen Beispielen gezeigt werden. Im Jahre 1924 habe ich kurz auf die Verbreitung von 3 Lumnitzera- Arten im genannten Gebiet hingewiesen ¹). Meine Absicht war, speziell auf die unerklärliche Erscheinung aufmerksam zu machen, dass L. littorea (Jack) Voigt das Küstengebiet rund um die Java See, im Gegensatz zu L. racemosa Willd., vermeidet, obwohl beide Arten nicht nur in, sondern auch ausserhalb des Malaiischen Archipels vorkommen, ja selbst zusammen in ziemlicher Nähe angetroffen werden. Bevor wir diese Erscheinung noch einmal näher betrachten, möchte ich an der Hand von beigefügter Karte (Fig. 1) das gesamte Verbreitungsgebiet nachgehen. Dieses Gebiet liegt nahezu vollkommen innerhalb der Wendekreise der alten Welt ²): Die Mangroven, wozu Lumnitzera gehört, finden als selbständige Waldoder Gebüschformation ihre natürliche Begrenzung ungefähr auf den gleichen Breiten. Nur L. racemosa überschreitet grade an 2 Stellen die- Wendekreise: An der Ostküste von Afrika streckt sie sich südlich vom Steinbrockkreis bis in die Mangroven bei Durban aus, während sie nördlich vom Wendekreis des Krebses noch in dem Riu Kiu (Lu Tschu) Archipel, nördlich von Formosa vorkommt.

Description: De publicatie van dit deel is mogelijk gemaakt door den geldelijken steun van vele van Smith’s vrienden, wier handteekeningen zijn vereenigd in een album, dat hem is aangeboden tezamen met dit Jubileum-Supplement van „Blumea” en de speciale aflevering van het „Bulletin du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg”. Het oude Menangkabausche echte gouddraadweefsel uit Kota Gadang, dat heeft gediend voor de banden van het album en van de voor Dr Smith bestemde exemplaren van „Blumea” en het „Bulletin”, dankt het Comité ad hoc aan Dr E. R. Jacobson te Bandoeng.

Description: Among the collections of Knema acquired by the Rijksherbarium since the publication of my new account of the genus Knema, in Blumea 25, 1979: 321 — 478, a few specimens caused problems with the identification, and at closer examination these yielded facts of interest which are published here. Some specimens represented stages not yet known, for instance fruits, or male flowers, while other specimens meant a significant range extension of the species. Two new species and one new subspecies are described. For easy reference, the sequence and numbers of the species presently treated correspond with the numbers as used in the account of 1979. The new species bear the number of the species after which they appear in the general key of 1979, with the addition ‘-bis’.

Description: The early development (ontogeny) of the carpels of 20 species belonging to 8 apocarpous families was investigated with the scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that on the floral apex a circular or a convex meristem develops into an obliquely ascidiate primordium by unequal growth of its periphery. By further unequal growth it develops into a young carpel. The terminal mouth of a cup becomes the lateral cleft of a carpel. The different forms of the young carpels in different species are defined by the varying degree of development of the adaxial region of the initial meristem and/or its margin on the side of the floral apex. This hypothesis is theoretically evaluated.

Description: In Malesia the genus Tephrosia is represented by 20 species, native or introduced and naturalized, including 6 subspecies and 5 varieties; 4 species are restricted to Malesia. Two of these species are newly described: T. barbatala and T. elliptica; the former includes one new variety (var. glabra). Two new subspecies and one new variety are distinguished: T. filipes subsp. longifolia, T. purpurea subsp. barbigera, and T. maculata var. elongata. Two taxa are given a new status: T. maculata var. appressepilosa and T. pumila subsp. aldabrensis. Four species, T. dichotoma, T. repentina, T. coarctata, and Kiesera sumatrana are for the first time sunk into synonymy. A key to the taxa, synonymy, and full descriptions with plates and distribution maps are given.

Description: During identification and study of the materials of the genus Blepharis Juss. in the Central National Herbarium (CAL) of the Botanical Survey of India the authors came across some specimens (Lawson 314) from Tavancore, which was identified as B. molluginifolia aff But critical study revealed that the typical molluginifolia is a different species from which the new taxon can be distinguished by several characters. The species is named after M.A. Lawson who collected the specimen for the first time.

Description: The stomata as occurring on the fronds of the sporophytes of a large number of Polypodiaceae s.s. (Filicales) are investigated. A number of different stomatal types is recognised, (newly) described, and their ontogeny investigated. The different types of stomata are discussed in relation to their possible significance for tracing phylogenetic relationships in the Polypodiaceae following a cladistic analysis.

Description: One new species of Aristolochia, A. singalangensis, from Sumatra is described here. This is the only Malesian species to have the fruit dehiscing from the apex towards the base. Remarks are given for some Asiatic and Malesian species, all belonging to Aristolochia except one to Thottea, on their taxonomy, nomenclature, typification, characteristics for identification, relationship, distribution, etc. The phenomena and significance of aristolochiaceous plants-butterflies relationship have been discussed. Germinated pollen grains have been found in dehisced anthers of open flowers in both Aristolochia and Thottea. Pollination of the Aristolochiaceae has been concisely reviewed.

Description: A world-revision of Arthraxon Beauv. ( Gramineae) is presented. Three wide-spread species, A. hispidus (Thunb.) Makino, A. lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst., and A. lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst. are very variable and have caused the description of a great number of taxa, most of which are here reduced to synonomy. There are now 7 species and 9 varieties; for 6 of the latter new combinations are proposed. No new taxa are described.

Description: The Salajar Islands strew the Flores Sea between Celebes and Flores. The group consists of no less than 73 smaller and larger islands. The principal islands are: Salajar or Tanadoang, Djampea, Kalao, Kalaotoa, and Bonerate. A number of smaller islands form together the group of the so-called Tiger Islands, and to the south of them arc the very small, low Pasitaloe Islands. The Salajar group is situated between Long. 119°50’ E. and 121°30’ E. and between Lat. 5°36’ S. and 7°25’ S. See the map on p. 240. In May 1913, I was enabled to visit this territory, thanks to a financial allowance of the „Maatschappij ter bevordering van het Natuurkundig Onderzoek der Nederlandsche Kolonien” (Society for the Promotion of the Scientific Investigation of the Netherlands Colonies), for short: „Treub Society”, and also of the „Provinciaal Utrechtsch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen” (Utrecht Provincial Society for Arts and Sciences). The publication of the present paper was enabled by financial support of the „Leidsch Universiteitsfonds” (Leiden University Fund). I beg to tender my best thanks for all this valuable support here.

Description: There are only two genera of the Aristolochiaceae, Aristolochia and Thottea, so far known to occur in Malesia. In the course of a revision of this family for the Flora Malesiana, some new species of both genera have been found. Eight new ones of Thottea were published in a precursor on that genus (Blumea 27, 1981, 301-332, f. 1-72). There are four new species of Aristolochia from Borneo and one more new Thottea from Sumatra to be described here.

Description: Carpels develop centripetally as oblique slightly ascidiform structures provided with a seat-like support. The terminal mouth of the ascidiform primordium becomes the lateral cleft of the carpel. Solitary terminal carpels develop as lateral structures. The sections Tasmannia and Drimys of the genus Drimys differ by the varying degree of ascidiform development. Austrobaileya is like Drimys. The structure of the carpel margins with submarginal placentation may have evolved from a slit like that in Winteraceae. Allometric development of an oblique ascidiform structure may have formed a large basal ovary, and may thus have moved the stigmatic part apically. A possible cupular origin of carpels is discussed.

Description: Our Pinus halepensis is described by DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU in „Traité des arbres et arbustes etc.” 1755 p. 126 as follows: Pinus Hierosolymitana praelongis et tenuissimis viridibus foliis PLUK.: Pin de Jerusalem, dont les feuilles sont très vertes, longues et menues. This circumscription is a phrase without a trivial name. LINNAEUS himself also indicated the species in that period principally by a phrase; a trivial name („nomen triviale”) was added in 1753 for convenience; but LINNAEUS warns emphatically against forgetting the art-name (that is the phrase, „differentia specifica” or „nomen spicificum” of LINNAEUS) ¹). This art-name (phrase) was arranged methodically by him and bad to be such, that there was to be found in it exactly what was wanted to distinguish one species from the remaining known species; 12 words were the highest number allowed ²).

Description: Owing to their limited possibilities for either active or passive dispersal, their association with the soil habitat, their vulnerability towards a dry atmosphere, and, in fact, on account of their general ecology and ethology, Diplopoda among arthropods are surely one of the most important classes in relation to the study of historical biogeography. For the class as a whole the sea appears to be an unsuperable barrier as is proved by the almost complete absence of endemic taxa on oceanic islands. In many cases lowland plains also act as severe obstacles against the dispersal of millipedes. The presence or absence of diplopods on islands or continents, therefore, may give a strong argument in favour or against any supposed former land connection. The long geographical isolation of the Australian continent and the absence of endemic higher taxa seems to imply that most, if not all, of its diplopod fauna dates from the time this continent was solidly attached to other southern continents, i.e. the Mesozoic. Subsequent penetration of fauna elements from the north or northwest seems utterly unlikely, although perhaps not entirely impossible.

Description: The buthid scorpions of the genus Centruroides are widely distributed in the Antillean area. They are also the most common scorpions in the majority of these islands. Nevertheless they remained almost forgotten until recently (STAHNKE 1970; ARMAS 1976, 1977, 1980, 1981, 1982; FRANCKE & SISSOM 1980). For the purpose of this paper the Lesser Antilles are defined as the islands situated between the Virgin Islands and Trinidad & Tobago, according to BOND’S 1978 zoogeographical point of view.

Description: Nederland heeft reeds in het tertiaire tijdvak in een voortdurend dalend gebied der aardkorst gelegen. Ons land is in die tijden bijna onafgebroken door de zeeën overstroomd geweest. Zij hebben op onzen bodem hun slib en zand, benevens enkele skeletdeelen van mariene organismen doen bezinken, zoodat bijna alle opeenvolgende series dezer geologische formatie tot afzetting zijn gekomen, n.l. het Palaeoceen, het Eoceen, het Oligoceen, het Mioceen en het Plioceen. Deze afdeelingen zijn elk door eigen palaeontologische en petrografische eigenschappen gekenmerkt, waaruit de palaeoklimatologie en palaeogeografie voor elke afzonderlijke étage afgeleid kunnen worden. De mariene fossielen, die in de verschillende tertiaire étage’s zijn afgezet, hebben door de herhaalde trans- en regressie der steeds opeenvolgende overstroomingen veelal aan groote verweering blootgestaan. Uit de fossielinhoud der transgressielagen en basale conglomeraten blijkt, dat de haaientanden — dank zij hun resistentie — het grootste en vaak eenige contingent der nog specifiek te herkennen fossielen vormen. De determinatie nu der haaientanden werpt in sommige gevallen een nieuw licht op den ouderdom en herkomst van het materiaal uit de transgressielagen. Deze ouderdomsbepaling biedt op haar beurt waardevolle gegevens omtrent den ouderdom der boven- en onderliggende afzettingen. Een nauwkeurige determinatie der sterk verweerde tanden uit de transgressielagen werd alleen door vergelijking met Selachiersoorten, die elders in tertiaire afzettingen in situ voorkomen, mogelijk gemaakt. Voor elke tertiaire étage werden de petrografische en paleontologische gegevens, voorzoover zij bekend zijn uit de verslagen van het werk van de voormalige Rijks Geologische Dienst en uit andere publicatie’s, verwerkt. Tevens werd een studie gemaakt over alle in het Tertiair van Nederland voorkomende Selachiers. De uitkomsten van deze onderzoekingen betreffende de geologie van Nederland, werden steeds getoetst aan die van de waarnemingen in de aan Nederland grenzende gebieden van België en Duitschland. Uit het mariene Palaeoceen, dat op enkele plaatsen in ons land is aangeboord, is geen Selachiermateriaal bekend. Het klimaat is in dit tijdvak, in tegenstelling met de onmiddellijk voorafgaande krijtperiode, subtropisch tot gematigd geweest. De palaeoceene zee heeft zich over bijna geheel Nederland uitgestrekt en heeft in open verbinding gestaan met de arctische wateren. Gedurende het eoceene tijdvak hebben opeenvolgende transgressies plaats gehad, die gesteenten van verschillende lithologische facies afgezet hebben. Sporadisch zijn ze in één boring aangetroffen. Aan de glauconitische zandsteen- en mergelhoudende kleilagen, die in de Peel aangeboord zijn, werd op grond van de algeheele aaneensluiting aan de belgische isopache lijnen, een eoceenen ouderdom toegeschreven. Daar eoceene afzettingen voornamelijk uit boringen bekend zijn, is weinig fossiel materiaal te verwachten. Het klimaat is hetzelfde gebleven als in het voorafgaande tijdvak. Geheel Nederland is wederom door de zee bedekt geweest, die in verbinding heeft gestaan met de noordelijke wateren. De oligoceene afzettingen kunnen in onder-, midden- en bovenoligoceene onderscheiden worden. Op de plaats, waar het Onderoligoceen op krijtafzettingen rust, zijn eenige afgesleten haaientanden gevonden. Deze soorten: Odontaspis (Odontaspis) cf. bronni en Odontaspis (Synodontaspis) gracilis wijzen op een herkomst uit krijtafzettingen. De onderoligoceene transgressie is niet zoo uitgebreid geweest als de voorafgaande. Verschillende deelen van Nederland hebben dus boven den zeespiegel gelegen. In Zuid-Limburg zijn fluviomariene afzettingen bekend. Er is in dezen tijd nog geen verbinding geweest met de mediterrane zee. Het Middenoligoceen vertoont verschillende facies. Het komt in enkele deelen des lands aan den dag en is ook in boringen aangetoond. In Overijsel komt aan de basis van de middenoligoceene zandafzettingen een transgressielaag voor, waarin vele rondgesleten phosphorieten, haaientanden en schelpen naast enkele goedbewaarde tanden voorkomen. De determinatie dezer geremanieerde tanden wijst op boveneoceene herkomst. De in situ afgezette tanden wijzen op een middenoligoceenen ouderdom der bovenliggende glauconiethoudende zanden. In Zuid-Limburg zijn in de transgressielaag aan de basis van de middenoligoceene kleiafzettingen nog enkele haaientanden gevonden, die afkomstig zijn uit oudere oligoceene lagen. Een collectie Selachiertanden uit de septarienklei van Oost-Nederland werd nader beschreven. De middenoligoceene zee heeft zich over heel N.W.-Europa uitgestrekt en waarschijnlijk via het Mainzerbekken korten tyd met de mediterrane zee in verbinding gestaan. De zuidelijke invloed op de fauna is echter in N.W.-Europa niet meer merkbaar. Het Bovenoligoceen bestaat voornamelijk uit glauconiethoudende afzettingen, die in de Peel en Zuid-Limburg zijn aangetoond. Het klimaat is tijdens het geheele oligoceene tijdvak subtropisch tot gematigd geweest. De zee heeft het geheele zuidelijk deel van ons land bedekt. Het Ondermioceen is in Nederland niet in mariene facies bekend. In Zuid-Limburg gaan de middenoligoceene kleiafzettingen geleidelijk over in glauconiethoudende zanden. Op sommige plaatsen nu treedt in deze zandafzettingen een transgressielaag op, waarin steenkernen van Mollusca en afgesleten haaientanden voorkomen. Door determinatie dezer geremanieerde Selachierfauna kon een bovenoligoceene herkomst van dit materiaal worden aangetoond. Hieruit werd afgeleid, dat de onderliggende glauconiethoudende zanden van bovenoligoceenen en niet van middenoligoceenen ouderdom zijn, zooals door Jongmans en van Rummelen (1930) wordt aangenomen. De hierboven liggende lagen zijn tijdens een jongere neogene transgressie afgezet en hebben een middenmioceenen, niet een bovenoligoceenen ouderdom. Dit zijn de eenige mariene middenmioceene afzettingen. Een typisch mariene middenmioceene fauna is echter nergens aangetroffen. Dat echter in de onmiddellijke omgeving fossielrijke middenmioceene afzettingen bestaan moeten hebben, werd met zekerheid bewezen uit de geremanieerde, typisch middenmioceene fauna, die in een jonger transgressieconglomeraat te Elsloo werd aangetoond. Naar boven toe treden in deze mariene middenmioceene zanden eenige bruinkoolhoudende lagen op, die onderbroken worden door witte zandafzettingen. Deze zijn van marienen oorsprong en zijn gevormd tijdens steeds herhaalde transgressie’s, waarbij an de basis een laag van afgeronde vuursteenen afgezet is. Door aan te nemen, dat deze zanden van middenmioceenen ouderdom zijn, werd aan de bruinkoollagen een midden- en bovenmioceenen ouderdom toegekend. Jongmans en van Rummelen (1930) schrijven deze afzettingen echter een ondermioceenen ouderdom toe. Deze laatste ouderdomsbepaling berust op een vergelijking met het aangrenzende bruinkolengebied van Duitschland, waar een stratigrafische opeenvolging der lagen opgesteld is, die uitgaat van een bovenoligoceenen ouderdom der onderliggende glauconitische zanden. Eenzelfde klimatologische verhouding werd zoowel voor de geremanieerde middenmioceene fauna als voor de flora uit de bruinkool geconstateerd; beiden wijzen op afzetting tijdens een tropisch klimaat. De middenmioceene zee heeft in een grooten bocht over het Zuiden van ons land en het Noorden van België geloopen. Deze heeft via het Nauw van Calais in verbinding gestaan met de mediterrane zee. Van de Selachierfauna, die in de verschillende gebieden tijdens deze middenmioceene transgressie is afgezet, werd een volledige overeenkomst met de geremanieerde middenmioceene fauna vanuit het transgressieconglomeraat van Elsloo aangetoond. Het Bovenmioceen komt in een onderste zandige en een bovenste glimmerrijke kleiafzetting voor, die bijna overal duidelijk te onderscheiden zijn. Molengraaff en van Waterschoot van der Gracht (1913) houden de onderste, meer zandrnke facies zoowel in het Peelgebied als in Oost-Nederland voor Middenmioceen. De uit deze afzettingen beschreven Selachierfauna heeft echter een typisch bovenmioceen karakter, en daarom werd aan deze afzettingen een bovenmioceenen ouderdom toegekend. De bovenmioceene zee heeft een groote uitbreiding gehad. Het klimaat is subtropisch tot gematigd geweest. Het plioceen komt zoowel in mariene als in continentale facies voor. In Zuid-Limburg komt onder een dunne mariene onderplioceene zandlaag het bekende transgressieconglomeraat van Elsloo voor. Omtrent den ouderdom dezer laag heerscht groot meeningsverschil. Door determinatie van de geremanieerde Selachierfauna uit dit conglomeraat werd een middenmioceene herkomst van het materiaal vastgesteld. Deze ouderdomsbepaling houdt dus in, dat de bovenliggende afzettingen jonger zijn dan het Middenmioceen. Door het feit, dat het mariene Bovenmioceen niet zoover zuidelijk reikt, als ook door de aanwezigheid van een tweede, geremanieerde plioceene Selachierfauna aan de basis der hierboven liggende glaueonietzanden, werd een onderplioceene ouderdom aan de Elsloolaag toegekend. Behalve het op vele plaatsen aangetoonde mariene Onderplioceen, zijn voornamelijk in Limburg kontinentale afzettingen aangetoond. Deze zelfde facies zijn in midden- en bovenplioceene afzettingen aangetoond. Gedurende het Plioceen heeft de zee zich steeds meer naar het Westen en Noorden teruggetrokken. Het klimaat is geleidelijk kouder geworden. Tertiaire Selachiertanden komen ook op secundaire vindplaats in diluviale afzettingen voor. Nog heden ten dage spoelen vele haaientanden door de erodeerende werking van rivieren of zee uit de oorspronkelijke vindplaats los. Door de determinatie der tanden werd in vele gevallen de herkomst van de fauna vastgesteld.

Description: In two previous publications (bibl. 1 and 2) I have brought the formation of calderas into relation with the gas phase, observed by Perret during the eruption of Vesuvius in 1906 (bibl. 3). In these papers I arrived at the conclusion that during the gas phase a cylinder is cored out, and that this may be the cause of caldera formation. In the first paper the subject was treated geometrically, while in the second calculations were made of a particular case (the Krakatoa eruption of 1883) to see if they would bear out this theory. This caldera-formation, however, is not a typical case, as there must previously have been an older Krakatoa-caldera, and in Aug. 1883 it was not a large portion of the volcanic cone that disappeared, but only an island which projected little above sealevel; the northern part of the ancient island Rakata, with the volcanoes Perboewatan and Danan. How a caldera might be formed from a cored-out cylinder I have tried to explain in two different ways. In the case of the Tengger-caldera I assumed, in analogy with what happened in Vesuvius after 1906 (bibl. 3 and 4) that the uppermost part of the cylinder was transformed into a funnel-shape by crumbling away of the walls, and that rising lava, as in Vesuvius 1913—1926, formed a flat bottom which continually reached higher levels. This explanation does not apply to the caldera of Krakatoa, as after the great eruption of Aug. 26th to 28th 1883 no further signs of eruption were observed, until in Dec. 1927 a new phase began in this famous volcano. In the case of Krakatoa in 1883, therefore, I thought it justifiable to apply the phenomena, known to occur in coal mining, of recent subsidences which are caused by the working of coal seams lower down.

Description: Von Herrn G. I. H. Molengraaff erhielt das Leidener Museum eine Reihe interessanter Korallen aus den Rudistenkalken von Curaçao, und Herr Ch. Weaver, in Seattle, überliess mir die von ihm auf seinen Reisen in den argentinischen Kordilleren gesammelten Korallen zur Bearbeitung. Ferner befand sich in der Sammlung K. Martin des hiesigen Museums noch ein Kalkstück von Curaçao mit einer Koralle, das zwar von Martin bereits erwähnt, aber noch nicht näher untersucht worden war. Schliesslich nehme ich die Gelegenheit wahr, um einige mir vor längerer Zeit von den Herren Steinmann und Windhausen übergebene Stücke zu beschreiben, so wie die Beschreibung einer von mir selbst in der argentinischen Kordillere gesammelten Koralle hier noch nachzuholen. Den oben genannten Herren sei auch an dieser Stelle noch vielmals gedankt für die Freundlichkeit mir das Material zur Untersuchung anzuvertrauen.

Description: Recent investigations of the distribution of trace elements in metamorphic index minerals of metapelites have revealed, that the plurifacial character of the Hercynian metamorphism in this area is confirmed by the distribution of Yttrium in Hercynian garnets of the metamorphic series.

Description: The formation of thick piles of flysch-like sediments needs the existence of narrowed seas, active denouement of neighbouring continents, and generalized marginal subsidence. These conditions are present during the initial and final stages of Wilson’s perceptive cycle. In this context, the Late Precambrian flysch of the Iberian Massif must be related to the initial rifting, whilst the Culm of southwestern Iberia was accumulated during an episode of Upper Palaeozoic subduction that remained active after the impingement of Iberia against North America. Culm sediments shed from the uplifted collision zone and fed into a remnant ocean that remained at the nonsutured southern border of Iberia. This model of synorogenic flysch formation has been described elsewhere for similar plate arrangements. On other grounds this model provides a framework that explains the different structural and magmatic trends of the Ossa-Morena Zone (near the active margin) in the context of the rest of the Massif (basement reactivation). In addition to this, it seems to support a partly primary origin for the Iberian arc versus a secondary origin.

Description: The influence of the wind laden with sand in modelling pebbles is believed by some authors to be only that of polishing the surface, by others of rounding off bits of stone that already possessed edges and corners, or again by others of wearing any fragment either rounded or angular into definite forms with ridges and facets, dependent on the shape of the basis (Alb. Heim). Experiments, fully confirming the last opinion, are described in this paper: no rounding off took place, while the models were slowly revolved in the sandblast, and vertical planes took on a backward slanting position, cutting eachother along sharp edges. Where sand corrosion is great, as in the desert, the windworn pebbles owe their shape to the laws formulated by Heim; many of the fossil windworn pebbles of Northern Europe have undergone but slight alteration from their original shape and size by the natural sandblast, others seem to have been entirely remodelled by the wind along the lines indicated above.

Description: During the Late Devonian, deposition in the Cantabrian Mountains was largely controlled by movements along faults. By way of intermitting subsidence of the area south of the Sabero-Gordón line and the connected progradation of the coast during the Frasnian and early Famennian, three regressive sequences were deposited. On account of these sequences the Nocedo Formation is divided into three units. Before the late Famennian transgression, after which the upper part of the Ermita Formation was deposited, the area was peneplained. Six facies maps show the changes in palaeogeography during the Late Devonian.

Description: Experiments are described in which artificial beaches were attacked by a combination of running waves parallel to the coast and superposed standing waves at right angles to the former. Beach cusps were formed only when a steep beach was eroded by the waves. Observations in nature are cited that appear to support the view that standing waves may be the cause of beach cusps, but further data are needed before a definite conclusion can be arrived at.

Description: Only one eruption of the island Una-Una (Gulf of Tomini, Northern Celebes), in 1898, has been recorded in historical time; it was described in 1902 by Wichmann (l. c.) after data gathered from different witnesses. No lava flowed out, it was an ash-eruption. During that eruption large mud streams, called lahars, descended along the slope of the volcano and some broad flat-bottomed valleys were eroded (Pl. 44, fig. 4) which are known so very well from some Javanese volcanoes, especially from Mount Kelut. With the latter Una-Una shows many points of resemblance, in shape, structure and in type of the latest eruption. Along one of the large typical lahar valleys we climbed the volcanoe starting near Kololio. Fig. 6 and 7 show the higher parts of our road, typical v-shaped valleys, a product of ordinary water erosion. When seeing such lahar valleys one may presume that the volcano must contain or at least must have contained either a huge crater lake or a filling of loose, sandy, brecciated material strongly impregnated with water. Up to this moment all lava’s, pumice, tuffs and ashes, collected in the island Una-Una are andesitic. The andesite and the andesitic tuffs often show inclusions of carbonated peridotite. It is not impossible that also sediments occur on the island — though on our single trip we did not find them — thus in general structure Una-Una shows some resemblance to the other Togian islands, where, however, the volcanism is now extinct. The crater of the volcano has a diameter of about two kilometers. The textfigure 2 shows a schematic section, a being the western craterrim; b the bottom, consisting of mud, ashes and brecciated volcanic materia] (h) deposited in the crater after the eruption of 1898, thus giving origin to the flat bottom of the caldera-shaped crater. In the central part of the crater is an elevation, c of the same material but strongly metamorphosed by the activity of many solfatara’s which break through it. The author thinks that the elevation and the solfatara’s both owe their origin to a lava plug (g) which after the eruption of 1898 and after the filling up of the crater has penetrated through the crater-pipe and tilted the central part of the crater-bottom, itself not reaching the surface, however, as shown in figure 2 (see also Pl. 44, fig. 5 and Pl. 46, fig. 8). Pl. 46, fig. 9 shows the same phenomenon, a detritus plug in the crater lake of the Kelut volcano, Java. Fig. 2, d is a small crater lake; e is a detritus cone; h is a schematic section through the strato-volcano. In 1901 Professor Molengraaff visited Una-Una and made a fine photograph of the crater, which he kindly gave me for publication (Pl. 46, fig. 8). The activity of solfatara’s was somewhat stronger at the time of his visit; within short intervals a little cloud of smoke escaped from Una-Una, as shown in his sketch (fig. 3). Corals are growing on the submarine slopes in separate colonies. However, no true massive coral reef has been developed, owing to the young erosion stage of this volcanic island; still too large quantities of boulders and smaller detritus material are deposited along the submarine slopes and prevent a more luxurious reef growth.

Description: The area described comprises the SE plunging extension of the anticlinorium of Mondoñedo-Lugo-Sarria and several structural units to the NE of it. The stratigraphy compares with that of neighbouring areas. Certain new observations have been made regarding the west flank of the East Galician-West Asturian miogeosyncline at the end of the Precambrium and during the Early Palaeozoic. Stromatolites or algae played an important part in the formation of carbonate deposits during late Precambrian (Cándana limestone) and Lower Cambrian time (Vegadeo limestone). An imprint, possibly attributable to a specimen belonging to the Precambrian Ediacara fauna, was found in the Cándana Schist Formation. A shallow or relatively high zone existed during that time in the region around Incio. The same general area formed a high again at the end of the Ordovician, causing erosion and a marked disconformity of the Silurian. The Hercynian structures can be explained by assuming roughly WSW-ENE compression and shortening. In the NW of the area this is expressed in the first place by the recumbent folds of the Lugo-Sarria anticlinorium, and in the SE by the narrowness of the steep folds and their slightly changed direction in the general area of Seoane and El Cebrero. Normal crossfaults are related to the folding and the compression. They show locally a deviation in accordance with the direction of shear stress. Horizontal displacement along such faults in an EW direction was probably of little importance. Finally a few observations are given on the occurrence of Pb-Zn ores at the mine of Rubiales.

Description: Species of the heteropod families Carinariidae and Pterotracheidae collected in the Mid North Atlantic Ocean in 1980 have been studied. The distribution of the species is given, as well as the morphological variation. It is concluded that two subspecies of Carinaria lamarcki actually have to be considered distinctly recognisable and sympatric species, to be called C. lamarcki and C. challengeri. The vertical distribution of the heteropods studied proves not to be restricted to the photic zone and diurnal vertical migration occurs among the larger species. The horizontal distribution of the two Carinaria species and of at least two populations of the Pterotrachea species coincides with the southern branch of the North Atlantic Current, while others are restricted to the subtropical waters. Consequently, the present heteropods have to be considered good indicators of water masses and currents.

Description: Moult cycle and morphogenesis in larval instars (zoea I, zoea II, megalopa) of the spider crab Hyas araneus were studied in the laboratory. Changes in the epidermis and cuticle were documented photographically at daily intervals to characterize the stages of the moult cycle. Stage A (early postmoult) is a very short period during which the larva takes up water. During late postmoult (B) and intermoult (C) the endocuticle is secreted, and there is conspicuous epidermal tissue condensation and growth. The onset of early premoult (D sub(0)) is characterized by epidermal apolysis, occurring first at the bases of the setae in the telson of zoeal instars or in the rostrum of the megalopa.

Description: Larvae of the crabs Menippe mercenaria Say (Menippidae), Panopeus herbstii Milne-Edwards, Neopanope sayi Smith (Xanthidae), Sesarma cinereum Bosc (Grapsidae), and Libinia emerginata Leach (Majidae) were reared in the laboratory. Starvation periods different in length and timing within the first zoeal stage were studied as to their effects on later development and survival rate. After 1-3 days of initial feeding, most larvae had accumulated enough reserves to reach the second stage, independently of further food availability. The development of the survivors was delayed in the following stages, and their later mortality rate was higher than the fed controls. Starvation periods commencing directly after hatching of the larvae exert far stronger negative effects than those beginning later. All observations suggest a particularly sensitive phase in the beginning of larval life in brachyurans. When initial starvation periods exceed the point-of-no-return (PNR), the larvae will die later, even if feeding begins long before the energy reserves are depleted. Temporary lack of suitable prey may be an ecological factor controlling the survival of crab larvae as effectively as physical factors.

Description: Resistance to starvation in early larval stages of six species of brachyuran crabs representing four families was observed at various constant temperatures. In the optimal temperature range of 25-30°C for these warm temperate crab larvae, survival time of starved zoeae was longer than the development duration time in fed zoeae, while at lower temperatures the relationship of these two duration periods became inversed. This response pattern is found in larvae of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii and is considered to be typical for warm temperature brachyuran larvae. It indicates that reserved utilization is strongly controlled by temperature, but not to the same degree as development.

Description: Larval and early post-larval growth has been investigated in H. araneus L. (Majidae) reared in the laboratory. Growth was measured as dry weight (DW), ash-free dry weight (AFDW), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), gross biochemical constituents (protein, lipid, carbohydrate, chitin, ash) and energy (calculated separately from carbon and biochemical composition). During larval development, i.e. from freshly hatched zoea-I to late megalopa, all these criteria of biomass increase by factors ranging between 5 and 14; carbohydrate shows the lowest, chitin the highest increment. There are indications of loss in organic body weight during the latest period preceding metamorphosis to the crab stage. When no food is offered during this time, megalopae lose significantly more biomass than control larvae. This suggests that food is still required, but feeding activity is reduced to a level below maintenance ingestion rate. Following metamorphosis, the juvenile crab accumulates biomass at a far higher absolute rate (expressed as µg/d) than all larval stages.

Description: The development of hard bottom communities has been studied on test panels in Helgoland Harbour (German Bight) since 1977. Settlement and growth of epibenthic species was examined monthly. Natural variation in different seasons, years, and at three stations (the latter, only in 1981 and 1982) was investigated. At Station A (Binnenhafen), barnacles (Balanus crenatus ) and polychaetes (Polydora ciliata ) were always among the first settlers in spring. They were followed by other barnacles (Elminius modestus, Balanus improvisus ) and by colonical ascidians (Botryllus schlosseri ). The latter species often dominated from August to October, and tended to overgrow the barnacle populations.

Description: The larval development f the spider crab Hyas araneus L. was studied in the laboratory at different constant temperatures (2,6,12, and 18 °C). Linear relationships between log temperature and log stage duration were described by means of regression equations. They were used in a simple simulation model predicting larval moulting and metamorphosis at different temperatures. The most important predictions were : (1) Settlement of H. araneus takes place mainly from late May to mid-June; (2) assuming wide annual fluctuations in the average spring temperature ( plus or minus 2 °C), a total settlement period ranging from late April to early July can be expected; (3) delay of larval development due to a decrease in temperature is stronger than the acceleration caused by an equally great increase; and (4) both delay and acceleration effects become weaker during the hatching season and from stage to stage.