ALBERT

Description: The bogs of S. E. Groningen are part of the great peat-marshes extending from S. E. Drente as far as N.W. Germany inclusive. So far as the territory of Westerwolde is concerned, people have begun digging off very early. According to the map by Krayenhoff in 1816 nearly the whole peat-marsh westward from the line Blijham—Termaarsch had already been reclaimed, only a few parts still being covered with the original peat-layer (cf. map, fig. 1). The digging off east of the above line commences at the beginning of the 19th century on the borderland of Groningen and Drente. Borings were performed in three places and the samples pollenanalytically and stratigraphically examined.

Description: E sectione Peltaea, Pavoniae speciosae H.B.K. proxima, sed forma folorium, indumento, involucri phyllis peltatis diversa. Suffrutex, caule minute stellato-piloso glabrescente, linea singula pilis simplicibus longioribus vestita in primo internodio ramulorum lateralium adaxiale notato. Folia breviter petiolata, petiolis tomentellis 2—4 mm longis, oblongo-elliptica, elliptica vel ellipticolanceolata, 3—5 cm longa, 1.25—1.5 cm lata trinervia basi acuta vel obtusa, superiora 5-nervia, basi subcordata, acutissima vel subacuminata, margine regulariter serrato-dentata, supra minute stellato-pilosa, oculo nudo glabra, infra dense sed minute stellatotomentella. Flores in axillis foliorum vel in apice ramulorum 2—3-glomeratis, bracteis ovato-triangularibus suffulti, plerumque subsessiles, interdum usque ad 4 mm pedicellati. Involucri phylla fere io linearia birta uniserialia, basi paullo connata, apice lamina foliacea peltata, id est supra basin affixa, anguste elliptica hirta, basi rotundata, apice acuta, appendiculata, 4 mm longa. Calyx cupuliformis, ultra medium incisus, 4—9 mm longus, lobis acutis hirtis, nervis trinis conspicuis, binis intermediis brevibus vel nullis. Petala 2.5—3 cm longa, teste collectore roseo-rubra, sicca rosea, basi atropurpurea. Stamina et styli more generis. Carpella 4 mm longa, mutica, dorso costa perpendiculari instructa, transverse nervosa, dense pubescentia.

Description: El género Plagiochila (hepatica) esta representada en las Islas Galapagos por ocho (8) especies diferentes: P. bursata (Desv.) Lindenbg., P. galapagona Inoue, P gradsteinii Inoue, P. guilleminiana Mont., P. inouei Grolle, P. scabrifolia Inoue, P. spinifera Ångstr. y P. subplana Lindenbg. El endemismo en este género es más alto que en otros géneros de las hepaticas, con cinco (5) especies que comienzan a conocerse solamente de los Galapagos ( P. galapagona, gradsteinii, scabrifolia, inouei, y spinifera). Las otras tres (3) son comunes y ampliamente distribuidas a lo largo de la America tropical. La mayoría de las especies estan restringidas a las zonas altas-húmedas de vegetación de las Islas Galapagos (matorrales de Zanthoxylum, Miconia y pampa) excepto P. guilleminiana muy común, la cual puede presentarse en la zona seca de transición de bosque. La más amplia variación de Plagiochila ha sido vista en Isabela (Cerro Azul), San Cristobal y Santa Cruz.

Description: It is to be hoped, that the genus Pandanophyllum Hassk. never will revive, for it is based on a bad generic description and two nomina nuda, P. palustre Hassk. (Harassas tjaai) and P. humile Hassk., the first of which is supposed to indicate Mapania palustris (Steud.) Vill., while the other name has brought about much confusion, as it has been used for Hypolytrum humile (Steud.) Boeck. as well as for Mapania humilis (Miq., partly) Vill. The first validly published description of Pandanophyllum humile Hassk. nomen nudum in Cat. Pl. Hort. Bot. Bog. 1844, p. 297 has been given by Steudel in his Synopsis II (1855), p. 134 and is based upon a specimen collected in Java by Zollinger (n. 1511, Brit. Mus., Paris), belonging to the genus Hypolytrum. So this is the type-specimen of H. humile (Steud.) Boeck. in Linnaea XXXVII (1871—1873), p. 128. Bentham and Hooker, however, accepting the interpretation of Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. of Bengal XXXVIII, part 2 (1869), p. 82 and the revised opinion of Miquel in his Ill. Fl. Arch. Ind. (1871), p. 61, included both species in their section Pandanophyllum of Mapania (Gen. Pl. III, 1883, p. 1056). A quarter of a century later C. B. Clarke divided Benth. and Hooker’s section into two subgenera, viz. Pandanophyllum, including Mapania humilis Vill. and Halostemma (Wall.), including Mapania palustris (Steud.) Vill. Consequently our present section Pandanophyllum sensu Clarke probably excludes both species, which originally belonged to it. One might be inclined to rectify the mistake by changing the name of Halostemma into Pandanophyllum and coining a new name for the other subgenus, but the principal difficulty, caused by the ambiguity of Hasskarl’s generic description can not be solved in this manner. This description calls for a bifid style (perhaps referring to Hypolytrum humile Boeck.) and 3—5 spikelets (not appropriate to Mapania palustris Vill., highly improbable as to Mapania humilis Vill. and Hypolytrum humile Boeck.). The only way out of the difficulty is to reject the name Pandanophyllum as a nomen dubium in the sense of the rules of nomenclature (art. 63) and to rename the subgenus Pandanophyllum Benth. et Hook., sensu Clarke. I propose the name Pandanoscirpus.

Description: Nanocyperion communities (s.l.) are considered here as “warp-and-woof” communities; the Nanocyperion components are described separately as synusiae. On the Netherlands Frisian Islands, four main synusiae have been recognized. Raunkiaer life form spectra show few differences between the communities. Life strategy spectra of the Nanocyperion synusiae, based on systems for phanerogams (modified after Bakker 1966) and bryophytes, yield the clearest patterns. A comparison of the ecology of the communities and an interpretation of the spectra in terms of avoidance of stress or competition suggest that inundations and standing crop of the communities are the main factors determining the distribution of the synusiae. Winter inundations overrule the influence of differences in productivity level, which becomes prominent in drier situations.

Description: Notwithstanding the large amount of work spent by several botanists on this family, taxonomy does not appear very satisfactory, and a general agreement on generic limits has not yet been reached. The result has been a perplexing number of generic and sectional names. The present author apologizes for his adding to the number of interpretations. This study of American Sapotaceae, primarily undertaken in connection with the Flora of Surinam, could not have been completed without the generous loan of specimens by the herbaria at Brussels [B], Berlin—Dahlem [D], Kew [K], and Leyden [L]. In 1934 the author paid a short visit to the herbaria at Brussels [B] and at Paris [P]. The collections of this family at Paris are of special interest owing to the fact that they contain the material studied by Baillon, Pierre and Dubard, and bear numerous notes and analytical drawings, especially by Pierre, attached to the sheets. A number of British Guiana Sapotaceae from the Kew Herbarium was received for determination shortly afterwards. The author feels greatly indebted to the directors of the above mentioned Herbaria for their kind help, and particularly to Prof. Dr. A. Pulle, Utrecht, under whose direction this study was undertaken.

Description: The genus Pausandra Radlk. belongs to the Tribe Cluytieae of the Euphorbiaceae. It was described by Radlkofer in 1870 in Flora LIII pp. 79—95. The genus is based on Thouinia Morisiana of Casaretto. In his paper Radlkofer discussed at length that this species does not belong to the Sapindaceous genus Thouinia, but represents a new genus of the Euphorbiaceae. As at that time female flowers were unknown Radlkofer stated that the systematic position of the new genus was still doubtful, but that most probably it should belong to a new subtribe of the Jatropheae. Two new species were described in the genus in 1873 by Baillon, P. Trianae Baill. based on Pogonophora Trianae Müll. Arg. which was published in 1864, and P. Martinii Baill. based on very young material and erroneously described by Baillon as being 3-merous, as will be discussed below. He placed the genus in the affinity of Argithamnia Sw., which is certainly not right as this genus is quite different both in habit and in flowercharacters. A fourth species was added by Müller Arg. in 1874 in Flora Brasiliensis XI. II., where he inserted the genus in the same group as was suggested by Radlkofer. No more species had been described when Pax published in 1911 his monograph of the Tribe Cluytieae Pax in Engler, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 147. III. He inserted the genus Pausandra Radlk, with the genera Givotia Griff, and Ricinodendron Müll. Arg. in a new subtribe Ricinodendrinae Pax. I think that this is the right position for the genus, though it could be placed in a separate subtribe for its penninerved, glanduliferous leaves and the capsular fruits. It was a pity that Pax published this monograph without studying the original material. He now copied Baillon’s bad descriptions and the lack of a thorough study on the genus caused the publication of several superfluous species in recent years. P. quadriglandulosa Pax et K. Hoffm. and P. extorris Standley described in 1919 and 1929 are the same as P. Trianae (Müll. Arg.) Baill. P. flagellorhachis Lanj. is identic with P. Martinii Baill., while it was proved that the latter species is not trimerous. P. integrifolia Lanj. could not be maintained in the genus. Only the two new species published by Ducke in 1925 were truly new ones. Moreover three new species were recognized in the recent collections made by Krukoff in Brazil. It is for all these reasons that it seemed to me highly desirable to give a new treatment of this genus. Perhaps several of the old and new species can be united, as one can find often only small differences, but for the present I think it advisable to keep them separate. Pausandra Radlk, has been described to be dioecious, but recently it has been proved in some species that they are monoecious, so it is probable that most of them are under special cicumstances.

Description: Some months ago the first author published in his Studies in Moraceae II (Rec. trav. bot. néerl. XXXIII, 1936, pp. 254—276) a synopsis of the genus Clarisia R. & P. The second author traced in the Berlin Herbarium a specimen of this genus which had been described in 1821 as Excoecaria ilicifolia Spreng. As this species is identic with Clarisia strepitans (Fr. Allem.) Lanj., the name of the latter species has to be changed. As in addition some interesting specimens were kindly sent to Utrecht for determination by the Herbaria at Berlin-Dahlem (D), Geneva (G) and the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain (A), it seemed desirable to publish these notes.

Description: The Colombian representatives of the lichen family Parmeliaceae with linear lobes and marginal cilia have been revised. A key is given and morphology, chemistry and distribution are treated of 12 species in three genera: Cetrariastrum Sipm. gen. nov, with C. andense (Kärnef.) Sipm. comb. nov., C. dubitans Sipm. spec. nov. and C. equadoriense (Sant.) Sipm. comb. nov., Everniastrum with E. catawbiense (Degel.) Hale, E. cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale, E. columbiense (Zahlbr.) Hale, E. fragile Sipm. spec. nov., E. planum Sipm. spec. nov., E. sorocheilum (Vain.) Hale and E. vexans (Zahlbr.) Hale, and Parmelina cleefii Sipm. spec. nov. and P. swinscowii (Hale) Hale.

Description: Zu meiner Bearbeitung des surinamischen Materials der Gentianaceae für die von Pulle herausgegebene „Flora of Surinam” gehören nog einige kritische Bemerkungen. Ich muszte z.B. in einigen Fällen von der von Gilg in Engler und Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfamilien gegebenen Einteilung der Gattungen und deren Umgrenzung abweichen. Auch stellte es sich heraus, dasz sich unter dem Material eine neue Art befand, deren Beschreibung und Abbildung unten folgen.

Description: Since the appearance of my „Notes on the Rubiaceae of Surinam” (in Rec. d. Trav. bot. néerl. XXXI, 1934, 248; also in Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Utrecht no. 11, 1934) a number of species and varieties new to the flora of that country have come to light. The majority have been collected by Mr. Rombouts during the 1935/36 expedition of the Boundary Commission who is surveying at present the border in the southern part of the colony; they were found along the River Corantyne and in the savannahs in the south-western part. One species was secured by Dr. Lanjouw, and has been mentioned already in his „Additions to Pulle’s Flora of Surinam I” (in Rec. d. Trav. bot. Néerl. XXXII, 1935, 258) and one, represented by a rather poor fruiting specimen collected years ago by the Forestry Bureau, was found among material provisionally consigned to another family. New to the flora of Surinam are the following twelve species: Alseis longifolia Ducke var. pentamera Brem. n. var., Sabicea cinerea Aubl., S. Romboutsii Brem. n. spec., S. surinamensis Brem. n. spec., Tocoyena surinamensis Brem. n. spec., Thieleodoxa nitidula Brem. n. spec., Guettarda Spruceana Müll. Arg., Psychotria Romboutsii Brem. n. spec., Declieuxia fruticosa (Willd. ex R. et S.) Kuntze, Diodia pulchristipula Brem. n. spec., Spermacoce guianensis Brem. n. spec, and Borreria verticillata (L.) G. F. W. Mey (the B. verticillata of the Flora of Surinam IV, 287 proved to be B. suaveolens G. F. W. Mey., under which name it had been recorded already by Miquel), and one variety: Sipanea pratensis Aubl. var. glaberrima Brem. n. var. Four of the ten genera to which these species belong, namely Alseis, Thieleodoxa, Declieuxia and Spermacoce, are also new to the flora of Surinam. Seven species and two varieties are entirely new, and will be described below. Before entering on this part of my task I will make a few remarks however on two of the species known already from elsewhere, namely on Guettarda Spruceana Müll. Arg. and on Borreria verticillata (L.) G. F. W. Mey, and on a third species, Coccocypselum guyanense (Aubl.) K. Sch., which is known since long from Surinam, but of which Mr. Rombouts collected a specimen differing somewhat from the older Surinam findings.

Description: Because of their fleshy nature, thin leaves and membranous sepals and petals, Impatiens tend to make particularly poor herbarium specimens. If dried while still attached to the leafy part of the plant the flowers generally become badly crumpled and brittle. In such a state their more important characters become unrecognisable, and it is rarely possible to restore them to any useful degree. The leaves may also become badly crushed especially if they are not pressed absolutely flat. The collectors’ time may thus be completely wasted.

Description: Dr. M.M.J. van Balgooy and his companions on the Celebes Expedition, Dr. E. Hennipman, Mr. G.J. de Joncheere and Dr. E.F. de Vogel left Leiden on 5 April 1979, visited the SING and BO-Herbaria on the way. In Celebes visit was paid to Hasanudin University at Ujung Pandang (olim Makassar), in Bali to the Botanical Garden at Bedugul. In the course of August they returned to Holland. See also Exploration. The Botanical Survey of India kindly sent the following list of changes: D.K. Banerjee: to the Industrial Section of the Indian Museum at Calcutta; N. Bhargava: to the Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; U.C. Bhattacharyya: Deputy Director, Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.N. Chakraborty: Assistant curator, Industrial Section, Indian Museum, Calcutta; U. Chatterjee: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; Mrs. Dr. S.J. Das: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; P.K. Hajra: to HQ, Howrah; B. Krishna: to HQ, Howrah; Ram Lall: Botanist, Central Circle, Allahabad; C.L. Malhotra: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; P.C. Pant: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.B. Pramanick: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah; M.K.V. Rao: to Andaman Circle, Port Blair; Dr. G.P. Roy: to Central Circle, Allahabad; B.D. Sharma: Deputy Director, Western Circle, Poona; Dr. R.C. Srivastava: Systematic Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; C.R. Tarafder: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah. Proficiat to all!

Description: Loss of species is the key issue of conservation. Contrary to misuse of land which is visible to anybody with eyes to see, the issue of extinction is sly, treacherous, and open to clear perception only for experts. It touches on quality, and reaches far out in time: hard things to grasp for non-biologists. Thus an extra responsibility devolves on those who are in a position to know and to speak. The value of the genetic resource base has been set forth in e.g. the book by O.H. Frankel & E. Bennett, Genetic resources in plants (1970), and in the BIOTROP symposium edited by J.T. Williams e.a., South East Asian plant genetic resources (1975); Myers adds many striking facts: half the prescriptions in the U.S.A. contain a drug of natural origin. The cardiac drug reserpine, from Rauvolfia, costs $ 1.25 per gram to synthesize, $ 0.75 from natural sources. The anti-polio vaccin was developed in experiments in chimpanzees. The Amerindians in Amazonia know 750 medicinal plant species. Now the possibility of massive destruction of tropical forests — where most species are located — casts some frightening shadows on the future. The question how to cope with the threat appears to be connected with human ethics and the international order. Consequently, most publications on the subject suffer from a partial lack of maturity: don’t look to Myers for ethics, nor to the Routleys for biology. It seems therefore advisable that on the part of all disciplines a common fund of knowledge and insight be built up. In my efforts, great stimulation was received from correspondence with Dr. Willem Meijer (Botany, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. 40506, U.S.A.), who in his disinterested manner never fails to come up with things true and shocking.

Description: Several aspects of the sexuality in Mucorales are discussed. It is stated that neither heterothallism nor homothallism are absolute conditions and that a continuum exists between zygospores and azygospores. Mating type switching as known in ascomycetous yeasts would explain several up to now inexplicable phenomena.

Description: This extensive collection, famous among algologists both of the Old and the New World, forms part of the collections of the National Herbarium (Rijksherbarium) Leiden since 1934. About fifty years ago it was started by Mrs. Dr. A. A. WEBER-VAN BOSSE (1852—hodie), an enthusiastic pupil of HUGO DE VRIES. The colonies of Nostoc, living in the ditches round about the Dutch village of Doom, evoked her admiration, which was the primary cause of an intense study in the freshwater as well as in the marine Algae. In the harbour of Den Helder North Sea Algae were collected; by collecting Algae on trips to the French Atlantic Coasts and several times to Norway (1883—1885) and further on a South African journey (1894—1895) the herbarium grew, as it did by the Malaysian specimens collected in Java, Celebes, etc. (1888—1889). During this Malaysian tour Mrs. WEBER worked in Tjibodas, where she described the new genus Phytophysa. In Sumatra (West Coast, Lake of Manindjau) she discovered in collaboration with her husband, MAX WEBER, a new case of symbiosis between Algae and Sponges.

Description: Thanks to the kind cooperation of Dr. ROBERT PILGER, Director of the Botanical Gardens and Museums at Berlin-Dahlem, I have recently had the privilege of studying and photographing a unique specimen belonging to that institution, which bears the words „Schizostachyum Blumii nobis”, in the hand of NEES, the author of the species. Although there are no data on the sheet to indicate its source, or the date of the determination, this presumably represents NEES’S type³) of this species (which is the type species of the genus). At any rate, the available evidence 4) points to that conclusion, and the specimen agrees in all respects with NEES’ description of the genus and of the type species (NEES, 1829, pp. 534—5). Since the original characterizations are so brief and, since those parts referring to the spikelets are so difficult to interpret, I present here a full description 5) of the rather fragmentary type specimen.

Description: In the present work details are given in the first place for the Malesian Olacaceae, representing the basis of my forthcoming treatment of the family in ‘Flora Malesiana’, in which full descriptions of the Malesian genera and species will be given. As the Olacaceae of Malesia are connected with those of South and Southeast Asia on the one, and those of Australia and the Pacific on the other side, it has been necessary to study the respective materials too. A part of the Malesian genera is represented also in Africa inch Madagascar, and even in Central and South America; the appertaining species have been studied but are not mentioned in this paper. A critical elaboration of the family for Africa and America is urgently needed, but will, as far as can be seen, be of no influence of the delimitation and scientific names of the Asiatic-Malesian Olacaceae.

Description: The Australian genus Wilkiea is recorded for Papua New Guinea. One species, W. foremanii, is described from the Wharton Range.

Description: Being occupied with studies on the Convolvulaceae of Netherlands India I met with a remarkable specimen in the Buitenzorg Herbarium, collected by Dr. O. POSTHUMUS during the expedition in Djambi (Sumatra) in the year 1925. At first sight this plant seemed to be a Merremia. A closer examination, however, soon showed some important differences with that genus, especially in respect to the corolla, which has a long, narrow and rather fleshy tube and a limb with 5 short, reflexed (or patent?) lobes. Each lobe is deeply bifid, so that the limb appears 10-lobed. The middle part of the lobes is fleshy just as the tube; it corresponds with a midpetaline field of the corolla of most genera of Convolvulaceae, the lateral parts of the lobes (lobules) are much thinner, membranaceous and nerved. They represent the interpetaline fields of the Convolvulaceous corolla. In general there is a resemblance with the essential corolla construction of many species of Erycibe, where the lobes are also bifid and possess a thick middle part and two membranaceous lobules. The lobules in the new genus are not fully equal in size, those on the right of each lobe, as seen from the inside of the corolla being always slightly larger. The corolla is fully glabrous or bears some papillae at the base of the filaments. The pistil has a two-celled ovary, each cell with 2 ovules and bears a long, filiform style with two globular, papillose stigmas, exactly as in Merremia. I suppose this plant to be closely related to that genus, but as the corolla with its fleshy tube and remarkable lobes is so different from all other species, it is impossible to incorporate it in Merremia without important alteration of the generic limits. I, therefore, propose to establish a new genus, under the name of Decalobanthus (derived from dexa, ten, λoβoς, lobe and άνζος, flower).

Description: Being engaged during several years with a revision of the grasses preserved in the Rijks-Herbarium at the University of Leyden, my attention was called to the group of the Stipeae, and especially to the very difficult genus of Aristida. After an exhaustive study of the literature, I thought it desirable to have a monograph of this genus, containing extensive keys for the determination of all the species hitherto known, and I resolved to prepare such a work. It has been my good fortune that I had at my disposal not only the valuable collections of the Rijks-Herbarium, but that by the courtesy of the directors of the great herbaria in Europe and in America, I could study many thousands of specimens, among them authentic specimens and types. So several years elapsed before the revision was finished. Before I am going to publish my work, it seemed desirable to prepare a preliminary paper on the subject, dealing with the literature studied and the results of the critical examination of the types, moreover the new species found in herbaria are included in this paper. To find easily the original description and the type specimen, I give in alphabetical order all the species and varieties hitherto described, no matter if they are accepted in my monograph as valid or not.

Description: This publication presents a catalogue of the taxa of the neotropical family Loricariidae, the mailed catfishes, including about 600 described species and 70 genera. An attempt is made to assign each species to its proper genus and to arrange the genera into an approximate phylogenetic order. Numerous new combina tions have become necessary. A new tribe, consisting of two new subtribes, and three new genera are herein established. Notes on type-material, recorded in the literature subsequent to an original description, are added. Literature references aim to include all publications containing original descriptions and proposals of new names.

Description: In der obersenonen Mastrichter Tuffkreide finden sich kleine Zähne, die durch ihre glatten Kauflächen und die Furchen an den Seiten des oberen Teiles an Kauplatten von Myliobatis erinneren, einen Rochentypus, der ein an durophage Lebensweise angepasstes Gebiss hat. Niemals findet man aber die für diese Familie so typische langgestreckte Form der Zahnplatten; die Zahnoberfläche hat immer rhombische Form. Dames hat eine ausführliche Beschreibung von diesen Zähnen gegeben, die er für Reste eines Cestracion-artigen Namen Rhombodus Binkhorsti Haies hielt, dem er den gab. Ich möchte hier nur noch einige kurze Bemerkungen hinzufügen. Die Abbildungen (fig. 1) zeigen den typischen rhombenförmigen Umriss der Kaufläche (d). Die durch eine in der Richtung der kurzen Diagonale verlaufende, tiefe Rinne in zwei Hälften geteilte Wurzel hat ebenfalls die Gestalt eines Rhombus (fig. 1, b, e). An der Grenze von Krone und Wurzel findet sich an der einen Seite eine Rinne, an der anderen Seite eine vorspringende Leiste (fig. 1 c). Zusammen mit den verticalen Furchen, mit denen die Seiten versehen sind, hat diese Leiste zur Verbindung der Zähne untereinander zu einem Mahlpflaster gedient. Neben dieser regelmässigen Form, die besonders den grösseren Zähnen eigen ist, fanden sich aber Exemplare, die eine Abweichung zeigen, indem nämlich entweder zwei Seiten eines spitzen Winkels des Rhomboïds länger sind wie die beiden anderen, oder das Rhomboïd unsymmetrisch zusammengepresst ist. Es scheint mir, dass dies nicht eine zufällige Variation ist, sondern dass wir gerade durch diese Eigentümlichkeit etwas mehr über die ganze Zusammenstellung des Gebisses erfahren können. Wie ich unten noch näher auseinandersetzen werden, muss man nämlich Rhombodus zu den durophagen Stachelrochen stellen. Bei diesen findet man sehr oft gerade die grössten Zähne in der Mitte des Kiefers. Wenn man nun die Zahl der Zahnreihen, wie es gewöhnlich bei den grosszähnigen Rochen der Fall ist Rhombodus-Unterkiefers zu 7 bis 9 annimmt, so könnte man das Gebiss eines auf eine Weise rekonstruieren, wie es fig. 3 A zeigt, (wobei die verschiedenen obengenannten Formen vorkommen). Es wäre wohl ein grosser Zufall wenn man noch einige Zähne im ursprünglichen Verband finden würde. Wenn einmal die knorpeligen Kiefer aufgelöst sind, bieten die Seitenfurchen nicht genug Festigkeit und fallen die einzelnen Zähne auseinander.

Description: Da die Originale der von Göppert aus dem Tertiär von Java beschriebenen Arten Piperites Hasskarlianus und Junghuhnites javanicus nicht mehr vorhanden sind, die vorliegenden Beschreibungen für eine Bestimmung aber nicht ausreichen, so sind sie aus der fossilen Flora Javas zu streichen. Das gilt auch von Miquelites elegans, dessen schlechte Erhaltung eine sichere Bestimmung unmöglich macht. Bredaea moroides dagegen ist ebenso wie Naucleoxylon spectabile Crié sowie ein bisher unbeschriebenes Kieselholz von Java eine Dipterocarpacee. Die Stücke werden beschrieben als Dipterocarpoxylon moroides, D. spectabile und D. Göpperti n. sp. Die Frage, ob es möglich ist, diese wie andere fossile Dipterocarpoxyla bestimmten rezenten Dipterocarpaceengattungen zuzuweisen, soll später erörtert werden. Frankfurt a/M. Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut der Universität.

Description: This compilation of stratigraphic and structural data accompanying the (re)issue of the 1:50000 sheets completes the project initiated by Prof. L.U. de Sitter in 1950. The total area mapped comprises about 400 km² in a strip more than 150 km from east to west. This part of the Hercynian tectogene is characterized by a very consistent sequence of Palaeozoic shelf sediments only interrupted by syn- to late-orogenetic flysch-molasse development. Neither of these sequences lend themselves to a simple geosynclinal model. Only the suprastructures of the orogene are exposed here; essentially decollement thrusting and folding. Fold and thrust vergences vary through 180° giving the centripetal pattern of the well-known Knee of Asturias. Very minor amounts of igneous rock have been mapped although activity in some form has been registered throughout most of the systems represented. The degree of metamorphism is so slight to have been negligible for the mapping.

Description: Parasitological investigations on herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and greater black-backed gulls (L. marinus) from Heligoland showed a high occurrence and abundance of the nematode species Cosmocephalus obvelatus, Paracuaria tridentate, Tetrameres fissispina and Capillaria contorta. The species specific distribution of the nematodes in distinct areas of oesophageal and stomach compartments, the morphological adaptations to their environment, as with the change of host tissue caused by heavy infestations, are the theme of the present article. The pathogenity is discussed. (German)

Description: Seasonal variations of size-frequency distribution, sex ratio, and percentage of egg-carrying females andjuveniles in a population of J. falcata inhabiting jetties at Helgoland Harbour are described. Reproductionoccurs all the year round, but 2 maxima and thus, 2 main generations per year can be observed: a weaker onein winter, and a more pronounced one in late spring/early summer. Biochemical composition and energycontents of J. falcata show only in part a seasonal cycle. There is an inverse relationship between the proteinand lipid fractions, whereas the former is negatively, the latter positively correlated with the amount ofsuspended food in the water. Protein, carbohydrates, lipid and the weight-specific energy equivalent show adecreasing trend with increasing size of the amphipods, while chitin significantly reveals an opposite trend.

Description: This publication deals with some agaves which were collected by me participating as biologist in a geological excursion under Prof. Dr. L. M. R. Rutten and Mrs. Dr. C. J. Rutten-Pekelharing, in the beginning of 1930, to the West Indies. From 14 April to 4 May we camped in the western part of Curaçao, from 10 May to 10 June Bonaire was visited and from 16 June to 9 July we passed through Aruba. In preference to the collection of a large number of different forms of Agave, an intensive investigation of the forms found on a few localities was made. I hoped thereby to acquire some information about the variability, and insight into the problem of the concept of species, not to be obtained by the study of herbarium material. — Other material was collected during an excursion to the mainland, following an invitation by the „Caribbean Petroleum Company”.

Description: Acrodiclidium Nees, Laur. Disp. Progr. (1833), p. 13; id., Syst. Laur. (1836), p. 266; Endl., Gen. (1837), p. 319, n. 2042; id., Ench. (1841), p. 197; Dietrich, Synops. Pl. II (1840), p. 1332; Spach, Hist. nat. Véget., Phaner. X (1841), p. 471; Steudel. Nomencl. ed. 2 (1841), p. 21; Meissn., Gen. I (1836—43), p. 326, II, p. 238; Reichb., Nom., p. 71, n. 2668; Orbigny, Diet. univ. VII (1846), p. 259; Lindl., Veg. Kgd. (1846), p. 537; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. I. isl. I (1860), p 280; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 84; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 172; Benth. in Benth. et Hook., Gen. III (1880), p. 154; Baillon, Hist. II (1870), p. 474;. Pfeiffer, Nomencl. (1873), p. 35; Durand, Index Gen. (1888), p. 349, n. 6190; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 81; Pax in Engl.-Prantl, Pfl. fam. III, 2 (1889), p. 123; Dalla Torre et Harms, Gen. (1900—07), p. 178, n. 2819; Britton and Wilson, Porto Rico and Virg. isl. (1924), p. 316; Lemée, Dict. I (1929), p. 50; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931), p. 65; Kosterm. in Pulle, Fl. Surin. II (1936), p. 315; — Licaria Aubl., Guia. I (1775), p. 313; Nees, Syst., p. 344; Endl., Gen, p. 320; id., Ench., p. 197; Spach., l.c.; Steudel, l.c., p. 41; Meissn., Gen. II, p. 238; Lindl., l.c.; Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 259; Benth., l.c., p. 150; Baillon, l.c., p. 452; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 107; Durand, l.c., p. 489; Mez, l.c., p. 220;. dalla Torre, l.c., p. 177 et 585; Lemée, l.c., IV, p. 85; Benoist l.c., p. 274; Kosterm. in Meded. Bot. Mus. Utrecht 25 (1936), p. 34; id. in Pulle, l.c., p. 323; — Evonymodaphne Nees, Syst., p. 244 et 263; Lindl., Syst. ed 2 (1836), p. 442; Endl., Gen. p. 319;. id., Ench., p. 197; Dietrich, l.c., p. 1332; Spach, l.c.; Steudel, l.c., p. 621; Meissn., Gen. I, p. 326; id. II, p. 238; Rchb., l.c.; Lindl., l.c., p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. III; id. in Fl. Bras., p. 203; Benth., l.c., p. 158; Baillon, l.c., p. 437; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1322; Durand, l.c., p. 349; Mez, l.c., p. 82; dalla Torre, l.c., p. 177; — Triplomeia Rafin., Fl. Tellur. (1838), p. 134; dalla Torre, l.c., p. 178; Mez, l.c. Type species: Acrodiclidium brasiliense Nees.

Description: Daltonia fenestrellata Griffin was collected by A. M. Cleef in the Andes of Colombia in 1973. It is characterized by the cuspidate, incurved or recurved leaf tips, the elongated juxtacostal cells and the apically scabrous seta. It seems most closely allied to D. gomezii Crosby of Costa Rica.

Description: In the spring of 1966, the junior author (H. Inoue) made a bryophyte collecting trip to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) with the support of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The collections have served as a basis for reviews of individual liverwort genera or families occurring in Ceylon, e.g. Frullania (Hattori, 1979) and Plagiochila (Inoue, 1979). The present paper deals with the species of Lejeuneaceae subfamily Ptychanthoideae, which comprises the more robust members of this large tropical family. In his catalogue of the liverworts of Ceylon, Abeywickrama (1959) recorded 18 species of Ptychanthoideae, belonging to the genera Archilejeunea (1 sp.), Brachiolejemea (1 sp.), Lopholejeunea (2 sp.), Mastigolejemea (2 sp.), Ptychanthus (4 spp.), Ptychocoleus (5 spp.), Spruceanthus (1 sp.), Thysananthus (1 sp.), and Trocholejeunea (1 sp.). Unfortunately, his catalogue does not provide precise information on specimens or literature on which individual species records for Ceylon were based. Most of the species listed by Abeywickrama had been treated by Verdoorn (1934) in his monograph of Asiatic Ptychanthoideae. Some are now considered synonyms, however, whereas in other cases some doubts may be cast about the correctness of the identification. Since we have not been able to locate all specimens on which previous Ceylon records of Ptychanthoideae were based, the present review should be considered preliminary.

Description: In plots B1, 2, and 4 in 1978 only a single species once covered over 12.5% of the surface: Leontodon hispidus. A few species covered sometimes about 5-10%, like Briza media, Triselum flavescens, Lotus corniculatus, Leontodon hispidus, and Knautia arvensis. In the course of the study the occasional dominance of certain species disappeared (Table 2). Most species covered less than 5%, but the number of individuals often fluctuated strongly from one species to another. In plots B3 and B5 a much stronger dominance could be observed than in the non-fertilized plots (Fig. 5). In 1978 the grasses Festuca rubra and Dactylis glomerata covered from 10—40% of the surface, the coverage of other species, particularly forbs, amounting to less than 1%, e.g., Ononis repens, Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus acris, and Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. A few constantly present forbs, initially covering about 25%, like Centaurea pratensis and Lathyrus pratensis in plot B5 did not keep up this high coverage. This also holds for forbs that established themselves in the fertilized plots after a few years and attained a rather high coverage, like Heracleum sphondylium in plot B3.

Description: The rice weeds project. In 1976, a joint project was set up under the aegis of the Netherlands University Foundation For International Cooperation (NUFFIC, Box 90734, The Hague), by the universities of Utrecht and Amsterdam and the Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) on the Dutch side, and BIOTROP (Box 17, Bogor) on the Indonesian side. Coordinators are Professor R. van der Veen and Mr. P.J. van Rijn. Its objective is the study of weeds and their ecology in the rice fields of Indonesia. A sharp distinction between dry and wet rice fields cannot be made for this kind of work: the dikes in the wet rice areas often carry dry rice weeds, and where locally fields are irrigated but part of the time, the weed flora assumes a mixed or successional character. More workable is the distinction between permanent rice fields on the one hand, and those under shifting cultivation regimes on the other; the latter have been excluded from the study.

Description: BABU, C.R., Herbaceous Flora of Dehra Dun, 721 p., 1 map (1977, Publ. & Information Directorate, New Delhi). 8°. Rs. 144, $ 50.00, £ 22.00. A useful local Flora which will be very handy for schools, colleges, foresters, agriculturists and laymen as well. It is a very full flora, with a key to the families, and within the families keys to the genera and species respectively. Emphasis is on the species, which all carry a description; there are no generic descriptions, only a brief indication of the size of the genus and its occurrence in India.

Description: Cladobotryum penicillatum sp. nov. was isolated from Alnus twigs in New Forest, Hampshire, U. K., in 1971, and from Sebacina effusa in the Houtribbos Forest, O.- Flevoland Polder, Netherlands, in 1980. The species has conidia intermediate in dimension between C. varium and C. mycophilum, and it differs from both species by having rather slow-growing colonies and long conidiophores with apical penicillate branching. Conidiogenesis is basipetal and retrogressive.

Description: In this second report on types of entolomatoid fungi in the Velenovský Herbarium at Prague* (PRC and PRM) seven of Velenovský’s new species in Entoloma, two in Eccilia and one described in Clitocybe are treated. For each taxon microscopical characters are given, followed by a consize discussion on its status.

Description: Unter allen Flechten unterscheidet sieh die nur aus Norwegen bekannte Gattung Moriola dadurch, dass ihr Lager aus Goniocysten besteht, das sind kugel- oder länglichrunde oder unregelmässig gestaltete braune Behälter mit netzartiger Oberfläche, von denen braune, zylindrische oder schwach torulöse Hyphen entspringen und bis zur nächsten, manchmal weit entfernten Goniocyste hinkriechen. Auf diesem Wege, auch wenn sie zu mehreren nebeneinander herlaufen, vereinigen sie sich nie zu einer strauch-, oder blatt-, nicht einmal zu einer krustenformigen Lagermasse. Diese besteht ausschliesslich aus zerstreuten Goniocysten und den sie verbindenden Hyphen, die bei Moriola pseudomyces (Fig. 1—4) meist über morschem Holz, bei Moriola sanguifica über fremdem Algenlager ausgebreitet sind. Die braune Panzerkruste der Goniocysten entsteht dadurch, dass die dünnen zylindrischen Hyphenzellen unter Beibehaltung ihrer Dicke (2 µ), stark in die Breite wachsen und die Gestalt von Kugelsektoren annehmen. Sie werden meistens nicht viel über 2 µ dick, können aber bis 4 µ dick werden, wenn sich die Aussenwand höckerartig verdickt. Näheres hierüber in meiner Osloer Arbeit¹) und in den Berichten der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 2). Die Früchte einer von Herrn P. GROENHART an mich übersandten Flechte (Fig. 5—7) sind von ihm in 3000 m Höhe auf Java gesammelt worden und entwickeln ihre sporenreichen Perithezien auf einem etwa 1 cm mächtigen, lockeren Lagermasse von fast rein schwarzer Färbung. Diese rührt von Holzkohle her, die in grösseren oder ganz kleinen Bruchstücken, selten in Form angekohlter Zweige zwischen und unter den Goniocysten liegen. Die in den Goniocysten der tieferen Schichten enthaltenen Gonidien sind alle abgestorben und sehen jetzt braun aus. Nur in den Goniocysten der obersten Schicht sind die Gonidien noch jugendfrisch, sehen hellgrün aus und heben sieh deutlich von der dunkelbraunen, 4 µ dicken Kruste ab: eine einfache d.h. einkammerige Goniocyste mit 21.8 µ. Durchmesser, so dass auf den Innenraum fast 14 µ Durchmesser kamen; in ihr hatten drei Gonidien Platz. Bei einer anderen, zusammengesetzten Goniocyste hatte sich an diametral gegenüberliegenden Punkten der Goniocyste je eine Gonidie angesetzt und war von der braunen Kruste auch noch umwachsen worden, so dass die beiden kleinen Endkammern je eine Gonidie enthielten, die Mittelkammer deren drei. Es kommen aber auch noch grössere zusammengesetzte Goniocysten vor, deren Mittelkammer 5 und mehr Gonidien enthält.

Description: C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS, Maleische Vegetatieschetsen — Toelichting bij de plantengeografisohe kaart van Nederlandsch Oost-Indië (Sketches of Malaysian vegetations — Comments to the phytogeographical map of Netherlands East India) — Reprinted from the „Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap”, Ser. II, Vol. 52, Jan.-March-May 1935, 112 pp. (repagination [Pages in the original: 25—67, 171—203, 363—398] with 46 photographs, 36 of which in the reprint only, and a phytogeographical map. The reprint preceded by a short preface, a (too) short index and a dedication to FRANZ JUNGHUHN „as a memory to his arrival in Java, one hundred years ago”. It is a great pleasure to me indeed to announce here, more particularly on behalf of those readers who are not familiar with the Dutch language, this excellent work on the phytogeography of Malaysia, published in the Journal of the Royal Netherlands Geographical Society and therefore, moreover, likely less accessible to many botanists abroad. The author has, though only about 6 years engaged in botanical work in the tropics, gathered a remarkably thorough knowledge of the rich flora of this region, no doubt one of the most interesting ones, from a biogeographic standpoint, on earth. As the phytogeography of these parts has mostly, since JUNGHUHN’S „Java” (1854), been only dealt with in scattered papers, VAN STEENIS has in the publication under reference, as well as in some others that preceded it ¹), done a pioneer work in his attempt to give a comprehensive and more or less complete survey of the current problems. Our gratitude and admiration is not in the least diminished by the fact that this work shows certain traces of cursoriness and disequilibriousness, as well as a certain want of continuity and well-ponderedness. These features are mostly inherent to all pioneer work and the author himself states in the preface, that this work is meant as a provisional publication; this is in accordance with the title, which, by the way, could have been more adequately chosen, e. g.: Materials to Malaysian Phytogeography („Maleische” is, in my opinion, in Dutch a less felicitous word). Indeed, this paper contains a great many informations and stimulating ideas, and moreover, an almost complete bibliography, also of many papers in Dutch. It may be supposed indeed that there is, at present, hardly any other botanist available who is more capable than VAN STEENIS to continue this work and to prepare, some time, a complete „Phytogeography of Malaysia”, to which we are looking forward with great interest.

Description: Besides the Umbelliferae of the Netherlands Indies proper, also those of the Malay Peninsula and the non-Dutch parts of Borneo and New Guinea have been taken up in this revision. The materials examined belong to the following Herbaria: (B) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg. (BD) = the Herbarium of the Botanical Museum, Berlin—Dahlem. (BM) = the Herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History, London. (E) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. (G) = the Herbarium of the University, Groningen. (K) — the Herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Kew. (L) = the National Herbarium (Rijksherbarium), Leiden. (NY) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, New York. (Pa) = the Herbarium of the Java Sugar Experiment Station, Pasoeroean. (S) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. (Sa) = the Herbarium of the Sarawak Museum, Kuching. (U) = the Herbarium of the University, Utrecht. Most of the herbarium materials were sent to Groningen to be examined there. Moreover I had the opportunity to work a few weeks in the Kew Herbarium and in that of the British Museum of Natural History in London.

Description: The article contains a discussion regarding the different identity of the specimens J. F. Duthie 3858 in the Kew (K), and the Calcutta (CAL) and Poona (BSI) herbaria. The specimens at CAL and BSI represent a new species of Arenaria, which is described here.

Description: Attention is drawn to the unusual distribution of flowers and inflorescences in a number of species, and to certain peculiarities of branching and phyllotaxy. The latter are explained by a heterophylly which so far has escaped notice, involving the formation and early disappearance of a pair of minute intercalary cataphylls. A similar branching pattern and flower distribution is evident in Helicanthes.

Description: Dr. C. A. BACKER, Verklarend Woordcnboek van wetenschappelijke plantennamen (Explanatory dictionary of scientific plantnames) — Noordhoff-Kolff, Groningen-Batavia, 1936 — XII + 664 — Price: flh. 19.50. Many botanists and also sylvi-, liorti- and agriculturists and almost all taxonomists are, in the course of their daily task, meeting plant-names, the exact meaning, signification or derivation of which is not immediately clear to them. Being an intelligent and studious man, he often feels the desire to know more of a name than just its orthography and so he makes a grab at one of those books written to spread more knowledge about the matter. If it is the name of a genus or of a subgenus, WITTSTEIN’S „IIandwörterbuch” is the book he needs, although it yields no help for genera younger than 1852 (date of preface). If it is a specific name or a latin or latinized botanical term, BISCHOFF is his man, either by his „Handbuch der botanischen Terminologie” of 1833—1844 or by his smaller „Wörterbuch der beschreibenden Botanik”, of 1857 (2nd Ed.). In case these books cannot meet his wishes, on account of their age or merely out of deficiency, our present-day investigator will try to find the name in one of the more recent lists: BAILEY’S „Companion for the Queensland student of plant life” of 1893; SALOMON-SCHELLE, Worterbuch der botanischen Kunstsprache, 1904; KANNGIESSER, Etymologie der Phanerogamen-Nomenclatur, 1908 (mainly generic names); Voss, Botanisches Hilfs- und Wörterbuch (6th ed. 1922), etc.

Description: The present paper deals with the West Indian marine Haplosclerida incorporated in the collections of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam. A total of 36 species is described and fully illustrated. Part of the material consists of the Duchassaing & Michelotti collection housed in Amsterdam; of all the Haplosclerid types of this collection an extensive redescription and a photographic illustration is given. Most of the type specimens are designated (para-)lectotypes. Eight new species are erected, viz. Reniera curaçaoensis, R. carmabi, Sigmadocia piscaderaensis, Niphates alba, Xestospongia wiedenmayeri, X. portoricensis, Petrosia weinbergi, and Strongylophora hartmani. The follwing new combinations are used: Niphates amorpha (for N. digitalis forma amorpha Wiedenmayer, 1977), Cribrochalina spiculosa (for Siphonochalina spiculosa Dendy, 1887), Pellina nodosa (for Phloeodictyon nodosum George & Wilson, 1919), and Pachypellina podatypa (for Haliclona podatypa De Laubenfels, 1934). Several new combinations are suggested for species not represented in the present collection, but studied for comparative reasons. A new classification of marine Haplosclerid families is proposed, based on the study of the present collection, and on the study of many type species of Haplosclerid genera. The new classification comprises five families, viz. Haliclonidae, Niphatidae (n.), Callyspongiidae, Petrosiidae (n.) and Oceanapiidae (n.). The proposed classification is discussed and some phylogenetic ideas are presented. The zoogeography of the West Indian sponges is studied and some ecological data are given.

Description: Zwischen der Sierra de San Luis und der Sierra de Cordoba ragt im Süden der Senke des Rio Conlara eine Scholle des alten kristallinen Untergrundes aus den Aufschüttungen der Pampa hervor. Ganz in der gleichen Weise wie die beiden grossen benachbarten Gebirge trägt sie auf ihrer Höhe eine alte Einebnungsfläche über die sich plötzlich ein kleiner Gebirgsstock erhebt, die Sierra del Morro. Schon durch Ave Lallemant und Brackebusch war bekannt, dass sich junge Eruptivgesteine am Aufbau dieses Gebirges beteiligen, das sich bis zu einer Höhe von 1600 m erhebt, während die Abtragungsfläche an seinem Fusse durchschnittlich eine Höhe von 1000 m besitzt. Brackebusch hat auch bereits auf die kraterförmige Gestalt dieses Gebirges aufmerksam gemacht und erkannt, dass der Rand des Kraters grösstenteils aus kristallinen Gesteinen besteht und ebenso wie sein Boden nur an einigen Stellen von Effusivgesteinen durchbrochen wird. Im Jahre 1911 besuchte ich zusammen mit Herrn Pastore in Buenos Aires die Sierra del Morro und letzterer hat das interessante Gebirge, dessen Probleme wir bei unserem dreitägigem Besuch nicht restlos lösen konnten, später noch einem eingehenderen Studium unterworfen und eine geologische Detailkarte im Masstabe 1:25000 aufgenommen. Bei meinen Ausführungen stütze ich mich neben meinen eigenen Aufzeichnungen vor allem auf die Ausführungen und Aufnahmen des Herrn Pastore, von dessen Karte ich hier eine vereinfachte Skizze gebe.

Description: It is well known that many tropical marine shrimps live in close association with the larger members of a variety of marine phyla, although the precise status of the association in most cases is not established (BALSS 1957). The association between shrimps and other marine invertebrates in the Caribbean region has been little studied. At present following species are known to associate with Octocorallia and Antipatharia in this region: Pseudocoutierea antillensis Chace, 1972; two as yet undescribed species of Pseudocoutierea (Criales in press), Neopontonides beaufortensis (Borradaile) and undescribed species of Pseudocoutierea and Neopontonides (R. HEARD, pers. comm.). All these belong to the subfamily Pontoniinae. The hippolytid shrimps Tozeuma carolinensis, and species of the genus Hippolyte have been observed on octocorals (VOSS 1956, CHACE 1972).

Description: Bei den zahlreichen Rekonstruktionen der klimatologischen Verhältnisse, die man für das Ende des Palaeozoikums gemacht hat, ist man fast immer von der Kohlenbildung, der Florenverbreitung und den Vereisungserscheinungen ausgegangen. Der marinen Tierwelt hat man bei der Behandlung dieser Fragen meist nur wenig Beachtung geschenkt, zum Teil fand dies seine Erklärung darin, dass uns die marine Fauna am Ende des Palaeozoikums bis vor kurzem noch recht unvollkommen bekannt war. Die Entdeckung reicher permischer Marinfaunen in den letzten Jahrzehnten hat aber unsere Kenntnis von der permischen, marinen Evertebratenfauna nicht nur ganz erheblich erweitert, sondern vor allem gezeigt, dass in den meisten Tiergruppen die Entwicklung ununterbrochen weitergeht und keine Einschnürung oder gar Unterbrechung erleidet, wie man früher so oft geneigt war anzunehmen. Ja selbst eine in ihren Lebensbedingungen so anspruchsvolle Tiergruppe wie die Korallen hat durch die permische Vereisung offenbar ebensowenig wie durch die quartäre eine erhebliche Unterbrechung in ihrer Entwicklung erfahren, nur ihre Verbreitung wurde auf eine etwas schmalere Zone zu beiden Seiten des Aequators eingeschränkt. Die meisten Forscher, die sich mit klimatologischen Fragen am Ende des Palaeozoikums beschäftigt haben, und eine Erklärung für die scheinbar unipolare Vereisung des Perm zu geben versuchten, kommen schliesslich zu der Annahme, dass die Pole zu dieser Zeit eine andere Lage gehabt haben müssen als heute. Man suchte den Südpol gewöhnlich im Centrum des Gebietes aus dem die glazialen Erscheinungen bekannt geworden waren. So nahm Koken 1) den Pol inmitten des indischen Oceans an, zu einer Zeit als die Vereisungserscheinungen aus Südamerika noch nicht bekannt waren und man auch noch nicht mit der Möglichkeit von Kontinentalverschiebungen rechnete. Wegener 2), der die Kontinente der Südhalbkugel zu einer einheitlichen Kontinentalmasse zusammenschiebt, lässt den Pol von der Ostküste Afrikas im Carbon über den Nordrand des antarktischen Kontinentes nach der Südküste Australiens im Perm wandern. Weder die eine noch die andere Annahme lässt sich nun mit dem Vorkommen einer reichen permischen Warmwasserfauna auf Timor, im malayischen Archipel, vereinbaren. Diese Fauna, die durch niederländische und deutsche Expeditionen auf dieser Insel vor dem Weltkriege gesammelt wurde, ist die reichhaltigste permische Marinfauna, die wir überhaupt kennen. Sie müsste bei der Pollage, die Köppen und Wegener für das Perm annehmen, in einer Breite von etwa 45° gelebt haben. Das Vorkommen einer ausgesprochenen Warmwasserfauna in solcher Nähe eines von einer mächtigen Eiskappe bedeckten Pols scheint mir ausgeschlossen. Wir wissen, dass die intensive Kalkabscheidung, wie sie für Riffkorallen, die grossen Foraminiferen mit kompliziertem Skelett und Kalklagen so charakteristisch ist, nur bei beträchtlich hoher Wassertemperatur stattfinden kann. Für die lebenden Riffkorallen beträgt die Minimumtemperatur etwa 20°, aber für die Nummuliten des Alttertiärs ist sie jedenfalls noch höher gewesen, und das Gleiche dürfen wir auch für die Fusulinen des Carbon und Perm annehmen. Zweck der folgenden Zeilen soll nun sein, zu zeigen, dass es sich bei der Permfauna von Timor wirklich um eine Warmwasserfauna handelt und zweitens, dass diese sicher gleichzeitig mit der permischen Vereisung dort gelebt hat. Als Beweis für die erste Behauptung will ich hier eine Tiergruppe herausgreifen, die als besonders feinfühliger Indikator für die Wassertemperatur zu gelten hat, nämlich die Korallen. Die Anthozoenfauna von Timor ist die reichste, die wir bis jetzt aus dem Perm kennen; sie besteht aus Vertretern der Familien der Zaphrentidae, Axophyllidae und der sogenannten Tabulata und ist mindestens ebenso mannigfaltig, wie die karbonische Korallenfauna 1). Wohl sind unter den eigentlichen Korallen koloniebildende Formen ziemlich selten und nur durch de Gattungen Lonsdaleia und Lonsdaleiastraea vertreten, die noch dazu nicht an denselben Fundstellen gefunden wurden wie die übrige Korallenfauna, die nur aus Tabulaten und Einzelkorallen besteht. Aber auch diese war zweifellos eine typische Warmwasserfauna, eine Art Riffauna, wenn es auch im Perm nicht zur Entwicklung mächtiger Korallenriffe sondern nur ausgebreiteter Korallenrasen kam. Auch auf den älteren palaeozoischen Korallenriffen des Devon und Silur spielen die Einzelkorallen eine viel grössere Rolle als auf den lebenden Riffen. Gegenwärtig sind solitäre Korallen, vor allem in der tieferen See, unterhalb der Riffzone, zu Hause, und nur bestimmte Arten kommen als Riffbewohner auch auf den Riffen selbst vor. Im Palaeozoikum und in geringerem Masse auch im Mesozoikum bildeten Einzelkorallen einen wesentlichen Anteil der Riffauna. Wenn auf Timor gewisse Arten von Timorphyllum, Clisiophyllum und Dibunophyllum leicht mit tausenden von Exemplaren gesammelt werden können, so müssen diese Korallen da doch in grossen Mengen gelebt haben, selbst wenn wir annehmen, dass sie an den Fundstellen noch zusammengeschwemmt sind. Vor allem spricht aber die grosse Mannigfaltigkeit der koloniebildenden Tabulaten dafür, dass wir hier mit einer typischen Riffauna zu tun haben. Diese heterogene Gruppe, die auch auf den älteren palaeozoischen Riffen eine so grosse Rolle spielt, ist am Ende des Palaeozoikums nicht im Erlöschen begriffen, wie man immer noch, auch in den neuesten Auflagen von Lehr- und Handbüchern, lesen kann, sondern mit einer Mannigfaltigkeit entwickelt, die der im älteren Palaeozoikum zum mindestens gleichkommt. Zum Teil schliessen sich die Formen eng an ältere Gattungen an wie die Favosites-, Pachyporaund Michelina-Arten, z. T. lassen sie noch Beziehungen zu älteren Gattungen, aber doch eine deutliche Weiterentwicklung in bestimmter Richtung erkennen, wie Pseudofavosites, Heterocoenites, Aulohelia; ein grosser Teil der Formen stellt jedoch ganz neuartige Typen dar, von denen es vorläufig überhaupt noch nicht möglich ist, sie an Bekanntes anzuschliessen, wie z. B. Trachypsammia, Dictyopora, Schizophorites usw. Viele der Arten, besonders der Pachyporen, sind ausgezeichnet durch eine starke Verdickung des Skelettes. So werden z. B. bei vielen dieser Formen die Polypenröhren in der Tiefe ganz mit Skieroplasmamasse aufgefüllt, sodass die Zweige der Stücke im Innern eine ganz dichte Struktur bekommen. Hierdurch wurde den verzweigten Kolonien eine grössere Festigkeit verliehen. Solche Skelettverdickungen sind typische Anpassungserscheinungen an das Leben in stark bewegtem Wasser in der Riffzone, wie sie übrigens nicht nur die Korallen sondern auch die permischen Crinoiden von Timor in vielen Fällen erkennen lassen. Dazu kommt noch, dass wir von der eigentlichen Korallenfauna von Timor bis jetzt nur eine Auslese kennen. Das Material besteht ja an den Hauptfundplätzen nur aus Bruchstücken von verzweigten Kolonien und den langen gewundenen Einzelkorallen, die zusammengeschwemmt und dabei nach der Grösse sortiert wurden. Das vereinzelte Vorkommen von Bruchstücken grosser Favositesund Lonsdaleia-Kolonien lässt uns aber annehmen, dass auf den permischen Korallenrasen, neben Einzelpolypen und verzweigten Stöcken, auch massige Kolonien vorkommen. Die Art der Zusammensetzung dieser jungpalaeozoischen Riffauna dürfte daher von den älteren Riffaunen dieses Zeitalters nur wenig verschieden gewesen sein. Aber nicht allein die Korallen des Perm von Timor deuten darauf hin, dass wir hier mit einer typischen Warmwasserfauna zu tun haben. Das Gleiche ist der Fall mit der so überaus reichen Crinoidenfauna, ein grosser Teil ihrer Arten dokumentiert sich durch die charakteristischen Anpassungen an das Leben in stark bewegtem Wasser als echte Riffbewohner 1). Unter den Brachiopoden gehören die Gattungen Lyttonia und Richthofenia zu den Indikatoren einer Warmwasserfauna, da ihre Verbreitung auf eine aequitoriale Zone beschränkt bleibt, und sie in den brachiopodenreichen Ablagerungen Australiens bereits fehlen. Endlich müssen wir auch, wie schon erwähnt, die Fusulinen zu den Warmwasserbewohnern rechnen. Jungpalaeozoische Fusulinenkalke kommen auf Timor vor, jedoch ist ihr Verband mit den fossilreichen Permschichten noch nicht aufgeklärt. Die Fauna dieser Kalke ist von dem Bearbeiter auf Grund des Vorkommens von Fusulina granum avenae für karbonisch gehalten worden 1), aber diese Art ist neuerdings in Japan gerade zusammen mit Arten der jüngeren permischen Fusulinenfauna gefunden worden, wie Doliolina lepida und Verbeekina Verbeeki; auch auf Sumatra besitzen die Fusulinenkalke aus denen die F. granum avenae zuerst beschrieben wurde, nach neuern Untersuchungen, permisches Alter. Dazu kommt noch, dass Doliolina lepida auf der Timor benachbarten Insel Letti vorkommt, sodass es wohl nur ein Zufall ist, dass diese und andere typische Permformen auf Timor selbst noch nicht nachgewiesen wurden 2).

Description: Von der „Bataafschen Petroleum Maatschappij” erhielt das Leidener Museum eine reichhaltige Sammlung von Fossilien, die durch die Herren Ganz, Gsell u. Freylink in der Umgebung von Payta gesammelt worden waren. Die Fauna ist dadurch besondere interessant, dass sie einen ganz neuartigen Charakter besitzt, der von dem der bis jetzt aus Südamerika bekannten oberen Kreide stark abweicht. Da sich die endgültige Bearbeitung des umfangreichen Materials noch etwas verzögern wird, möchte ich das Vorkommen und seine Fossilführung kurz schildern, vor allem aber die neue Pironaea-Art beschreiben, da das Auftreten dieser interessanten Gattung in Südamerika von besonderer Bedeutung ist, zumal es sich um den ersten Hippurit handelt, der aus diesem Kontinent bekannt wird. Die obere Kreide tritt in der Umgebung von Payta in zwei getrennten Gebieten auf. Das eine befindet sich am Westabhang der Sa. de Amotape. Die Kreide wurde dort zuerst von Bravo 1) aufgefunden und neuerdings von Iddings und Olsson 2) gegliedert. Bei Pan de Azucar und El Muerto liegen schollenförmige Erosionsreste diskordant auf jungpalaeozoischen Schichten, die die ersten Erhebungen der Sa. de Amotape aufbauen. Ein vollständigeres Profil ist im Oberlauf der Quebrada Parinas aufgeschlossen, wo die Kreideschichten in einer grabenförmigen Senke tiefer in das Gebirge eingreifen. Iddings und Olsson unterscheiden von oben nach unten:

Description: In their classical studies on the Alpine glaciation Penck and Brückner gave a small blockdiagram to illustrate the arrangement and shape of the deposits at the lower end of a former glacier: the fluvioglacial series. This diagram has been reproduced in so many text-books, that it may be worth-while pointing out a fault in its construction. The case represented by the authors is that of two terminal amphitheatres lying within eachother (fig. 1) 1). The manner in which the outer moraine with its fluvio-glacial fan of sediments is drawn in on top of the inner moraine proves it to be the younger of the two. In this case the glacier must have ridden over the inner circle, thereby destroying its ridge; but in the drawing this ridge is represented as having been left perfectly intact. On the glacier receding again the material of the older moraine would be found buried under the newer deposits, and only one frontal moraine would be left (fig. 2, A).

Description: The phylogeny and biogeography of the western Palaearctic species of Nephrotoma are analyzed. Phylogeny is dealt with in a cladistic sense. Briefly outlined are criteria developed for polarity decisions as well as the rôle assigned to parallelisms. Representatives of fourty-one Holarctic (sub)genera were examined in order to establish the sistergroup of Nephrotoma. The internal hypopygial stuctures of these taxa are discussed and the following cluster of closely related taxa is recognized: Dolichopeza s. str., Oropeza, Nesopeza, Prionocera, Trichotipula, and Scamboneura, Nephrotoma. The two last-mentioned taxa are considered sistergroups. The western Palaearctic Nephrotoma species are assigned here to four monophyletic groups: cornicina group, dorsalis group, brevipennis group, and crocata group. In the section dealing with biogeography, an attempt is made to correlate the phylogeny of the cornicina and crocata groups with glacial-interglacial cycles. In a further account the distribution patterns of all Palaearctic species are discussed in relation to Pleistocene and Holocene climatic fluctuations. The origin of the genus is situated in early Tertiary East Asia. The brevipennis group, restricted to Madeira, is assumed to date back from at least Pliocene times. The dorsalis group, widespread throughout the Holarctic, apparently achieved its present range before the late Pliocene. It is intimated that the Pleistocene climatic oscillations had little effect on speciation within groups adapted to northern temperate or even cooler climates. This in contrast to the southern temperate and Mediterranean species groups such as the flavescens and crocata subgroups. The relative success of these two subgroups in post-Cromerian times may well be associated with their shift to more open habitats.

Description: Cantharus (Pollia) vermeuleni n. sp. (Buccinidae) is described from material collected off St. Louis, Senegal, West Africa. Additional specimens from off the Cape Verde Islands and Ghana are recorded. The problems of classification of the genus are briefly reviewed. It is concluded that the species has a non pelagic development. Notes on associated organisms are given: four species of bryozoans Antropora tincta, A. minus, Rhyncozoon bispinosa and Hippopetraliella africana) and one species of cirriped were found on the gastropod shells, which also may be attacked by a boring bivalve (Lithophaga aristata).

Description: Three new species are described from the Cameroun-Gabon-area : Ficus abscondita C. C. Berg, F. oresbia C. C. Berg and F. subsagittifolia Mildbraed ex C. C. Berg. A key to these and related species is given. F. gnaphalocarpa (Miq.) A. Rich. is reduced to a subspecies of F. sycomorus L.

Description: In seiner Bearbeitung einiger von Glaziou in Brasilien gesammelten Convolvulaceen beschreibt Dammer (I) u.a. zwei neue Prevostea-Arten, P. capitata und P. sphaerocephala, welche der Beschreibung nach auffallende Unterschiede aufweisen mit den anderen Arten dieses Genus. Auch Dammer selbst spricht, wenigstens für P. capitata, schon die Vermutung aus, es handele sich hier um Repräsentanten eines selbständigen Genus oder vielleicht einer neuen Sektion von Prevostea, weil er aufmerkt: „An Genus novum? An sectio nova generis Prevosteae, inflorescentia bene distincta?” Aus einer Untersuchung der beiden Arten, welche die Direktion des Berliner Herbariums mir freundlichst zum Studium überliess, stellte sich nun heraus, dass wir die beiden Arten der Beschaffenheit der Blüte nach bei Bonamia unterbringen müssen. Hinsichtlich der Unterschiede zwischen Prevostea und Bonamia bemerkt Hallier (2, S. 530), dass ersteres Genus sich von Bonamia unterscheidet durch „die beiden aüszeren, groszen, fein netzaderigen, häutigen, durchscheinenden, kreisherzförmigen Kelchblätter”. Bei den zwei Dammerschen Arten entsprechen die beiden äusseren Kelchblätter dieser Beschreibung keineswegs. Sie sind nicht auffallend verschieden von den anderen und zeigen eine Form, welche sich vielmehr an die vieler Bonamia-Arten anschliesst. Wohl treten im Habitus der Pflanzen einige Unterschiede mit den anderen Arten dieses Genus auf, besonders hinsichtlich der zu Köpfchen am Ende der Zweige gehäuften Blüten. Vergleichen wir dieses Merkmal nun aber mit den Verhältnissen welche sich bei anderen Gattungen der Familie auftun, wie bei Evolvulus und Jacquemontia, dann stellt sich heraus, dass auch hier Arten auftreten mit köpfchen- bis ährenförmigem Blütenstand. In meiner Monographie der Gattung Evolvulus (5) habe ich schon auf diese Spezialisation in der Beschaffenheit des Blütenstandes hingewiesen. Die Arten dreier Sektionen zeigen hier das genannte Merkmal. Diese Arten sind hauptsächlich auf Brasilien beschränkt, wo sie in den Campos Vorkommen. Auch bei Ipomoea besteht die Tendenz zur Bildung endständiger, ährenförmiger Blütenstände. Als Beispiel nenne ich Ipomoea echioides Choisy und I. Pohlii Choisy. Unten werde ich noch die Gelegenheit haben auch bei Jacquemontia auf ähnliche Verhältnisse hinzuweisen.

Description: The genus Thoracostachyum was described in 1869 by S. Kurz in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. XXXVIII, part 2, p. 75 and based upon Lepironia sumatrana and L. bancana of Miquel. We are justified to accept the first-mentioned species as the type-species of the genus. It is true, that Kurz published the name Thoracostachys bancana five years earlier in the „Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië” XXVII (1864), p. 224, but this name is not valid, as it was published as a nomen nudum, without a generic or specific description and even without citing the synonym Lepironia bancana Miq. In Recueil des Travaux botaniques néerlandais, Vol. XXXII (1935) p. 184 and Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium te Utrecht, nr. 16 (1935), p. 184 I splitted of the genus Paramapania, characterized by its leafless scapes, small bracts and some, less conspicuous, floral characteristics. The remaining part of the genus is rather homogeneous, as may be seen from the diagnosis.

Description: The present investigation has been carried out in the “Botanisch Museum en Herbarium” of the University of Utrecht. I wish to render to Dr. A. Pulle, the Director of the Institute, my most sincere thanks for the facilities afforded to me and for the interest in the progress of this work. I am also greatly indebted to the Directors of the Berlin-Dahlem, Brussels, Göttingen, Leiden and Paris Herbaria and to the members of their staff for the opportunity of studying in these Institutes the collections entrusted to their care and for their helpful advice. Special words of thanks are due to Dr. O. C. Schmidt (Berlin-Dahlem), Dr. R. Benoist (Paris) and Dr. Exell (South Kensington). To Mr. Wilmott (South Kensington) I am obliged for the information he gave me with regard to the genus Persea, and to Dr. Hochreutiner (Geneva) for the loan of the type specimen of Ocotea vernicosa. To the Brussels, Berlin-Dahlem, Göttingen, Kew, Leiden and Paris Herbaria I am indebted for the loan of specimens which I needed for the solution of various special problems.

Description: Cystoliths were observed in the secondary xylem of Sparattanthelium (Hernandiaceae). Their shape, size, distribution and chemical composition is described. The systematic value of cystoliths in the Hernandiaceae as well as in general is discussed.

Description: In 1971 a number of permanent plots were established in an abandoned Dutch calcareous grassland, then belonging to the association Arrhenatheretum elatioris with some elements of Mesobrometum erecti and Poo-Lolietum. A part of the plots was treated with fertilizer of varying N.P.K.-content. Another part was treated with farm yard manure, calcium carbonate, or left untreated. All plots were mown once a year. Each year, species composition, including bryophytes, as well as peak standing crop were determined. After seven years the plots treated with fertilizer are sharply distinct from the others ones, both in species composition and above-ground biomass. In the fertilized plots the number of species decreased considerably due to dominance of a few species, whilst the above-ground biomass varied from about 550 to 900 g/m2. In the course of the experiment the species number of the unfertilized plots increased; the above-ground biomass varied from 150 to 350 g/m2. Constancy of species composition was highest in the unfertilized plots, especially after a period of extreme drought in 1976. In 1978 the vegetation of the non-fertilized plots could be reckoned to the Mesobrometum erecti; the vegetation of the fertilized plots to an Arrhenatheretum elatioris variant poor in species. The influence of sod removal is discussed in detail. The study will be continued and expanded in the forthcoming years.

Description: Arckenhausen, J.C.P. (1784-1855) The draftsman from Goslar, Germany, who was in the service of C.L. Blume, from 1829 till 1832 or probably later. He worked up many of the drawings Blume had brought from Bogor, for the Flora Javae, mostly vol. 1 and 2, fewer vol. 3 and 4. In a book by H.G. Griep e.a., published by the Museumsverein Goslar (1977), details are given, and several fine reproductions. Blume, C.L. (1796-1862) The botanist for Java, first director of the Bogor Botanic Gardens, and founder of the Rijksherbarium, is the subject of a typewritten study by A. den Ouden: C.L. Blume, periode 1826-1832, 136 + xii p. It is a preliminary paper (in Dutch) for a Ph.D. thesis. Author delved into various archives and came up with a large harvest. There is an impressive amount of documentation in this report already, and a useful 9-page chronological account from birth to 1832. During the period under study, Blume was in Java and founded the Rijksherbarium, which was transferred from Brussels to Leiden; many details are given. The financing of the Flora Iavae in a period when the nation was poor, is another subject elaborated. Blume was a man of remarkable keenness: besides his botanical work, he found time to amass zoological collections, and effectively introduced vaccination in Java. His character was generous on the one hand, stingy on the other; lofty in his intentions, abrasive in his manners. We hope that the work will be continued and come to fruition. Address of author: Biohistorie, Nieuwe Gracht 187, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Description: Recently I came across a paper on the pollination of the terrestrial orchid Listera ovata and I have observed with pleasure that the author also checked on the ’reverse’ side of pollination, viz. the question whether cross-pollination by insects is compulsory. This reminded me of the large list of Malesian orchids which Dr. J.J. Smith (1928) listed in which he had observed self-fertilization. Flower biologists will probably explain this as exceptions to the rule. So it may be, but how many experimental data are there to support this opinion? They largely base their opinion on observations of flower visits and visitors, how insects and other animals manage to utilize structural plant devices in order to attain their goal, nectar, pollen, scent-substances, etc. They have successfully correlated a number of structures of inflorescences or flowers with flower visitors and they have called these structure ’pollination syndromes’. These occur in taxonomically unrelated families.

Description: Flora Malesiana series i volume 9 instalment 1, pages 1-235, came from the press late in December 1979. This instalment contains three families: Araliaceae first part, Cyperaceae final part, and Liliaceae first part. The price is Dfl. 155, which equals c. US$ 78, post free. Orders can be placed with Sijthoff-Noordhoff, Box 4, Alphen a/d Rijn, Netherlands; inside the country the price is 18% higher because of Value Added Tax. W.R. PHILIPSON, Araliaceae — I (p. 1-105, fig. 1-39) deals with 118 species in 16 genera. The 17th, Schefflera, is still under study with D.G. Frodin, but is covered in the General Part, where a discussion is given on subdivision and generic delimitation; there are several reductions and exclusions. Novelties occur on p. 68, 87, 92. Gastonia spectabilis, the tallest araliad, attains 40 by 1¾ m.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae — b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk: *.

Description: Symbiotaphrina Kühlwein & Jurzitza in Arch. Mikrobiol. 40: 258. 1961 (nom. inval.. Art. 36). Crescit in mycetomatibus intestinalibus coleopterorum Anobiidarum. Coloniae zymoideae, restrictae, cremeae vel luteae vel rubrae, mucidae; cellulae dacryoideae vel clavatae vel pyriformes, apicem attenuatum versus enteroblastice successione basipetali gemmantes.

Description: Prom the time of CORREA DE SERRA (1805), MIRBEL. (1813), DE JUSSIEU (1815), ROEMER (1846), BAILLON (1855), and OLIVER (1861), a great stress is laid upon the number of stamens, locules, and ovules to the primary classification of the Rutaceae-Aurantioideae, but the importance of the presence of an inflorescence and its reduction of the number of flowers, the pinnate leaf and its reduction of the number of leaflets, venation of the leaf, its conspicuousness and the construction, the origin and development of the wing upon the rachis and the petiole, the number and the nature of thorns upon the branches, the fundamental number of the floral organs and its increase or decrease, the formation of pulp vesicles, the hardening of the rind of fruits, and other points affecting the universal affinity of plants as a whole, have been quite neglected in the past, the consideration of which would have helped the orderly development of the taxonomy of the subfamily. It is clear that the increased number of the floral organs and the development of the pulp vesicles are undoubtedly very important systematic features of the subfamily, but such are those out of many significant characteristics which take part in the classification of the whole group. A character like the increase or decrease of the number of locules, for instance, can occur even within one genus, as in the well-known case of Citrus and Fortunella. The ovules may be single, or binary, either superposed or collateral, or otherwise numerous in uni-, or biseriate arrangement: the gradation of this character is also continuous, as in the case of Merope Triphasia, and Wenzelia, all having similar floral characteristics but the last only has biseriate ovules. Unquestionably, the biseriate character is derived from collateral arrangement which is commoner in rather advanced groups. The increase of the number of filaments more than ten, occurs also in tribes not closely related, as Aegle (also Feroniella, and Balsamocitrus Section Afraegle), Oxanthera, and Citrus (also Poncirus and Fortunella), but the true pleiotaxy of stamens occurs only in Aegle and in the Section Citrophorum of the genus Citrus. The pulp-vesicle formation is also seen in various tribes widely divergent from each other, such as Aegleae-Swingleinae (Swinglea), Lavangeae (Pleiospermium), Atalantieae (Atakmtia and Severinia), Microcitreae (Microcitrus, Eremocitrus, Monanthocitrus and Pleurocitrus), Aurantieae-Citropsinae (Citropsis), and Aurantieae-Citrinae (Poncirus, Citrus and Fortunella). It is very clear that the starting point of the subfamily is represented by Micromelum and Glycosmis, both having pinnate leaves with alternate leaflets and unwinged rachis, many-flowered inflorescences, an ovary with less than 5 locules and one or two superposed ovules in each locule. Having dry fruits and contortuplicate cotyledons, Micromelum forms the most primitive tribe Micromeleae, somewhat analogous to the Rutoideae-Cusparieae of tropical America. The genera Glycosmis, Murraya and Clausena, altogether forming the tribe Clauseneae, have fleshy fruit, plano-convex cotyledons and unarmed branches with pinnate leaves, resembling the Micromelum in general appearance of the plant. It is worthy of note that the great reduction of the number of leaflets is seen in such species, as Micromelum diversifolium MIQ., Clausena Guillauminii TANAKA, and Murraya stenocarpa TANAKA (= Chalcas stenocarpa TANAKA) , and the alate rachis is found in Clausena Wallichii OLIV., C. Guillauminii TANAKA and Murraya alata DRAKE. The reduction of the number of locules in Murraya is also to be noted. No thorn-bearing plants occur in these tribes, except in the doubtful species, Clausena impunctata HIERN, which has curved paired axillary spines, almost entirely opposite leaflets, and a distinctly winged rachis. The gradation of this tribe into the next tribe Aegleae, having hard-shelled fruits, is seen in the Malayan genus Merrillia, which has large flowers, reminding of Murraya (Subgen. Euchalcas TANAKA), and a winged rachis like M. alata, mentioned above.

Description: A new genus, Kairoa, of the Monimiaceae (Mollinedeae) from the Huon Gulf region of Papua New Guinea is described. It comprises the single species, K. suberosa.

Description: Among the more than a dozen species of Podocarpus sensu stricto known to occur on the island of New Guinea inch New Britain, five are not known elsewhere. Unlike most of the non-endemic species, these five are widely distributed on the island in their appropriate ecological zones. Only one of the five, P. brassii Pilger, can be said to be free of confusion in the literature. Six species and one variety of Podocarpus have been described specifically from New Guinea. Of these, P. schlechteri Pilger is a synonym of P. pilgeri Foxworthy and P. thevetiifolius Blume is a synonym of P. polystachyus R. Brown, both extending far beyond New Guinea. Besides P. brassii, the remainder are P. ledermannii Pilger, P. idenburgensis Gray, P. archboldii Gray, and P. archboldii var. crassiramosis Gray. Another endemic species has never been named. Confusion centers around P. archboldii and its relationships to the other endemic species.

Description: Tuber et folium non videmus; unam spadicem glabram tantum videmus. Cataphylla 3 oblongo-lanceolata, 33, 19, 17 em longa, 6.7, 2.8, 4.5 cm lata, apice obtusa, duo ut apparet basi, unum (brevissimum) pedunculi apice affixa. Pedunculus 4.5 cm longus et i. v. 2.1 cm (i. s. 1.9 cm) crassus. Spatha 25 cm longa, late campanulata, basi convoluta, margine laciniata, marginem versus valde plicata, intus basin versus purpurea (?) et minute papillosa, supra pallidior, laciniae inaequales usque ad 9 cm longae. Spadix quam spatha duplo longior, 45 cm longa; inflorescentia feminea cylindrica, circ. 5.5 cm longa, 2.5—2.8 cm crassa; mascula arete contigua basi paulo constricta, circ. 5 cm longa, 2—2.5 cm crassa; appendix 36 cm longa, anguste cylindrica, sensim attenuata; flores masculini plus quam flores feminei congesti. Ovarium globosum sessile, 3-loculare, apice in stylum attenuatum; stylus ovario subaequilongus vel (paulo) longior; stigma non vel obscure 2-lobata. Stamen solitarium circ. 1 mm longum, 2 mm latum; antherae adnatae apice 2 poris dehiscentes. Celebes: N. Celebes, Bolaang-Mongondou, Modajag, 750 m in alt., in forest (leg. W. KAUDERN 243, Oct. 1917, type spec, in Herb. Stockholm).

Description: The monotypic genus Urariopsis, based on Uraria cordifolia Wall., has been compared with several S.E. Asiatic species of Uraria. The species Uraria prunellaefolia, U. collettii, and U. barbata are considered to be most closely related to U. cordifolia. The pods of U. cordifolia and U. collettii consist of longitudinally flattened, peltate loments, those of U. prunellaefolia consist of laterally flattened, longitudinally arranged loments; in the other species the loments are laterally flattened and zig-zag folded. No correlating characters were found, and the differences in shape of the pods are not considered sufficient ground to distinguish groups on generic level. Notes on morphology, nomenclature, and geographic distribution are presented.

Description: The present study deals with the systematics and taxonomy of the genus Origanum (Labiatae, Saturejeae). As this difficult genus was never before monographed, a revisional study was much needed. The data presented are mainly based on the study of herbarium specimens and in some cases of living ones. The picture was completed, as far as possible, with data from various literature sources. A short survey is given of the taxonomic history of Origanum, which goes back as far as Linnaeus, and shows that genus and species concepts of various authors have much differed. A morphological outline of Origanum is given, from which it can be concluded that most generic characters are rather variable. Origanum is characterized in the following ways. Medium sized, subshrubby Labiatae, rich in volatile oils, with subsessile, ovate, glandular punctate leaves and paniculate inflorescences; few flowered verticillasters arranged in (dense) spikes with distinct, often coloured, bracts; calyces variable: 5-toothed, subregular or 2-lipped or 1-lipped, with developed or reduced teeth; corollas 2-lipped, sometimes saccate or flattened. Origanum is compared with related genera found in the subtribes Melissinae and Thyminae within the tribe Saturejeae. One conclusion is that there are no arguments to maintain these subtribes. Further it can be concluded that Origanum ’s nearest relatives are Thymus, Satureja and Micromeria. In the sections Campanulaticalyx and Elongatispica, Origanum comes near to the latter genus. The genera Satureja and Micromeria, which together contain the bulk of the species in the group, are in need of a revision. When this is carried out it may become clear that several genera should be redefined, including possibly Origanum. The genus is divided into 10 sections, of which two are new and one transferred from another genus. In all 38 species are recognized. Specific differences are found in the indumentum and in the size and/or shape of spikes, bracts, calyces, corollas, and filaments. These and other characters are uniformly included in the descriptions given. In two species infraspecific taxa are listed. In addition 17 hybrids are recognized, of which four are new and three others were previously described as species. For six taxa a new status is introduced (in one case in a new combination), while two new combinations are made, one species name is validated, and one new name is given. Type specimens are recorded for all taxa and identification keys to all taxa are given. Important characters are picutred for all species and infraspecific taxa. Distribution maps are given. The chromosome number of four species of Origanum is known at the moment. In all cases (apart from a few counts for O. vulgare) the number 2n = 30 is established. Gynodioecy occurs in the species of five sections. Most Origanum species (c. 70 %) are found in the East Mediterranean subregion, while a few species occur in the West Mediterranean subregion. Most species occupy (rather) small areas: c. 70 % is endemic to one island or mountain (group). Only O. vulgare has a very large area, ranging from the Azores to Taiwan. Origanum species usually inhabit mountain regions and rocky places with calcareous stone. Though hybridization is frequently found in Origanum, hybrids do not usually occur in large numbers. It is postulated that not only intra-, but also inter-generic hybrids occur in this group of Saturejeae. In a hypothesis for speciation hybridization is seen as the most important way of origin of Origanum species. This hybridization can have taken place between species of Origanum as well as between Origanum species and species from related genera. Origanum species are generally rich in volatile oils containing considerable quantities of carvacrol and thymol. Since ancient times species of Origanum are used as medicinal herbs but nowadays this is of minor importance. In the course of time the use of Origanum species as culinary herbs has become more important. In recent times several species of Origanum have also been used as ornamentals. Two Puccinia species and a strain of alfalfa mosaic virus are found as parasites on Origanum.

Description: In het toekomstige landschapspark Waterland is inventariserend onderzoek verricht naar de makrofauna van diverse watertypen. Dit onderzoek is van belang in verband met de eisen die aan het natuurwetenschappelijk beheer van een dergelijk gebied zullen moeten worden gesteld. Waterland is een brakwaterveengebied, een zeldzaam biotoop, zelfs op wereldschaal. Het brakke karakter is echter na afsluiting van de Zuiderzee zo sterk verminderd dat de chloridegehaltes nauwelijks boven de 500 mg/l uitkomen. Voor vele brakwaterorganismen is dit gehalte te laag. Uit fragmentarische inventarisaties omstreeks de tweede wereldoorlog is gebleken dat er toen nog talrijke typische brakwaterorganismen gevonden werden, b.v. Palaemonetes varians, Sphaeroma rugicauda, S. hookeri, Corophium lacustre, Leptocheirus pilosus. Uit het huidige onderzoek wordt echter duidelijk dat van deze fauna slechts de euryhaliene taxa zijn overgebleven: Neomysis integer (zeer algemeen), Gammarus duebeni (in kleine aantallen), en Corophium sp. (sporadisch). De overige taxa zijn alle kenmerkend voor de eutrofe Westnederlandse polder- en boezemwateren. Het brakke karakter blijkt nog uit het gemiddeld betrekkelijk lage aantal taxa per monsterpunt en de in sommige gebieden (Ilperveld, Varkensland) overheersende positie van de Crustacea (met name Neomysis integer en Gammarus tigrinus). Het grote aantal taxa (34% van het totaal) dat slechts op één of twee monsterpunten verzameld is, vormt een aanwijzing voor een op gang komend kolonisatieproces van zoeter water preferende taxa. Het veel grotere aantal soorten Mollusca in vergelijking met een onderzoek uit 1942, is eveneens verklaarbaar vanuit dit oogpunt. De saprobiegraad, berekend volgens de methode van Pantle & Buck, met gebruikmaking van de indikatorwaarden van Sladecek, ligt voor alle monsterpunten in het bovenste gedeelte van het β-mesosaprobe gebied. Deze waarden worden in de meeste Westnederlandse polder- en boezemwateren gevonden. Fysisch-chemisch gezien kan het water als polytroof worden gekarakteriseerd. Uit de computeranalyse is gebleken dat bij een binaire clustering de monsterpunten en de taxa in de eerste plaats worden geselekteerd op jaargetijde. Struktuurkenmerken spelen een ondergeschikte rol. De grotere en diepere wateren worden min of meer als groep onderscheiden.

Description: In 1980 members of the Institute of Taxonomic Zoology (Zoölogisch Museum) of the University of Amsterdam, have sampled the stygofauna fauna of a number of West Indian islands. The present report records the stations in which stygobionts (= groundwater organisms) were collected. The main purpose of the program was to test the value of various biogeographic models for explaining the insular fauna.

Description: Bij het zoeken naar een terrein, waar zoowel stratigrafisch als petrografisch gewerkt zou kunnen worden, viel het oog op de omgeving van het Brembodal. Hiervan bewerkte ik een gedeelte tusschen Caprile en Lenna met als W. grens de waterscheiding over de Pizzo di Mezzodi en Chiappa naar de Disner en de Pizzo di Cusio. In het N. vormde een E.—W. lijn door Caprile sup. naar Sparavera de grens, in het S. het Valle di Lenna en de Brembo, terwijl aan den E. kant als grens werd genomen een lijn van Mojo di Calvi naar Piazzatorre. Ten N.W. hiervan werd gewerkt door den Heer Jong, wiens publicatie binnenkort zal verschijnen, terwijl de Heer Klompé bezig is met de karteering van het gedeelte ten N. van de lijn Caprile—Sparavera. Het veldwerk werd verricht in het voorjaar en in den zomer van de jaren 1926 en 1927. Het verzamelde materiaal, dat ik in het Geologisch Museum te Leiden onderzocht, zal aldaar worden opgeborgen.

Description: In thinsections of tertiary limestones from Borneo I studied numerous specimens of a new genus of foraminifera showing an interesting and rather complicated structure. The material belongs to the Geological Survey of the Netherlands East Indies („Dienst van den Mijnbouw in Nederlandsch Indië”) at Bandoeng, Java. Syntypes 1) are in the palaeontological collection of the „Instituut voor Mijnbouwkunde” at Delft. My thanks are due to Mr. A.C. de Jongh, formerly director of the geological survey in the East Indies, who kindly lent me these rocks.

Description: Until recently there was no good general map of the Tengger Mountains, so that in 1914 F. von Wolff (bibl. 1) in his work „Der Vulkanismus”, vol. I, p. 510—511, gives a reproduction of Pr. Junghuhn's map of 1844. For a volcanic district that has frequently been used as an example of a caldera and has been made familiar by the beautiful photographs from the firm of Kurkdjan in Soerabaya, this is an inadequate treatment, especially as Junghuhn's map is not accurate. After I had gained a superficial knowledge of the Tengger Mountains in two excursions in 1918 and 1919, I conceived the plan of making a new general map after the topographical map 1/20.000 of the Netherlands Indian Topographical Service. In 1922 I drew a wall-map 1/20.000 with contour distance of 100 meters, and coloured according to K. Peucker's method (Farbenplastik) (bibl. 2) the preparation of which occupied about a month. Plate 5 is a reduction of this map to 1/100.000, made by the firm of Smulders in the Hague, to whom a word of praise is due for the excellent way in which they have carried it out 1).

Description: The publications are numbered as was done by Alexander before he sent reprints to his colleagues. These numbers are used throughout the index.

Description: The modern West Indian island of Hispaniola is in actuality a fusion of two formerly separate islands, each of which presumably supported a distinctive herpetofauna. With the union of these two paleoislands, there has been extensive to small interchange of these faunas; the purpose of the present paper is to analyze the degrees of similarity and difference between the two primal herpetofaunas. A brief sketch of the geography of Hispaniola is given. This is in turn followed by discussions of the 179 native species of amphibians and reptiles of Hispaniola, cataloguing them into six categories: 1) islandwide species; 2) north island species; 3) south island species; 4) north island species that have invaded the south island; 5) south island species that have invaded the north island; 6) species whose original distributions are uncertain. Comparisons are made, as far as success is concerned, between the invaders of the two islands, as well as between the basic faunas of these islands. The south island has by far the greater number of species (116) than the north island (85), despite the fact that the south island comprises about one-eight of the total area of Hispaniola. The herpetofauna of the major Hispaniolan satellitle island, Ile de la Gonâve, is also analyzed. Its herpetofauna is shown to have had a double origin (from both north and south islands), but the total number of species derived from these two independent sources is less than the number of Gonâve species that are islandwide on the Hispaniolan main island.

Description: Het is vooral door de onderzoekingen der Siboga-expeditie in Nederl. O.-Indië bekend geworden welk een groot aandeel kalkalgen hebben aan den opbouw van riffen (1). De Siboga trof meermalen uitgestrekte rifvormingen aan, die voornamelijk uit Lithothamniën opgebouwd zijn; een bank bij Salyer b.v., die als „koraalbank” op de kaarten vermeld stond, bleek geheel uit opeenhoopingen van Lithothamnium en Halimeda te bestaan; van Haingsisi (S.W. van Timor) wordt een bank vermeld, die nagenoeg uitsluitend uit één soort: Lithothamnium erulescens is samengesteld. In vele gevallen is gebleken, dat kalkalgen nog in grootere mate dan koralen tot de vorming van riffen bijdragen. Zoo is Gardiner door waarnemingen op Funafuti, Fiji, de Chago's en Malediven tot deze ervaring gekomen (2) en het is bekend, dat ook aan de samenstelling der „key’s” in Florida, de riffen der Bahama's, Bermuda's en aan de kust van Porto-Rico, kalkalgen (Melobesia's en Halimeda) een veel grooter opbouwend deel vormen dan rifkoralen (3). Uit oudere geologische formatie's zijn ons dergelijke feiten eveneens bekend. Het talrijke voorkomen van Lithothamniën in Tertiaire sedimenten van de Oost-Indische Archipel was door de onderzoekingen van K. Martin bekend reeds voordat daar de uitgestrekte recente Lithothamniumriffen ontdekt werden (4). Over de kalkalgen uit de Miocene Leitha-kalken van het Weensche Bekken heeft Unger uitvoerig gehandeld (5). Uit de Midden-Trias kennen we de Diplopora-kalksteenen, die over uitgestrekte gebieden in Beieren, Tirol en Zuid-Oost-Europa voorkomen. Een ander voorbeeld leveren de Baltische landen, waar kalksteenen uit Ordovicien en Siluur grootendeels uit kalkalgen opgebouwd zijn. Solenopora compacta Bill is in het Siluur van Gothland, Noorwegen, Engeland, Schotland en Noord-Amerika gevonden geworden in groote hoeveelheden.

Description: § 1. In this study only those folds as observed in the upper sedimentary layers of the Earth’s crust will be treated. Even with this restriction the subject is still so complicated, that we must narrow the scope to be able to treat it from a theoretical point of view. Hence we will confine ourselves to simple folds as synclines and anticlines, leaving alone those intricate structures generally known as Alpine folding. On the other hand faults connected with folding are such a common feature that any theory that does not take them into account will be valueless. Folding is the result of tangential forces acting at unknown depth. Only in very few instances we have some idea at what depth the force is active. In the Jura mountains for instance we know that the sedimentary layer must have been pushed over its granite basement rock, as it has glided over the granite on a very incompetent layer of Anhydrite. But such knowledge of the total depth of a system of folds is an exception.

Description: A list is provided of the 53 Tipulidae species known from Macaronesia (16), Northwest Africa (38) and Egypt (1). No species are known from Libya. Some synonyms and some species erroneously recorded from the region are discussed. A description is given of Tipula (Yamatotipula) lateralis barbarensis subsp. nov., T. (Yamatotipula) montium afriberia subsp. nov. and T. (Acutipula) rifensis spec. nov. A redescription is given of T. (Savtshenkia) atlas Pierre. The following results about zoogeography are presented: The present tipulid fauna of North Africa is of Palaearctic origin and has no elements originating from the Afrotropical Region. The immigration route for probably all Tipulidae from Europe to Northwest Africa lies over the Strait of Gibraltar and not over the Sicilian Channel. The Macaronesian fauna on the average is of an older origin than that of Northwest Africa.

Description: Observations on costal anatomy in Colombian material of the Campylopus leucognodessubconcolor complex revealed a correlation between habitat humidity and degree of cell wall thickness. Cultivation experiments confirmed the assumption that the presence or absence of pseudostereids in this group is environmentally controlled. The taxonomic consequence of these findings makes us consider C. leucognodes (C. Müll.) Par. and C. argyrocaulon (C. Müll.) Mitt. synonymous with C. subconcolor (Hampe) Mitt.; the latter name is correct for the species in its new circumscription. Cultivation experiments on Campylopus pittieri Williams produced no effect on the observed variation in the costal cell-pattern, but cultivation seemed to suppress the development of apical ridges on the dorsal surface of the costa. The taxonomic value of the two varieties of C. pittieri is discussed.

Description: In a number of species of Artocarpus J.R. & G. Forster (Moraceae) laticifers were not only observed as radial tubes, enclosed in the ray tissue, but also as axial tubes, enclosed in the fibre tissue. Both types of latex tubes are connected and considered as one branched laticiferous system. A detailed description of the individual latex tubes and the whole system, based on light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic observation, is presented.

Description: A study of recent material of the dendroid thallose liverwort genus Jensenia (Metzgeriales) from the Colombian Andes revealed the existence of three taxa in the area: J. erythropus (Gott.) Grolle var. erythropus, J. erythropus var. nobandae van der Gronde var. nov. and J. florschuetzii van der Gronde spec. nov. The species occur in the high Andean forests and the páramos in shaded, atmospherically humid, terrestric habitats, at altitudes ranging from ca. 2200 to 4100 m.

Description: The Moraceous genus Clarisia was described by Ruiz et Pavon in 1794 in ”Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus” p. 128. This generic name must be rejected, if it is not placed on the list of Nomina Generica Conservanda, as in 1792 there had already been published a genus of this name by Pedro Abat In the list of genera recommended for placing on the list of Nomina Generica Conservanda (Kew Bulletin 1935 pp. 341-544). Mr. Weatherby mentions Clarisia R. et P. I quote here what he writes on Clarisia Abat: „Placed by Sprengel, L. Gen. Pl. ed. 9, I. 202 (1830) in synonymy under Anredera Juss. (1789). He has apparently been followed by all subsequent authors who have noticed the name at all. I have not seen Abat’s publication. If the date is correctly given by Dalla Torre & Harms and the genus adequately published, Clarisia R. & P. must be conserved if it is to be retained. ”As far as can be judged from literature no botanists have seen Abat’s publication. This is not to be wondered, as Abat’s paper was published in a scarcely spread periodical. I have tried to obtain this periodical in the Netherlands, in London and Paris but nowhere I could get hold of it. Thanks to the kind assistance of Prof. Cuatrecasas of Madrid I could receive a copy of this paper and a photograph of the plate from the original in the library at Sevilla. Abat’s paper was published in ”Memorias de la Real Sociedad de Medicina, y Demas Ciencias de Sevilla, Tomo Decimo. 1792. pp. 418- 438”. The name of the periodical was cited by Sprengel as ”Acta etc.” The word ’Acta’ does not occur in the completely copied title of the periodical which I received from Prof. Cuatrecasas, so apparently Sprengel must have been mistaken. The publication is a communication made by Pedro Abat, Correspondiente del Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid, y Socio Botanico, to the Society mentioned in the title of the periodical. Abat begins his paper with a statement of the necessity of great exactness in the decription of plants which is of course still true and especially for the plants we are dealing with in this paper. Therefore I have started my present paper with the same words as Abat did nearly 150 years ago. In the first part of his paper, Abat gives an account of the literature dealing with his plant. He quotes the words of Hans Sloane on Fagopyrum scandens and concludes from Sloane’s description that it is the same species as he (Abat) demonstrated before the Society. Then he writes extensively on Linné’s Polygonum scandens L. His conclusion from the description of Linnaeus is that Polygonum scandens L. is not Sloane’s Fagopyrum scandens, though Linné placed the latter in synonymy under his Polygonum scandens. Sloane’s plant of which he shew a living specimen, is according to him quite different from Polygonum scandens L. from which he had brought a herbarium specimen.

Description: Wood anatomical generic descriptions of Henriquezia, Platycarpum and Gleasonia are given and compared with data from Rubiaceae. An attempt is made to construct a cladogram according to Hennig’s principles. The resulting arrangement of the taxa concerned is discussed and compared with earlier conclusions based on phenetic comparison.

Description: A revision is presented of the group of frutescent Dorstenia species with a single row of appendages on the margin of the receptacle which occur in rain-forest areas of tropical Africa. The group comprises : D. dorstenioides (Engl.) M. Hijman & C. C. Berg, D. involuta M. Hijman & C. C. Berg, D. turbinata Engl., D. angusticornis Engl., D. alta Engl. and D. scaphigera Bureau.

Description: 1. The following definition is proposed for the term Savannah. Savannahs are plains in the West Indian Islands and Northern South America covered with more or less xeromorph herbs and small shrubs and with few trees or larger shrubs. 2. It is suggested that the Suriname Savannahs have originated from Tropical Rain Forest, modified by Edaphic and Climatic conditions. The Edaphic Conditions being the main influence. 3. This new vegetation is liable to damage by fire, and this gives rise to the true savannah vegetation, which is a „fire climax”. 4. A description and species lists are given of Savannahs near Zanderij I, Brownsweg, Sectie O and between Moengo tapoe and Albina. 5. The vegetation of these savannahs seems to be most closely related to that of the French Guiana Savannahs. 6. A general description of the Swamps in the Western part of Suriname is given. Three main „associations” are recognized. The Typha angustifolia L. — Cyperns giganteus Vahl Swamp, the Cyperus articulatus L. Swamp and the Homalocenchrus hexandrus (Sw.) Kuntze — Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Hitch. Swamp. 7. Species lists are given of the Swamps near Nieuw Nickerie and near Coronie. 8. Species lists are given of the aquatic vegetation in the open water of these swamps.

Description: Tropical biologists are often frustrated in their attempts to study plants, animals, and climate in the forest canopy because of the difficulty of access to this region 20-50 meters high. This problem can be overcome by the use of free-standing towers (Pasoh, Malaya; Barro Colorado Island, Panama) or by tree platforms (Ulu Gombak, Malaya). In April, 1978, we constructed a canopy platform and ladder at our study site in the Kutai Nature Reserve, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, to collect data on forest phenology and the travel paths of arboreal birds and mammals. Since our 39 meter-high platform and ladder are economical to construct and safe to use (desirable features) we describe its construction here in more detail. We selected a large (180 cm dbh) Shorea situated on a sloping ridgetop so that the platform commands a view over the forest downslope and into the crowns of trees upslope. This tree has 32 meters of clear bole to where it divides into two large ascending secondary trunks. Access to the crown was gained by having one of our Indonesian assistants climb a smaller adjacent tree, cut off its crown, and shoot a nylon line over the lowest limb of the Shorea using a slingshot. This nylon line was then replaced with a 9 mm climbing rope. Both ends were tied to a tree near the ground.

Description: IAWA Bulletin, New Series. Quarterly periodical of the International Association of Wood Anatomists. Annual subscriptions Dfl. 40.00 (Dfl. 30.00 for personal members of IAWA). Volume 1, 1980. From its foundation in 1931 the International Association of Wood Anatomists has promoted international contacts through the publication of News Letters, which were later transformed into a News Bulletin, also containing review articles. From 1970 onwards a more pretentious IAWA Bulletin made its appearance, which not only aimed at publishing notes, requests and review articles, but also original scientific publications. The latter category increased in relative importance, and forced the editors to change from the large, yet rather unprofessional magazin size to that of a normal scientific journal, adopting a volume numbering under a New Series, to avoid confusion with the previous volumes. The New Series will contain a minimum of 160 pages of double column, rather small print, thus offering ’good value’ for the present low price. The paper is of a high glossy quality to secure optimal reproduction of photomicrographs, which are essential ingredients for wood anatomical papers.

Description: During 1979 the Botanical Survey of India had again collections made, which we list in the same manner as on page 3195. In Andaman: Baratang I., Dhanikari, Great Nicobar I., Katchal I., Wright Myo, 1037 specimens. In Andhra Pradesh: Srikakulum District, 1314. In Arunachal Pradesh: Banderdewa, Doimukh and Selly Lake, Itanagar, 4272. In Assam 200 living plants. In Jammu and Kashmir: Dachigam Game Sanctuary, 1740. In Karnataka: South Kanara District, 2080. In Kerala: Agasthiakudam, Allepady, Aryankavu, Bonaccord, Cannanore, Chemunji, Erumeli, Idukki, Kasargod, Muthukulum, Nelliampathy R.F., Palghat, Silent Valley R.F., 10802. In Madhya Pradesh: Bilaspur District, Damoh District, 1400. In Maharashtra; Manyana District, Mahabaleswar, 3000; Kolaba District, Kolhapur, 4760. In Meghalaya: Cherrapunji, 66. In Panjab: Hoshiarpur, 1780. In Rajasthan: Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Jalore, 3626. In Sikkim: Gangtok region, 1000. In Tamil Nadu: Anaikathy, S. Arcot, Kanyakumari, Madurai, Papamalai, Ramanathapuram, 5907. In Uttar Pradesh: Chamoli, Tehri Garhwal, 1300; Dehra Dun, Hemkund, 3230. Dr. K.M. Matthew, S.J., St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirapalli 620 002, India, sent this note on The Carnatic Flora Project, Tamilnadu (Madras), S. India; ”The area under exploration is situated between 77°.45’—79°.45’ E. and 10°.50’—12°.50’ N. The significance of the choice lies in that the area is large enough to be a phytogeographical unit and small enough to be exhaustively explored by a private foundation in about six years’ time. By the term ’phytogeographical unit’ is meant that the vegetation of peninsular India excluding the evergreen is adequately covered in the tract: it comprises nearly every type of vegetation of the Deccan east of the western ghats — the hill ranges of the Pacchaimalais, the Kollimalais, the Kalrayans and the Servarayans (Shevaroys) rising to over 1500 m on the latter, together with the typical foothill scrub jungles, the deltas of the Ponnaiyar, the Cauvery and the Kollidam (Coleroon) rivers, mangroves (Picchavaram), the 50 km of coastal and dune vegetation (Chidambaram to Cuddalore) and a sector of the plains vegetation. In fact the coverage is so adequate and representative that the finished Flora will virtually represent the entire State of Tamilnadu, nay even the Deccan, excluding the evergreen element of the western ghats. Though this exclusion is a limitation in terms of extension, it is taken for a strength in that the constituent species will represent a welldefined and compact phytogeographical unit.