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  • Articles  (769)
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  • 2015-2019  (384)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colonization and succession of benthic macroinvertebrates in a new reservoir (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 112 (1984), S. 27-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: benthic macroinvertebrates ; colonization ; succession ; reservoir ; impoundment ; mainstream ; United States ; Southeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the colonization and succession of benthic macroinvertebrates in shallow areas (〈7 m) of Lake Anna, a new mainstream impoundment in the southeastern U.S.A. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled for the first three years after filling by means of artificial substrates placed on the bottom and retrieved with SCUBA. Lake Anna was well colonized by benthic macroinvertebrates during the summer season immediately after impoundment. The total density of organisms increased in each of the first three years. Major changes in the fauna occurred between the first and second years, but the changes between the second and third years were more subtle. The fauna could be divided into two distinct groups based upon the time when the organisms were most consistently abundant. The first colonizers appeared to be dependent upon the components of the former terrestrial ecosystem for food and habitat. As autochthonous factors began to regulate succession, diversity increased and the dominant species shifted to an assemblage of second colonizers. These factors included: (1) decomposition of terrestrial vegetation and detritus leaving bare substrate, (2) sedimentation, (3) improved food quality of the organic matter in the sediment because of ingestion and egestion by the organisms themselves, (4) increased plankton populations, and (5) appearance of macrophytes. As the second colonizers became firmly established in the third year, distinct patterns of spatial distribution began to appear among species with similar niches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007663
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the interface between a fibrous polyurethane arterial prosthesis and natural tissue (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 827-838 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Fibrous polyurethane samples were implanted in subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and as an arterial prosthesis for periods up to six months. The interface between the polymer and living tissue was studied using optical, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. A good correlation was found between the micromorphology of the polymer-tissue interface observed in three experimental methods used. Ingrowth of tissue occurs by cell penetration into the fibrous network of the polymer implant and eventual encapsulation by connective tissue. Full details of the distribution of collagen and the cell components around the individual polymer fibers and the structure of the connective tissue are given.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160608
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallinity, solubility, and dissolution rate behavior of fluoridated CO3 apatites (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 851-860 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: To study the effect of fluoride on the physicochemical properties of carbonate-containing apatites, two series of fluoridated CO3 apatites with various fluoride contents were synthesized at 80°C and pH 7.4. The a-axis dimensions of these apatites decreased with the increase of both fluoride and carbonate contents. The crystallinity of the apatites showed similar patterns of variation with the degree of fluoridation irrespective of carbonate content. These patterns appear analogous to the complex pattern of the fluoridated hydroxyapatites previously reported. In contrast to this unexpected crystallinity phenomena, the apparent solubility of fluoridated CO3 apatites in acetate buffer solutions at pH 4.0 and 6.0 and 37°C decreased monotonically with increasing degree of fluoridation and approached that of fluoridated hydroxyapatites at high fluoride content. Dissolution rate of fluoridated CO3 apatite pellets at pH 4.0 also showed a simple decrease with increasing degree of fluoridation and was extremely sensitive to acid at low fluoride content.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160610
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parameters affecting the stress distribution around LTI carbon and aluminum oxide dental implants (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 875-885 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Three-dimensional finite element stress analysis was used to study the effects that implant neck geometry and the tissue properties at the implant-bone interface have on the stress distribution around freestanding blade- and post-type LTI carbon and aluminum oxide dental implants. Implants having neck flares of 13° and 26° were studied. In addition, to simulate fibrous encapsulation of the implant as opposed to a direct bone apposition retention mechanism, a soft tissue interposing layer between implant and bone was also modeled. The results of the study indicate that a reduction in neck flare from 26° to 13° was a positive design change for blade- and post-type LTI carbon implants and blade-type aluminum oxide implant but not for post-type aluminum oxide implant. The results of the study indicate the presence of fibrous tissue surrounding the implants may be indicative of a failing system and may be the result of either hypophysiological stress (aluminum oxide implants) or hyperphysiological stress (LTI carbon implants).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160612
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160601
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conversion in denture base polymers (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 741-754 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this investigation was to determine residual monomers, the insoluble gel fraction, and singly reacted dimethacrylate monomers in heat-polymerized, auto-polymerized conventional and pourtype denture base materials. Residual monomers were determined by HPLC analysis of tetrahydrofuran extracts of denture base polymers. The gel fraction was determined by gravimetric analysis of the nonextractable portion. The pendant methacrylate groups in the gel fraction were determined by quantitative IR (infrared) spectrometry. It was demonstrated that the heat-polymerized materials had the lowest content of residual monomers. Generally, the content of pendant methacrylate groups in the gel was dependent on the initial quantity of crosslinking agent in the monomer liquids. The gel fractions of the heat-polymerized materials were larger than the quantity of reacted monomers and were also dependent on the quantity of crosslinking agent. These findings showed that some of the linear prepolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), had been incorporated into the crosslinked polymer system. The gel fraction of the auto-polymerized pour-type materials corresponded to the quantity of reacted monomers, whereas the conventional auto-polymerized materials took an intermediate position between pour type materials and heat-polymerized materials in this respect.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160520
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation between strength of bonding to enamel and mechanical properties of dental composites (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 775-783 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The strength of bonding of dental composites to enamel was measured in shear. The compressive strength, proportional limit, elastic modulus, and tensile strength of the composites were measured for correlation with the bond strength. Conventional and microfilled composites with a range of filler concentrations were studied. The densities of the composites and their fillers and the concentrations of the fillers were determined. The mechanical properties that were most highly correlated with bond strength to enamel were proportional limit and elastic modulus. Tensile strength and filler concentration had lower correlation coefficients, and compressive strength was not correlated with bond strength. Using unfilled resins as bonding agents between the composites and enamel resulted in increased bond strength with half of the composites.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160604
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corrosion of a new copper—gold or copper—platinum intrauterine device (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 785-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: It has been shown previously that supplementing plastic intrauterine devices (IUDs) with copper wire enhances the antifertility effect of the device. The use of copper intrauterine contraceptive devices, however, is currently limited to two to three years, mainly because of wire fragmentation, which was observed as early as after eight months of use. In the resulting search for a long-lasting device, two new systems of duplex wire, with gold and platinum cores electrolytically coated with copper, were devised and studied. Initially, duplex wires and controls were exposed to physiological solution. Copper dissolution rate and corrosion morphology were studied by weight-loss measurements and optical metallography. Similar systems were then surgically implanted in rat uteri for varying periods of up to 26 weeks. Electron micro-analysis of corrosion products, in addition to weight-loss measurements and metallography, was performed. The results showed that a uniform and ductile copper coating is obtainable by electroplating on gold and platinum wires. Rate of copper dissolution is similar to that of solid copper wire. No dissolution of gold and platinum in the controls or coated wires was detected by weight loss, metallography, or atomic absorption measurements. Microanalysis of the deposits and corrosion products on the wires in the uteri environment showed sulfur, chlorine, and calcium, in addition to copper. The results of this study suggest that supplementing IUDs with copper-coated gold or platinum wires may result in significant prolongation of the life span of the device by preventing uncontrolled loss of copper caused by wire fragmentation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160605
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Susceptibility of surgical cobalt-base alloy to pitting corrosion (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 799-810 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo susceptibilities of a surgical cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy to localized corrosion. In vitro cyclic anodic polarization curves were generated for the cobalt alloy under various surface and electrolyte conditions. Surfaces of the test specimens were examined before and after each polarization experiment. In vivo analyses involved macroscopic and microscopic examinations of cobalt alloy surfaces on retrieved total hip prostheses. The electrolyte selected for the in vitro polarization study was 0.9% saline at a pH of 7.00 ± 0.05 and temperature of 37 ± 1°C in both aerated and deaerated conditions. Surface conditions for the cobalt alloys included nonpassivated and passivated treatments. Hysteresis behavior was exhibited by the passivated alloy but not by the nonpassivated alloy. According to the protection potential theory, hysteresis behavior indicates a material should be susceptible to pitting corrosion. Therefore, based on polarization curves and theory, the results of the present study indicated the cobalt alloy was susceptible to pitting corrosion when in the passivated condition but not when in the nonpassivated condition. Examination of the surfaces before and after each polarization curve revealed no evidence of pitting corrosion. Also, the examination of nonwear cobalt surfaces of total hip prostheses with implantation times up to 6 years revealed no features uniquely identified as the result of pitting corrosion. Therefore, it was hypothesized that certain conditions inherent in the electrochemical phase of this study had caused the development of hysteresis behavior for the passivated alloy, and this hysteresis behavior should not be associated with pitting corrosion as is normally taken to be the case by application of the protection potential theory. Instead, it is postulated that the hysteresis behavior exhibited by the passivated alloy is due to processes involving a breakdown of the pre-established passive film followed by a repassivation characteristic of the saline electrolyte.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160606
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrically enhanced osteogenesis at various metal cathodes (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 861-873 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Electode-induced bone formation was studied at six different metallic cathode materials in the rabbit medullary canal. Direct cathodic currents of 0.02 and 0.2 μA/mm2 were applied for 21 days. Quantitative differences in new bone growth were found. Platinum, cobalt-chrome (F-90) and silver had more bone relative to controls at the lower geometric current density, while stainless steel (316L) and titanium cathodes were more effective at the higher current. On average, there was a significant increase (46-48%) in new bone formation at active versus control implants for either current level. No corresponding difference in the number of vascular channels were observed in the 21 day specimens. Metal-specific differences in bone formation at control implants were also found, with platinum being most stimulatory. These observations are consistent with an interfacial electrochemical mechanism for electrode stimulated osteogenesis, which perhaps acts in concert with purely electrical and mechanical forces.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160611
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microleakage of conventional and microfilled composite restorative resins (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 901-910 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Microfilled composite resins have been introduced in clinical dentistry because of the difficulty in finishing conventional composite resins satisfactorily. Owing to the difference in coefficients of thermal expansion of the two resin systems, the objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate microleakage of a conventional and a microfilled composite resin. Class V cavities with butt cavosurface margins were prepared in the middle third of the facial surfaces of the crowns of 80 noncarious human premolar teeth; they were acid etched within the preparations only. Forty preparations were restored with Concise composite and forty with Silar microfilled resin. Ten teeth from each group were subjected to cyclic temperature changes between 5 and 55°C for 1000, 2500, or 5000 cycles, respectively, and ten teeth from each group were not cycled (controls). After suitable preparation, the teeth were immersed in 45Ca solution for 18 h and contact radiographs were prepared. Microleakage was scored 0-3 at both the cervical and occulusal margins of the restorations. Microleakage was significantly greater at the cervical margins than at the occlusal margins. Differences within occlusal and cervical microleakages among the two resins were not significant.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160614
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A clinical comparison of LTI carbon, alumina, and carbon-coated alumina blade-type implants in baboons (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 887-899 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The clinical performance of LTI carbon, carbon-coated aluminum oxide, and uncoated aluminum oxide blade-type dental implants was studied in baboons. The objective of the study was to determine the effect that implant material elastic modulus and surface composition have on implant performance. Clinical parameters of mobility, sulcus depth, soft tissue characteristics, and radiographic appearance were used in the evaluation. The implants were placed in healed extraction sites in adult female baboons and were used as a distal abutment for a three-unit fixed gold prosthesis. The restorations were allowed to assume normal occlusal function and were left in situ for a period of two years. The radiographic and sulcus depth measurements appeared inferior for the LTI carbon implants and best for the carbon-coated aluminum oxide implants. No differences in mobility or soft tissue characteristics were noted for the three implant systems. Two implants both in the same animal - one LTI carbon and one uncoated aluminum oxide - were definite clinical failures. The results of the study indicate that an elastic modulus mismatch between implant and bone is not an a priori cause of implant failure and that the implant surface composition had little apparent effect on the clinical and radiographic performance of these implant materials.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160613
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180101
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note from the Editor (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. v 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180102
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mechanical strength of maxillary complete dentures (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 413-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A complete study of the static and dynamic strength of complete maxillary dentures was undertaken. First, the denture base material was investigated in its various forms from the point of view of tension, creep, relaxation, fatigue, and the effect of a corrosive environment. Complete dentures were tested under static compression, and the distribution of stresses along the midline of the upper dentures was determined by means of strain rosettes and by reciprocating compression, the determination of their fatigue strength. The results were found to conform with experience as far as lifetime of complete dentures is concerned.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180409
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of bone cement: A review (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 435-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Many authors have examined the mechanical properties of bone cement and the various factors that affect its mechanical behavior. This article presents a comprehensive survey on the reported mechanical properties of bone cement. Variables that influence the mechanical properties, such as handling characteristics, strain rate, loading modes, additives, porosity, blood inclusion, in vivo environment, temperature, etc. have also been reviewed. The importance of specifying these variables in reporting test results on the mechanical properties of bone cement is pointed out. Previous attempts to improve the mechanical properties of bone cement are also summarized. Future research areas important for fully characterizing the physical properties of PMMA are also suggested.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180411
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  • 17
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    Water sorption and mechanical properties of 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate and methylmethacrylate copolymers (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Randomly cross-linked copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate (HEMA) and methyl-methacrylate (MMA) have been prepared and studied in the dry and swollen state. Tensile and indentation tests indicate that by changing the composition of copolymers, it is possible to obtain materials with a wide range of mechanical properties and corresponding glass transition temperatures. Water diffusion coefficients in sorption and desorption experiments have been calculated and compared.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180204
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Healing pattern of small caliber Dacron grafts in the baboon: An animal model for the study of vascular prostheses (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 281-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Although dogs have been used widely to study the healing of large caliber synthetic grafts, hypercoagulability probably makes the dog a poor model for studies of small caliber vascular prostheses. The baboon's coagulation system is similar to man's, but large caliber baboon grafts were reported to endothelialize rapidly. In this study the healing pattern of 4mm internal diameter Dacron carotid interpositon grafts in baboons was determined using specimens harvested at time points between 2 weeks and 18 months post-implantation and examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. The luminal surface of baboon grafts in the acute healing phase (〈1 month) was comparable to that reported in the literature for dogs. Baboon grafts did not completely endothelialize until 10-12 weeks post-implantation. For work with small caliber vascular protheses, the dog appears to have no advantage over the baboon as an animal model on the basis of graft healing.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180305
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  • 19
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    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180401
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  • 20
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    Some aspects of macrophage behavior at the implant interface (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 395-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The macrophage plays a pivotal role in both wound healing and cellular response to implants, including percutaneous devices. Within twenty-four hours macrophages were found in close contact with the implant surface. Eventually fibroplasts and connective tissue proliferate, and finally the implant will be encapsulated. The presence of macrophages is essential for the activation of collagen synthesis by fibroplasts. Implant shape and surface can profoundly affect macrophage behavior. At rough implant surfaces macrophages with giant cells are present for many months with the possibility of chronic granulomatous reactions. Superior tissue compatibility should be associated with smooth, well contoured implants with no acute angles.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180407
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Casting properties of Ni-Ti shape memory alloy (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 427-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A Ni-45 wt % Ti (Ni-50 at % Ti) alloy was cast into molds of magnesia and silica investments by use of a dental argon-arc pressure casting machine with a copper crucible. The castings exhibited shape memory properties. The shape recovery process was sharper in the specimens cast in magnesia investment molds than in those cast in silica (phosphate-bonded) investment molds. The latter casting had a hard region of the periphery, suggesting that shape recovery process may be affected by reaction of molten metal with silica. Furthermore, the alloy possessed the adequate mechanical properties for consideration as crown-and-bridge prostheses.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180410
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  • 22
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    Release of corrosion products by F-75 cobalt base alloy in the rat. I: Acute serum elevationsPresented in part at Society for Biomaterials, 9th Annual Meeting, Birmingham, AL, April 28, 1983. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 513-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The release of corrosion products by implants has become a matter of concern. Using a microsphere model, the release of chromium, cobalt, and nickel, secondary to implantation of various surface area exposures of F-75, a cast cobalt-chromium alloy, was studied over a 30 day period in the rat. Dose related elevations were observed in the serum concentration of chromium and cobalt but not of nickel, with the maxima being achieved at 3 days after metal implantation followed by declines in concentration. The chromium elevation, approximately twelvefold for a surface area to body weight (SA/BW) ratio of 300 x is similar to that previously reported in patients receiving total hip replacement arthoplasties. However, the cobalt elevation, twentyfold for a SA/BW ratio of 300 x, has not been previously observed. These serum concentration changes are as yet unexplained, but are probably not due to fibrous capsule maturation or alloy repassivation.
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    In situ immunoradiometric assay of fibrinogen adsorbed to artificial surfaces (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 547-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An in situ immunoradiometric assay was devised to quantitate human fibrinogen deposited on hemodialysis membrane, Cuprophane, from in vitro exposure to fibrinogen solution and from ex vivo extracorporally clinical use. The method requires a monospecific 125I-labeled antifibrinogen-IgG purified by DEAE chromatography and immunoadsorption. The labeled antifibrinogen IgG was shown to react specifically with fibrinogen adsorbed and immobilized (by glutaraldehyde) on Cuprophane. Other plasma proteins such as human albumin, IgG, or α-thrombin, adsorbed singly or coadsorbed with fibrinogen on the surface did not seem to affect the fibrinogen-antifibrinogen reaction. The presence of blood cells such as platelets and granulocytes with fibrinogen on Cuprophane reduced only slightly the uptake of 125I-antifibrinogen-IgG. The examination of fibrinogen-fibrin deposition on clinically used Cuprophane by this technique and by autoradiography of the same material following 125I-antifibrinogen-IgG conjugation indicated that the deposition of fibrinogen was heavy and heterogeneous. We concluded that this in situ method may be useful to monitor fibrinogen-fibrin deposition and adsorption of other plasma proteins that occur under in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo conditions.
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    The healing of hamster skin ulcers treated with n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl blue) (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 601-607 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of a commercially available n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl blueTri-Hawk International, 1570 Barré, Montréal, H4L 4M6 Quebec.) as a local treatment for cutaneous ulcers. Two ulcers, approximately 0.5 cm2 each, were made on the backs of 30 hamsters. The right side was covered with a thin film of tissue adhesive, while the left side was left untreated as a control. Animals were sacrificed at various times post-operatively, the tissue excised, processed, and examined with the light microscope. Results showed that cyanoacrylate decreased the inflammatory exudate early in the experiment, and epithelial migration occurred slightly earlier in experimental tissue. Scab formation was absent in experimental sites until the layer of adhesive was lost. After 2 days, healing was comparable in both experimental and control, and the sites were indistinguishable histologically at day 5.
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    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180601
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  • 26
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    Cytocompatibility of albuminated polyester fabrics (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 895-909 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An alternative to the usual technique of preclotting porous textile vascular prostheses prior to surgical implantation is to render them impermeable to blood by impregnation with a cross-linked albumin filler matrix. This material subsequently becomes the foundation for cellular development. The compatibility of such impregnated fabrics with newly formed endothelial cells has been evaluated by an in vitro organotypic culture method. This technique enables the characterization and numeration of cells that develop on blood contact surfaces and enables determination of their rate of development. Woven, knitted, and velour fabrics were evaluated folllowing coating with albumin and either storage in Tyrode solution or 40% ethanol or desiccation by critical point drying. Preclotted cardiovascular repair fabrics prepared according to conventional surgical protocol served as controls. The identification of the newly formed cells was confirmed histologically. The most extensive and rapid cellular development was observed on the woven fabric and is believed may have resulted from the smoother surface topography of this substrate. Good cellular development was noted particularly on fabrics which had been stored in Tyrode solution. Ethanol had a deleterious effect on the apparent compatibility.
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  • 27
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    Adsorption and reactivity of human prothrombin to artificial surfaces (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 695-705 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Human prothrombin in Tyrode's solution, in mock plasma (albumin, fibrinogen, and IgG mixture), and in citrated plasma adsorbs to Cuprophane, polyvinylchloride, and polyacrylonitrile surfaces. The adsorption of prothrombin is maximal in Tyrode's solution and minimal in plasma. The surface concentrations of prothrombin are highest on polyacrylonitrile, second on polyvinylchloride, and lowest on Cuprophane at all prothrombin concentrations tested in the bulk solution. Qualitative tests show that prothrombin adsorbed to polyvinylchloride can be activated by Taipan snake venom to generate thrombin that clots fibrinogen. However, more quantitative tests indicate that only part of the adsorbed prothrombin on all three materials can be activated to form thrombin exhibiting amidolytic activity. The partial reactivity of adsorbed prothrombin is further confirmed by release of 125I-peptide from surface bound 125I-prothrombin after treatment with Australian Taipan snake venom. Prothrombin bound to Cuprophane seems to promote granulocyte adhesion, but has no effect on platelet adhesion.
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  • 28
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    Toxic reactions evoked by glutaraldehyde-fixed pericardium and cardiac valve tissue bioprosthesis (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 727-736 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bovine pericardial tissue and tissue-derived bioprosthesis fixed in glutaraldehyde and stored in either glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde can induce cytotoxic reactions even after prolonged washing due to the slow leaching of the chemicals used for crosslinking and sterilizing. Sequential rinsing for up to 60 min was still not sufficient to eliminate cytotoxic effects. On the other hand, satisfactory results were obtained when cardiac valves made from glutaraldehyde fixed pericardium were stored in a solution containing 0.02% of propyl-hydroxy-benzoate and 0.18% methyl-hydroxy-benzoate. The valves stored in this solution and rinsed three times for 1 min in normal saline showed few signs of residual cytotoxicity. Rinsing in a solution containing glycine was partially effective in neutralizing the cytotoxic effect, and this or similar approaches offer good possibilities. The use of Chang cells grown in culture provides an excellent quantitative assay for the assessment of residual cytotoxicity and for evaluating the host response to different methods of fixation, storage, and rinsing of tissue derived bioprosthesis.
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    The influence of dentine on the in vitro cytotoxicity testing of dental restorative materials (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 771-779 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Few in vitro systems for testing dental restorative materials have taken into account the protection afforded by the residual dentine in vivo. In turn opinions differ as to whether an increase in residual dentine thickness increases this protection. In this study an increase in the depth of dentine powder beneath zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) reduced its toxicity, while this was not the case with the glass ionomer cement. Compaction of the powder had no effect, suggesting that protection was due to binding of the toxicant to the dentine rather than it acting as a physical barrier. Protein was shown to be very important in moderating the cytotoxicity of ZOE. These results suggest that in vivo the irritancy of some materials may be related to the depth of residual dentine but not others. The effect of exposure period and volume of these materials on their cytotoxicity was also investigated. Increasing the volume of ZOE while retaining the same surface area increased the toxicity of ZOE, while with the glass ionomer it had no effect.
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    Molecular weight characterization of virgin and explanted polyester arterial prostheses (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 881-894 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The macromolecular properties of 17 virgin commercial arterial prostheses and a series of explanted prostheses, both manufactured from poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) yarns, have been studied by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Only small differences were found between the average molecular weights and the degree of crystallinity of the unused reference grafts. A broadening of the DSC curves was observed for the prostheses containing texturized yarns compared with those made solely from flat, untexturized yarns. This broadening may be due to greater heterogeneity of the crystal sizes caused by the texturizing process and to the use of two or more different yarns with dissimilar thermal histories in the same prosthesis. Average molecular weights of the explant series were significantly lower than those of the corresponding reference grafts but almost time independent. The polydispersity index and the degree of crystallinity of the explants remained constant as a function of time. These results are discussed in regard to others available in the literature.
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    In vivo biocompatibility studies. V. In vivo leukocyte interactions with biomerR. E. Marchant received the Student's Award for this manuscript from the Society for Biomaterials, 1984, Washington, DC. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1169-1190 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A cage implant system was utilized to quantitatively and qualitatively characterize in vivo leukocyte interactions with cast Biomer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with cytochemical staining procedures were used to investigate the cellular events at the leukocyte/Biomer interface as well as in the inflammatory exudate over a 21-day implantation period. SEM was used to characterize leukocyte morphology on the Biomer surface and the cytochemical stains were used to differentially count leukocytes and to demonstrate intracellular alkaline and acid phosphatase activity. The results showed that the population density of leukocytes on the Biomer surface diminished with implantation time. The population density of multinucleated foreign body giant cells remained constant with time, while the numbers of nuclei per giant cell increased. The differential analysis revealed that macrophages preferentially adhered to the Biomer surface compared to other leukocytes in the exudate. The phagocytic capability of all adherent leukocytes, including giant cells, decreased with time and this corresponded to changes in leukocyte morphology observed with SEM.
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    Materials, clinical and morphological evaluation of custom-made bioreactive-glass-coated canine hip prostheses (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1017-1030 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bioreactive-glass-coated hip prostheses were implanted in dogs for periods of time ranging from 3 to 17 months. The prostheses were tailor-made for each animal through the use of standard radiographs. However, such a procedure does not necessarily yield a close apposition between the glass layer and bone. As a result, the initial stability of the component can be lost before bone bonding is established. Secondary to this phenomenon, the micromotion can lead to a continuous disruption of the top film on the glass despite the evidence of various reaction layers on the glass surface.
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    Irradiation crosslinking of the polytetrapeptide of elastin and compounding to dacron to produce a potential prosthetic material with elasticity and strength (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 11-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The poly(tetra peptide), H- (L·Val1-L·Pro2-Gly3-Gly4)n-L·Val-OMe, which is a recurring sequence in tropoelastin the precursor protein of the elastic fiber, has been irradiation crosslinked to produce an elastomeric material with limited strength. When a material such as a Dacron fabric is impregnated by the coacervate phase of the poly(tetra peptide) prior to irradiation crosslinking at 50 Mrad, the crosslinked product exhibits stress-strain curves with good elastomeric properties and high strength. In addition to the stress-strain curves, the material is characterized by scanning electron microscopy.
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    Evaluation of a chemical technique for determining the oxygen permeability of synthetic membranes (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 31-38 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The biocompatibility and high gas transfer characteristics of gas-permeable membranes have led to their use for total and supportive cardiopulmonary bypass. The gas transfer rates, particularly of oxygen, have previously been measured with sophisticated apparatus and this has restricted accurate measurements to a few laboratories. A simple chemical technique for measuring the oxygen permeability of synthetic membranes is described, in which sodium hydrosulfite is used to provide the highest possible oxygen gradient and the volume of oxygen crossing the membrane is measured volumetrically. Results agreed with those obtained with orthodox apparatus and replacement of the reducing agent with blood gave much lower oxygen transfer rates demonstrating the rheological influences of the blood upon oxygen transfer.
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    Permeability of heparinized hydrophilic polymer (H-RSD): Application to semipermeable membrane for microencapsulation of activated charcoal (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 17-30 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A series of heparinized hydrophilic polymers (H-RSD) composed of a hydrophobic element, a nonionic hydrophilic element, a cationic element and ionically bound heparin was synthesized. The permeability of the H-RSD polymers with various chemical compositions and water contents was investigated. From the studies on the permeability, it has been found that in order to maintain good permeability after heparinization, the nonionic hydrophilic element is necessary. In addition, the microencapsulation of activated charcoal granules using a H-RSD polymer with a similar permeability to that of Cuprophan was examined. In vitro adsorption studies and in vivo direct hemoperfusion studies on the activated charcoal microencapsulated with the H-RSD polymer, show that the H-RSD coating prevents clot formation without loss of the absorption power of the activated charcoal.
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    NMR spectroscopy of dental materials. I. 31P studies on phosphate-bonded cement liquids (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 39-49 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of phosphoric acid solutions containing zinc and aluminium indicates that zinc forms simple salts in solution, whereas aluminium forms a number of complexes, some of which are polymeric. The formation of the aluminophosphoric acid complexes controls the gelation and strengthening of the dental silicate cement and prevents the formation of crystalline zinc phosphate in the zinc phosphate cement.
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    Hemostatic and healing studies of sodium amylose succinate (IP760) (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 51-61 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Acute and chronic studies were performed in the canine model to evaluate a new topical hemostatic agent in terms of initial hemostatic capability and tissue/material interaction during the healing process. IP760, a porous amylose succinate material, was applied to large spenic surface wounds in six acute and twelve chronic animals. Microfibrillar collagen (Avitene) was used in twelve chronic animals for comparison. While the hemostatic capabilities of the two agents were comparable, marked differences were noted in the healing response. In the IP760-treated wound sites the acute inflammatory response, granulation tissue infiltration with fibrosis and healing occurred earlier and in a more homogeneous manner than in the Avitene-treated wound sites. Healing of the IP760-treated wounds occurred concomitantly with the development of granulation tissue and fibrosis and the rapid resorption of the IP760.
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    Notes. A model for the production of large volume exudate from the implant-tissue interface (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 87-91 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Phase identification and incipient melting in a cast Co-Cr surgical implant alloy (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 63-79 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Phase relationships in cast Co—Cr surgical implant alloys, heat treated at temperatures from 1180 to 1300°C, are reported. Interdendritic material was identified by selected area diffraction as a quaternary near eutectic mixture between sigma phase, M23C6, M7C3, and fcc Co. Incipient melting and subsequent resolidification of this near-eutectic mixture accounts for observations of behavior at temperatures above 1235°C. At temperatures just below its melting point the interdendritic material initially breaks down to M23C6, which subsequently dissolves in the Co matrix.
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    Cu2O and CuCl2·3Cu(OH)2 corrosion products on copper rich dental amalgamsBased in part on a presentation at the 1980 General Session of the American Association for Dental Research, Los Angeles, CA, March, 1980. (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In addition to Sn-rich corrosion products found in conventional amalgams, Cu-rich amalgams also form Cu-containing corrosion products. The nature of these Cu-rich products was investigated by immersion of samples of 13 Cu-rich amalgam systems in Ringer's solution for prolonged periods. SEM/EDS and x-ray diffraction studies were used to identify the compounds formed and their morphology. Two products were identified: Cu2O, a red product, and CuCl2·3Cu(OH)2, a green product.
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    Announcements (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 93-94 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160112
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    Masthead (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160201
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    The biocompatibility of polypyrrolidone in test implantation (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 95-104 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The biological compatibility of polypyrrolidone was investigated using subcutaneous implantation in rats. Acute (10 days) and chronic (360 days after implantation) tissue reaction was characterized numerically and compared with poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), used in the Drug Control Research Institute in Prague as a standard in the evaluation of polymers, for which good tolerance in the clinical practice has been demonstrated. Surface changes in the polymer were evaluated by using a scanning electron microscope.
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    A fabric pouch for maintaining transducer and catheter terminations (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 105-115 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Management of the chronically instrumented animal is improved by enclosing the terminations of catheters and transducer wires in a subcutaneous nylon velour pouch. Six or more days after implantation, an opening is made into the pouch by removing a portion of the overlying skin; subsequent healing processes provide a satisfactory bond. Thereafter the leads can be extracted and replaced without need for anesthesia or dissection. Results in 35 animals (26 dogs and 9 monkeys) for intervals up to four months showed fibrous encapsulation was complete in 28 and partial in 7, with no mortality or significant morbidity attributable solely to the presence of the pouch. Gross and microscopic tissue examination indicated a localized foreign body reaction in response to the nylon fibers. The technique is especially useful in experimental protocols for which continuous restraint is undesirable, such as the chronically instrumented primate periodically exposed to environmental stress.
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    The effects of proteins on metallic corrosion (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 125-134 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The corrosion of the pure metals aluminium, cobalt, copper, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, and titanium and of a cobalt-chromium molybdenum casting alloy has been studied in buffered saline with and without the presence of the proteins serum albumin and fibrinogen. The corrosion of aluminium and titanium was unaffected by the protein. The corrosion rates of chromium and nickel showed a slight increase, while cobalt and copper dissolved to a very much greater extent in the presence of protein. However, with molybdenum the corrosion was inhibited by protein.
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    The effect of pH on the in vitro degradation of poly(glycolide lactide) copolymer absorbable sutures (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 117-124 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The pH effect on the hydrolytic degradation of Polyglactin 910 copolymer was studied in terms of the tensile properties of the suture specimens. The use of a cord/yarn grip, newly designed specifically for fibrous materials, eliminated the grip-induced failure. Different degrees of hydrolytic degradation of this copolymer at 3 different pH levels were observed. The suture specimens exhibited the best retentions of breaking strength at the physiological pH of 7.44, while the specimens at pH = 10.09 showed the fastest loss of breaking strength. Thus, a maximum retention of tensile properties occurred around the pH level of 7.0, whereas smaller percentages of retention of tensile properties were observed at both acidic and strong alkaline solutions. This synthetic absorbable suture material exhibits the basic characteristic of hydrolysis which is catalyzed by both acid and base.
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    A study of the volumetric setting shrinkage of some dental materials (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The setting reaction of six dental materials has been studied by using a water dilatometer at 25° and 37°C. Where there is no water absorption during the test, the method gives reproducible values of the setting shrinkage and at the same time shows a clear physical picture of the entire setting process. This method is suitable for adaptation as a specification test for setting shrinkage and has good potential for being used as a supplementary or substitute test for initial and final set times.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160206
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    The effect of oxidation of copoly(L-alanine, L-methionine) membranes on oxygen permeability and tensile properties (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 181-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study pertains to the development of poly(α-amino acid) membranes which have potential as biomaterials. Copoly(L-alanine, L-methionine) membranes have been subjected to oxidation which produced a hydrophilic structure allowing the improvement of oxygen permeability. L-Methionine residues in the copolymers were converted to methionine sulfoxide and/or sulfone groups by action of hydrogen peroxide in various reaction compositions. Water absorption, permeability to oxygen dissolved in water, and tensile strength of the modified membranes were changed with the extent of oxidation. The water absorption was found to increase with oxidation time from 10 to 300%. The oxidation time dependency on the oxygen permeability coincided with the increase in the water absorption. The permeability coefficients of oxidized membranes were of the order of 10-9 cm3 (STP) cm/cm2 s cm Hg, while those of unoxidized membranes were approximately 10-11. As expected, the tensile strengths of oxidized membranes were smaller than those of unoxidized ones. In addition, the effect of L-alanine and L-methionine residue composition on the membrane properties is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160302
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    The influence of heparinized polymers on the retention of platelets aggregability during storage (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The change in aggregability of the platelets stored in the storage tube fabricated from a newly developed heparinized hydrophilic polymer (H-RSD) has been studied in comparison with plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) which is widely used for blood bags. Rabbit blood was directly withdrawn into the storage tube containing an anticoagulant from the carotid. Then the tube was mechanically sealed with screw cocks and centrifugated to prepare platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the tube and again mechanically clamped to separate the PRP from the residual precipitate. The PRP was stored in situ in the storage tube at room temperature under agitation. During storage, the change in the aggregability of the PRP induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was studied and the morphological change in the platelets adhered onto the inner surface of the storage tube was observed by scanning electron microscopy. In the H-RSD tube, the aggregability was maintained during two-day storage, while in the PVC tube, the aggregability was completely lost after one-day storage. The scanning electron microscopic studies demonstrated that the reduction in the aggregability of the stored platelets is closely correlated with the morphological deformation of the platelets adhered onto the surface of the storage tube.
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    Effect of fibronectin on the adhesion of an established cell line to a surface reactive biomaterial (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 195-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We have demonstrated that an established hamster cell line (NIL 8 M-2) will adhere to the bioceramic bioglass. The rate at which the NIL 8 M-2 cells assume a spread morphology on bioglass is density dependent and the morphology displayed by NIL 8 M-2 cells attached to bioglass is much more elongated than that displayed by NIL 8 M-2 cells attached to nonreactive glass. Precoating the bioglass with the plasma form of human fibronectin significantly reduces the density dependent nature of cell spreading. Coating the bioglass with fibronectin also reduces the time required for cell spreading and changes the morphology of the attached cells from an elongated to an extremely flattened shape. Our work raises the possibility that bone-implant adhesion might be improved by introducing molecules relevant to cell-substrate attachment into the biomaterial prior to implantation.
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    Effect of pore size on the peel strength of attachment of fibrous tissue to porous-surfaced implants (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 571-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Twenty-four rectangular metal plates were fabricated with surface regions in three different pore size ranges (5-20 μm, 20-50 μm, 50-200 μm). The plates were implanted into the dorsal subcutaneous tissue of 12 adult mongrel dogs for periods of 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. After animal sacrifice, the fibrous tissue which adhered to the porous-surfaced regions of each plate was mechanically peeled off to give an indication of the strength of tissue attachment. The tissue was examined by both transmitted light and scanning electron microscopy. At each time period, the tissue that contacted the porous regions was found to be collagenized fibroconnective tissue. The mechanical tests indicated an increasing strength of tissue attachment with increasing implantation time and pore size range. The largest pore size range of approximately 50-200 μm produced a mean peel strength of attachment of 27.5 g/mm at the 16-week period.
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    Durability of pyrolytic carbon-containing heart valve prosthesesA portion of this work was presented at the Conference on Implant Retrieval: Material and Biological Analysis, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD, May 1-2, 1980. (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 559-570 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: To assess abrasive wear of mechanical valve prostheses containing pyrolytic carbon components, we recovered at necropsy or surgery and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and surface profilometry eight prostheses. Seven were implanted for 30-85 (mean 50 months). Valves included DeBakey aortic (2), DeBakey mitral (1), Beall mitral (2), Bjork-Shiley aortic (1), Cooley-Cutter mitral (1), and Lillehei-Kaster (L-K) tricuspid (1). All carbon occluders had undetectable wear. Carbon cage struts had a superficial burnish. Metallic struts had insignificant wear marks. In contrast, a Teflon Beall Model 104 valve implanted for 34 days and similarly analyzed had considerable material loss from the cage struts. This study suggests that clinically important abrasive wear will not be a late complication of cardiac valve replacement with pyrolytic carbon prostheses.
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    Determination of extractable methylene dianiline in thermoplastic polyurethanes by HPLC (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 961-968 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Polyurethanes are finding increasing utilization in biomedical applications. Recently, the reported finding of methylene dianiline (4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, MDA) in the aqueous extracts of autoclaved 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanatebased polyurethanes promoted our investigation of the origin and extent of extractable methylene dianiline in polyurethanes. A high-pressure liquid chromatography procedure using precolumn derivatization is utilized to selectively monitor the appearance of this diamine in the aqueous extracts of polyurethanes subjected to water immersion, heat aging, and various sterilization techniques. No MDA was found in the aqueous extracts of the treated polyurethane except for the case of prolonged steam autoclaving. The appearance of 3-5 ppb MDA in the extract under these conditions is attributed to hydrolysis of the polymer. The stability of the polyurethanes under most conditions renders these materials useful in biomedical applications.
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    The binding of metal salts and corrosion products to cells and proteins in vitroThis paper was presented in part at the seventh annual meeting of the Society for Biomaterials, 1981. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1005-1015 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The binding of metal ions from salts and from corrosion products of 316 LVM stainless steel and MP-35 to blood cells and serum proteins was studied in vitro. In the first series of experiments, metal salts were added to whole blood and then the blood separated into red cells, white cells, and serum. Nickel from nickel chloride or corrosion products of stainless steel bound in very small quantities to blood cells. Cobalt from cobalt chloride bound to both red cells and white cells. Chromium from chromic chloride (Cr3+) bound to cells in very small quantities whereas chromium from potassium dichromate (Cr6+) and corrosion products showed very high to binding to red cells and some binding to white cells. In a second series of experiments the blood was separated into its components and then the metal salts were added and the binding pattern was identical. In a third series of experiments serum which had interacted with the metal salts or corrosion products was separated into its components by isolectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. Almost all of the metal, whatever the source, was detected in the albumin region of the gels indicating strong binding to albumin. These studies on the cell and protein binding of the metals help to explain the dissemination of corrosion products from the site of the implant and subsequent systemic responses by some individuals.
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    Polyester prostheses as substitutes in the thoracic aorta of dogs. II. Evaluation of albuminated polyester grafts stored in ethanol (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1059-1072 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In an attempt to find an alternative procedure to the preclotting of porous textile vascular prostheses, the feasibility of an albumin coating and ethanol preservation technique has been evaluated by implanting albuminated polyester prostheses as substitutes in the thoracic aorta of dogs. Nine different grafts representing woven, knitted, and velour constructions were implanted for periods ranging from 4 h to 6 months. At the sacrifice, the grafts were excized for measurement of the thrombogenicity of the flow surface, for pathological examination by light microscopy and SEM, and for quantifying the changes in the textile structure during implantation. Also the kidneys were removed and examined for infarcts caused by trapped circulating emboli. The healing characteristics of the nine different grafts proved similar and followed the same sequence of events as preclotted control grafts. The albumin coating and ethanol preservation resulted in a somewhat slower rate of healing. Yet, given sufficient time, a more completely healed graft was achieved as evidenced by the presence of endothelial-like cells throughout the length of the graft. In addition, the albumin is believed to reinforce the textile structure by reducing the tendency to stretch and dilate in vivo.
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    The antithrombotic effect of prostaglandin E1 immobilized on albuminated polymer matrix (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1115-1124 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: For intravascular implantation, a biofunctional surface seems to retard surface thrombosis upon synthetic materials. Prostaglandins, like PGI2, PGE1, and PGD2, etc., are believed to stimulate membrane-bound adenyl cyclase and thereby raise intracellular levels of c-AMP within platelets, which inhibit platelet adhesion and aggregation. A new procedure is suggested for the immobilization of prostaglandin E1 on an albuminated polymer matrix, through glutaraldehyde coupling. Materials thus prepared show dramatic antiplatelet effects, with regard to platelet adhesion, when compared with albumin-immobilized surfaces. The affinity of various modified surfaces toward platelet adhesion is studied, using washed platelets suspended in Tyrode's solution. Octane contact angle studies are used to develop an understanding of the varied nature of bound substrates at equilibrium on polymer surfaces. These are studied at the solid/liquid interface, which is closest to in vivo conditions. The plasma recalcification time demonstrates the anticoagulant properties of various surfaces. A possible role of PGE1 in reducing platelet activity in the presence and absence of vitamin C is discussed. This technique may be used in the development of nonthrombogenic surfaces on existing biomedical polymers. Simultaneous pharmaceutical modification of the blood with vitamin C may enhance the blood compatibility of the surface.
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    Controlled release rate of a lipophilic drug (BCNU) from a refillable silicone rubber device (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 669-677 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The release rates of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), an anticancer drug, from various kinds of silicone and silicone-nylon implantable and refillable devices were investigated in vitro. The devices were made with different surface areas and wall thicknesses. The relation of the release rate at steady state to the surface area and the relation of the release rate per unit surface area to the wall thickness were determined. The relationship among the release rate, the surface area, and the wall thickness was analyzed using the multiple regression method, and is represented on a three-dimensional graph. The multiple regression equation predicts the release rate from the surface area and the wall thickness; the release rate can also be read from a nomogram that is presented.
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    Special report: Biomedical materials research in Japan (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 721-733 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160518
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    Enzymatic removal of formalin-fixed tissues from polyester arteries, and its effect on physical properties of fibersAn oral presentationof the resultts of this article was made before the Medical Plastics Division of the Society of Plastic Engineers, 39th Annual Technical Conference, Boston, MA, May 4, 1981. (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 659-668 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A method is presented that can be utilized for the removal of formalin-fixed tissues from arterial grafts without. Affecting fiber material properties. Such a method could prove highly useful for studying the changes in the structure and properties of graft fiber as functions of important clinical variables. Information on what actually happens to the arterial graft material in situ with passage of time is greatly lacking in the current graft literature. The method proposed involves treatment of the formalin fixed fiber-tissue complex with an enzymatic preparation containing enzymes derived from the porcine pancreas (pancreatin) in solution with tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffer at pH 7.6. Studies with two different grafts - a Microknit Dacron Bifurcation from a clinical patient 10¼ years after implantation and stored in formalin for 11 months, and a Sauvage Filamentous Velour of Dacron from an animal 24 h after implantation and stored in formalin for nine months - showed that the treatment was highly effective in completely removing the tissues at concentrations of pancreatin as low as 2.5%. The same treatment given to the virgin yarns of grafts revealed no significant effects on tensile, dimensional, and morphological properties.
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    Failure of ceramic hip endoprostheses by slow crack growth  -  lifetime predictionThis paper was presented to the meeting of the European Society of Biomaterials, Brussels, May 22-24, 1978, and was supplemented by new references in 1981. (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 705-713 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The slow crack propagation velocity v, which depends on the stress intensity factor K, has been measured for three different high-density aluminas. Assuming a load history for the prosthesis which approximates conditions during walking, the lifetimes of the components of a total hip endoprothesis were calculated as a function of the initial flaw size. Different geometries for the preexisting cracks, as well as varying physiological parameters, were considered. It is shown that the lifetime is very dependent on the quality of the material and that it is reduced by increased body weight, walking speed, and varus positioning. Comparison of failure behavior in different parts of the femoral component showed that flaws in the stem must be one order of magnitude smaller than those in the neck to achieve comparable lifetimes.
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    On the characterization of porosity in PTFE-carbon composite implant materials by mercury porosimetry (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 715-719 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Questions have been raised about the use of mercury intrusion porosimetry to measure interconnecting pore sizes and void volumes in relatively soft and flexible materials such as porous implant composites of PTFE and carbon fibers. We have studied the effect of precompression of one such commercial composite on the mercury intrusion curves which cover all pore diameters greater than about 16 μm, the range of interest for tissue ingrowth applications. Prior compression by a pressure 20% greater than that encountered by the material during a mercury intrusion experiment did not change the ensuing pore size distribution curve, as compared with a noncompressed sample. Deformation of the material at higher pressures sufficient to decrease the sample volume inelastically by 17, 33, and 67% changed the shape of the mercury intrusion curves significantly, indicating that this technique can be used to detect prior deformation of an “unknown” sample. In the undeformed material, less than 15% of the total void as measured by mercury porosimetry consists of interconnecting pores 〉 100 μm in diameter and more than 50% of the void volume is composed of pores 〈40 μm in diameter.
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    Academic focus: The biomaterials program at the university of Washington (Seattle) (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 735-740 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160519
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    Announcements (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 755-755 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160521
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    Dissolution of amalgam in saline solution (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 767-774 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The experiment was designed to investigate the in vitro corrosion of several modern dental amalgams in saline solution over a six-month period by measuring changes in the soluble corrosion products. Based on the change of the electrical conductivity of the solution, the dissolution rate seemed to decrease gradually for the first three to four months. Then a rapid increase was observed, indicating a reactivated corrosion process. Larger dissolutions of copper and mercury were observed, especially for the high copper alloys, in these later stages. Zinc and indium, if present, were preferentially released at the earlier stages. Silver and tin could not be detected. Evidence exists that the corrosion of tin results in insoluble deposits of corrosion products.
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    Wetting characteristics and blood clotting on surfaces of acylated chitins (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 757-766 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Various acylated chitins, including formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, caproyl, capryl, lauroyl, and benzoylchitin, were evaluated as materials for blood contact surfaces by means of contact angle and blood-clotting time measurements. Critical surface tensions of acylated chitins varied within the range of 20-30 dyn cm-1 and were dependent on the length of the acyl side chains. Furthermore, the dispersion and nondispersion components of the surface tension show remarkable differences which are dependent on the type of acyl group attached to chitin. The chitin derivative with 2.0 acetyl groups per N-acetylglucosamine residue gave values of the dispersive and nondispersive components of the surface tension that are very close to those obtained for glutaraldehyde-treated umbilical cord vessels. All of the acylated chitin surfaces show longer clotting times than the original chitin surface.
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    Stress analysis of porcine bioprosthetic heart valves in vivo (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 811-826 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: During the normal functioning of aortic porcine bioprosthetic valves, the leaflets undergo complex configurational changes which can produce stresses large enough to damage the leaflets. Stress analyses of these valves in vivo have not been performed before. We investigated the behavior of aortic bioprostheses in vivo in calves by placing radiopaque markers on the valves and observing them under x-ray. Based upon the behavior of the leaflets, a method of stress analysis is proposed. Membrane stresses were associated with a pressure gradient across the leaflet and bending stresses with a change in the leaflet curvature. Total stresses were obtained by summation of the two stresses. A model of leaflet deformation at its attachment is proposed and the stresses determined. In diastole, the total stresses in the leaflet were tensile. In systole, the total stresses at the leaflet attachment were large and compressive on the aortic surface. Since the leaflet is unable to sustain compressive stresses, it is concluded that large compressive stresses cause structural damage at the leaflet attachment. This may explain the clinical observation that bioprosthetic leaflets detach or calcify in this region.
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    Compressive strength of implanted porous replamineform hydroxyapatite (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 39-45 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Porous replamineform hydroxyapatite is a nontoxic, nonallergenic synthetic ceramic currently under investigation as an implant for restoration of atrophic edentulous ridges. Previous studies have demonstrated its capacity to permit the ingrowth of bone into its pores. Evaluation of the material was carried out to determine its eventual compressive strength following implantation. Bony penetration results in a significant increase in strength, judged to be sufficient for support of dentures.
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    Long-term compressive creep deformation and damage in acrylic bone cements (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 25-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Compressive creep tests were performed on five commercially available acrylic bone cements under conditions simulating in vivo usage. Measured creep strains are quite large, generally exceeding elastic strains. Large variations in creep response were noted among the various cements, with a carbon-reinforced cement by far the most resistant to creep. The empirical model ∊ = a exp(bσ)tn was found to predict creep strains within about 10% of the measured values. Microscopic examination of some specimens after testing revealed significant cracking, resulting from long-term loading, that could be a contributing cause of time-dependent failure.
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    Isolation of serum protein organometallic corrosion products from 316LSS and HS-21 in vitro and in vivo (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 99-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An investigation into blood-borne organometallic compounds that arise from the corrosion of metals used in orthopedic prosthetic devices was conducted using an in vivo rat model with an implantation time of 10 days and an in vitro human serum model with an incubation time of 5 days. Both models involved 316LSS and HS-21Haynes Stellite 21: Stellite Division of Cobalt Corporation, Kokomo, Indiana (An alloy of very similar composition to ASTM F-75) in the spherical powder form of 55 ± 5 μm microns in diameter at three different surface areas to body weight ratios. Gel chromatography on cross-linked dextran (G-200) was used to fractionate the serum proteins which bound the metal ions (chromium, cobalt, and nickel) released and identify them. Atomic-absorption-spectrophotometry analysis measured the concentration of the metal ions in each serum protein peak as well as whole serum from both models, and red cell and tissue from the in vivo model. Within the serum proteins, the metal ions were bound to two of the principal serum protein peaks. Similar distributions of the metals among the serum protein peaks were not noted.
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    Letters to the editor (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 123-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180112
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    Histological evaluation of porous titanium cardiac pacemaker electrode tips (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 47-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An investigation of the tissue reaction to five porous titanium alloy pacemaker electrode tips inserted in sheep hearts was made. Attachment of the electrode tips to the endocardial wall was facilitated by fibrous tissue ingrowth into the porous material. Vascularized fibrocollagenous tissue was found within the pores of the tips. One tip was found to be infected. The presence of occasional multinucleated foreign-body giant cells within the porosity was related to the particulate features of the porous tip. The electrode tips had a reduced sensing impedance compared with conventional solid platinum tips. The present findings are consistent with previous observations relating to porous cobalt-chromium alloy and porous platinum-iridium alloy tips and suggest that porous titanium alloy may be a suitable pacemaker electrode tip material.
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    The glutaraldehyde-stabilized porcine aortic valve xenograft. II. Effect of fixation with or without pressure on the tensile viscoelastic properties of the leaflet material (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 79-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We have examined the tensile viscoelastic properties of circumferential and radial strips of porcine aortic valve leaflets following fixation in glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde, with or without pressure. After aldehyde treatment, the radial strips remained weaker and less stiff than circumferential strips and responded slightly differently to the treatment. After fixation, with or without pressure, the radial strips showed large changes in stress-strain and hysteresis responses due to initial loading, and there was a twofold reduction in tensile strength and final stiffness. For strips in both directions, fixation without pressure produced doubled extensibility and a ramping stress-strain curve. Permanent (plastic) deformation of 5-20% occurred as a result of cyclic loading, stress relaxation, and creep experiments. Pressure fixation, however, produced little change in stress-strain results other than a simple shift to lower strain and produced no plasticity. Both methods of fixation reduced stress relaxation and creep. Mechanical test results are consistent with a loss of ground substance matrix during fixation. Reductions in tensile strength after fixation may be due to “riveting” of collagen geometry, producing local stress concentrations.
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    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180201
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    Editorial (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. iii 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180202
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    On the true wear rate of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene in the total knee prosthesis (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 207-224 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this investigation was to assess the magnitude of the true wear of the polyethylene components of several total knee replacements. Five different prostheses were tested by total joint simulation for the equivalent of 1 month of use. The true wear rates of the tibial components were measured by quantitative recovery of the polyethylene debris. After testing, the tibial components were examined in the scanning electron microscope, and the molecular weight distributions were analyzed. The wear rates were found to range from 0.3 to 1.8 mg per month. The soluble fraction molecular weights ranged from 179,000 to 393,000 with 53-78% soluble. The wear rates, significantly larger than those observed for total hip prostheses, are dominated by the high contact stresses in these prostheses. The wear results in dimensional changes, which are of the same order of magnitude as those due to creep. The debris had two components: fine fibrous particles, found in all cases, and coarse granules, found when the wear rate is relatively high. Evidence for fatigue cracking was found at the surfaces of the tibial component with the highest wear rate. This behavior is consistent with other investigations of the material itself and indicates that continuous deterioration of the polyethylene should be expected in this class of prosthesis.
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    Masthead (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180301
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    Reduction in complement activation from biomaterials by removal of air nuclei from the surface roughness (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 255-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The activation of the rabbit complement system by each of three different synthetic materials is reported. Samples of each type of material were subjected to one of two different priming procedures. One priming procedure was intended to remove the air nuclei from the surface roughness of the materials; the other procedure was just the normal one. It was found that the removal of the air nuclei during priming reduced the complement activation by each of the two materials of lower surface tension, but not by a statistically significant amount for the material of highest surface tension, cellophane. For the denucleated samples of the three materials, the amount of complement activation was found to correlate with the critical surface tension of the materials; if the samples of the materials were normally primed, there was no correlation of the amount of complement activation with the critical surface tension of the material.
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    In vivo biocompatibility studies. II. Biomer: Preliminary cell adhesion and surface characterization studies (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 309-315 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Streaming potential and streaming current measurements to estimate surface conduction and electric double layer structure of biomaterials (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 317-320 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Design criteria for percutaneous devices (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 357-382 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A theoretical model of a percutaneous device is described. The model is split into several components, each with its own function. Special structures such as horns, hair, feathers, fingernails, hoofs, teeth, and antlers are taken as examples where nature has solved the problems of “percutaneous devices.” These structures have been regarded in relation to dimensional and structural differences of epidermis, dermis, and subcutis. Theoretical guidelines are described for the design of a prosthetic percutaneous device.
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    Some factors that influence prolonged interfacial continuity (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 383-393 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bringing a percutaneous implant through the integument with the intentions of leaving it as a functional device for prolonged periods of time has not yet become a reality. If we are ever to achieve prolonged uninfected implants, attention must be directed toward a variety of failure mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms have defined our scrutiny, and our awareness of others are poorly understood. Some of the causes for failure of a percutaneous implant are the forces, either extrinsic or intrinsic, that cause shearing and tearing at the skin-implant interface. Extrinsic forces are defined as those forces applied either to the skin or the implant by the external environment. Intrinsic forces are those that have to do directly or indirectly with the body's growth and cell maturation, such as the retraction of maturing scar tissue and the surface migration of squamous epithelium. An intact skin-implant interface is important to attain in order to close the portal which might allow microbial invasion. The integument must remain intact, since a suppurative wound makes the implant's removal mandatory.
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    Infection of percutaneous devices: Prevention, monitoring, and treatment (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 403-411 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Infection continues to pose the major obstacle to long-term percutaneous access. Development of methods to prevent infection or techniques to determine early onset of infection at a time when antibiotic therapy may prove successful would be of enormous value. Our laboratory has been working toward developing and testing a noninvasive semiquantitative swab culture technique (SQ) to monitor percutaneous leads for infection. This technique was found to have a 76% sensitivity having identified 47 of 62 organisms detected by a quantitative tissue culture technique (Q) at the time of system explant. Furthermore, 47 of 61 organisms identified by the SQ technique accurately detected those isolated by the Q techniques. Accordingly, the SQ technique has a 77% specificity. This technique was capable of detecting organisms a median of 14 days prior to overt clinical infection. Prompt initiation of oral antibiotic treatment based on SQ results has doubled system survival compared with untreated systems. Clearly, the SQ technique has proven useful to monitoring percutaneous devices.
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    Bond strength and hardness of light-activated composite resins (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 789-796 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The bond strength of visible light-activated composites to etched enamel was measured as a function of exposure time. Studies have shown that the bottom surface may not be as hard as the top after customary cure times. Therefore this study also measured hardness and related it to enamel bonding. Plexiglas molds were used to simulate extracoronal applications where light is not attenuated by enamel. Bond strength and hardness of the bottom surfaces reached maximum values after the same exposure times with two of the three composites. More exposure time than normally recommended by manufacturers was needed to obtain maximum bond strength to enamel.
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    Correlation of tissue reaction to corrosion in osteosynthetic devicesThe opinions or assertions contained herein are the private opinions of the authors and are not the official views of the Department of The Air Force. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 817-828 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study evaluated the interaction of osteosynthetic plates to adjacent tissue. Eleven patients had 13 plates removed with simultaneous biopsies of the adjacent soft tissue. Four patients had pain localized to the area of the plate and 11 patients had routine removal or removal for fracture nonunion. Each plate was graded on a 0-5 point scale for the amount and severity of corrosion present at the screw - plate interface. The adjacent tissue was fixed in formalin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The tissue reaction was graded on a 0-5 point scale based on the inflammatory response. A positive correlation of corrosion and tissue reaction was found that was significant at p ≤ 0.005 in the assymptomatic group. The other good correlation showed that tissue reaction tends to decrease with time at p ≤ 0.005. There was no correlation of corrosion with tissue reaction in the symptomatic removal group. All patients with pain adjacent to the plates were relieved by implant removal. The findings suggest that stainless steel is minimally toxic to human tissue in most circumstances and that the toxic products are well tolerated. There was a significant group (4/11) that showed a different pattern of tissue response which did not appear to be toxic response. We do not recommend routine implant removal to prevent metal toxicity; however, there is a group of patients who have pain in the area of the implant that may be caused by an allergic reaction and is relieved by implant removal.
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    Academic focus: Graduate study in dental materials science at New York university college of dentistry (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 867-870 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180802
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    Extracorporeal removal of mercury by hemoperfusion through agarose - polymercaptal microsphere beads (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 617-629 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Uniform agarose - polymercaptal microsphere beads (APMMB) of 1.0-mm diameter were prepared by encapsulating thousands of polymercaptal microspheres of 0.8-μm average diameter within an agarose matrix. Those beads show a high avidity and affinity for mercury and readily remove mercury compounds bound to serum proteins. In vivo detoxification trials in dosed rabbits and dogs showed the effectiveness of the APMMB for removal of mercury compounds by hemoperfusion. The rate for mercury removal is enhanced by addition of cysteine. The biocompatibility of the APMMB, measured by the depletion of the formed elements and various soluble components of the blood, is also demonstrated.
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    Equilibrium adsorption of human serum albumin and human fibrinogen on hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 685-693 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The adsorption of human serum albumin and human fibrinogen on flat surfaces was quantitatively determined by measuring the decrease in UV absorption in the adsorption solution. The applicability of the method is discussed for hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials. The values of equilibrium adsorption are presented - albumin on polyethylene, and fibrinogen on polyethylene, carbon, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), and cellophane.
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    An in vivo method for the biological evaluation of metal implantsPresented in part at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Society for Biomaterials, 1983. (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 829-844 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The peritoneal cavity of the rat was used as an implantation site in order to study the quantitative, cellular response and the qualitative, histopathological response to three metals (Ag, Sn, Cu). The effects of the metals on the cells were correlated with the cellular concentrations of the metal as determined by chemical analysis. Small variations in the cell population and a minimal foreign body reaction was observed with an implanted control material (silicone polymer). Large increases in the number of cells and an intense foreign body reaction was observed with Cu implants. Decreases in the number of cells were seen with Sn and Ag implants, but only Sn elicited a foreign body reaction. Implantation of Ag failed to elicit a foreign body reaction. Significant concentrations of all three metals were detected in the retrieved cells.
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    Difference of bond bonding behavior among surface active glasses and sintered apatite (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 845-859 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Three types of surface active glasses and sintered apatite were implanted in femurs of rabbits for 8 and 16 weeks and subjected to the push-out test to measure the bone bonding strength. The apatite surface layers of these materials, which were formed under in vitro treatment, were studied using IR, NMR, and AES. The difference in the bonding strength among these materials was shown statistically. The results of in vitro experiments explained the differences. It was concluded that the crystal chemistry and formation rate of the surface apatite layer significantly influenced the bonding strength. Materials that formed a surface apatite layer having a bone-like crystal chemistry and fast formation rate showed high bone bonding strength.
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    Announcement (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1191-1192 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180918
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    The activation of the complement system by polymer materials and their blood compatibility (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 969-978 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The activation of the complement system by polymer materials and their blood compatibility. One of the negative effects of the clinical application of various blood-containing biomedical devices is the activation of the complement system induced by a foreign surface. A method of determining the hemolytic activity of human serum complement before and after contact with polymers was chosen in order to elucidate the relationship between polymer surface types and the degree of complement activation. The complement activation of each donor proved to depend both on his own complement reactivity and the type of polymer surface. The role played by each constituent was estimated using the rate constants for spontaneous (ksp) and induced (kind) complement activation. The negative correlation (-0,88, p 〈 0,001) between the degree of irreversible adsorption of 131I-serum albumin and relative kind was determined. Thus, we propose the use of kind for the criterion of conformation alterations of protein macromolecules induced by the adsorption/desorption processes on blood/surface interface, leading to complement activation.
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    Morphological characteristics of tendon cells cultured on synthetic fibers (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1073-1087 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Filamentous carbon is currently being used as an implant material for tendon and ligament repair in humans. This material acts as a scaffold for the organization of new fibrous tissue growth. Primary cultures of rat tendon fibroblast cells (1° RTF cells) were grown on carbon, Dacron, polyethylene and Nylon fibers in vitro. The morphological characteristics of these cells were examined. The process of cell migration from tendon explant to fiber substrate was similar for all four materials. Three morphological categories of cells were observed on these materials. (1) spherical dividing cells, (2) spindle-shaped migrating cells, (3) sheath-like migrating or stationary cells. The morphological characteristics and orientational behavior of cultured fibroblasts on these fiber materials were strongly influenced by the diameters of the fibers and by fiber surface characteristics such as longitudinal striations. The possible mechanisms of cell response to substrate geometric configuration are discussed along with the clinical significance of these experiments.
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    In vivo validation of a cell culture test for biocompatibility testing of urinary catheters (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1125-1135 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Biocompatibility tests have been compared for their suitability as routine safety tests for urinary catheters. Latex catheters from five manufacturers were tested by each of the following four methods: (1) a cell culture cytotoxicity assay of catheter extracts, (2) intracutaneous injection of the extracts into rabbits, (3) intramuscular implant of catheter pieces into rabbits, (4) catheterization of sheep (mucous membrane irritation). The rabbit intracutaneous and intramuscular tests are both current pharmacopoeial methods for ascertaining the suitability of polymers for medical use. The four tests each showed a cell or tissue response ranging from no detectable change to severe damage, according to the catheter batch or brand, and they each identified the same samples as most toxic and least toxic. However, they differed in sensitivity. The sheep test and the cell culture assay discriminated between catheters of intermediate toxicity and ranked as toxic catheters not identified as such by the two pharmacopoeial tests. The sheep test most closely approximates clinical usage, but is impractical for routine use. The cell culture assay is a suitable alternative. It also has the advantages of a clearly defined endpoint, good sensitivity, reproducibility, speed, and reduced animal usage.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180914
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    Extracorporeal removal of specific antibodies by hemoperfusion through the immunosorbent agarose-polyacrolein microsphere beads: Removal of anti-bovine serum albumin in animals (1984)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 18 (1984), S. 1153-1167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We describe (1) the production of a unique immunosorbent system, agarose-polyacrolein microsphere beads (APAMB) for removal of a specific antibody, anti BSA, and (2) its efficacy in animal trials. This is a model system for hemoperfusive removal of specific antibodies or antigens directly from whole blood. The agarose beads (1.0 mm mean diameter) contain thousands of microspheres of 0.2 m̈m mean diameter. The microspheres which contain the ligand are encapsulated within an agarose matrix to confer physical strength, biocompatibility, spacial configuration, and porosity allowing rapid entry of plasma for reaction. Any antigen may be linked covalently to spacers on the polyacrolein microspheres to remove a specific antibody, or vice versa. Thus the APAMB remove specific molecules in contrast to the charcoal or ion exchange resins currently in use. Removal of antibody is efficient and rapid, therefore, short hemoperfusive times may be used. The beads are biocompatible; there are negligible decreases in RBC, WBC and platelets. Electrolytes and other soluble components also are minimally affected. Therapy, at the least palliative, of autoimmune disorders i.e., multiple myeloma, macroglobinemia, autohemolytic anemias, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroiditis, glomerulonephritis, etc, is potentially available with this or its further improved versions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820180916
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    Comments on cell adhesion to biomaterial surfaces: The origin of saturation in platelet deposition - is it kinetic or thermodynamic? (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 169-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160209
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  • 96
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    Considerations on manufacturing principles of a synthetic burn dressing: A review (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 245-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This review presents various considerations on the construction of a synthetic burn dressing, based mainly on collagen protein. Membranous wound covers are compared with sponge-felt types, monocomponental with composite. The importance of collagen crosslinking agent and the nonextractibility of any component from the dressing material are discussed. According to the type of the burn the dressing should be used dry or wet, plain or medicated, and changed often to reduce substantially the presence of necrotic tissue, inflammatory cells of the granulation tissue, and bacterial contamination.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160306
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  • 97
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    The promotion of adhesion by the infiltration of monomers into tooth substrates (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effectiveness of 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) on the adhesion of an acrylic rod with etched dentine and enamel was studied. Etching of tooth substrates with a 10% citric acid-3% ferric chloride solution prior to the adhesion proved effective. Monomers with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups like 4-META promoted the infiltration of monomers into the hard tissue. The infiltrated monomers polymerized in situ and good adhesion with the tooth substrates took place. The tensile adhesive strength was 18 MPa on the etched dentine. Scanning electron microscopic studies suggested that the monomers possess affinity with the hard tissue. The good adhesion was not provided by the interlocking at the tubules as had been considered previously.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160307
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  • 98
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    Rheological studies of the polymerization of elastomeric impression materials. III. Dynamic stress relaxation modulus (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 345-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: As part of a detailed study of the curing of a range of dental elastomeric impression materials, the 10-s stress relaxation modulus was measured as a function of the curing time. The influence of the catalyst/base ratio was also investigated and compared with the pregel viscosity previously studied. Using the theory of network formation and an understanding of the chemistry of these materials, the modulus data were interpreted in terms of the polymerization kinetics. The addition silicones exhibited the most abrupt transition between the gel and final set stage, which is close the ideal response. The clinical significant of the results is discussed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160404
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  • 99
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    Application of immunoperoxidase method to electron microscopic observation of plasma protein on polymer surface (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 359-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The immunoperoxidase technique was applied to observe the electron microscopic presence of human plasma protein on a polymer surface. Two types of polymer material, i.e., Dacron and a newly synthesized heparinized hydrophilic polymer (H-RSD, Toray Industries, Inc.), showed different reactions to human plasma proteins. The hydrophobic Dacron showed a decreased affinity for plasma albumin, but a greater affinity for fibrinogen, α1-lipo-protein, and β-lipoprotein when compared to H-RSD. The thrombo-resistant H-RSD showed a relatively strong affinity for albumin, but in a spotty or focal manner. Most of the H-RSD surface did not adsorb albumin. Fibrinogen adsorption was observed in areas smaller than albumin adsorption. The adsorption of fibrinogen appeared to occur through certain material. The α-lipoprotein and β-lipoprotein were not adsorbed on the H-RSD. The immunoperoxidase method is a sensitive and useful technique in studying the interactions between plasma proteins and the surface of polymer materials.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160405
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  • 100
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    The influence of implant geometry on the stress distribution around dental implants (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 369-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A three-dimensional finite element stress analysis has been used to investigate the influence that variations in the infrastructural geometry of a blade-type dental implant have on the stress distribution around LTI carbon and aluminum oxide implants. The finite element model was constructed based upon an analysis of serial sections of a retrieved implant specimen. In addition to the implant, the finite element model contained a three-unit fixed bridge connected to a natural molar with periodontal membrane. The removal of the bridge allowed for the study of freestanding implants and molar. Variations in the implant blade geometry were found to produce significant changes in the stress distributions around bridged and freestanding aluminum oxide implants. Very little effect, however, was observed around the LTI carbon implants. A comparison of the stresses around the freestanding molar and the stresses around the bridged and freestanding implants was made to determine the implant dessign that came closest to reproducing the stress state around the modeled molar. The LTI carbon system that best achieved this stress state was found to be a full-blade implant used in conjunction with a tooth as an abutment in a fixed bridge. The aluminum oxide system that best achieved this stress state was found to be of the post or short-blade design used as a freestanding implant.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160406
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