ALBERT

Description: Our Pinus halepensis is described by DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU in „Traité des arbres et arbustes etc.” 1755 p. 126 as follows: Pinus Hierosolymitana praelongis et tenuissimis viridibus foliis PLUK.: Pin de Jerusalem, dont les feuilles sont très vertes, longues et menues. This circumscription is a phrase without a trivial name. LINNAEUS himself also indicated the species in that period principally by a phrase; a trivial name („nomen triviale”) was added in 1753 for convenience; but LINNAEUS warns emphatically against forgetting the art-name (that is the phrase, „differentia specifica” or „nomen spicificum” of LINNAEUS) ¹). This art-name (phrase) was arranged methodically by him and bad to be such, that there was to be found in it exactly what was wanted to distinguish one species from the remaining known species; 12 words were the highest number allowed ²).

Description: In two previous publications (bibl. 1 and 2) I have brought the formation of calderas into relation with the gas phase, observed by Perret during the eruption of Vesuvius in 1906 (bibl. 3). In these papers I arrived at the conclusion that during the gas phase a cylinder is cored out, and that this may be the cause of caldera formation. In the first paper the subject was treated geometrically, while in the second calculations were made of a particular case (the Krakatoa eruption of 1883) to see if they would bear out this theory. This caldera-formation, however, is not a typical case, as there must previously have been an older Krakatoa-caldera, and in Aug. 1883 it was not a large portion of the volcanic cone that disappeared, but only an island which projected little above sealevel; the northern part of the ancient island Rakata, with the volcanoes Perboewatan and Danan. How a caldera might be formed from a cored-out cylinder I have tried to explain in two different ways. In the case of the Tengger-caldera I assumed, in analogy with what happened in Vesuvius after 1906 (bibl. 3 and 4) that the uppermost part of the cylinder was transformed into a funnel-shape by crumbling away of the walls, and that rising lava, as in Vesuvius 1913—1926, formed a flat bottom which continually reached higher levels. This explanation does not apply to the caldera of Krakatoa, as after the great eruption of Aug. 26th to 28th 1883 no further signs of eruption were observed, until in Dec. 1927 a new phase began in this famous volcano. In the case of Krakatoa in 1883, therefore, I thought it justifiable to apply the phenomena, known to occur in coal mining, of recent subsidences which are caused by the working of coal seams lower down.

Description: Von Herrn G. I. H. Molengraaff erhielt das Leidener Museum eine Reihe interessanter Korallen aus den Rudistenkalken von Curaçao, und Herr Ch. Weaver, in Seattle, überliess mir die von ihm auf seinen Reisen in den argentinischen Kordilleren gesammelten Korallen zur Bearbeitung. Ferner befand sich in der Sammlung K. Martin des hiesigen Museums noch ein Kalkstück von Curaçao mit einer Koralle, das zwar von Martin bereits erwähnt, aber noch nicht näher untersucht worden war. Schliesslich nehme ich die Gelegenheit wahr, um einige mir vor längerer Zeit von den Herren Steinmann und Windhausen übergebene Stücke zu beschreiben, so wie die Beschreibung einer von mir selbst in der argentinischen Kordillere gesammelten Koralle hier noch nachzuholen. Den oben genannten Herren sei auch an dieser Stelle noch vielmals gedankt für die Freundlichkeit mir das Material zur Untersuchung anzuvertrauen.

Description: The influence of the wind laden with sand in modelling pebbles is believed by some authors to be only that of polishing the surface, by others of rounding off bits of stone that already possessed edges and corners, or again by others of wearing any fragment either rounded or angular into definite forms with ridges and facets, dependent on the shape of the basis (Alb. Heim). Experiments, fully confirming the last opinion, are described in this paper: no rounding off took place, while the models were slowly revolved in the sandblast, and vertical planes took on a backward slanting position, cutting eachother along sharp edges. Where sand corrosion is great, as in the desert, the windworn pebbles owe their shape to the laws formulated by Heim; many of the fossil windworn pebbles of Northern Europe have undergone but slight alteration from their original shape and size by the natural sandblast, others seem to have been entirely remodelled by the wind along the lines indicated above.

Description: Only one eruption of the island Una-Una (Gulf of Tomini, Northern Celebes), in 1898, has been recorded in historical time; it was described in 1902 by Wichmann (l. c.) after data gathered from different witnesses. No lava flowed out, it was an ash-eruption. During that eruption large mud streams, called lahars, descended along the slope of the volcano and some broad flat-bottomed valleys were eroded (Pl. 44, fig. 4) which are known so very well from some Javanese volcanoes, especially from Mount Kelut. With the latter Una-Una shows many points of resemblance, in shape, structure and in type of the latest eruption. Along one of the large typical lahar valleys we climbed the volcanoe starting near Kololio. Fig. 6 and 7 show the higher parts of our road, typical v-shaped valleys, a product of ordinary water erosion. When seeing such lahar valleys one may presume that the volcano must contain or at least must have contained either a huge crater lake or a filling of loose, sandy, brecciated material strongly impregnated with water. Up to this moment all lava’s, pumice, tuffs and ashes, collected in the island Una-Una are andesitic. The andesite and the andesitic tuffs often show inclusions of carbonated peridotite. It is not impossible that also sediments occur on the island — though on our single trip we did not find them — thus in general structure Una-Una shows some resemblance to the other Togian islands, where, however, the volcanism is now extinct. The crater of the volcano has a diameter of about two kilometers. The textfigure 2 shows a schematic section, a being the western craterrim; b the bottom, consisting of mud, ashes and brecciated volcanic materia] (h) deposited in the crater after the eruption of 1898, thus giving origin to the flat bottom of the caldera-shaped crater. In the central part of the crater is an elevation, c of the same material but strongly metamorphosed by the activity of many solfatara’s which break through it. The author thinks that the elevation and the solfatara’s both owe their origin to a lava plug (g) which after the eruption of 1898 and after the filling up of the crater has penetrated through the crater-pipe and tilted the central part of the crater-bottom, itself not reaching the surface, however, as shown in figure 2 (see also Pl. 44, fig. 5 and Pl. 46, fig. 8). Pl. 46, fig. 9 shows the same phenomenon, a detritus plug in the crater lake of the Kelut volcano, Java. Fig. 2, d is a small crater lake; e is a detritus cone; h is a schematic section through the strato-volcano. In 1901 Professor Molengraaff visited Una-Una and made a fine photograph of the crater, which he kindly gave me for publication (Pl. 46, fig. 8). The activity of solfatara’s was somewhat stronger at the time of his visit; within short intervals a little cloud of smoke escaped from Una-Una, as shown in his sketch (fig. 3). Corals are growing on the submarine slopes in separate colonies. However, no true massive coral reef has been developed, owing to the young erosion stage of this volcanic island; still too large quantities of boulders and smaller detritus material are deposited along the submarine slopes and prevent a more luxurious reef growth.

Description: Habitat frequens in collinis arenosis siccissimis Distr. Mossamedes, ex Giraûl usque ad Cabo negro, inprimis locis sabulosis oceano proximis, v. gr. ad „Praia da Amelia”, denso agmine crescens, per totum fere annum florens et fructificans (Junio, Julio et Septb. 1859 legi). Exsic. Welw. Iter Angol. no. 2000. Rhizoma abbreviatum, mox in fibras descendentes solutum; flbrae perplures, elongatae, cylindraceae, simplices, pennae corvinae crassiores, villo albido, velutino, viscido undique obtectae et subsucculentae. Caespites pro soli et expositionis ratione nunc angusti et depressi, pauciculmes, nunc ampliores et altiores, culmos 8—10 et plures emittentes. Folia radicalia dense congesta, in macrioribus arcuatoascendentia, 1—2 pollicaria, in robustioribus erectiuscula, 3—5 pollices longa, angustissima, arcte plicata sive convoluta, subulatim acuminata, rigidula, cinereoglaucescentia, sub lente sulcato-striata et subtiliter scabrido-puberula, successive evoluta atque longe perennantia. Culmi simplices, a basi ascendenter erecti, inferne nodosi, nunc 1—1 ½-pedales, gracillimi et debiles, nunc (in solo humidiusculo vel minus sterili) 2—3-pedales, pennae corvinae fere crassitudine et firmiores, parce foliosi; nodi 2—4, constricti, glabri, fusco-purpurascentes, 1—3 pollices inter se distantes; folia culmi radicalibus quoad figuram et indumentum similia, sed longe vaginata; vaginae glaucescentes, tenuiter puberulae, ad oram pilis albidis fasciculatis prompte deciduis barbulatae, medio parum tumentes, inferiores nodos denudantes, suprema longissima, lamina abbreviata, culmum non raro ad paniculae basim usque vestiens. Panicula erecta, nunc vix 4-pollicaris, laxior et rariflora, sed plerumque elongata, 6—12-pollicaris, densior et multiflora, rachi compresso-angulata glabra, ramis 2—5 fasciculatis levigatis, erecto-patulis, parce ramulosis. Spiculae graciles, absque arista 3—4 lin. longae, pedicellis gracillimis, ipsis aequilongis vel longioribus, apice incrassatis suffultae. Glumae fere aequales, concavae, carinatae, constanter acutae, basi semper, rarius omnino violaceae, dorso undique vel solum juxta carinam hirsutae (nunc penitus glabratae), basi prominenter trinerves. Palea inferior coriacea, glaberrima, trinervis; aristae seta intermedia 1—1 1/3 poll longa, a medio ad apicem pilis hyalinis, tenuissimis, eleganter plumosa, laterales ea dimidio saltern breviores, nudae, divergentes, tenuissime capillares; palea superior abbreviata, obtusa, membranacea; squamulac integrae, acutiusculae, in diversis ejusdem paniculae flosculis diversae magnitudinis, quondam parum evolutae. Ovarium oblongo-ovoideum, stipitatum, glabrum, stigmatibus intense flavis, pilis simplicibus hyalinis plumosis, muco copioso involutis. Caryopsis cylindracea, vertice obtuso stylorum rudimentis biapiculata, basin versus obconico-attenuata, longitudine linearn parum excedens, glaberrima, longitudinaliter unisulcata.

Description: Die Versteinerung, welche der nachfolgenden Untersuchung zu Grunde liegt, stammt aus den Unter-Palembangschichten von Pangadang, welches 25 km westlich von Sekajoe gelegen ist, in der Res. Palembang des südlichen Sumatra. Sie befand sich etwa 500 m unterhalb der oberen Grenze dieser Formation und war in einem Tonknollen eingeschlossen, welcher aufgeschlagen die beiderseitigen Abdrücke und den grössten Teil des zugehörigen Steinkerns lieferte. Herr I. M. Kampmeinert, Geologe der „Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij”, entdeckte das Objekt und die genannte Gesellschaft überliess es mir zur Bearbeitung, wofür ich ihr verbindlichst danke. Durch freundlich erteilte Auskunft verpflichtete mich Herr Prof. Dr. Ernst Freiherr Stromer von Reichenbach; für die Beschaffung schwer zugänglicher Literatur bin ich Herrn Prof. Dr. Matajiro Yokoyama in T\u014dky\u014d und Herrn Dr. I. M. van der Vlerk, Conservator in Leiden, verbunden.

Description: During his second Karakoram expedition in 1925 Mr. Ph. C. Visser collected some 70 rock specimens from the valley of the Hunza and its tributaries. The following is a petrographic description of these specimens and I gladly take this opportunity of thanking Mr. Visser for entrusting me with his valuable material. Geologists are much endebted to this energetic explorer for bringing together such a considerable number of samples under circumstances in which all carriage had to be reduced to a minimum and when so many other calls were being made on his time and energy. A collection made by a layman and therefore taken without many observations on mode of occurrence, must naturally be of limited value. When, however, it concerns a region that is almost terra incognita from a geological as well as from a geographical point of view, it may serve to give us an insight into the more salient features, especially petrographic and to some extent structural as well, and therefore constitute an important contribution to geological knowledge. Geologists will all hope that Mr. Visser will soon be in a position to add to the collections he has already made.

Description: In a preliminary work: „A critical Revision of the genus Aristida”, I have given a review of all the hitherto described species of this genus with the citation of the literature, the exact copies of the authentic descriptions and the figures of the spikelet-characters, taken from the type specimens so far as I could locate them. In many cases it was necessary to enter into critical observations, because the nomenclature and the ideas found in the different manuals are exceedingly entangled. The Revision, although very important for botanists who wish to know the exact data of a fixed species, is not to use if we wish to determine an arbitrary plant of our genus, therefore we must have a monograph and I indicated already that it was my intention to write such a work. I must however observe that this work differs somewhat from other monographs and that it is in the first place a practical manual to the knowledge of this very difficult genus. It contains descriptions of all the species I have accepted as valid and keys for their determination. I was therefore obliged to omit in this work all the data already given in the Revision and to take into consideration that, with this monograph before us, we must, after being somewhat familiar with the genus and the different characters, without great difficulties, get a clear idea of it and with the keys before us find the name of a specimen belonging to our genus. It is therefore advisable to read the chapter where I have treated the different characters used for the limitation of the species. Anatomical characters are for practical reasons not taken up in the keys. No attempt is made to bring the allied species together in groups, because such groups are not easy to limit and the habit of such groups is scarcely to explain in a key. The keys to the species of each section are thus entirely artificial. On the other hand there are in our genus many very striking morphological characters of great constancy we can use with profit in the keys to recognize the species. American authors have divided the sections of a genus they studied, into minor groups, each group received a name, which was the plural of the most characteristic species of the group. In our genus we can give the names of „ripariae, cognatae, adscensiones"" purpurascentes, to the groups containing all the allies of Aristida cognata, purpurascens riparia, etc. The monographer recognizes these different groups often by indefinite characters of growth, colour or habit in general. I have therefore not accepted in this work the method of American botanists. Aristida is indeed a very difficult genus, not because the characters of the plants are difficult to understand, but because all the characters were taken hitherto — and there was no other way — from dried specimens, which are often damaged in course of time. I found an enormous diversity in the genus Aristida and although I studied about 15000 specimens, I could not expect to settle the characters definitively. No attention was given by taxonomists to the numerous intermediate forms, and hybrids were never observed or indicated in the literature of our genus. I am convinced that these hybrids occur in greater abundance than I have hitherto found in the different herbaria. For the knowledge of our genus in the future, agrostologists must study the species in the field and also by cultivation. Field study is very important when different species grow together and we can study and collect the intermediate forms. This was already done accidentally by some famous collectors, but no attention was given to the facts. Cultivation is also very important, not only to know somewhat more about the constancy of different characters, but also because we get quite undamaged specimens at our disposal. We know that the glumes and the awns are very fragile in our genus and that it is not always possible to give the different exact data of a species from herbarium-specimens. The different characters of the glumes and awns are in the future to verify with the living specimens.

Description: „The two codes have been a great help in stabilizing nomenclature. Experience has shown, however, that they lack definiteness in directing the application of names ...” (HITCHCOCK in Am. Journ. of Bot. May 1921 p. 251). „A harmonizing of the two codes appears to be impossible, if it is maintained that the International Rules cannot be modified in any essential, but only added to or interpreted. This is the belief in some quarters ¹), but I find no confirmation of this in the Rules themselves and it is contrary to the spirit of codes and laws in general. They should be modified to accord with the consensus of botanical opinions ²). Otherwise they will be gradually abandoned.” (H. in Br. Journ. of Bot. Nov. 1922 p. 318; the same opinion is uttered by WILLMOTT on p. 196, and by SPRAGUE in J. of B. 1924 p. 197).

Description: The results may be summarized as follows: 1. According to Junghuhn and Verbeek the Diëngplateau is the floor of a large caldera, on which the younger volcanoes as G. Pangonan, G. Sipandoe and G. Pakoewadja have been formed. Nothing confirming this theory was found on the spot. 2. On the contrary the supposed large caldera wall was found to consist of separate points of eruption. To the oldest belong the G. Praoe, G. Sidede and G. Bisma, after which the G. Srodja, followed by the G. Sipandoe and G. Pangonan, the terminal craters of the G. Srodja (5—7) and No. 3 of the G. Bisma and finally the Pakoewadja-Kendel mountains were formed. For a fuller account of the often complex history of the various volcanic centres we must refer the reader to the map fig. 8 and the foregoing pages. The „Maaren”: T. Mendjer, T. Warna-Pengilon, T. Teroes and T. Merdada are the largest and finest examples of the many explosion craters. The most striking example of smaller explosion craters occurs to the east of the G. Pangonan as a straight line in a north-south direction developed as an open fissure between T. Loewoek and T. Teroes. The G. Koenir is a lavadome, and probably the G. Prambanan belongs to the same type. 3. The G. Praoe, G. Sipandoe, G. Pangonan and G. Kendil in joining together encircled a basin that had no outlet, in which the water and erosion products of the surrounding slopes collected — at a later stage peat was also formed. The overflow led to the south by the Kali Toelis. Finally a part of this lake was thus converted into dry land, the present Diëngplateau. In a similar manner the T. Tjebong was formed. The G. Srodja, G. Koenir, G. Pakoewadja and the eruption point No. 12 are grouped in such a manner, that they surround a cup-shaped space with no outlet. 4. After the Hindu civilization had disappeared from Java and the ancient city on the Diëngplateau was deserted, the artificial drainage channel, the Gangsiran Swatama, fell into disrepair and became partly choked up by silt. The water level, that had been artificially depressed by the Hindu’s was thus able to rise to its present height.

Description: Nachfolgendes ist als eine Ergänzung des Compendiums gedacht, welches ich im Jahre 1919 über die Fossilien von Java geschrieben habe; denn seither sind sehr grosse Sammlungen ostindischer Mollusken durch meine Hände gegangen. Zum Teil sind die Untersuchungsresultate in Abhandlungen über die Njalindungschichten sowie über das Pliozän von Cheribon und Atjeh publiziert; aber sehr vieles bedarf noch der Bearbeitung. Die Kenntnis der ostindischen Tertiärfaunen steckt noch immer in den Kinderschuhen. Das gilt nicht nur für das Festland — obwohl die eingehenden Studien des hochverdienten Vredenburg hier in der jüngeren Zeit einen grossen Fortschritt gebracht haben — sondern auch für den Ostindischen Archipel. Noch vor kurzem stellte sich heraus, dass von den pliozänen Gastropoden von Atjeh nicht mehr als ein Drittel in den Sedimenten von Java gefunden war, und im ganzen dürfte noch die Hälfte der tertiären Fossilien des Indischen Archipels unbekannt sein.

Description: The different theories concerning the origin of Salt Domes in Roumania, Germany, Texas, Louisiana, Colorado and Utah are discussed. In Roumania the salt occurs in cores of “Diapir” anticlines. The existance of hills of salt indicates, that the salt is still pushing upwards. In Germany the salt district shows slight folding but the salt itself is intensively folded. The theory of Lachmann-Arrhenius-Harbort explains the salt domes by isostasy combined with a lower specific gravity and greater plasticity of the salt than of the covering layers. This theory is opposed by Stille, who accounts for the salt domes by mesozoic folding. The latter theory has apparently gained preference in America for the explanation of the Salt Domes in Texas and Louisiana, although no indications of folding are met with there. Two series of experiments were carried out. Those of the first series were made to determine the form in three dimensions of the intricate folding, observed in the German salt mines and of which the folds round vertical axes in particular are very remarkable. Further it was the aim to find out if, by making use of forces, which may be compared to isostasy, similar folds could be artificially produced. When using layers of identical plasticity, regular congruous folds occurred (exp. I, 1). When layers of different plasticity alternated with eachother, smaller complicated, dis-harmonious folds arose, superimposed upon larger ones, corresponding to those of the preceeding experiment (exp. I, 2—7). It is important to note that in the field of vertical pressure, by difference in the viscosity between plastic and less plastic material, fissures were torn in the less plastic material, at right angles to the direction of movement, which were filled up by the plastic material. Similar rents may be expected in the salt fields. The experiments of the 2d series were made with a counter pressure equal to half the initial pressure per surface unit. The reason for making these experiments was that in the first series air-spaces occured. In nature, also, a considerable counter-pressure exists, during the rising of the salt in consequence of the weight of the covering layers. Remarkable folds were formed, which, in material of identical plasticity, showed an M-form in vertical section (exp. 1, series II). Exp. 6, series II showed that with a thick series of layers the top layers may begin to move before the lower ones. In this way two M-shapes originated one above the other. Exp. 3 and 4 were made with white paraffin of uniform melting point in which were placed a horizontal row of vertical pillars divided into layers, so as to be able to reconstruct the stream lines of the paraffin. Here the friction between the paraffin and the iron walls of the compression apparatus were seen to exercise an important influence upon the movement of the paraffin. The principle result of the experiments is that all shapes of folds, observed in the German salt domes, can be completely explained by Lachmann’s theory, that is by the isostatic pressing up of the specifically lighter salt in pillar-like masses. This alone, however, does not exclude the possibility that tangential pressure may be partially or entirely responsible for the known phenomena. The senior author gave a lecture on the first series of experiments at Bâle on September 3, 1927, at a meeting of the Mineralogical section of the Schweiz. Naturforschende Gesellschaft (bibl. 19) and at Delft in the annual meeting of the geological section of the Geol. Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap voor Nederland en Koloniën in March 1928.

Description: This second Part has its origin principally in Dr. ALFRED REHDER’S “Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs” 1927. That admirable work contains several revolutionary looking changes of names, which changes partly were already propagated in BAILEY’S works of the last years; and I have made a study of those names, beside others. The result is that I cannot in many cases join with REHDER’S new-old names and principles. But when I therefore criticise in all those cases REHDER’S opinion, the reader must not think thereby that I criticise REHDER’S work as a whole. I criticise the names and principles only because I think that these changes and principles are unfavourable with respect to the world’s effort to obtain unity of plantnomenclature; and I don’t think about criticizing the work as a whole. REHDER’S “Manual” is the result of long and arduous work; it is in its relative size the most complete, the sharpest as to the characters, the newest and most usable of all Dendrological works existing. No Dendrologist, even no Botanist, who has to do with Trees and Shrubs, can do without it.

Description: It is well known that before the famous eruption of August 1883 took place, the island Krakatoa consisted of three volcanoes, the basaltic volcano Rakata and the andesitic volcanoes Danan and Perbuwatan. With the great explosion of August 28th of that year Danan, Perbuwatan and the northwestern part of Rakata were entirely destroyed. Since then a coral reef began to grow on the Northwestern slope of the Rakata ruïn at a spot called Black Point (Zwarte Hoek), a place where the basaltic lava of Krakatoa is exposed.

Description: Mr. J. C. VAN DER MEER MOHR, Zoologist at the Deli-Station at Medan (Sumatra), has in 1926 and in August and December 1927 collected at Pulau Berhala 37 species and one variety of Decapod Crustacea and a variety of Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabr.); these species are described in this paper. As far as I am aware, the carcinological fauna of this islet was still entirely unknown.\nThe collection contains a new species of the genus Litocheira Kinahan, besides a new variety of Gonodactylus chiragra among the others that are in the main common indo-pacific forms, two well-preserved males of the rare Grapsus gracilipes H. M.-Edw. and one fine specimen of Alpheus splendidus Cout., also a rare species, should especially be mentioned. Furthermore this paper contains interesting remarks about a species of Pinnotheres from the shells of Arca granosa, collected at Indramajoe (Java), and, finally, detailed descriptions of Litoch. integra (Miers) and Litoch. subintegra Lanch., species which were still imperfectly known. Besides the species here described, also Menaethius monoceros (Latr.) and Panulirus versicolor (Latr.) are found at Pulau Berhala.

Description: Habitat frequens in collinis arenosis siccissimis Distr. Mossamedes, ex Gira\xc3\xbbl usque ad Cabo negro, inprimis locis sabulosis oceano proximis, v. gr. ad \xe2\x80\x9ePraia da Amelia\xe2\x80\x9d, denso agmine crescens, per totum fere annum florens et fructificans (Junio, Julio et Septb. 1859 legi). Exsic. Welw. Iter Angol. no. 2000.\nRhizoma abbreviatum, mox in fibras descendentes solutum; flbrae perplures, elongatae, cylindraceae, simplices, pennae corvinae crassiores, villo albido, velutino, viscido undique obtectae et subsucculentae. Caespites pro soli et expositionis ratione nunc angusti et depressi, pauciculmes, nunc ampliores et altiores, culmos 8\xe2\x80\x9410 et plures emittentes. Folia radicalia dense congesta, in macrioribus arcuatoascendentia, 1\xe2\x80\x942 pollicaria, in robustioribus erectiuscula, 3\xe2\x80\x945 pollices longa, angustissima, arcte plicata sive convoluta, subulatim acuminata, rigidula, cinereoglaucescentia, sub lente sulcato-striata et subtiliter scabrido-puberula, successive evoluta atque longe perennantia. Culmi simplices, a basi ascendenter erecti, inferne nodosi, nunc 1\xe2\x80\x941 \xc2\xbd-pedales, gracillimi et debiles, nunc (in solo humidiusculo vel minus sterili) 2\xe2\x80\x943-pedales, pennae corvinae fere crassitudine et firmiores, parce foliosi; nodi 2\xe2\x80\x944, constricti, glabri, fusco-purpurascentes, 1\xe2\x80\x943 pollices inter se distantes; folia culmi radicalibus quoad figuram et indumentum similia, sed longe vaginata; vaginae glaucescentes, tenuiter puberulae, ad oram pilis albidis fasciculatis prompte deciduis barbulatae, medio parum tumentes, inferiores nodos denudantes, suprema longissima, lamina abbreviata, culmum non raro ad paniculae basim usque vestiens. Panicula erecta, nunc vix 4-pollicaris, laxior et rariflora, sed plerumque elongata, 6\xe2\x80\x9412-pollicaris, densior et multiflora, rachi compresso-angulata glabra, ramis 2\xe2\x80\x945 fasciculatis levigatis, erecto-patulis, parce ramulosis. Spiculae graciles, absque arista 3\xe2\x80\x944 lin. longae, pedicellis gracillimis, ipsis aequilongis vel longioribus, apice incrassatis suffultae. Glumae fere aequales, concavae, carinatae, constanter acutae, basi semper, rarius omnino violaceae, dorso undique vel solum juxta carinam hirsutae (nunc penitus glabratae), basi prominenter trinerves. Palea inferior coriacea, glaberrima, trinervis; aristae seta intermedia 1\xe2\x80\x941 1/3 poll longa, a medio ad apicem pilis hyalinis, tenuissimis, eleganter plumosa, laterales ea dimidio saltern breviores, nudae, divergentes, tenuissime capillares; palea superior abbreviata, obtusa, membranacea; squamulac integrae, acutiusculae, in diversis ejusdem paniculae flosculis diversae magnitudinis, quondam parum evolutae. Ovarium oblongo-ovoideum, stipitatum, glabrum, stigmatibus intense flavis, pilis simplicibus hyalinis plumosis, muco copioso involutis. Caryopsis cylindracea, vertice obtuso stylorum rudimentis biapiculata, basin versus obconico-attenuata, longitudine linearn parum excedens, glaberrima, longitudinaliter unisulcata.

Description: It is well known that before the famous eruption of August 1883 took place, the island Krakatoa consisted of three volcanoes, the basaltic volcano Rakata and the andesitic volcanoes Danan and Perbuwatan. With the great explosion of August 28th of that year Danan, Perbuwatan and the northwestern part of Rakata were entirely destroyed.\nSince then a coral reef began to grow on the Northwestern slope of the Rakata ru\xc3\xafn at a spot called Black Point (Zwarte Hoek), a place where the basaltic lava of Krakatoa is exposed.

Description: Only one eruption of the island Una-Una (Gulf of Tomini, Northern Celebes), in 1898, has been recorded in historical time; it was described in 1902 by Wichmann (l. c.) after data gathered from different witnesses. No lava flowed out, it was an ash-eruption.\nDuring that eruption large mud streams, called lahars, descended along the slope of the volcano and some broad flat-bottomed valleys were eroded (Pl. 44, fig. 4) which are known so very well from some Javanese volcanoes, especially from Mount Kelut. With the latter Una-Una shows many points of resemblance, in shape, structure and in type of the latest eruption.\nAlong one of the large typical lahar valleys we climbed the volcanoe starting near Kololio. Fig. 6 and 7 show the higher parts of our road, typical v-shaped valleys, a product of ordinary water erosion.\nWhen seeing such lahar valleys one may presume that the volcano must contain or at least must have contained either a huge crater lake or a filling of loose, sandy, brecciated material strongly impregnated with water.\nUp to this moment all lava\xe2\x80\x99s, pumice, tuffs and ashes, collected in the island Una-Una are andesitic. The andesite and the andesitic tuffs often show inclusions of carbonated peridotite. It is not impossible that also sediments occur on the island \xe2\x80\x94 though on our single trip we did not find them \xe2\x80\x94 thus in general structure Una-Una shows some resemblance to the other Togian islands, where, however, the volcanism is now extinct.\nThe crater of the volcano has a diameter of about two kilometers. The textfigure 2 shows a schematic section, a being the western craterrim; b the bottom, consisting of mud, ashes and brecciated volcanic materia] (h) deposited in the crater after the eruption of 1898, thus giving origin to the flat bottom of the caldera-shaped crater. In the central part of the crater is an elevation, c of the same material but strongly metamorphosed by the activity of many solfatara\xe2\x80\x99s which break through it.\nThe author thinks that the elevation and the solfatara\xe2\x80\x99s both owe their origin to a lava plug (g) which after the eruption of 1898 and after the filling up of the crater has penetrated through the crater-pipe and tilted the central part of the crater-bottom, itself not reaching the surface, however, as shown in figure 2 (see also Pl. 44, fig. 5 and Pl. 46, fig. 8).\nPl. 46, fig. 9 shows the same phenomenon, a detritus plug in the crater lake of the Kelut volcano, Java.\nFig. 2, d is a small crater lake; e is a detritus cone; h is a schematic section through the strato-volcano.\nIn 1901 Professor Molengraaff visited Una-Una and made a fine photograph of the crater, which he kindly gave me for publication (Pl. 46, fig. 8). The activity of solfatara\xe2\x80\x99s was somewhat stronger at the time of his visit; within short intervals a little cloud of smoke escaped from Una-Una, as shown in his sketch (fig. 3).\nCorals are growing on the submarine slopes in separate colonies. However, no true massive coral reef has been developed, owing to the young erosion stage of this volcanic island; still too large quantities of boulders and smaller detritus material are deposited along the submarine slopes and prevent a more luxurious reef growth.

Description: 1. Diploneura (Dohrniphora) anterodorsalis n. sp.\nWeibchen. \xe2\x80\x94 Stirn etwas breiter als an den Seiten lang, vorn mitten stark vorgezogen, daher f\xc3\xbcnfeckig, gl\xc3\xa4nzend gelbrot mit schwarzem Ocellenfleck; auch die Backen und Wangen gelb. Antialen weiter von einander entfernt als von der ersten Lateralen; in der zweiten Reihe ist es umgekehrt. Drittes F\xc3\xbchlerglied klein, gelb, mit deutlichem Apex.\nArista sehr deutlich und locker pubeszent. Taster gelb, oben schwach ausgeh\xc3\xb6hlt, mit den gew\xc3\xb6hnlichen Borsten. Clypeus knopfartig vorstehend.\nR\xc3\xbcssel gekniet, verl\xc3\xa4ngert und schmal, hornig; der Endabschnitt ist etwa so lang wie der Kopf hoch ist \xe2\x80\x94 Thorax schwarzbraun, nach vorn und besonders zu den Schultern hin gelbbraun. Pleuren gelbbraun, Mesopleuren im obern Teile behaart. Schildchen mit zwei Borsten und vier Haaren, es steht n\xc3\xa4mlich im Gegensatz zu den meisten andern Arten (ausser rhinotermitis, nitida und paolii) auch zwischen den Borsten jederseits ein Haar \xe2\x80\x94 Abdomen mit gelbem Bauch, sonst mattschwarz, die Tergitplatten jedoch zweifarbig: erstes Tergit vorn grauschwarz, mit bleichem Hinterrand; das verl\xc3\xa4ngerte zweite Tergit am Vorderrand breit, am Hinterrand schmal gelb ges\xc3\xa4umt, Mittellinie gelb, der Rest schwarz; drittes Tergit schwarz, mit gelber, nach vorn dreieckig erweiterter Mittellinie, sein Hinterrand schmal gelb ges\xc3\xa4umt; viertes Tergit (ein subquadratisches Pl\xc3\xa4ttchen) schw\xc3\xa4rzlich mit gelber, nach hinten erweiterter Mittellinie. siebentes Segment an beiden Seiten mit chitin\xc3\xb6ser schwarzer Platte. \xe2\x80\x94 Beine gelb, nur Spitze und Dorsalkante der verbreiterten Hinterschenkel schwarz. Vordertibie mit vier kr\xc3\xa4ftigen B\xc3\xb6rstchen, einer auf der obern, drei auf der untern H\xc3\xa4lfte: Vordertarsen l\xc3\xa4nger als die

Description: Op een levend voorwerp van Varanus komodoensis Ouwens in de verzameling van het Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra te Amsterdam werden in October 1926 eenige Aponomma\'s gevonden, die mij ter onderzoek toegezonden werden. Deze behooren tot eene nog onbeschrevene soort, van welke ik hierna de beschrijving volgen laat. In het geheel werden een 35-tal exemplaren, alle \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x82, gevonden, die zich in het Zo\xc3\xb6logisch Museum te Amsterdam, alsmede in \'s Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden bevinden. Als gewoonlijk, zaten de teken met een klein gedeelte van de voorste helft onder den vrijen achterrand der schubben verscholen. De nieuwe soort blijkt aan Aponomma auratus (Shaw 1793) (gervaisi Lucas 1847) naverwant te zijn.\nMaten. Het afgebeelde individu was er een van middelbare grootte.\nHet heeft de grootste breedte van 2600 \xc2\xb5; de lengte bedraagt, zonder het gnathosoma, 2375 \xc2\xb5, met dat lichaamsdeel 2785 \xc2\xb5. Reeds met het bloote oog waren de verschillen in afmeting te zien. Ik mat de grootste en vond daarbij de grootste breedte van 3000 \xc2\xb5; bij een der kleinsten bedroeg deze 2200 \xc2\xb5. \xe2\x80\x94 Vorm. Zooals uit de figuur blijkt, nadert de vorm dien van een afgerond trapezium. Zoowel de achterrand als de zijden zijn, bij het afgebeelde individu, bij benadering recht. Andere individuen waren iets meer rond, doch geen enkel had den bekenden vorm van auratus. \xe2\x80\x94 Kleur. Fig. 1 geeft den indruk weer, dien men verkrijgt, indien men het dier bij opvallend licht door een sterke handloupe beziet. De donkerste gedeelten zijn zwartbruin; de iets lichtere gedeelten bruin tot lichtbruin, zelfs hier en daar met eene geelachtige tint. Het kleine veld rondom de zeer licht gekleurde middelvlek is zelfs

Description: 2. Pericallia dehanna (Pag.) (pl. VII, f. 1).\nArctia dehanna, Pag., Jahrb. Nass. Ver. f. Naturk. 38, p. 14; pl. I, f. 10, (1885).\nOpmerkelijk, dat zoowel door HAMPSON als door ROTHSCHILD deze soort, oorspronkelijk van Nias beschreven, over het hoofd is gezien. Zij is verwant aan P. ricini F. \xe2\x99\x82 Antennen vrij lang gekamd. Achtervleugeladeren 6 en 7 gesteeld. Palpen oranje, zwart aan de toppen; kop, tegulae, patagia, thorax en abdomen oranje tot oranje-rood; twee zwarte vlekjes op de tegulae; een zwart vlekje op den metathorax; dorsale, laterale en ventrolaterale seri\xc3\xabn zwarte vlekjes op het abdomen, dat ventraal ook eenige zwarte vlekjes vertoont; antennen grijs-bruin, de schaft lichter; op de oranje coxae der voorpooten twee zwart-bruine vlekjes; de pooten geel tot geel-wit met grijs-bruine strepen. Voorvleugel roodachtig-bruin, de aderen lichter, alles mat van kleur; een gele tot oranje-gele vlek vanaf de costa tot over de discocellularis; een tweede gele vlek vanaf den binnenrand tot ongeveer het midden van ader 2; een derde oranje vlek aan de vleugelbasis onder ader 1; een zwart stipje op de vleugelbasis. Achtervleugel mat en licht roodachtig geel-bruin met geel midden-, oranje anaal en basaal gedeelte, waarin eenige bruin-grijze vlekken tusschen ader 1 en 2, 2 en 3, in de cel en daar boven. Op deze wijze heeft de achtervleugel feitelijk slechts een grijs-bruinen buitenrand. De costa is boven het midden van ader 8 vrij sterk gebogen. De onderzijde lichter.\nVleugelspanning: 57\xe2\x80\x9460 mM.\nGeogr. verspr.; Nias, Simaloer, Sumatra (1 \xe2\x99\x82 Deli, Sch. v. L. leg., coll. Snell.) en Java.

Description: Die Versteinerung, welche der nachfolgenden Untersuchung zu Grunde liegt, stammt aus den Unter-Palembangschichten von Pangadang, welches 25 km westlich von Sekajoe gelegen ist, in der Res. Palembang des s\xc3\xbcdlichen Sumatra.\nSie befand sich etwa 500 m unterhalb der oberen Grenze dieser Formation und war in einem Tonknollen eingeschlossen, welcher aufgeschlagen die beiderseitigen Abdr\xc3\xbccke und den gr\xc3\xb6ssten Teil des zugeh\xc3\xb6rigen Steinkerns lieferte. Herr I. M. Kampmeinert, Geologe der \xe2\x80\x9eBataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij\xe2\x80\x9d, entdeckte das Objekt und die genannte Gesellschaft \xc3\xbcberliess es mir zur Bearbeitung, wof\xc3\xbcr ich ihr verbindlichst danke. Durch freundlich erteilte Auskunft verpflichtete mich Herr Prof. Dr. Ernst Freiherr Stromer von Reichenbach; f\xc3\xbcr die Beschaffung schwer zug\xc3\xa4nglicher Literatur bin ich Herrn Prof. Dr. Matajiro Yokoyama in T\\u014dky\\u014d und Herrn Dr. I. M. van der Vlerk, Conservator in Leiden, verbunden.

Description: Die Ophiuriden-Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Reichsmuseums in Leiden, von der wir in der vorliegenden Mitteilung ein Verzeichnis geben, umfasst zwar keine neuen Formen, doch ist sie nicht ohne Interesse, da viele bereits bekannte Formen von neuen Fundorten darin enthalten sind.\nDie \xc3\xbcberwiegende Mehrzahl der Exemplare stammt aus dem ostindischen Archipel. Ferner ist Material vorhanden aus dem roten Meer (Djeddah), dem indischen Ocean (Mozambique), Nordatlantischen Ocean (Cap Cod, Fundy Bai, Massachussetts-bai, Gr\xc3\xb6nland, Holl\xc3\xa4ndische K\xc3\xbcste), Westindien (Haiti, Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Florida), Mittelmeer (Genua, Neapel, Algier), Cap der guten Hoffnung, endlich aus dem Pacific (Sandwich-Inseln, Californien, Neu Seeland, Japan).\nVon seltenen Formen sind zu nennen Trichaster elegans Ludw. und Ophiarachna mauritensis de Loriol.\nReichliches Vergleichsmaterial liegt vor von Ophiothrix longipeda (Lam.) und punctolimbata v. Martens; ferner von Ophiocoma scolopendrina (Lam.), Ophiocoma scolopendrina var. erinaceus (M\xc3\xbcll. & Trosch.) und var. schoenleini (M\xc3\xbcll. & Trosch.). Bei diesen viel umstrittenen Formen haben wir die umfangreiche Speciallitteratur zu Rate gezogen und glauben zur Kl\xc3\xa4rung des Systematik Einiges beigetragen zu haben. In bezug auf das System der Ophiuriden haben wir uns von neueren Arbeiten vor allem an die Publikationen von Clark (4), Koehler (8, 10), Matsumoto (18) und Mortensen (19) gehalten.\nDas Material ist zum gr\xc3\xb6sseren Teil in Alkohol conserviert. Die mit einem Sternchen bezeichneten Exemplare sind Trockenmaterial. Das Siboga-Material ist durch Prof. R. Koehler determiniert.

Description: In zahlreichen fr\xc3\xbcheren Mitteilungen (2, 4, 5, 7) habe ich bereits auf die Bedeutung der Anomalien in der Ausbildung des Gastrovascularsystems der Rhizostomeen f\xc3\xbcr die Erkenntnis der Phylogenie hingewiesen. Anomalien sind bei den Rhizostomeen nichts seltenes. Oft ist das Gastrovascularsystem nicht in allen Sektoren eines Exemplares gleichm\xc3\xa4ssig entwickelt. Manche zeigen das normale Verhalten, andre eilen in der Entwicklung voraus, andre bleiben dagegen zur\xc3\xbcck. So kann man gelegentlich bei einem einzigen Exemplar eine ganze Reihe von Entwicklungsstufen des Gastrovascularsystems feststellen, die bei anderen Genera zeitlebens festgehalten werden. Das ist besonders wichtig bei jenen Formen, \xc3\xbcber deren Ontogenie wenig oder nichts bekannt ist.\nGelegentlich der Beschreibung einiger Entwicklungsstadien von Rhizostoma octopus (7) habe ich neuerdings die Notwendigkeit des Studiums der Anomalien des Gastrovascularsystems erkannt. Da Entwicklungsstadien selbst bei einer im adulten Zustande so leicht erlangbaren, in unseren Gew\xc3\xa4ssern so h\xc3\xa4ufigen Form nur sehr schwer zu erhalten sind, ist man f\xc3\xbcr phylogenetische Speculationen auf das Studium der Anomalien geradezu angewiesen. Die Hauptschwierigkeit derartiger Untersuchungen, die Verf\xc3\xbcgung \xc3\xbcber reichliches Material, besteht hier nicht, w\xc3\xa4hrend dies bei den meisten tropischen Formen wohl der Fall ist.\nVon den 3 Scapulaten-Genera ist die Entwicklung von Rhopilema ganz unbekannt; von Rhizostoma kennt man nur einzelne Stadien (Floresca-, Lychnorhiza-Stadium). Am genauesten ist die Entwicklung von Stomolophus bekannt, wo eine ganze Reihe aufeinanderfolgender Stadien nachgewiesen werden konnte (3). Es ergab sich die Aufgabe, nunmehr auch bei Rhizo-

Description: 1. \xc3\x9c\nBER EINIGE ENTWICKLUNGSSTADIEN VON\nRHIZOSTOMA OCTOPUS LINN. (Mit 5 Textfiguren).\nDie Kenntnis der Entwicklung von Rhizostoma ist noch immer sehr l\xc3\xbcckenhaft. Bisher ist es nicht gelungen, aus der Strobila die Ephyra und sp\xc3\xa4tere Stadien zu z\xc3\xbcchten, auch wurden die postephyralen Stadien im Plankton des Mittelmeeres und der Nordsee nur sehr selten gefischt.\nSeit CLAUS, der in 3 Arbeiten (1, 2, 3) eine Anzahl verschiedener Entwicklungsstadien beschrieben hat, sind die bisher noch bestehenden L\xc3\xbccken in der Entwicklungsgeschichte von Rhizostoma pulmo Agass. aus dem Mittelmeere nicht ausgef\xc3\xbcllt worden. \xc3\x9cber die postephyrale Entwicklung von Rhizostoma octopus Linn, aus dem atlantischen Ocean und der Nordsee ist \xc3\xbcberhaupt gar nichts bekannt. VANH\xc3\x96FFEN (8) sah sich daher bei seiner Besprechung der Entwicklung dieser Form im \xe2\x80\x9eNordischen Plankton" gen\xc3\xb6tigt, eines der von CLAUS von der Mittelmeerform beschriebenen Stadien abzubilden (Textfig. 34).\nIch hatte Gelegenheit, einige Entwicklungsstadien von Rhizostoma octopus, die aus dem Besitze der Staatlichen Biologischen Anstalt auf Helgoland und dem Staats-Museum in Hamburg stammen, zu untersuchen.\nDarunter befinden sich auch einige Stadien, die von CLAUS von der mediterranen Form noch nicht n\xc3\xa4her beschrieben wurden oder von seiner Beschreibung in mancher Hinsicht abweichen. Die Unterschiede sind, wie bei zwei so nahe verwandten Formen nicht anders zu erwarten, nicht sehr gross. 1) B. A. Helgoland 1895. I. 23/26 Juli 1895.

Description: De rups van den \xe2\x80\x9eKanarievlinder" (Hileud hoeis) is donker bruin met lichtere zijstrepen, de eerste lichaamsring en de naschuivers rood, voorts eene serie van dorsale bulten met witte haren begroeid. Pooten bruin.\nDe lengte bedraagt ongeveer 45\xe2\x80\x9450 mM. Behalve aan kanarie kunnen de rupsen zeer schadelijk zijn aan advocaat, mangga, kaneel en kina (DAMMERMAN). Zij spinnen fraaie goudkleurige, mazige cocons, waarin de pop zichtbaar ligt.\nDe rups van C. andrei Jord. is geheel anders; dorsaal appelgroen, ventraal iets donkerder met laterale geelgroene lengtelijn onder de stigmata, groenachtig bruinen kop, kleine roseroode dorsale wratjes, waarop donkere haren. Op den laatsten ring staat dorsaal een vleezig uitsteeksel met een geel wratje. De geheele oppervlakte met witte puntjes; de achterste, anale ring bruin. De rupsen laten zich in koudere streken gemakkelijk opkweeken met bladeren van kersen, appelen enz.\nGen. 2: Loepa Moore.\nLoepa, Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C. II, p. 399, (1859). Hamps., Faun. Br. Ind. Moths I, p. 25, (1892). Seitz, Grossschm. d. Erde X, p. 505, (1926).\nType: L. katinka Westw.\nGeogr. verspr.: Centraal- en West-China, Voor- en Achter-Indi\xc3\xab, Sumatra, Java en Celebes.\nIn tegenstelling met het voorgaande genus, zijn de voorvleugels niet sterk sikkelvormig, doch wel lang uitgetrokken en vrij smal met afgeronde apex. De buitenrand is bij het \xe2\x99\x82 binnenwaarts gebogen; daarentegen bij het \xe2\x99\x80 niet of zelfs meer buitenwaarts. Achtervleugels bijzonder afgerond

Description: Die kleine Scyphomedusen-Sammlung aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Amsterdam, \xc3\xbcber welche hier kurz berichtet wird, enth\xc3\xa4lt keine neuen Formen. Sie ist jedoch bemerkenswert, weil einzelne bekannte Medusen in zahlreichen Exemplaren vorliegen, die sonst stets nur vereinzelt in den Sammlungen vertreten sind, ferner weil einige seltene Formen darin enthalten sind. Vergleichsmaterial, mehr oder minder reichhaltig, von Thysanostoma thysanura Haeck., Crambione mastigophora Maas und Acromitus flagellatus Stiasny bot Gelegenheit, Anomalien dieser Medusen zu untersuchen.\nVon selteneren Formen sind in der Sammlung enthalten Tamoya alata Reynaud, Netrostoma typhlodendrium Schultze und Cephea cephea Forsk\xc3\xa5l.\nDas interessanteste Objekt ist die nur wenig bekannte Lorifera flagellata Haeckel, die ich bisher identisch gehalten habe mit Acromitus flagellatus.\nAuf Grund der Untersuchung des vorliegenden Objektes bin ich zum Ergebnis gekommen, dass beide Medusen generisch und specifisch von einander verschieden sind.\nVon Catostylus tagi (Haeck.) mit dem Verbreitungsgebiet atlantische K\xc3\xbcste von Portugal bis zur Congo-M\xc3\xbcndung ist in der Sammlung ein Exemplar aus West-Indien enthalten, was bemerkenswert ist, da diese Meduse ausserhalb des genannten Gebietes nur einmal, bei Panam\xc3\xa0, an der pacifischen K\xc3\xbcste Mittelamerikas, nachgewiesen wurde.\nDie \xc3\xbcberwiegende Anzahl Medusen entstammt der Sammlung von M. M. WILLEMSZ GEEROOMS aus Ambon, einzelne Exemplare sind von Sabang (G. HERMAN), von Flores (V. D. SANDE), Semarang (P. BUITENDIJK), Nias (KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN), ferner von St. Louis (Westafrika,

Description: Wanneer wij de litteratuur over de in Nederland voorkomende Mollusca nagaan, vinden wij als laatste samenvattende publicaties de beide lijsten van het Mollusken-Comit\xc3\xa9. In de nieuwste (1927) valt ons onder meer het volgende op: \xe2\x80\x9eNiet altijd is de nomenclatuur geheel volgens de laatste eischen der prioriteit". Dit is inderdaad waar, en ik zal trachten met het onderstaande hierin zooveel mogelijk te voorzien.\nBij de meeste hieronder genoemde soorten volgen vindplaatsen. Ik heb alleen die vindplaatsen vermeld, die in bovengenoemde lijst niet voorkomen, daar dit stukje uitsluitend als aanvulling is bedoeld.\nHoewel ik ervan overtuigd ben nog lang niet volledig te zijn, neem ik aan, dat deze lijst een juisteren indruk zal geven van de verspreiding van onze Prosobranchia dan de lijst van het Mollusken-Comit\xc3\xa9.\nAan het vermelden van gemeenten als vindplaatsen heb ik niet vastgehouden, daar het m. i. onduidelijk is en verwarring moet veroorzaken, wat ik met het volgende voorbeeld afdoende hoop toe te lichten.\nTot de gemeente Den Haag behoort het strand van Kijkduin tot aan dat van de gemeente Wassenaar. We kunnen hieraan duidelijk twee deelen onderscheiden: 1. Scheveningen, het strand ten Noorden van de haven. 2. Den Haag.\nEen volkomen gescheiden fauna vertoonen deze stukken strand natuurlijk niet, maar toch is er een duidelijk merkbaar verschil, vooral wat de Lamellibranchiata betreft. Scrobicularia plana da Costa, Lutraria elliptica Lamarck, Cardium echinatum L., Cardium norvegicum Spengl. komen alle veel meer voor ten Zuiden van de haven.

Description: The results may be summarized as follows: 1. According to Junghuhn and Verbeek the Di\xc3\xabngplateau is the floor of a large caldera, on which the younger volcanoes as G. Pangonan, G. Sipandoe and G. Pakoewadja have been formed. Nothing confirming this theory was found on the spot. 2. On the contrary the supposed large caldera wall was found to consist of separate points of eruption. To the oldest belong the G. Praoe, G. Sidede and G. Bisma, after which the G. Srodja, followed by the G. Sipandoe and G. Pangonan, the terminal craters of the G. Srodja (5\xe2\x80\x947) and No. 3 of the G. Bisma and finally the Pakoewadja-Kendel mountains were formed. For a fuller account of the often complex history of the various volcanic centres we must refer the reader to the map fig. 8 and the foregoing pages. The \xe2\x80\x9eMaaren\xe2\x80\x9d: T. Mendjer, T. Warna-Pengilon, T. Teroes and T. Merdada are the largest and finest examples of the many explosion craters. The most striking example of smaller explosion craters occurs to the east of the G. Pangonan as a straight line in a north-south direction developed as an open fissure between T. Loewoek and T. Teroes. The G. Koenir is a lavadome, and probably the G. Prambanan belongs to the same type. 3. The G. Praoe, G. Sipandoe, G. Pangonan and G. Kendil in joining together encircled a basin that had no outlet, in which the water and erosion products of the surrounding slopes collected \xe2\x80\x94 at a later stage peat was also formed. The overflow led to the south by the Kali Toelis. Finally a part of this lake was thus converted into dry land, the present Di\xc3\xabngplateau.\nIn a similar manner the T. Tjebong was formed. The G. Srodja, G. Koenir, G. Pakoewadja and the eruption point No. 12 are grouped in such a manner, that they surround a cup-shaped space with no outlet. 4. After the Hindu civilization had disappeared from Java and the ancient city on the Di\xc3\xabngplateau was deserted, the artificial drainage channel, the Gangsiran Swatama, fell into disrepair and became partly choked up by silt. The water level, that had been artificially depressed by the Hindu\xe2\x80\x99s was thus able to rise to its present height.

Description: Nachfolgendes ist als eine Erg\xc3\xa4nzung des Compendiums gedacht, welches ich im Jahre 1919 \xc3\xbcber die Fossilien von Java geschrieben habe; denn seither sind sehr grosse Sammlungen ostindischer Mollusken durch meine H\xc3\xa4nde gegangen. Zum Teil sind die Untersuchungsresultate in Abhandlungen \xc3\xbcber die Njalindungschichten sowie \xc3\xbcber das Plioz\xc3\xa4n von Cheribon und Atjeh publiziert; aber sehr vieles bedarf noch der Bearbeitung.\nDie Kenntnis der ostindischen Terti\xc3\xa4rfaunen steckt noch immer in den Kinderschuhen. Das gilt nicht nur f\xc3\xbcr das Festland \xe2\x80\x94 obwohl die eingehenden Studien des hochverdienten Vredenburg hier in der j\xc3\xbcngeren Zeit einen grossen Fortschritt gebracht haben \xe2\x80\x94 sondern auch f\xc3\xbcr den Ostindischen Archipel. Noch vor kurzem stellte sich heraus, dass von den plioz\xc3\xa4nen Gastropoden von Atjeh nicht mehr als ein Drittel in den Sedimenten von Java gefunden war, und im ganzen d\xc3\xbcrfte noch die H\xc3\xa4lfte der terti\xc3\xa4ren Fossilien des Indischen Archipels unbekannt sein.

Description: The influence of the wind laden with sand in modelling pebbles is believed by some authors to be only that of polishing the surface, by others of rounding off bits of stone that already possessed edges and corners, or again by others of wearing any fragment either rounded or angular into definite forms with ridges and facets, dependent on the shape of the basis (Alb. Heim). Experiments, fully confirming the last opinion, are described in this paper: no rounding off took place, while the models were slowly revolved in the sandblast, and vertical planes took on a backward slanting position, cutting eachother along sharp edges. Where sand corrosion is great, as in the desert, the windworn pebbles owe their shape to the laws formulated by Heim; many of the fossil windworn pebbles of Northern Europe have undergone but slight alteration from their original shape and size by the natural sandblast, others seem to have been entirely remodelled by the wind along the lines indicated above.

Description: Le terrain explor\xc3\xa9 fait partie du prolongement vers l\xe2\x80\x99est de la zone des Alpes bergamasques que Cosijn et Jong ont commenc\xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa0 mettre en carte en 1926 (fig. 1).\nIl comprend des parties du cristallin situ\xc3\xa9 au nord de la \xe2\x80\x9eligne orobique\xe2\x80\x9d, du paquet d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9caill\xc3\xa9s (s\xc3\xa9rie porphyrique, s\xc3\xa9rie Collio, Verrucano, partie du Servino) et du paquet charri\xc3\xa9 consistant en Muschelkalk et en Esino (Muschelkalk, Esino, Esino sup\xc3\xa9rieur, Raibl inf\xc3\xa9rieur, c. \xc3\xa0. d. \xe2\x80\x9eRaibler Plattenkalk\xe2\x80\x9d). Le plancher du Muschelkalk et de l\xe2\x80\x99Esino se trouve dans les couches du Servino qui servent de moyen de glissement. Ce Servino de la zone de charriage appara\xc3\xaet \xc3\xa0 la surface au nord et au nord-est du Passo San Simone.\nLe substratum des paquets s\xc3\xa9dimentaires consiste en la m\xc3\xaame substance que le cristallin charri\xc3\xa9 au nord sur ces paquets. Nous avons constat\xc3\xa9 la pr\xc3\xa9sence de trois chevauchements (les num\xc3\xa9ros I, II et III du diagramme), qu\xe2\x80\x99il faut consid\xc3\xa9rer comme des charriages dans la zone des racines des nappes alpines orientales sup\xc3\xa9rieures, n\xc3\xa9s par suite de la continuation du sous-charriage de l\xe2\x80\x99arri\xc3\xa8re-pays apr\xc3\xa8s la formation de ces nappes. Des paquets de s\xc3\xa9diments gliss\xc3\xa9s des l\xc3\xaavres m\xc3\xa9ridionals de celles-ci furent entra\xc3\xaen\xc3\xa9s passivement par ces chevauchements vers le sud et serr\xc3\xa9s ensuite partiellement. C\xe2\x80\x99est ainsi qu\xe2\x80\x99on rencontre actuellement des bandes de Verrucano et de Servino le long de la ligne d\xe2\x80\x99affleurement du chevauchement des Laghi di Porcile.\nLe cristallin appartient aux schistes de Rendena et d\xe2\x80\x99Edolo, et \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99exception des intrusions du granit porphyrique, il est probablement d\xe2\x80\x99origine s\xc3\xa9dimentaire (paragneissique). La pr\xc3\xa9sence de schistes de Tonale n\xe2\x80\x99a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 constat\xc3\xa9e nulle part. Cette division du cristallin en schistes de Tonale, de Rendena, et d\xe2\x80\x99Edolo remonte \xc3\xa0 Salomon (Lit. 17).\nLes schistes de Rendena sont identiques \xc3\xa0 notre \xe2\x80\x9egneisgroep\xe2\x80\x9d, qui repr\xc3\xa9sente les \xe2\x80\x9egneiss chiari\xe2\x80\x9d de Porro, les schistes d\xe2\x80\x99Edolo \xc3\xa0 notre \xe2\x80\x9efylliet en glimmerschistengroep\xe2\x80\x9d, qui repr\xc3\xa9sente les \xe2\x80\x9emicascisti a gneiss\xe2\x80\x9d de Porro.\nLa s\xc3\xa9rie porphyrique, qui constitue le plus ancien \xc3\xa9l\xc3\xa9ment du recouvrement s\xc3\xa9dimentaire, fit en partie fonction de substratum et prit part \xc3\xa9galement \xc3\xa0 la formation des \xc3\xa9cailles. Celle-ci n\xe2\x80\x99appara\xc3\xaet \xc3\xa0 la surface qu\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa0 deux endroits, aux environs de Branzi et au nord de Porta, o\xc3\xb9 elle contient des porphyrs et des porphyrites de m\xc3\xaame que des tufs volcaniques \xc3\xa0 cristaux, des tufs lapideux et vitreux d\xe2\x80\x99une caract\xc3\xa8re porphyrique et porphyro\xc3\xafde. Sur les limites de ces effusifs et des couches de Collio se rencontrent des tuffites dits conglom\xc3\xa9ratiques et psammitiques, riches en couches de tuf proprement dit. Ce sont ces couches-l\xc3\xa0 qui ont donn\xc3\xa9 lieu dans les lames du paquet d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9cailles aux mouvements des s\xc3\xa9diments de formation plus r\xc3\xa9cente par rapport \xc3\xa0 la s\xc3\xa9rie porphyrique, mouvements qui expliquent la discordance entre les s\xc3\xa9ries porphyrique et Collio.\nCette s\xc3\xa9rie Collio se compose d\xe2\x80\x99une s\xc3\xa9rie de gr\xc3\xa8s contenant des couches de tuf et surmont\xc3\xa9e d\xe2\x80\x99un paquet d\xe2\x80\x99ardoise sous une couverture concordante de conglom\xc3\xa9rats et de sernifites de Verrucano qui s\xe2\x80\x99y trouvent entrem\xc3\xaal\xc3\xa9s. On constate dans les ardoises la pr\xc3\xa9sence de plusieurs horizons.\nLe Verrucano passe insensiblement par des gr\xc3\xa8s m\xc3\xaal\xc3\xa9s de conglom\xc3\xa9rats tr\xc3\xa8s fins au Servino inf\xc3\xa9rieur. Cosijn d\xc3\xa9j\xc3\xa0, dans le R\xc3\xa9sum\xc3\xa9 de son ouvrage \xe2\x80\x9eDe geologie van de Valli di Olmo al Brembo\xe2\x80\x9d (Lit. 2), a trait\xc3\xa9 des zones diff\xc3\xa9rentes du Servino.\nQuand parfois la formation des \xc3\xa9cailles a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 tr\xc3\xa8s intensive, le Servino entier a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 soumis \xc3\xa0 ce proc\xc3\xa8s. Le charriage du Muschelkalk et de l\xe2\x80\x99Esino pourtant s\xe2\x80\x99est produit toujours au moyen des ardoises et des marnes pr\xc3\xa9sentes dans le Servino moyen et sup\xc3\xa9rieur.\nLe Servino sup\xc3\xa9rieur passe insensiblement au Muschelkalk inf\xc3\xa9rieur. Tout ce que Cosijn dans l\xe2\x80\x99ouvrage susnomm\xc3\xa9 a constat\xc3\xa9 au sujet du Muschelkalk et de l\xe2\x80\x99Esino s\xe2\x80\x99applique \xc3\xa9galement aux calcaires du terrain d\xc3\xa9crit dans la pr\xc3\xa9sente \xc3\xa9tude, la part faite au Muschelkalk, dont la \xe2\x80\x9efaci\xc3\xa8s nord\xe2\x80\x9d seule s\xe2\x80\x99est d\xc3\xa9velopp\xc3\xa9e. Surtout au massif du Mont Pegherolo et du Mont Secco nous para\xc3\xaet-il que les zones 2 et 3 y contiennent moins de cement sableux et que les bancs calcaires y sont plus nombreux. Pour ce qui est du calcaire et de la dolomie d\xe2\x80\x99Esino, il faut observer qu\xe2\x80\x99ils ne contiennent gu\xc3\xa8re des fossiles, exception faite des Diplopores, tandis que l\xe2\x80\x99Esino sup\xc3\xa9rieur, en tant que nous avons pu constater, y manque totalement de minerai.\nDans le \xe2\x80\x9ePlattenkalk\xe2\x80\x9d de Raibl, qui forme au massif du Mont Pegherolo et du Mont Secco une couverture concordante avec l\xe2\x80\x99Esino sup\xc3\xa9rieur, on a pu constater la pr\xc3\xa9sence de fractures, qui tr\xc3\xa8s probablement se prolongent vers l\xe2\x80\x99est en s\xe2\x80\x99enfon\xc3\xa7ant consid\xc3\xa9rablement, quoique l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tat avanc\xc3\xa9 de l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9rosion les soustraie \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99observation. On peut les comparer aux failles en forme de cuiller \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9es par Cosijn. Leur formation remonte \xc3\xa0 la m\xc3\xaame cause que celle des failles qui s\xc3\xa9parent les lames dans le paquet d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9caill\xc3\xa9s. Des failles analogues se rencontrent dans le massif du Pic del Vescovo et du Mont Valgussera.\nDans les paquets s\xc3\xa9dimentaires des Alpes bergamasques ont eu lieu des mouvements plus ou moins horizontaux dans la direction nord\xe2\x80\x94sud le long de zones qui se pr\xc3\xaataient \xc3\xa0 servir de surface de glissement. La pression occasionn\xc3\xa9e par le sous-charriage de l\xe2\x80\x99arri\xc3\xa8re-pays des nappes alpines orientales sup\xc3\xa9rieures se fit sentir du nord. Dans les paquets de s\xc3\xa9diments situ\xc3\xa9s entre deux zones de glissement, des failles inverses se produisirent qui eurent pour effet une structure imbriqu\xc3\xa9e dans les s\xc3\xa9diments du Perm et du Trias inf\xc3\xa9rieur, et une s\xc3\xa9rie de failles analogues dans les couches du Muschelkalk et de l\xe2\x80\x99Esino.\nEn cons\xc3\xa9quence de l\xe2\x80\x99action exerc\xc3\xa9e par le porphyr et le tuffite \xc3\xa0 la base des couches de Collio, le socle du paquet d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9cailles ne forme pas un plan uni, par opposition \xc3\xa0 celui des couches du Muschelkalk et de l\xe2\x80\x99Esino, qui se trouve dans le Servino.\nIl est probable qu\xe2\x80\x99un socle pareil se trouve encore dans le Raibl moyen, le long duquel le chevauchement du \xe2\x80\x9eHauptdolomit\xe2\x80\x9d s\xe2\x80\x99est produit. On ne le rencontre plus au terrain \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9 ici.\nComme la s\xc3\xa9rie porphyrique a servi en partie de substratum et prenait part \xc3\xa9galement \xc3\xa0 la formation d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9cailles, il est l\xc3\xa9gitime d\xe2\x80\x99admettre entre ce porphyr et le socle une discordance, qui du reste a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 indiqu\xc3\xa9e ailleurs dans les Alpes bergamasques, tandis qu\xe2\x80\x99il est fort bien possible que cette s\xc3\xa9rie porphyrique repose encore par endroits \xe2\x80\x94 par exemple dans le terrain porphyrique du Lugano \xe2\x80\x94 sur le sol primaire.\nLe substratum des s\xc3\xa9diments pr\xc3\xa9sente des culminations et des d\xc3\xa9pressions. Cacciamali d\xc3\xa9j\xc3\xa0 a admis la pr\xc3\xa9sence d\xe2\x80\x99une culmination dans la vall\xc3\xa9e de Foppolo, et il faut reconna\xc3\xaetre le bien fond\xc3\xa9 de sa supposition. Cette culmination compliqu\xc3\xa9e forme le prolongement vers l\xe2\x80\x99est du grand bombement de Val Sassina, Ornica, Caprile et Mezzolda. Probablement le d\xc3\xa9crochement de Terzera a eu pour effet une dislocation dans la culmination de Mezzoldo par rapport \xc3\xa0 celle de Foppolo.\nLes lames dans le paquet d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9cailles et les failles inverses dans le Muschelkalk et l\xe2\x80\x99Esino ont \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 caus\xc3\xa9s par une pression dans la direction nord\xe2\x80\x94sud, qui tient au sous-charriage au moyen des culminations dans le socle des paquets de s\xc3\xa9diments de l\xe2\x80\x99arri\xc3\xa8re-pays.\nLa pr\xc3\xa9sence de d\xc3\xa9crochements horizontaux, qui se bornent aux paquets s\xc3\xa9dimentaires situ\xc3\xa9s entre deux planchers, s\xe2\x80\x99explique par la r\xc3\xa9sistance in\xc3\xa9gale que les parties diverses des diff\xc3\xa9rentes \xc3\xa9cailles rencontrent, donc en fin de compte \xc3\xa9galement par la distribution des culminations. (Voir sur la carte les d\xc3\xa9crochements horizontaux de Maiocco, de Cava d\xe2\x80\x99Ardesia, de Valleve-Branzi et la fracture dans la direction nord\xe2\x80\x94sud pr\xc3\xa8s de Valleve).\nPour le moment la structure tectonique des Alpes bergamasques se r\xc3\xa9sumera donc comme suit. Il y a trois chevauchements dans le cristallin, zone des racines des nappes alpines orientales sup\xc3\xa9rieures: 1\xc2\xb0. Le chevauchement des Laghi di Porcile (I). 2\xc2\xb0. Le chevauchement \xe2\x80\x9egneiss chiari\xe2\x80\x9d (II). 3\xc2\xb0. Le chevauchement \xe2\x80\x9eorobique\xe2\x80\x9d (III).\nHors de la zone situ\xc3\xa9e entre le Passo di Verobbio et le d\xc3\xa9crochement de Terzera, et de la partie orientale du terrain explor\xc3\xa9 (Valle di Carisole, Valle Sambuzzo), la ligne d\xe2\x80\x99affleurement du chevauchement orobique (chevauchement qui mit le cristallin sur les s\xc3\xa9diments) a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 partout pr\xc3\xa8sque entierement charri\xc3\xa9e par les chevauchements I et II. Aussi la fronti\xc3\xa8re alpino-dinarique, c. \xc3\xa0. d. la ligne d\xe2\x80\x99affleurement du chevauchement orobique, ne monte-t-elle \xc3\xa0 la surface qu\xe2\x80\x99aux endroits susmentionn\xc3\xa9s.\nLe chevauchement \xe2\x80\x9egneiss chiari\xe2\x80\x9d entra\xc3\xaena sur sa cr\xc3\xaate des s\xc3\xa9diments gliss\xc3\xa9s en bas et les mit par endroits \xe2\x80\x94 probablement surtout \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99est \xe2\x80\x94 en contact imm\xc3\xa9diat avec les s\xc3\xa9diments du paquet d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9caill\xc3\xa9s (Bte Fontanini, Monte Arete), tandis que le chevauchement \xe2\x80\x9egneiss chiari\xe2\x80\x9d, comme il a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 observ\xc3\xa9 d\xc3\xa9j\xc3\xa0, a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 charri\xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa0 son tour par le chevauchement des Laghi di Porcile.\nDans les paquets s\xc3\xa9dimentaires mentionn\xc3\xa9s plus haut se rencontrent dans la direction nord\xe2\x80\x94sud des charriages plus ou moins horizontaux. Les planchers se trouvent dans le Servino, le Raibl et peut-\xc3\xaatre encore dans le Rh\xc3\xa4t, tandis que le paquet d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9cailles manque de socle uni par suite de l\xe2\x80\x99action excerc\xc3\xa9e par la s\xc3\xa9rie porphyrique. Dans les s\xc3\xa9diments situ\xc3\xa9s entre deux planchers se sont produits des charriages et des d\xc3\xa9crochements horizontaux, qui tiennent \xc3\xa0 la pr\xc3\xa9sence de culminations dans le substratum.\nLes charriages dans les tuffites ont eu lieu dans les \xc3\xa9cailles m\xc3\xaames. L\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9volution de ces charriages d\xc3\xa9pendait de l\xe2\x80\x99inclinaison des surfaces de charriage qui s\xc3\xa9parent les lames du paquet d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9cailles.\nIl est admissible que les culminations du substratum n\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9taient pas toutes achev\xc3\xa9es avant les plissements tertiaires.

Description: The Coral Reefs of the Spermonde Archipelago (S. Celebes). 1. \xe2\x80\x94 The coral reefs of the Spermonde archipelago, West of Makassar (S. Celebes) are distributed over a submarine plateau, the so called Spermonde shelf, which to the landward side, gradually passes into the coastal plain of Makassar and Maros. To the East of Maros tertiary limestone mountains form the boundary of this plain; up till now we know Eocene and Miocene marine strata from these mountains. At the foot of these limestone mountains we find fossil coves about 30 meters above the present level of the sea, probably caused by a pleistocene abrasion and thus showing a pleistocene or postpleistocene negative shift of the strandline of about 30 meters. The coastal plain consists of volcanic material that was deposited in the sea, as is shown by foraminifera found in these volcanic tuffs (see fig. 1\xe2\x80\x943).\nThe submarine plateau forms, together with the coastal plain, one gradationplane; we can reconstruct the following history of this region (see fig. 4): During the pleistocene a sinking of the sea-level took place from A to B \xe2\x80\x94 we take 100 meters as the amount of this maximal sinking of sea-level, as we deduced at length in a detailed study on the submarine topography of the Java-sea, the South China-sea and Malacca straits (Bibliogr. 17 and 19) \xe2\x80\x94 either simultaneous with it or shortly afterwards a rise of the land took place over an amount of about 30 meters, so that at present, after the rise of sea-level over 100 meters, we find the sea-level at C.\nBecause there are no young reef limestones to be found in the coastal plain of Makassar we think it probable that the gradationplane has acquired its shape as such at the time of the negative shift of the strandline at the end of the Pleistocene. 2. \xe2\x80\x94 So the present coral reefs on the Spermonde shelf can for the greater part only have originated since the end of the Pleistocene; only those at the outer border of the shelf may have existed even during the Pleistocene; they gradually grew up as a barrierreef, now rising up from a depth of 30 fathom and showing many sandy islets on its crest. 3 and 4. \xe2\x80\x94 The Spermonde archipelago consists of a great number of submarine reefs, patchreefs and cays, in the most different stages of development in a manner quite analogous to those we described from the bay of Batavia; they also show the same distribution of the fauna in five different ecological facies.\nWe visited this region at the end of the East monsoon; its influence clearly manifested itself in the shape of the islands; especially the small sandy islets still uncovered by vegetation were crescent shaped, the convex side turned to the East, resembling a sanddune or barchan. It is of much interest to state that the East monsoon obviously was not able to cause an analogous result on the shingle walls. These shingle walls showed a quite opposite orientation. They were all found at the west side of the sandy islands, their convexity turned to the West; on the outer slopes the reef flourishes, on the inner side we find the shallow reef flat (see fig. 17 and Pl. IV in Liter. 16); the sandy islands allways form the most eastern part and as no shingle wall occurs on this side and no coral growth worth mentioning can flourish (because of the large quantities of coral sand sedimentating there) the eastern side of the islands allways offers a good landing place.\nSo, the geological structure of the islands as well as the distribution of animal life on the reefs clearly depends on a preponderating influence of the Westmonsoon, which blows unhampered on these islands across the Java sea and Makassar straits. The force of the east monsoon on the contrary, when blowing across the Flores sea, is broken, at least in the lower layers of the athmosphere, by the high mountains of South-Celebes (which form a shelter for the Spermonde archipelago against the force of the East monsoon). The small influence of the East monsoon is shown by the alternating shape of the sandy islets; its strength is not great enough to cause a permanent result in the orientation of the coralreefs, the shingle walls or the sandy islands.\nIn comparing data on wind frequency, wind velocity and the wind effect in the isle of Noordwachter (Thousand Islands, Java sea; Lit. 17) and the bay of Batavia, we pointed out that data on the wind effect always give reliable values for geological conclusions; we showed, however, that data on wind frequency only, may sometimes give indications as to the probable wind effect but only when the wind in question is not hampered in its route by mountains (see fig. 5 and 6).\nFigure 7 and 8 show typical instances; most of the islands in the Spermonde archipelago are built in an analogous manner. Some islets, however, show some differences from this general type; e.g. the island Sarappo has no reefflat and no shingle walls; it seems to me that this is clearly explained by the fact that on its western side the Salisireef occurs (fig. 10); Salisi shelters Sarappo against the strong surf of the west monsoon. 5. \xe2\x80\x94 When discussing the coral reefs in the bay of Batavia I pointed out the curious fact that most of the islets show negative shift of the strandline of one to two meters, indicated by parts of raised coral reefs, and as the isle of Leiden formed an exception I said (Lit. 5, pag. 8 and Lit. 16, pag. 64): \xe2\x80\x9eThe fact, that in some islands any sign of up heavel is wanting, pleads against an application of Daly\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9eworldwide sinking of ocean level\xe2\x80\x9d to explain the facts in Batavia bay\xe2\x80\x9d. Since then on one spot of Leiden island a raised coralreef was also revealed on a stormy day in 1929. So my objection against a possible explanation according to Daly\xe2\x80\x99s theory is of no value any more.\nThis paper is the third in a series cited here below in the bibliography; in the near future a note on Sluiter\xe2\x80\x99s coral reef at Krakatoa, a study on the coralreefs of Emmahaven (W.-Sumatra) and on the barrier reefs and atolls of the Togian islands (N. Celebes) will be published.

Description: This genus was established by Dr. P. BLEEKER in 1874 1) for fishes belonging to the phalanx Sicydiini having the caracteristics: \xe2\x80\x9eDentes intermaxillares stipitati apice clavati obtusi, inframaxillares serie interna parvi aequales, serie externa aciculares. Maxilla inferior cirris nullis. Squamae capite et trunco antice nullae, lateribus 40 circ. in serie longitudinali. B. 4. D. 5\xe2\x80\x9410 vel 11. A. 11 vel 12.\nSp. typ. Sicydium gymnauchen BLKR." (Bleeker l. c. p. 314).\nAfterwards in 1876 BLEEKER 2) gives the following description of this genus: \xe2\x80\x9eCorpus subelongatum vel elongatum squamatum, capite obtuso alepidoto, maxilla inferiore non cirrata. Dentes, intermaxillares mobiles uniseriati stipitati apice clavati obtusi, inframaxillares biseriati serie interna parvi serie externa labiales. Squamae capite, nucha et regione thoraco-ventrali nullae, trunco ctenoideae 40 circ. in serie longitudinali. Pinna caudalis truncato-emarginata. B. 4. D. 5 vel 6\xe2\x80\x941/9 vel 1/10. A. 1/10 vel 1/11.\nRem. Le genre Microsicydium se distingue, dans le groupe des Sicydiini, par les caract\xc3\xa8res combin\xc3\xa9s d\'\xc3\xa9cailles cteno\xc3\xafdes ne s\'\xc3\xa9tendant pas en avant jusque dans la r\xc3\xa9gion nucho-thoracique, par l\'absence de barbillons et de canines, par les dents intermaxillaires en forme de massue et par la caudale \xc3\xa9chancr\xc3\xa9e. Je n\'en connais qu\'une seule esp\xc3\xa8ce, dont je poss\xc3\xa8de plus de trois cents individus, mais dont le plus grand ne mesure pas tout \xc3\xa0 fait quatre centim\xc3\xa8tres". (Bleeker l. c. p. 284).\nDr. A. G\xc3\x9cNTHER 1) held the subgenera Sicydium GILL and Sicyopterus GILL united under the genusname Sicydium C. & V. In the same way Mr. W. R. OGILVIE-GRANT 2) unites Sicydium and Sicyopterus of GILL,

Description: In two previous publications (bibl. 1 and 2) I have brought the formation of calderas into relation with the gas phase, observed by Perret during the eruption of Vesuvius in 1906 (bibl. 3). In these papers I arrived at the conclusion that during the gas phase a cylinder is cored out, and that this may be the cause of caldera formation. In the first paper the subject was treated geometrically, while in the second calculations were made of a particular case (the Krakatoa eruption of 1883) to see if they would bear out this theory. This caldera-formation, however, is not a typical case, as there must previously have been an older Krakatoa-caldera, and in Aug. 1883 it was not a large portion of the volcanic cone that disappeared, but only an island which projected little above sealevel; the northern part of the ancient island Rakata, with the volcanoes Perboewatan and Danan. How a caldera might be formed from a cored-out cylinder I have tried to explain in two different ways. In the case of the Tengger-caldera I assumed, in analogy with what happened in Vesuvius after 1906 (bibl. 3 and 4) that the uppermost part of the cylinder was transformed into a funnel-shape by crumbling away of the walls, and that rising lava, as in Vesuvius 1913\xe2\x80\x941926, formed a flat bottom which continually reached higher levels.\nThis explanation does not apply to the caldera of Krakatoa, as after the great eruption of Aug. 26th to 28th 1883 no further signs of eruption were observed, until in Dec. 1927 a new phase began in this famous volcano. In the case of Krakatoa in 1883, therefore, I thought it justifiable to apply the phenomena, known to occur in coal mining, of recent subsidences which are caused by the working of coal seams lower down.

Description: The different theories concerning the origin of Salt Domes in Roumania, Germany, Texas, Louisiana, Colorado and Utah are discussed. In Roumania the salt occurs in cores of \xe2\x80\x9cDiapir\xe2\x80\x9d anticlines. The existance of hills of salt indicates, that the salt is still pushing upwards. In Germany the salt district shows slight folding but the salt itself is intensively folded. The theory of Lachmann-Arrhenius-Harbort explains the salt domes by isostasy combined with a lower specific gravity and greater plasticity of the salt than of the covering layers. This theory is opposed by Stille, who accounts for the salt domes by mesozoic folding. The latter theory has apparently gained preference in America for the explanation of the Salt Domes in Texas and Louisiana, although no indications of folding are met with there. Two series of experiments were carried out. Those of the first series were made to determine the form in three dimensions of the intricate folding, observed in the German salt mines and of which the folds round vertical axes in particular are very remarkable. Further it was the aim to find out if, by making use of forces, which may be compared to isostasy, similar folds could be artificially produced. When using layers of identical plasticity, regular congruous folds occurred (exp. I, 1). When layers of different plasticity alternated with eachother, smaller complicated, dis-harmonious folds arose, superimposed upon larger ones, corresponding to those of the preceeding experiment (exp. I, 2\xe2\x80\x947). It is important to note that in the field of vertical pressure, by difference in the viscosity between plastic and less plastic material, fissures were torn in the less plastic material, at right angles to the direction of movement, which were filled up by the plastic material. Similar rents may be expected in the salt fields.\nThe experiments of the 2d series were made with a counter pressure equal to half the initial pressure per surface unit. The reason for making these experiments was that in the first series air-spaces occured. In nature, also, a considerable counter-pressure exists, during the rising of the salt in consequence of the weight of the covering layers. Remarkable folds were formed, which, in material of identical plasticity, showed an M-form in vertical section (exp. 1, series II). Exp. 6, series II showed that with a thick series of layers the top layers may begin to move before the lower ones. In this way two M-shapes originated one above the other. Exp. 3 and 4 were made with white paraffin of uniform melting point in which were placed a horizontal row of vertical pillars divided into layers, so as to be able to reconstruct the stream lines of the paraffin. Here the friction between the paraffin and the iron walls of the compression apparatus were seen to exercise an important influence upon the movement of the paraffin. The principle result of the experiments is that all shapes of folds, observed in the German salt domes, can be completely explained by Lachmann\xe2\x80\x99s theory, that is by the isostatic pressing up of the specifically lighter salt in pillar-like masses. This alone, however, does not exclude the possibility that tangential pressure may be partially or entirely responsible for the known phenomena.\nThe senior author gave a lecture on the first series of experiments at B\xc3\xa2le on September 3, 1927, at a meeting of the Mineralogical section of the Schweiz. Naturforschende Gesellschaft (bibl. 19) and at Delft in the annual meeting of the geological section of the Geol. Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap voor Nederland en Koloni\xc3\xabn in March 1928.

Description: During his second Karakoram expedition in 1925 Mr. Ph. C. Visser collected some 70 rock specimens from the valley of the Hunza and its tributaries. The following is a petrographic description of these specimens and I gladly take this opportunity of thanking Mr. Visser for entrusting me with his valuable material.\nGeologists are much endebted to this energetic explorer for bringing together such a considerable number of samples under circumstances in which all carriage had to be reduced to a minimum and when so many other calls were being made on his time and energy. A collection made by a layman and therefore taken without many observations on mode of occurrence, must naturally be of limited value. When, however, it concerns a region that is almost terra incognita from a geological as well as from a geographical point of view, it may serve to give us an insight into the more salient features, especially petrographic and to some extent structural as well, and therefore constitute an important contribution to geological knowledge. Geologists will all hope that Mr. Visser will soon be in a position to add to the collections he has already made.

Description: Von Herrn G. I. H. Molengraaff erhielt das Leidener Museum eine Reihe interessanter Korallen aus den Rudistenkalken von Cura\xc3\xa7ao, und Herr Ch. Weaver, in Seattle, \xc3\xbcberliess mir die von ihm auf seinen Reisen in den argentinischen Kordilleren gesammelten Korallen zur Bearbeitung. Ferner befand sich in der Sammlung K. Martin des hiesigen Museums noch ein Kalkst\xc3\xbcck von Cura\xc3\xa7ao mit einer Koralle, das zwar von Martin bereits erw\xc3\xa4hnt, aber noch nicht n\xc3\xa4her untersucht worden war. Schliesslich nehme ich die Gelegenheit wahr, um einige mir vor l\xc3\xa4ngerer Zeit von den Herren Steinmann und Windhausen \xc3\xbcbergebene St\xc3\xbccke zu beschreiben, so wie die Beschreibung einer von mir selbst in der argentinischen Kordillere gesammelten Koralle hier noch nachzuholen. Den oben genannten Herren sei auch an dieser Stelle noch vielmals gedankt f\xc3\xbcr die Freundlichkeit mir das Material zur Untersuchung anzuvertrauen.

Description: Nebenstehende Kartenskizze mag dienen zur allgemeinen Orientierung \xc3\xbcber die Lage der von Dr. J. Cosijn (5) und mir aufgenommenen Gebiete.\nAls topographische Grundlage bei der Feldarbeit dienten die photographischen Vergr\xc3\xb6sserungen 1:25 000 der Messtischbl\xc3\xa4tter des Istituto Geografico Militare.

Description: Im Zusammenhang mit der von mir vorgenommenen Kartierung des \xc3\xb6stlichen Teiles des Luganer Porphyrgebiets machte ich im Herbste 1927 mit Herrn Prof. Dr. B. G. Escher und Herrn Dr. Kuenen eine kurze Studienreise nach dem Monte Arbostora, hierauf, w\xc3\xa4hrend zwei Wochen, Wanderungen \xc3\xbcber den Monte San Giorgio und in der Umgebung des Val Mara. Bereits auf diesen Wanderungen beobachtete ich zalhreiche interessante Tatsachen, die noch auf eine Erkl\xc3\xa4rung warteten.\nDas Problem der Quarzporphyrg\xc3\xa4nge unterhalb Rovio wird in der Literatur wiederholt erw\xc3\xa4hnt, jedoch nur von Kaech (Lit. 15, S. 133) ausf\xc3\xbchrlich beschrieben.

Description: In the paper on the Rhizocephala of the Siboga Expedition (\nVAN\nKAMPEN and BOSCHMA 1925) besides the material collected during this expedition a number of specimens from other collections have been described. Among these there were a few from the collection of the Leiden Museum (\'s Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie). The rich collection of Crustacea in this Museum, however, contains a much larger number of specimens infested with Rhizocephala than those described in the cited paper, as turned out after an inspection of the whole collection.\nAlltogether 35 specimens, including the 10 specimens described in the cited paper, could be found.\nThe taxonomy of the Rhizocephala is a rather difficult problem, which can be solved only after the study of a comparatively large material. The differences between the genera of this group of parasites are strikingly enough (cf. SMITH 1906), but within each genus the species usually differ in subordinate characteristics only, the internal anatomy of the species of each genus usually showing a close resemblance. The chief characteristics of the species, especially in Sacculina and allied genera, are those of the chitinous parts of the mantle: the excrescences of the external cuticle and the retinacula. KOSSMANN (1872) discovered the excrescences of the external cuticle in many Sacculinidae from the Philippine Islands and by means of these excrescences he was able to describe several species. Many of these species are well defined and we could identify a certain number of specimens from the East Indies with some of KOSSMANN\'S species (cf. VAN KAMPEN and BOSCHMA 1925).\nIn the cited paper we moreover proved that in certain cases also the

Description: In 1921 \'s Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie received from Jhr. W. C. VAN HEURN a collection of landmollusca, collected by him at about 1600 m. altitude in the Malabar Mounts, West Java. Amongst 19 Cyclophorus rafflesi (Brod. & Sow.), 38 Cyclophorus perdix f. zollingeri (Mouss.) and 1 Dyakia rumphii (v. d. Busch) there was one Cyclohelix.\nNow the truth is that of this genus no representative has been hitherto recorded from Java. KOBELT (Cyclophoridae in: Tierreich, 1902, p. 144\xe2\x80\x94146) mentions the following species in all: crocatus (Born) = turbo (Chemn.), denselineatus (Pfr.), foliaceus (Chemn.) and nicobaricus Pfr. all from the Nicobar Islands and leai (Tryon) from the Andaman Islands. Afterwards FULTON described C. kibleri from Nias Id. (Ann.\nMag. Nat. Hist. (7) Vol. 19, 1907, p. 156, pl. 10, fig. 4).\nOne is inclined to ask how it comes about that M\xc3\x96RCH (Journ. de Conch. Vol. 20, 1872, p. 316) and KOBELT (Nachr. Blatt, Vol. 31, 1899, p. 134 and Tierreich 1902, p. 144) consider C. turbo identical with C. crocatus as the two species do not agree in the least either in shape or in colour, while moreover the habitat of crocatus is altogether unknown (cfr. PFEIFFER in Mart.-Chemn. N. Syst. Conch. Cab. Band I, Abt. 191, 1849, pl. 19, fig. 4, 5 with BORN, Test. Mus. Vindob. 1780, pl. 12, fig. 11 and 12).\nThus it is clear that crocatus must be dropped from the synonymy of Cyclohelix turbo.\nIn the second place KOBELT (Tierreich 1902, p. 144) omits the record of C. turbo from Sumatra 1) by SOWERBY (Thes. Conch. Vol. I, 1843, p. 116, pl. 25, fig. 102, 103) afterwards quoted by PFEIFFER (I.c. p. 141)

Description: De fossielen van ons strand hebben slechts zelden tot onderwerp van studie gediend. Inderdaad hebben deze, op secundaire ligplaats gevonden voorwerpen voor den palaeontoloog en den geoloog slechts weinig waarde, temeer waar de verplaatsing van materiaal langs het strand vrij groot schijnt te zijn en niet voldoende is onderzocht, zoodat zich de oorspronkelijke herkomst dezer voorwerpen niet laat bepalen.\nDesondanks meen ik vooral den malacoloog met deze opsomming van dienst te kunnen zijn; men krijgt dit fossiele materiaal vaak met recente voorwerpen tesamen in handen, en daarbij geeft het gemakkelijk aanleiding tot vergissingen. Met een zelfs oppervlakkige kennis dezer fossielen worden vele moeilijkheden ontgaan. \'s Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie beschikt thans over een tamelijk omvangrijke verzameling dezer fossielen, die in hoofdzaak afkomstig is van Jhr. W. C. VAN HEURN en in den laatsten tijd is aangevuld, vooral dank zij de hulp van Mej. M. J. DE GRAAG en de heeren A. L.\nBRANDHORST en B. HUBERT. Uiteraard is deze collectie nog verre van volledig, aangezien alle plioceene en wellicht een deel der mioceene Mollusca te verwachten zijn; bovendien resten mij nog eenige problematica.\nOnderstaande lijst bevat alleen die soorten, die niet meer recent voorkomen, het is n.l. niet met zekerheid uit te maken dat een exemplaar fossiel is indien de soort nog op onze kust leeft. Voorts heb ik vindplaatsen alleen opgegeven voorzoover de soorten niet uitsluitend op Walcheren werden verzameld.\nTectura virginea M\xc3\xbcll.\nGlyphis graeca L.

Description: \xe2\x80\x9eThe two codes have been a great help in stabilizing nomenclature. Experience has shown, however, that they lack definiteness in directing the application of names ...\xe2\x80\x9d (HITCHCOCK in Am. Journ. of Bot. May 1921 p. 251). \xe2\x80\x9eA harmonizing of the two codes appears to be impossible, if it is maintained that the International Rules cannot be modified in any essential, but only added to or interpreted. This is the belief in some quarters \xc2\xb9), but I find no confirmation of this in the Rules themselves and it is contrary to the spirit of codes and laws in general. They should be modified to accord with the consensus of botanical opinions \xc2\xb2). Otherwise they will be gradually abandoned.\xe2\x80\x9d (H. in Br. Journ. of Bot. Nov. 1922 p. 318; the same opinion is uttered by WILLMOTT on p. 196, and by SPRAGUE in J. of B. 1924 p. 197).

Description: Our Pinus halepensis is described by DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU in \xe2\x80\x9eTrait\xc3\xa9 des arbres et arbustes etc.\xe2\x80\x9d 1755 p. 126 as follows: Pinus Hierosolymitana praelongis et tenuissimis viridibus foliis PLUK.: Pin de Jerusalem, dont les feuilles sont tr\xc3\xa8s vertes, longues et menues.\nThis circumscription is a phrase without a trivial name. LINNAEUS himself also indicated the species in that period principally by a phrase; a trivial name (\xe2\x80\x9enomen triviale\xe2\x80\x9d) was added in 1753 for convenience; but LINNAEUS warns emphatically against forgetting the art-name (that is the phrase, \xe2\x80\x9edifferentia specifica\xe2\x80\x9d or \xe2\x80\x9enomen spicificum\xe2\x80\x9d of LINNAEUS) \xc2\xb9). This art-name (phrase) was arranged methodically by him and bad to be such, that there was to be found in it exactly what was wanted to distinguish one species from the remaining known species; 12 words were the highest number allowed \xc2\xb2).

Description: In a preliminary work: \xe2\x80\x9eA critical Revision of the genus Aristida\xe2\x80\x9d, I have given a review of all the hitherto described species of this genus with the citation of the literature, the exact copies of the authentic descriptions and the figures of the spikelet-characters, taken from the type specimens so far as I could locate them. In many cases it was necessary to enter into critical observations, because the nomenclature and the ideas found in the different manuals are exceedingly entangled. The Revision, although very important for botanists who wish to know the exact data of a fixed species, is not to use if we wish to determine an arbitrary plant of our genus, therefore we must have a monograph and I indicated already that it was my intention to write such a work. I must however observe that this work differs somewhat from other monographs and that it is in the first place a practical manual to the knowledge of this very difficult genus. It contains descriptions of all the species I have accepted as valid and keys for their determination. I was therefore obliged to omit in this work all the data already given in the Revision and to take into consideration that, with this monograph before us, we must, after being somewhat familiar with the genus and the different characters, without great difficulties, get a clear idea of it and with the keys before us find the name of a specimen belonging to our genus. It is therefore advisable to read the chapter where I have treated the different characters used for the limitation of the species. Anatomical characters are for practical reasons not taken up in the keys. No attempt is made to bring the allied species together in groups, because such groups are not easy to limit and the habit of such groups is scarcely to explain in a key. The keys to the species of each section are thus entirely artificial. On the other hand there are in our genus many very striking morphological characters of great constancy we can use with profit in the keys to recognize the species. American authors have divided the sections of a genus they studied, into minor groups, each group received a name, which was the plural of the most characteristic species of the group. In our genus we can give the names of \xe2\x80\x9eripariae, cognatae, adscensiones"" purpurascentes, to the groups containing all the allies of Aristida cognata, purpurascens riparia, etc. The monographer recognizes these different groups often by indefinite characters of growth, colour or habit in general. I have therefore not accepted in this work the method of American botanists.\nAristida is indeed a very difficult genus, not because the characters of the plants are difficult to understand, but because all the characters were taken hitherto \xe2\x80\x94 and there was no other way \xe2\x80\x94 from dried specimens, which are often damaged in course of time. I found an enormous diversity in the genus Aristida and although I studied about 15000 specimens, I could not expect to settle the characters definitively. No attention was given by taxonomists to the numerous intermediate forms, and hybrids were never observed or indicated in the literature of our genus. I am convinced that these hybrids occur in greater abundance than I have hitherto found in the different herbaria. For the knowledge of our genus in the future, agrostologists must study the species in the field and also by cultivation. Field study is very important when different species grow together and we can study and collect the intermediate forms. This was already done accidentally by some famous collectors, but no attention was given to the facts. Cultivation is also very important, not only to know somewhat more about the constancy of different characters, but also because we get quite undamaged specimens at our disposal. We know that the glumes and the awns are very fragile in our genus and that it is not always possible to give the different exact data of a species from herbarium-specimens. The different characters of the glumes and awns are in the future to verify with the living specimens.

Description: This second Part has its origin principally in Dr. ALFRED REHDER\xe2\x80\x99S \xe2\x80\x9cManual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs\xe2\x80\x9d 1927.\nThat admirable work contains several revolutionary looking changes of names, which changes partly were already propagated in BAILEY\xe2\x80\x99S works of the last years; and I have made a study of those names, beside others. The result is that I cannot in many cases join with REHDER\xe2\x80\x99S new-old names and principles. But when I therefore criticise in all those cases REHDER\xe2\x80\x99S opinion, the reader must not think thereby that I criticise REHDER\xe2\x80\x99S work as a whole. I criticise the names and principles only because I think that these changes and principles are unfavourable with respect to the world\xe2\x80\x99s effort to obtain unity of plantnomenclature; and I don\xe2\x80\x99t think about criticizing the work as a whole. REHDER\xe2\x80\x99S \xe2\x80\x9cManual\xe2\x80\x9d is the result of long and arduous work; it is in its relative size the most complete, the sharpest as to the characters, the newest and most usable of all Dendrological works existing. No Dendrologist, even no Botanist, who has to do with Trees and Shrubs, can do without it.

Description: Fam. 8: LASIOCAMPIDAE.\nLasiocampidae, Hampson, Faun. Br. Ind. I, p. 402, (1892). Gr\xc3\xbcnberg, Seitz, Grossschm. d. Erde X, p. 391, (1914).\nMeest groote, sterke, ruige vlinders met bruine vleugelteekening.\nPalpen dik behaard, groot, vooruitstekend; zuiger niet ontwikkeld; oogen vrij klein; antennen tamelijk lang dubbel gekamd bij beide sexen. De pooten gewoonlijk met slechts kleine terminale paren sporen en sterk behaard. Het voorhoofd en de thorax in den regel sterk behaard. Het aderstelsel sterk, vrij constant; in den voorvleugel zijn de aderen 1a en 1b niet met elkaar gevorkt, 1c zeer zelden aanwezig; de cel klein met sterke discocellularis; de aderen 6 en 7 vanaf den bovenhoek, 9 en 10 steeds gesteeld. De achtervleugel met 2 anale aderen; 6 en 7 dicht bij de basis ontspringend; 8 gekromd en dikwijls 7 rakend of daarmede door een klein dwarsadertje verbonden, waardoor een praecostale cel ontstaat; accessorische adertjes doorgaans ontwikkeld. Frenulum afwezig.\nDe rupsen zijn sterk behaard, met eigenaardige laterale haren aan de eerste segmenten en vaak ook met dorsale haarbosjes op de voorste segmenten. De haren beschermen door hunne mechanische en chemische werking de rups zoowel als de pop, want de haren worden in het spinsel ingeweven.\nDe \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80 vliegen zeer weinig en houden zich meest verborgen, terwijl de \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82 zeer bewegelijk kunnen zijn. Sterk sexueel dimorphisme komt ook bij deze familie voor, evenals sterk verschil in grootte bij exemplaren van dezelfde soort. Enkele soorten vliegen ook wel overdag.\nDeterminatietabel voor enkele genera:

Description: De berichten van waarneming van geringde vogels, die mij tusschen 1 Januari 1926 en 31 December 1928 werden toegezonden, zijn in de volgende bladzijden vermeld. In het vorige verslag van het ringonderzoek (XV), waarin ik de verkregen resultaten tusschen 1 Januari 1923 en 31 December 1925 vermeldde (zie Zoologische mededeelingen, deel IX, 1926, pp. 179\xe2\x80\x94198) is een foutieve vermelding te verbeteren; de vogel nl., die op p. 194 onder N\xc2\xb0. 29259 als ransuil vermeld is, behoort niet tot deze soort maar is een kerkuil, Tyto flammea (Linnaeus). Evenals voorheen zijn er in de lange lijst van waarnemingen weder vele gevallen vermeld, die van bijzonder belang zijn voor de kennis van het trekken van de betreffende vogelsoort of die een aanduiding zijn, welken ouderdom in het wild levende voorwerpen van een bepaalde soort kunnen bereiken.\nVoor de hulp die ik zoo ruimschoots mocht ontvangen, zoowel bij het ringen van vogels, alsook bij het waarnemen van geringde vogels, betuig ik hier mijn welgemeenden dank; ook een woord van dank past hier aan Mejuffrouw A. J. Sleyser, die mij bij de langzamerhand zoo omvangrijke administratie van ons ringbureau trouw ter zijde staat. Aan hen, die in de gelegenheid zijn aan het ringonderzoek door het ringen van vogels medewerking te verleenen, worden inlichtingen en de benoodigde ringen kosteloos verstrekt. Voor mededeeling van ieder geval van waarneming van een geringden vogel houd ik mij ten zeerste aanbevolen, ook voor toezending van courantenberichten omtrent geringde vogels. Het verslag betreffende de berichten van waarneming van geringde vogels in 1929 ontvangen, zal in het begin van 1930 verschijnen.\nSchollevaar [Phalacrocorax carbo subcormoranus (Brehm)].

Description: In einer kurzen Mitteilung \xc3\xbcber adriatische Tornarien habe ich (4) vor Jahren beil\xc3\xa4ufig erw\xc3\xa4hnt, dass im Plankton des Triester Golfes ausser den relativ grossen Tornarien des Balanoglossus clavigerus noch eine zweite kleine Larvenform vorkommt. Diese kleine Tornaria, \xc3\xbcber welche ich seinerzeit keine n\xc3\xa4heren Mitteilungen machen konnte, habe ich nun in einigen Exemplaren und in verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien in meinen Praeparaten aus Triest wiedergefunden und gebe ich im Folgenden eine kurze Beschreibung derselben. Bei genauerer Untersuchung hat sich n\xc3\xa4mlich ergeben, dass es sich hier nicht etwa um j\xc3\xbcngere Entwicklungsstadien des Balanoglossus clavigerus handelt, sondern dass hier eine andere Enteropneusten-Larve vorliegt. Bei fr\xc3\xbcherer Gelegenheit (8, p. 131) wurde bereits erw\xc3\xa4hnt, dass diese kleine Tornaria von Triest wahrscheinlich eine neue Form darstellt, dass sie den Tornaria-Typus I zeigt (s. d.) und wahrscheinlich einer Glossobalanus-species angeh\xc3\xb6ren d\xc3\xbcrfte.\nEs liegen mir im ganzen 13 Exemplare in verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien der progressiven und regressiven Entwicklung angeh\xc3\xb6rig vor.\nDas Material wurde bei den regelm\xc3\xa4ssigen Planktonf\xc3\xa4ngen des Fischers der damaligen K. K. Zoologischen Station in Triest zwischen dem Leuchtturme und dem Wellenbrecher von Barcola zusammen mit den Larven des Balanoglossus clavigerus gefischt. Es stammt aus der Zeit van Juni/ Juli 1911.\nDie Gr\xc3\xb6sse der Larve ist im Krohn-Stadium ca 0.50\xe2\x80\x940.60 mm., sie geh\xc3\xb6rt somit zu den kleinsten bekannten Enteropneustenlarven.\nBetrachten wir die einzelnen Stadien genauer, wobei bez\xc3\xbcglich Alters-

Description: Die Isopodenfauna der Niederlande ist zur Zeit noch sehr unvollst\xc3\xa4ndig bekannt, es war deshalb von vornherein zu erwarten, dass eine Untersuchung des Materials aus verschiedenen Sammlungen interessante Resultate geben w\xc3\xbcrde. Ausser dem Material aus dem Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie zu Leiden und dem Zoologischen Museum zu Amsterdam, das mir von den Direktoren dieser Museen, den Herren Prof.\nDr. E. D. VAN OORT und Dr. L. F. DE BEAUFORT bereitwilligst zur Verf\xc3\xbcgung gestellt wurde, bekam ich eine Anzahl Isopoden zur Ansicht welche von verschiedenen Forschern an mehreren Fundorten gesammelt worden war. Es stellte sich nun heraus, dass f\xc3\xbcnf Arten von Isopoden entweder Besonderheiten zeigen, welche in der Literatur nicht oder ungen\xc3\xbcgend beschrieben worden sind, oder eine weitere geographische Verbreitung haben als bis jetzt bekannt war. Die vorliegende Schrift enth\xc3\xa4lt die wichtigsten von diesen Besonderheiten. 1. Armadillidium pulchellum Brandt. (Fig. E).\nVon dieser Art habe ich 28 \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80 und 2 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x82 untersuchen k\xc3\xb6nnen, die lebendig gefunden worden waren am Strand in der Umgebung von de Koog auf der Insel Texel am 10. Juli 1927 von Herrn H. J.\nDE\nFLUITER unter einem Korbe am feuchten Strandteil. Die Farbe des Alkoholmaterials war gelblich weiss, mit einer schwachen dunkelbraunen Zeichnung. Die Exemplare stimmen mit der Beschreibung, wie sie von G. O.\nSARS in Isopoda of Norway 1899 auf Seite 191 gegeben worden ist; nur in einem Punkte sind die Exemplare abweichend. Die Hinterecke des ersten Mesosomsegmentes ist nicht abgeschnitten, sondern endet, wie bei den andern Arten in einer stumpfen Spitze.

Description: INTRODUCTION.\nDans la collection des Orthopt\xc3\xa8res du Mus\xc3\xa9e de Leiden, se trouve encore la collection rapport\xc3\xa9e par les membres de l\'exp\xc3\xa9dition envoy\xc3\xa9e par la \xe2\x80\x9eNatuurkundige Commissie voor Nederlandsch Indi\xc3\xab", qui finissait malheureusement par la mort si pr\xc3\xa9coce de plusieurs de leurs membres.\nNous pouvons dire d\'\xc3\xaatre heureux en consid\xc3\xa9rant cette collection parce que la plus grande partie est assez bien conserv\xc3\xa9e et que les descriptions et les figures que DE HAAN nous donne sont tres bien ex\xc3\xa9cut\xc3\xa9es, surtout pour ce temps l\xc3\xa0.\nGr\xc3\xa2ce \xc3\xa0 cette exactitude les Orthopt\xc3\xa9rologistes ont pu identifier avec assez de certitude les esp\xc3\xa8ces d\xc3\xa9crites et les ranger dans le nouveau syst\xc3\xa8me.\nCependant on n\'a pas toujours r\xc3\xa9ussi dans tous les cas comme l\'article suivant vous montrera.\nC\'est mon intention de reviser les Acridiodea et de donner un r\xc3\xa9sum\xc3\xa9 de ce qui s\'y trouve encore. 1) Acridium (Truxalis) psittacinum de Haan 1842.\nBijdragen p. 146, pl. 23, fig. 1. 1) Dans la collection se trouve 1 \xe2\x99\x82 de Java que je prends pour le type. 2) L\'esp\xc3\xa8ce appartient au genre Atractomorpha et correspond tout \xc3\xa0 fait avec le psittacina de Haan, du tableau de Bolivar (3 p. 199) En voici les dimensions: Longueur du corps 23 mm. \xe2\x80\x9e de l\'antenne 6 \xe2\x80\x9e. \xe2\x80\x9e de l\'\xc3\xa9lytre 20 \xe2\x80\x9e. \xe2\x80\x9e du f\xc3\xa9mur poster. 10 \xe2\x80\x9e.

Description: Daar ik bij de revisie onzer Jassidae in 1927 niet in de gelegenheid was het materiaal uit de verzameling A. J. F. FOKKER na te zien en het mij nu blijkt dat het materiaal dezer verzameling aanleiding geeft tot enkele rectificaties, volgen hier deze aanteekeningen.\nCicadula sexnotata (Fall.).\nIn de verzameling bevinden zich door LETHIERRY als C. diminuta Leth. gedetermineerde exemplaren, die behooren tot Cicadula sexnotata (Fall.) var. salina Reut., welke var. dus inlandsch is, de var. devastans Gu\xc3\xa9r. echter eveneens. Indien Cicadula sexnotata (Fall.) var. salina Reut. inderdaad hetzelfde is als Cicadula diminuta Leth., wat m. i. lang niet zeker is, zou de naam salina Reut. moeten vervallen.\nThamnotettix erythrostictus (Leth.).\nDe door FOKKER vermelde exemplaren waren door LETHIERRY gedetermineerd, doch behooren tot Thamnotettix dilutior Kb.\nEuscelis aemulans (Kb.).\nHet exemplaar van Zierikzee, door FOKKER als Athysanus aemulans Kb. vermeld, is Euscelis sahlbergi (Reut.).\nEuscelis onustus Ferr.\nWas juist gedetermineerd.\nEuscelis variegatus (Kb.).\nSlechts \xc3\xa9\xc3\xa9n exemplaar (VAN MEDENBACH DE ROOY, Oosterbeek, September) is juist gedetermineerd, de overige exemplaren behooren grootendeels tot Euscelis lineolatus Brull\xc3\xa9, enkele tot Euscelis plebejus (Fall.).\nParalimnus formosus (Boh.).\nDe als Deltocephalus formosus Boh. in den Catalogus van FOKKER ver-

Description: Op een tweetal excursies (van 11\xe2\x80\x9413 Juli en van 26\xe2\x80\x9428 September) werden op Urk negen soorten van Apterygogenea gevonden, n. 1.: Hypogastrura viatica (Tullb.).\nFriesea mirabilis (Tullb.).\nOnychiurus armatus (Tullb.).\nProisotoma sch\xc3\xb6tti (D. T.).\nIsotoma (Vertagopus) cinerea (Nic.).\nIsotoma viridis Bourl.\nIsotoma viridis Bourl. var. riparia (Nic.).\nIsotomurus palustris (M\xc3\xbcll.) var. maculata Sch\xc3\xa4ff.\nEntomobrya lanuginosa (Nic.).\nEntomobrya lanuginosa (Nic.) var. maritima (Nic.).\nEntomobrya nicoleti (Lubb.) var. obscura (Tullb.).\nVijf hiervan zijn, daar ze niet voorkomen in de lijst van Dr. OUDEMANS, als nieuw voor onze fauna te beschouwen. Van deze vijf volgt hieronder een korte beschrijving. 1. Friesea mirabilis (Tullb.).\nDe drie thoracale segmenten zijn alle duidelijk zichtbaar en behaard.\nDe beharing is kort, aan het eind van het abdomen iets langer; terwijl noch op thorax of abdomen, noch op de pooten borstelharen met een knopje voorkomen. De antennen zijn korter dan de kop, het vierde lid is kegelvormig en voorzien van 4\xe2\x80\x945 lange, sterk gekromde \xc3\xa4sthetasken; de eindkolf is duidelijk en retractiel. Aan de buitenzijde van het derde lid komt een orgaan voor, dat bestaat uit twee korte zintuigstaafjes, die in een holte ingeplant zijn en door een tweetal haren beschermd worden.

Description: Die kleine Sammlung von Hydromedusen aus dem malayischen Archipel, die sich im Besitze des Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie in Leiden befindet, umfasst ca 400 Exemplare. Das Material stammt fast durchwegs aus der Java-See (Nordk\xc3\xbcste von Java, Semarang, Cheribon, Pekalungan), einige Exemplare sind von Singapore, und wurde in den Jahren 1905\xe2\x80\x941916 haupts\xc3\xa4chlich durch P. BUITENDIJK, zum geringen Teile durch K. HAASNOOT gesammelt. Es handelt sich hier fast ausschliesslich um K\xc3\xbcstenformen. Die Sammlung enth\xc3\xa4lt nur 1 Anthomedusen- und 1 Narcomedusenart, dagegen sind die Leptomedusen u. z. die Familien der Eucopidae und die Aequoridae ziemlich reichlich, die erstere mit 6, die letztere mit 4 verschiedenen Formen vertreten. Trachomedusen fehlen ganz.\nDie Litteratur \xc3\xbcber malayische Hydromedusen ist nicht gross. Bei einem Vergleich mit den wichtigsten in betracht kommenden Arbeiten (MAAS, Meduses d\'Amboine; derselbe, die craspedoten Meduses der SibogaExpedition) ergibt sich, dass die Medusenlisten in beiden genannten Arbeiten viel umfassender waren. In beiden Listen sind viel mehr Anthomedusen, in der Sibogaliste besonders viel Trachomedusen erw\xc3\xa4hnt.\nDie Uebereinstimmung in der Zusammensetzung der pacifischen (Fidji Inseln, AGASSIZ u. MAYER) und indischen (Maladiven, E. F. BROWNE) Medusenfauna mit derjenigen aus dem malayischen Archipel wurde bereits von MAAS hervorgehoben. Auf Grund der neueren Arbeiten von BIGELOW l\xc3\xa4sst sich dies auch auf die Hydromedusen von den Philippinen ausdehnen.\nTrotzdem die Sammlung kein ann\xc3\xa4hernd ersch\xc3\xb6pfendes Bild der tats\xc3\xa4chlich vorhandenen Medusenfauna der Nordk\xc3\xbcste Javas liefert, ist sie