ALBERT

Description: Contrary to Europe, with only one Caltha species, North America has at least three species of this genus. These are the polymorphic C. palustris L., also widely distributed in Europe, the floating aquatic C. natans Pall, and the polymorphic C. leptosepala-biflora group. Two previous papers (Smit 1967, 1968) dealt with taxonomic aspects of C. palustris, that in North America were not essentially different from those of European material.

Description: The bogs of S. E. Groningen are part of the great peat-marshes extending from S. E. Drente as far as N.W. Germany inclusive. So far as the territory of Westerwolde is concerned, people have begun digging off very early. According to the map by Krayenhoff in 1816 nearly the whole peat-marsh westward from the line Blijham—Termaarsch had already been reclaimed, only a few parts still being covered with the original peat-layer (cf. map, fig. 1). The digging off east of the above line commences at the beginning of the 19th century on the borderland of Groningen and Drente. Borings were performed in three places and the samples pollenanalytically and stratigraphically examined.

Description: The chromosome numbers of 16 species of Angiosperms, collected in Cameroun and the Ivory Coast, were determined. The numbers given for 14 species are new, in the remaining species the results of other authors could be confirmed.

Description: E sectione Peltaea, Pavoniae speciosae H.B.K. proxima, sed forma folorium, indumento, involucri phyllis peltatis diversa. Suffrutex, caule minute stellato-piloso glabrescente, linea singula pilis simplicibus longioribus vestita in primo internodio ramulorum lateralium adaxiale notato. Folia breviter petiolata, petiolis tomentellis 2—4 mm longis, oblongo-elliptica, elliptica vel ellipticolanceolata, 3—5 cm longa, 1.25—1.5 cm lata trinervia basi acuta vel obtusa, superiora 5-nervia, basi subcordata, acutissima vel subacuminata, margine regulariter serrato-dentata, supra minute stellato-pilosa, oculo nudo glabra, infra dense sed minute stellatotomentella. Flores in axillis foliorum vel in apice ramulorum 2—3-glomeratis, bracteis ovato-triangularibus suffulti, plerumque subsessiles, interdum usque ad 4 mm pedicellati. Involucri phylla fere io linearia birta uniserialia, basi paullo connata, apice lamina foliacea peltata, id est supra basin affixa, anguste elliptica hirta, basi rotundata, apice acuta, appendiculata, 4 mm longa. Calyx cupuliformis, ultra medium incisus, 4—9 mm longus, lobis acutis hirtis, nervis trinis conspicuis, binis intermediis brevibus vel nullis. Petala 2.5—3 cm longa, teste collectore roseo-rubra, sicca rosea, basi atropurpurea. Stamina et styli more generis. Carpella 4 mm longa, mutica, dorso costa perpendiculari instructa, transverse nervosa, dense pubescentia.

Description: El género Plagiochila (hepatica) esta representada en las Islas Galapagos por ocho (8) especies diferentes: P. bursata (Desv.) Lindenbg., P. galapagona Inoue, P gradsteinii Inoue, P. guilleminiana Mont., P. inouei Grolle, P. scabrifolia Inoue, P. spinifera Ångstr. y P. subplana Lindenbg. El endemismo en este género es más alto que en otros géneros de las hepaticas, con cinco (5) especies que comienzan a conocerse solamente de los Galapagos ( P. galapagona, gradsteinii, scabrifolia, inouei, y spinifera). Las otras tres (3) son comunes y ampliamente distribuidas a lo largo de la America tropical. La mayoría de las especies estan restringidas a las zonas altas-húmedas de vegetación de las Islas Galapagos (matorrales de Zanthoxylum, Miconia y pampa) excepto P. guilleminiana muy común, la cual puede presentarse en la zona seca de transición de bosque. La más amplia variación de Plagiochila ha sido vista en Isabela (Cerro Azul), San Cristobal y Santa Cruz.

Description: The chromosome numbers of 31 species of Angiospermae collected in S. Brazil were determined. Of these species 5 were studied before, the other numbers are new, 11 are first counts for genera and one even for a family. Some notes on the cytology and morphology are added.

Description: It is to be hoped, that the genus Pandanophyllum Hassk. never will revive, for it is based on a bad generic description and two nomina nuda, P. palustre Hassk. (Harassas tjaai) and P. humile Hassk., the first of which is supposed to indicate Mapania palustris (Steud.) Vill., while the other name has brought about much confusion, as it has been used for Hypolytrum humile (Steud.) Boeck. as well as for Mapania humilis (Miq., partly) Vill. The first validly published description of Pandanophyllum humile Hassk. nomen nudum in Cat. Pl. Hort. Bot. Bog. 1844, p. 297 has been given by Steudel in his Synopsis II (1855), p. 134 and is based upon a specimen collected in Java by Zollinger (n. 1511, Brit. Mus., Paris), belonging to the genus Hypolytrum. So this is the type-specimen of H. humile (Steud.) Boeck. in Linnaea XXXVII (1871—1873), p. 128. Bentham and Hooker, however, accepting the interpretation of Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. of Bengal XXXVIII, part 2 (1869), p. 82 and the revised opinion of Miquel in his Ill. Fl. Arch. Ind. (1871), p. 61, included both species in their section Pandanophyllum of Mapania (Gen. Pl. III, 1883, p. 1056). A quarter of a century later C. B. Clarke divided Benth. and Hooker’s section into two subgenera, viz. Pandanophyllum, including Mapania humilis Vill. and Halostemma (Wall.), including Mapania palustris (Steud.) Vill. Consequently our present section Pandanophyllum sensu Clarke probably excludes both species, which originally belonged to it. One might be inclined to rectify the mistake by changing the name of Halostemma into Pandanophyllum and coining a new name for the other subgenus, but the principal difficulty, caused by the ambiguity of Hasskarl’s generic description can not be solved in this manner. This description calls for a bifid style (perhaps referring to Hypolytrum humile Boeck.) and 3—5 spikelets (not appropriate to Mapania palustris Vill., highly improbable as to Mapania humilis Vill. and Hypolytrum humile Boeck.). The only way out of the difficulty is to reject the name Pandanophyllum as a nomen dubium in the sense of the rules of nomenclature (art. 63) and to rename the subgenus Pandanophyllum Benth. et Hook., sensu Clarke. I propose the name Pandanoscirpus.

Description: Nanocyperion communities (s.l.) are considered here as “warp-and-woof” communities; the Nanocyperion components are described separately as synusiae. On the Netherlands Frisian Islands, four main synusiae have been recognized. Raunkiaer life form spectra show few differences between the communities. Life strategy spectra of the Nanocyperion synusiae, based on systems for phanerogams (modified after Bakker 1966) and bryophytes, yield the clearest patterns. A comparison of the ecology of the communities and an interpretation of the spectra in terms of avoidance of stress or competition suggest that inundations and standing crop of the communities are the main factors determining the distribution of the synusiae. Winter inundations overrule the influence of differences in productivity level, which becomes prominent in drier situations.

Description: Frutex epiphyticus, ramis quadrangularibus, angulis lenticellatis. Folia ramorum fertilium petiolis 2-5 mm longis, 1.5-2 mm latis; lamina chartacea vel subcoriacea, oblanceolato-oblonga vel interdum elliptico-oblonga, 9-14 cm longa, 3-4.5 cm lata, ápice acuminata, acumen 1-2 cm longum, basi attenuata, costa subtus prominente, nervis lateralibus supra et subtus prominentibus vel prominulis, glandulis hypophyllis aliquot patelliformibus vel foveolatis, parvis, 3-5 in folii parte inferiore oblique seriatis, aliis minutis, punctiformibus, nigricantibus, aequaliter dispersis. Flores in racemis umbelliformibus (20-) 30-45-floris; rhachis ad circa 1 cm longa; nectaria clavato-cucullata, stipitata, stipes 5-8 mm longus, cucullus 1-1.5 cm longus, circa 4-5 mm diametro, ore late-rotundata, margine plerumque recurvo, apiculata; pedicelli 5-7 cm longi, lenticellati; bracteolae sepaloideae, circa 1 mm longae, 2-3 mm latae; sepala suborbicularia vel reniformia, circa 2-3 mm longa, circa 4-5 mm lata, margine glandulosa; corolla oblongo-subconoidea, circa 1 cm longa, circa 4-5 mm diametro; stamina 18-33, filamentis applanatis, liberis, inaequalibus, in alabastro 4-6 mm longis, antheris linearibus, 3-5 mm longis, circa 1 mm latis, basi subsagittatis; ovarium circa 2-3 mm diametro, 6-11-loculare. Fructus globosus, circa 9 mm diametro, stylo persistenti ornatus. Typus : Costa Rica, vicinity of Vara Blanca, North slope of Central Cordillera, between Poás and Barba Volcanoes, alt. 1700 m, April 1938, Skutch 3762 (holotype US; isotypes GH, MO, NY, S). Paratypes; Costa Rica: Heredia: Cerro de las Caricias, North of San Isidro. Standley & Valerio 52202, 52248,52375 (US); Panama:Chiriquí: Boquetedistrict, Bajo Chorro, Davidson 398 (GH, US).

Description: Joseph Gaertner (1732-1791) was the first to develop a carpological taxonomy in his book De fructibus et seminibus plantarum (1788-1791). The scope and background of this work are discussed; its history is sketched on the basis of the Banks correspondence at the British Museum; the main sources of material are listed. A brief outline of Gaertner’s life is given, also mainly based on letters from him and his contemporaries to Joseph Banks.

Description: Notwithstanding the large amount of work spent by several botanists on this family, taxonomy does not appear very satisfactory, and a general agreement on generic limits has not yet been reached. The result has been a perplexing number of generic and sectional names. The present author apologizes for his adding to the number of interpretations. This study of American Sapotaceae, primarily undertaken in connection with the Flora of Surinam, could not have been completed without the generous loan of specimens by the herbaria at Brussels [B], Berlin—Dahlem [D], Kew [K], and Leyden [L]. In 1934 the author paid a short visit to the herbaria at Brussels [B] and at Paris [P]. The collections of this family at Paris are of special interest owing to the fact that they contain the material studied by Baillon, Pierre and Dubard, and bear numerous notes and analytical drawings, especially by Pierre, attached to the sheets. A number of British Guiana Sapotaceae from the Kew Herbarium was received for determination shortly afterwards. The author feels greatly indebted to the directors of the above mentioned Herbaria for their kind help, and particularly to Prof. Dr. A. Pulle, Utrecht, under whose direction this study was undertaken.

Description: The genus Pausandra Radlk. belongs to the Tribe Cluytieae of the Euphorbiaceae. It was described by Radlkofer in 1870 in Flora LIII pp. 79—95. The genus is based on Thouinia Morisiana of Casaretto. In his paper Radlkofer discussed at length that this species does not belong to the Sapindaceous genus Thouinia, but represents a new genus of the Euphorbiaceae. As at that time female flowers were unknown Radlkofer stated that the systematic position of the new genus was still doubtful, but that most probably it should belong to a new subtribe of the Jatropheae. Two new species were described in the genus in 1873 by Baillon, P. Trianae Baill. based on Pogonophora Trianae Müll. Arg. which was published in 1864, and P. Martinii Baill. based on very young material and erroneously described by Baillon as being 3-merous, as will be discussed below. He placed the genus in the affinity of Argithamnia Sw., which is certainly not right as this genus is quite different both in habit and in flowercharacters. A fourth species was added by Müller Arg. in 1874 in Flora Brasiliensis XI. II., where he inserted the genus in the same group as was suggested by Radlkofer. No more species had been described when Pax published in 1911 his monograph of the Tribe Cluytieae Pax in Engler, Das Pflanzenreich IV. 147. III. He inserted the genus Pausandra Radlk, with the genera Givotia Griff, and Ricinodendron Müll. Arg. in a new subtribe Ricinodendrinae Pax. I think that this is the right position for the genus, though it could be placed in a separate subtribe for its penninerved, glanduliferous leaves and the capsular fruits. It was a pity that Pax published this monograph without studying the original material. He now copied Baillon’s bad descriptions and the lack of a thorough study on the genus caused the publication of several superfluous species in recent years. P. quadriglandulosa Pax et K. Hoffm. and P. extorris Standley described in 1919 and 1929 are the same as P. Trianae (Müll. Arg.) Baill. P. flagellorhachis Lanj. is identic with P. Martinii Baill., while it was proved that the latter species is not trimerous. P. integrifolia Lanj. could not be maintained in the genus. Only the two new species published by Ducke in 1925 were truly new ones. Moreover three new species were recognized in the recent collections made by Krukoff in Brazil. It is for all these reasons that it seemed to me highly desirable to give a new treatment of this genus. Perhaps several of the old and new species can be united, as one can find often only small differences, but for the present I think it advisable to keep them separate. Pausandra Radlk, has been described to be dioecious, but recently it has been proved in some species that they are monoecious, so it is probable that most of them are under special cicumstances.

Description: Some months ago the first author published in his Studies in Moraceae II (Rec. trav. bot. néerl. XXXIII, 1936, pp. 254—276) a synopsis of the genus Clarisia R. & P. The second author traced in the Berlin Herbarium a specimen of this genus which had been described in 1821 as Excoecaria ilicifolia Spreng. As this species is identic with Clarisia strepitans (Fr. Allem.) Lanj., the name of the latter species has to be changed. As in addition some interesting specimens were kindly sent to Utrecht for determination by the Herbaria at Berlin-Dahlem (D), Geneva (G) and the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain (A), it seemed desirable to publish these notes.

Description: The Colombian representatives of the lichen family Parmeliaceae with linear lobes and marginal cilia have been revised. A key is given and morphology, chemistry and distribution are treated of 12 species in three genera: Cetrariastrum Sipm. gen. nov, with C. andense (Kärnef.) Sipm. comb. nov., C. dubitans Sipm. spec. nov. and C. equadoriense (Sant.) Sipm. comb. nov., Everniastrum with E. catawbiense (Degel.) Hale, E. cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale, E. columbiense (Zahlbr.) Hale, E. fragile Sipm. spec. nov., E. planum Sipm. spec. nov., E. sorocheilum (Vain.) Hale and E. vexans (Zahlbr.) Hale, and Parmelina cleefii Sipm. spec. nov. and P. swinscowii (Hale) Hale.

Description: Zu meiner Bearbeitung des surinamischen Materials der Gentianaceae für die von Pulle herausgegebene „Flora of Surinam” gehören nog einige kritische Bemerkungen. Ich muszte z.B. in einigen Fällen von der von Gilg in Engler und Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfamilien gegebenen Einteilung der Gattungen und deren Umgrenzung abweichen. Auch stellte es sich heraus, dasz sich unter dem Material eine neue Art befand, deren Beschreibung und Abbildung unten folgen.

Description: Since the appearance of my „Notes on the Rubiaceae of Surinam” (in Rec. d. Trav. bot. néerl. XXXI, 1934, 248; also in Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Utrecht no. 11, 1934) a number of species and varieties new to the flora of that country have come to light. The majority have been collected by Mr. Rombouts during the 1935/36 expedition of the Boundary Commission who is surveying at present the border in the southern part of the colony; they were found along the River Corantyne and in the savannahs in the south-western part. One species was secured by Dr. Lanjouw, and has been mentioned already in his „Additions to Pulle’s Flora of Surinam I” (in Rec. d. Trav. bot. Néerl. XXXII, 1935, 258) and one, represented by a rather poor fruiting specimen collected years ago by the Forestry Bureau, was found among material provisionally consigned to another family. New to the flora of Surinam are the following twelve species: Alseis longifolia Ducke var. pentamera Brem. n. var., Sabicea cinerea Aubl., S. Romboutsii Brem. n. spec., S. surinamensis Brem. n. spec., Tocoyena surinamensis Brem. n. spec., Thieleodoxa nitidula Brem. n. spec., Guettarda Spruceana Müll. Arg., Psychotria Romboutsii Brem. n. spec., Declieuxia fruticosa (Willd. ex R. et S.) Kuntze, Diodia pulchristipula Brem. n. spec., Spermacoce guianensis Brem. n. spec, and Borreria verticillata (L.) G. F. W. Mey (the B. verticillata of the Flora of Surinam IV, 287 proved to be B. suaveolens G. F. W. Mey., under which name it had been recorded already by Miquel), and one variety: Sipanea pratensis Aubl. var. glaberrima Brem. n. var. Four of the ten genera to which these species belong, namely Alseis, Thieleodoxa, Declieuxia and Spermacoce, are also new to the flora of Surinam. Seven species and two varieties are entirely new, and will be described below. Before entering on this part of my task I will make a few remarks however on two of the species known already from elsewhere, namely on Guettarda Spruceana Müll. Arg. and on Borreria verticillata (L.) G. F. W. Mey, and on a third species, Coccocypselum guyanense (Aubl.) K. Sch., which is known since long from Surinam, but of which Mr. Rombouts collected a specimen differing somewhat from the older Surinam findings.

Description: Roxburgh, W., Plants of Coromandel, etc. Add (to Fl.Mal. I, 4, 1954, p. CLXXI): cf. D. Wood, Not. R.Bot.Gard.Edinb. 29 (1969) 211-212.

Description: Because of their fleshy nature, thin leaves and membranous sepals and petals, Impatiens tend to make particularly poor herbarium specimens. If dried while still attached to the leafy part of the plant the flowers generally become badly crumpled and brittle. In such a state their more important characters become unrecognisable, and it is rarely possible to restore them to any useful degree. The leaves may also become badly crushed especially if they are not pressed absolutely flat. The collectors’ time may thus be completely wasted.

Description: Dr. B.O. van Zanten, Groningen, will soon finish the revision of Malesian species of Racopilum and Powellia (Racopilaceae). Mr. J.H. Hilbrands has in 1968/69 worked on the species of the genus Papillaria of Malesia and adjacent countries (at Groningen, under supervision of Dr. van Zanten).

Description: Dr. M.M.J. van Balgooy and his companions on the Celebes Expedition, Dr. E. Hennipman, Mr. G.J. de Joncheere and Dr. E.F. de Vogel left Leiden on 5 April 1979, visited the SING and BO-Herbaria on the way. In Celebes visit was paid to Hasanudin University at Ujung Pandang (olim Makassar), in Bali to the Botanical Garden at Bedugul. In the course of August they returned to Holland. See also Exploration. The Botanical Survey of India kindly sent the following list of changes: D.K. Banerjee: to the Industrial Section of the Indian Museum at Calcutta; N. Bhargava: to the Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; U.C. Bhattacharyya: Deputy Director, Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.N. Chakraborty: Assistant curator, Industrial Section, Indian Museum, Calcutta; U. Chatterjee: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; Mrs. Dr. S.J. Das: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; P.K. Hajra: to HQ, Howrah; B. Krishna: to HQ, Howrah; Ram Lall: Botanist, Central Circle, Allahabad; C.L. Malhotra: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; P.C. Pant: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.B. Pramanick: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah; M.K.V. Rao: to Andaman Circle, Port Blair; Dr. G.P. Roy: to Central Circle, Allahabad; B.D. Sharma: Deputy Director, Western Circle, Poona; Dr. R.C. Srivastava: Systematic Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; C.R. Tarafder: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah. Proficiat to all!

Description: In 1969 Indonesian botany suffered a severe loss by the untimely death of Dr. B. Prijanto, at the end of April. He was the head of the Forest Exploration Division, Forest Research Institute, Bogor. He belonged to that still very small, but admirable circle of young able Indonesian botanists built up in the early sixties, largely through the efforts of Dr. Kostermans. Dr. Prijanto studied palynology for one year at Stockholm, after which he proceeded to Edinburgh where he received a thorough training under Dr. Burtt, working largely on the systematics of Scrophulariaceae, in connection with problems in Gesneriaceae. He was a very nice and energetic man, full of plans for the future exploration of Indonesian forests. Our sympathy goes to his young wife, whom he had married only a few months before. He was a victim of an unfortunate car accident in SW. Celebes. The accident occurred when he was hunting for Eucalyptus with two Australian foresters, who both met an untimely death as well, one of them being Mr. E. Larsen, of Canberra. Another thing that lamed botanical activity at Bogor was the serious trouble which Dr. Kostermans ran into with the police by whom he was detained. We hope that he will soon be cleared and that this will be a mere incident which will not affect his energy nor his enthusiasm for Indonesian botany. Unfortunately, through this mishap, he was unable to lead the Seminars on botany in August, neither could he accompany the British Museum Botanical Expedition to Central Celebes led by Dr. Jermy. These tasks were taken over by Dr. Rifai. Dr. Kostermans was also unable to attend the opening of the partly finished new Herbarium building in October, towards the planning of which he had contributed so much.

Description: Loss of species is the key issue of conservation. Contrary to misuse of land which is visible to anybody with eyes to see, the issue of extinction is sly, treacherous, and open to clear perception only for experts. It touches on quality, and reaches far out in time: hard things to grasp for non-biologists. Thus an extra responsibility devolves on those who are in a position to know and to speak. The value of the genetic resource base has been set forth in e.g. the book by O.H. Frankel & E. Bennett, Genetic resources in plants (1970), and in the BIOTROP symposium edited by J.T. Williams e.a., South East Asian plant genetic resources (1975); Myers adds many striking facts: half the prescriptions in the U.S.A. contain a drug of natural origin. The cardiac drug reserpine, from Rauvolfia, costs $ 1.25 per gram to synthesize, $ 0.75 from natural sources. The anti-polio vaccin was developed in experiments in chimpanzees. The Amerindians in Amazonia know 750 medicinal plant species. Now the possibility of massive destruction of tropical forests — where most species are located — casts some frightening shadows on the future. The question how to cope with the threat appears to be connected with human ethics and the international order. Consequently, most publications on the subject suffer from a partial lack of maturity: don’t look to Myers for ethics, nor to the Routleys for biology. It seems therefore advisable that on the part of all disciplines a common fund of knowledge and insight be built up. In my efforts, great stimulation was received from correspondence with Dr. Willem Meijer (Botany, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. 40506, U.S.A.), who in his disinterested manner never fails to come up with things true and shocking.

Description: Ashton, P.S.: A Manual of the Dipterocarp Trees of Brunei State and of Sarawak. Supplement. Borneo Literature Bureau, Rock Road, Kuching, Sarawak (Printed by Cathay Press, Hong Kong). 1968. viii + 129 pp., 15 fig., 20 pl. (photogr.), large 8°, clothbound. M$ 18.00 + postage M$ 1.30; bank charges of M$ 1.75 are required on foreign cheques. This ’Supplement’ records all Dipterocarpaceae from Sarawak, to the huge number of 247, 12 of which are yet undescribed by being insufficiently known. In the large Brunei Manual, published by the Oxford University Press (1964), 153 of these species had already been fully described; besides in that book very full evidence was given in many other aspects. This information is not repeated here. The Supplement provides keys (one botanical and one field key in all cases) to genera and all 247 species quoting all Sarawak collections, and providing for a full botanical description of all species not recorded in the Brunei book. It is therefore to be used together with the latter. A great asset as a precursor to the Malesian dipterocarps. The work is excellently printed on good paper.—v.St.

Description: Brizicky, G.K. (1901-1968) Research Botanist, Harvard Herbarium, died of a heart attack, June 15, 1968.

Description: In volume 53 of the Arquivos do Museu Nacional (pp. 1-54, 15 fig., 6 tables) there is an interesting ecological account on the vegetation of the famous Itatiaia Range by Mr. F. Segadas-Vianna and Leda Dau (co-author on climatology). The advantage of these two papers (vegetation and climate) is that they provide pertinent data and a fair description.

Description: Several aspects of the sexuality in Mucorales are discussed. It is stated that neither heterothallism nor homothallism are absolute conditions and that a continuum exists between zygospores and azygospores. Mating type switching as known in ascomycetous yeasts would explain several up to now inexplicable phenomena.

Description: This extensive collection, famous among algologists both of the Old and the New World, forms part of the collections of the National Herbarium (Rijksherbarium) Leiden since 1934. About fifty years ago it was started by Mrs. Dr. A. A. WEBER-VAN BOSSE (1852—hodie), an enthusiastic pupil of HUGO DE VRIES. The colonies of Nostoc, living in the ditches round about the Dutch village of Doom, evoked her admiration, which was the primary cause of an intense study in the freshwater as well as in the marine Algae. In the harbour of Den Helder North Sea Algae were collected; by collecting Algae on trips to the French Atlantic Coasts and several times to Norway (1883—1885) and further on a South African journey (1894—1895) the herbarium grew, as it did by the Malaysian specimens collected in Java, Celebes, etc. (1888—1889). During this Malaysian tour Mrs. WEBER worked in Tjibodas, where she described the new genus Phytophysa. In Sumatra (West Coast, Lake of Manindjau) she discovered in collaboration with her husband, MAX WEBER, a new case of symbiosis between Algae and Sponges.

Description: 1. A simple technique for acetolysis of small quantities of polliniferous (herbarium) material is described and notes on pollen photomicrography are presented. 2. Pollen grains of Sarawakodendron and six related genera, consisting of twenty-nine mostly Malesian species, have been examined and recorded. 3. The result of pollen study on Kokoona and Lophopetalum agrees with the generic delimitation based on gross morphology. 4. At least four pollen types have been found in the genus Lophopetalum on examination of all the species involved. 5. The pollen of Sarawakodendron shows a great resemblance to that of the related genera Xylonymus and Kokoona. 6. The pollen of Hedraianthera and Brassiantha resembles that of Sarawakodendron, Kokoona, and Xylonymus in aperture configuration, but differs in sculpture and shows in this respect similarity to the pollen of the African Salacighia. 7. In Kokoona coarseness of reticulate sculpture appears correlated with anther characters. This genus can also be easily distinguished from Lophopetalum by its single pollen grains. 8. Parallels are found between the pollen types in Lophopetalum and those in Hippocratea (sens. str.).

Description: Thanks to the kind cooperation of Dr. ROBERT PILGER, Director of the Botanical Gardens and Museums at Berlin-Dahlem, I have recently had the privilege of studying and photographing a unique specimen belonging to that institution, which bears the words „Schizostachyum Blumii nobis”, in the hand of NEES, the author of the species. Although there are no data on the sheet to indicate its source, or the date of the determination, this presumably represents NEES’S type³) of this species (which is the type species of the genus). At any rate, the available evidence 4) points to that conclusion, and the specimen agrees in all respects with NEES’ description of the genus and of the type species (NEES, 1829, pp. 534—5). Since the original characterizations are so brief and, since those parts referring to the spikelets are so difficult to interpret, I present here a full description 5) of the rather fragmentary type specimen.

Description: Two widely distributed beach plants, but hitherto unknown from New Guinea, have been found on this small uninhabited island, situated on the southcoast of Kiriwina Subdistrict, 8˚30’ S, 151°05’ E, by Mr A. Gillison, Oct. 1966. Triumfetta procumbens Forst. f. (Tiliaceae) has the huge distribution from the Seychelles in the western Indian to the Tuamotus in the Central Pacific Ocean, but is extremely rare in Malesia, where it has only been collected in the North Moluccas (Sulu and two islets south of Mindanao, further in the Admiralty Is, New Britain, the Solomons, and the Louisiades). Cf. Pacific Plant Areas I (1963) t. II. This is now found in Nubiam Island (NGF 25289).

Description: In the present work details are given in the first place for the Malesian Olacaceae, representing the basis of my forthcoming treatment of the family in ‘Flora Malesiana’, in which full descriptions of the Malesian genera and species will be given. As the Olacaceae of Malesia are connected with those of South and Southeast Asia on the one, and those of Australia and the Pacific on the other side, it has been necessary to study the respective materials too. A part of the Malesian genera is represented also in Africa inch Madagascar, and even in Central and South America; the appertaining species have been studied but are not mentioned in this paper. A critical elaboration of the family for Africa and America is urgently needed, but will, as far as can be seen, be of no influence of the delimitation and scientific names of the Asiatic-Malesian Olacaceae.

Description: The Australian genus Wilkiea is recorded for Papua New Guinea. One species, W. foremanii, is described from the Wharton Range.

Description: In the present work details are given in the first place for the Malesian Icacinaceae, representing the basis of my forthcoming treatment of the family in ‘Flora Malesiana’ in which full descriptions of the Malesian genera and species will be given. Being connected closely with the Icacinaceae of South and Southeast Asia on the one, and with Australia and the Pacific on the other side, and in part even with those of Africa inch Madagascar, it has been necessary to study the respective materials too, without, however, to perform a complete revision of all Icacinaceae in these parts of the world. This was the less necessary, as R. A. Howard (1940—42) already has revised part of the genera concerned. The elaboration of the family in several local treatments has much contributed to our knowledge of the family for Africa. Of the genera formerly included in Asiatic-Malesian Icacinaceae Leucocorema Ridl. has been transferred to Trichadenia Thwait., Matpania Gagnep. to Bouea Meisn., and Petitastira Ridl. to Dichapetalum Thou.

Description: Being occupied with studies on the Convolvulaceae of Netherlands India I met with a remarkable specimen in the Buitenzorg Herbarium, collected by Dr. O. POSTHUMUS during the expedition in Djambi (Sumatra) in the year 1925. At first sight this plant seemed to be a Merremia. A closer examination, however, soon showed some important differences with that genus, especially in respect to the corolla, which has a long, narrow and rather fleshy tube and a limb with 5 short, reflexed (or patent?) lobes. Each lobe is deeply bifid, so that the limb appears 10-lobed. The middle part of the lobes is fleshy just as the tube; it corresponds with a midpetaline field of the corolla of most genera of Convolvulaceae, the lateral parts of the lobes (lobules) are much thinner, membranaceous and nerved. They represent the interpetaline fields of the Convolvulaceous corolla. In general there is a resemblance with the essential corolla construction of many species of Erycibe, where the lobes are also bifid and possess a thick middle part and two membranaceous lobules. The lobules in the new genus are not fully equal in size, those on the right of each lobe, as seen from the inside of the corolla being always slightly larger. The corolla is fully glabrous or bears some papillae at the base of the filaments. The pistil has a two-celled ovary, each cell with 2 ovules and bears a long, filiform style with two globular, papillose stigmas, exactly as in Merremia. I suppose this plant to be closely related to that genus, but as the corolla with its fleshy tube and remarkable lobes is so different from all other species, it is impossible to incorporate it in Merremia without important alteration of the generic limits. I, therefore, propose to establish a new genus, under the name of Decalobanthus (derived from dexa, ten, λoβoς, lobe and άνζος, flower).

Description: Of 75 regions, some continental and others insular, the diversity as expressed in the number of Phanerogam genera is compared. As could be expected it is found that richness in both continental and insular regions is positively correlated with size and with proximity to source areas. In comparable continental and insular regions the former are always richer; increase in the number of genera with increasing size is stronger in the former. There are various factors disturbing the relations between size/diversity and isolation/diversity. The role of these factors, such as climate, age, topography and the like are discussed. It is shown that isolated islands are not always poor (New Caledonia, Fiji, Lord Howe I., Rapa, etc.). On the other hand the poverty of islands (e.g. New Zealand) need not be primarily due to the distance from a source area but may be caused by impoverishment of an originally rich flora. Once isolated, an island flora is much more subject to losses than a continental area where the losses in general may be readily replenished. It would be wrong therefore to conclude on the basis of poverty that an island has always been as much isolated as it is at present. Not only are isolated islands in general poorer in genera, there are also less genera per family than in a comparable continental area. This is shown to be caused by a preponderance of families represented by a single genus in the former.

Description: Being engaged during several years with a revision of the grasses preserved in the Rijks-Herbarium at the University of Leyden, my attention was called to the group of the Stipeae, and especially to the very difficult genus of Aristida. After an exhaustive study of the literature, I thought it desirable to have a monograph of this genus, containing extensive keys for the determination of all the species hitherto known, and I resolved to prepare such a work. It has been my good fortune that I had at my disposal not only the valuable collections of the Rijks-Herbarium, but that by the courtesy of the directors of the great herbaria in Europe and in America, I could study many thousands of specimens, among them authentic specimens and types. So several years elapsed before the revision was finished. Before I am going to publish my work, it seemed desirable to prepare a preliminary paper on the subject, dealing with the literature studied and the results of the critical examination of the types, moreover the new species found in herbaria are included in this paper. To find easily the original description and the type specimen, I give in alphabetical order all the species and varieties hitherto described, no matter if they are accepted in my monograph as valid or not.

Description: This publication presents a catalogue of the taxa of the neotropical family Loricariidae, the mailed catfishes, including about 600 described species and 70 genera. An attempt is made to assign each species to its proper genus and to arrange the genera into an approximate phylogenetic order. Numerous new combina tions have become necessary. A new tribe, consisting of two new subtribes, and three new genera are herein established. Notes on type-material, recorded in the literature subsequent to an original description, are added. Literature references aim to include all publications containing original descriptions and proposals of new names.

Description: Compared with the other vertebrate groups the Amphibia of the island of Trinidad are relatively poorly known. There have been four surveys of the group, one in the last century and the others in the earlier part of the present. The earliest is that of MOLE & URICH (1894) in which twelve species are listed and a brief account given of the breeding habits of one species, and another species listed later in the same source. Approximately thirty years later Roux (1926) examined a collection made by KUGLER and reported fourteen species. A year later LUTZ (1927) visited the island and made a collection listing fourteen species giving brief notes on their distribution. Apart from these references, which are essentially nothing more than lists of species, there has been only one comprehensive study of the group, that of PARKER (1933) which was based on collections made by URICH and VESEY-FITZGERALD, in which twentythree species are listed and in which a key to identification is presented. A year later PARKER (1934) reviewed a minor taxonomic problem and described a new species of Gastrotheca from the island. There are, of course, scattered references to Trinidad amphibia in the literature falling generally into two groups, those dealing with limited collections or particular aspects of life histories of individual species and those in which particular groups of species are being reviewed. In the former category are the papers of BEEBE (1952), DITMARS (1941), GANS (1956), KENNY (1956 and 1966) and in the latter those of DUELLMAN (1956), DUNN (1949), FUNKHOUSER (1957), GALLARDO (1961 and 1965), PARKER (1937) and RIVERO (1961). There is no doubt that there is need for a general study and review of the Amphibia of the island. Since PARKER’S study was published, the names of nine of the twenty-three species have been altered in one way or another, some even at the generic level, while two hitherto unrecorded species have been found. Apart from this, however, there has been surprisingly little recorded on general life histories of the Trinidad species or of mainland representatives of these species. Admittedly some species are comparatively well known but these are mostly forms with peculiar life histories or habits, for example Pipa pipa, Pseudis paradoxus and possibly Bufo marinus, which would attract the attention of herpetologists. Nevertheless, the bulk of the species remain nothing more than names in taxonomic reviews. While the adult forms may be fairly well known taxonomically, most of the tadpoles are still unknown. A search of the literature, both of Trinidad forms as well as mainland forms has revealed descriptions only of three forms.

Description: The Carboniferous sediments of the thrust structures between the Porma and Bernesga rivers (map 2) and the headwaters of a tribuary of the Luna River (map 3) are described. In the lithostratigraphic chapter, the Vegamián, Alba, Escapa and San Emiliano formations are described, ranging in age from the Tournaisian to the lowermost Westfalian. The Alba and Escapa formations are subdivided into three and two members, respectively. An attempt has been made to reconstruct the palaeoecological conditions during sedimentation. The palaeoecological interpretation is based mainly on the productoids and chonetoids, but other palaeontological and lithological evidence has also been used. Many faunal assemblages have been found, which are comparable to those described by Moore (1964) from Pennsylvanian and Permian deposits in Kansas (U.S.A.). A short sedimentary history is given in chapter IV. A systematic study has been made of the Carboniferous representatives of two suborders of the phylum Brachiopoda: the Productidina and the Chonetidina. 22 Genera of the Productacea are described. They are represented by 51 species and subspecies, three of which are new. The new species are Levipustula breimeri, Karavankina rakuszi and K. wagneri. Twelve species and subspecies of seven different genera are described from the family Chonetidae. The investigation of these brachiopods resulted in a reappraisal of the Spanish Carboniferous productoids and chonetoids, combined with the description of a number of elements previously unknown in Spain. The genus Karavankina is described in some detail since only a short introductory note (Ramovs, 1966) has been published previously. A pedicle sheath is described for the first time for the genus Chonetipustula. The groove in the internal moulds of small pedicle valves of that genus are shown to be due to a groove anterior to the pedicle sheath, and not to a median septum as supposed by previous authors. A comparison of the faunas with those of other areas leads to some interesting conclusions. The fauna of the Vegamián Formation is closely comparable with German faunas of a slightly younger, distinctly Viséan age. The fauna appears to be dependent on the type of sediment deposited, viz. black shales, and not so much on the stratigraphic age. Van Ginkel (1965b) has dated the top of the Escapa Formation on the basis of fusulinids as Lower Bashkirian. The productoid assemblage of these deposits is unique and consists mainly of forms found in the Visean of north-western Europe, together with a few genera and species known from Moscovian and even younger strata elsewhere. The upper Bashkirian and the lowermost Moscovian faunas in Spain become more cosmopolitan, the Viséan and Namurian elements being replaced by new ones. In Moscovian strata, it is found that the fauna shows close relationships with the faunas described from Russia and China as well as with those found in the Westfalian marine bands of north-western Europe. The Carboniferous faunas in nord-west Spain apparently belong to the Europe Tian-Shan faunal province, because the productoid fauna as well as the fusulinid fauna agree with those described for this province (Einor et al., 1965). It seems that Karavankina should be added as another characteristic genus for this faunal province. It occurs from the Cantabrian Mountains to China. The Kasimovian productoids belong to the Moscovian genera, but differ at a specific level.

Description: In der obersenonen Mastrichter Tuffkreide finden sich kleine Zähne, die durch ihre glatten Kauflächen und die Furchen an den Seiten des oberen Teiles an Kauplatten von Myliobatis erinneren, einen Rochentypus, der ein an durophage Lebensweise angepasstes Gebiss hat. Niemals findet man aber die für diese Familie so typische langgestreckte Form der Zahnplatten; die Zahnoberfläche hat immer rhombische Form. Dames hat eine ausführliche Beschreibung von diesen Zähnen gegeben, die er für Reste eines Cestracion-artigen Namen Rhombodus Binkhorsti Haies hielt, dem er den gab. Ich möchte hier nur noch einige kurze Bemerkungen hinzufügen. Die Abbildungen (fig. 1) zeigen den typischen rhombenförmigen Umriss der Kaufläche (d). Die durch eine in der Richtung der kurzen Diagonale verlaufende, tiefe Rinne in zwei Hälften geteilte Wurzel hat ebenfalls die Gestalt eines Rhombus (fig. 1, b, e). An der Grenze von Krone und Wurzel findet sich an der einen Seite eine Rinne, an der anderen Seite eine vorspringende Leiste (fig. 1 c). Zusammen mit den verticalen Furchen, mit denen die Seiten versehen sind, hat diese Leiste zur Verbindung der Zähne untereinander zu einem Mahlpflaster gedient. Neben dieser regelmässigen Form, die besonders den grösseren Zähnen eigen ist, fanden sich aber Exemplare, die eine Abweichung zeigen, indem nämlich entweder zwei Seiten eines spitzen Winkels des Rhomboïds länger sind wie die beiden anderen, oder das Rhomboïd unsymmetrisch zusammengepresst ist. Es scheint mir, dass dies nicht eine zufällige Variation ist, sondern dass wir gerade durch diese Eigentümlichkeit etwas mehr über die ganze Zusammenstellung des Gebisses erfahren können. Wie ich unten noch näher auseinandersetzen werden, muss man nämlich Rhombodus zu den durophagen Stachelrochen stellen. Bei diesen findet man sehr oft gerade die grössten Zähne in der Mitte des Kiefers. Wenn man nun die Zahl der Zahnreihen, wie es gewöhnlich bei den grosszähnigen Rochen der Fall ist Rhombodus-Unterkiefers zu 7 bis 9 annimmt, so könnte man das Gebiss eines auf eine Weise rekonstruieren, wie es fig. 3 A zeigt, (wobei die verschiedenen obengenannten Formen vorkommen). Es wäre wohl ein grosser Zufall wenn man noch einige Zähne im ursprünglichen Verband finden würde. Wenn einmal die knorpeligen Kiefer aufgelöst sind, bieten die Seitenfurchen nicht genug Festigkeit und fallen die einzelnen Zähne auseinander.

Description: Microtextures of calcite in recent caliche are similar to those of authigenic calcite in Upper Carboniferous, Permian and Lower Triassic continental sandstones and mudstones in the South-Central Pyrenees, Spain. Except for one profile in the Permian, no complete caliche profiles containing calcrete occur in the ancient deposits. It is suggested that the fossil authigenic calcite crystallized in early stages of diagenesis under climatic conditions favourable to the development of caliche.

Description: During a voyage to the West Indies undertaken in 1963-1964 Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK collected many specimens of marine organisms from Piscadera Baai, Curaçao, as a basis for the compilation of a preliminary list of the local fauna and flora. This paper deals with the styelid ascidians which dr. HUMMELINCK entrusted to me and whose study has formed the subject of a student’s nine-month practical course in taxonomy. Only three species, amongst the material collected from Piscadera Bay, seemed to be well enough characterized for them not to need revision. They are Styela partita (Stimpson), 1852, Polyandrocarpa (Eusynstyela) tincta (Van Name), 1902, and Symplegma viride Herdman, 1886. It has, therefore, been necessary to compare my material with earlier collections.

Description: The genus Kozlowskiellina Boucot, 1957, which comprises about nine species, has a stratigraphic range from Wenlock (Middle Silurian) up to the Upper Emsian (Lower Devonian). In this paper, several characters are described: the micro-ornamentation, the internal characters of the pedicle valve, and the interior of the brachial valve. With respect to these three characters, there is a great diversity within the genus, especially in the pedicle valve, some of the species having dental plates and others lacking these structures. In addition to the description of the micro-ornamentation, a functional interpretation of some features of this ornamentation is given. Because of the diversity, it seems impossible to describe the genus with one chosen type species. Therefore, a historic interpretation is given that represents the essence of the genus. A genus is a group of species which are historically closely related; a description of a genus is the description of the morphological history of that genus. Consequently, an attempt has been made in this paper to define the historic relationship between the different species within the historic group of the genus Kozlowskiellina.

Description: The present relative inaccessibility of Cuba to citizens of the United States has been particularly disappointing since very much still remains for the herpetologist to do in that country. In particular, the province of Oriente is very inadequately known; we know just enough to be aware how much remains uncertain or uninvestigated. The collections at present available point to a truly extraordinary complexity without providing the materials to delineate or understand it. The fauna of the very small area directly available to Americans – the Guantánamo Naval Base – in itself demonstrates some of the surprises and problems but offers a mere taste of the richness in both regards of the province as a whole. The Base has deserved closer attention than it has received. Many species have been described from it (or the vaguer locality “Guantanamo”).

Description: DUNN (1926) first proposed that the multiplicity of Cuban species of Eleutherodactylus be separated into four groups. One of these, the auriculatus group, was characterized by him as having a granular belly, short (= patch-like) vomerine series, well developed digital discs, and an external vocal sac in the males. Such a diagnosis has proved increasingly valuable in arranging Cuban Eleutherodactylus, and has resulted (SCHWARTZ, 1965a) in a dendrogram showing the proposed relationships of the members of this assemblage in Cuba. As knowledge of the habits and calls of West Indian frogs has increased, it has become evident that the auriculatus group is widespread throughout both the Greater and Lesser Antilles; in addition to the structural features noted by DUNN, certain characteristics of habitat, habits, and voice show that there is a striking uniformity in these patterns as well. The purpose of the present paper is to summarize the current knowledge of the auriculatus group members in the West Indies. Much of my work in Cuba was under the sponsorship of two National Science Foundation grants (G-3865 and G-6252), and for this financial assistance I am very grateful. Some of the details of calls and calling sites have been reported by my associates in the field: I wish to express my sincere gratitude for their assistance to Miss PATRICIA A. HEINLEIN and Messrs. RONALD F. KLINIKOWSKI, DAVID C. LEBER, and RICHARD THOMAS. Of the 37 species under discussion, I have heard calling and handled all but three in the field; such intimate association is invaluable with these frogs.

Description: The Alpine-type ultramafic mass of Étang de Lers in the French Pyrenees (the type locality of lherzolite) is transected by a number of hornblendite veins. These veins cut through the lherzolite-pyroxenite layering and obviously are the youngest ultramafic rocks present. Geological field evidence and petrofabric analysis indicate that the whole mass, including the hornblendite veins, was emplaced among Mesozoic sediments as a solid block in Upper Albian or Lower Cenomanian time, immediately before the main phase of Alpine orogenic movements. The rocks of the ultramafic mass are metamorphic tectonites affected by two Alpine sets of fracture cleavages. They do not show, however, any effects of the Alpine low-grade regional metamorphism that affected the country rocks. A detailed study of this ultramafic mass is given in the Ph. D. thesis by Avé Lallemant (1967). K-Ar age measurements were made on the hornblende from a hornblendite vein. The sample was collected at an altitude of 1365 m, about 175 m E. of the northern shore of l’Estagnon (the small pond S. W. of the Etang de Lers). Hornblende makes up about 75 % of the vein rock. Subordinate constituents are brownish augite and opaque ore minerals. The hornblende has a somewhat patchy appearance, with pleochroism from Z = dark yellowish brown (locally with slightly greenish tinge) to Y = brown to chesnut-brown and X = colourless, nz = 1.702 ± 0.002, nx \u2248 1.672, Z/c = 6° and 2VX = 80°. Part of the hornblende crystals are slightly bent.

Description: Da die Originale der von Göppert aus dem Tertiär von Java beschriebenen Arten Piperites Hasskarlianus und Junghuhnites javanicus nicht mehr vorhanden sind, die vorliegenden Beschreibungen für eine Bestimmung aber nicht ausreichen, so sind sie aus der fossilen Flora Javas zu streichen. Das gilt auch von Miquelites elegans, dessen schlechte Erhaltung eine sichere Bestimmung unmöglich macht. Bredaea moroides dagegen ist ebenso wie Naucleoxylon spectabile Crié sowie ein bisher unbeschriebenes Kieselholz von Java eine Dipterocarpacee. Die Stücke werden beschrieben als Dipterocarpoxylon moroides, D. spectabile und D. Göpperti n. sp. Die Frage, ob es möglich ist, diese wie andere fossile Dipterocarpoxyla bestimmten rezenten Dipterocarpaceengattungen zuzuweisen, soll später erörtert werden. Frankfurt a/M. Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut der Universität.

Description: This compilation of stratigraphic and structural data accompanying the (re)issue of the 1:50000 sheets completes the project initiated by Prof. L.U. de Sitter in 1950. The total area mapped comprises about 400 km² in a strip more than 150 km from east to west. This part of the Hercynian tectogene is characterized by a very consistent sequence of Palaeozoic shelf sediments only interrupted by syn- to late-orogenetic flysch-molasse development. Neither of these sequences lend themselves to a simple geosynclinal model. Only the suprastructures of the orogene are exposed here; essentially decollement thrusting and folding. Fold and thrust vergences vary through 180° giving the centripetal pattern of the well-known Knee of Asturias. Very minor amounts of igneous rock have been mapped although activity in some form has been registered throughout most of the systems represented. The degree of metamorphism is so slight to have been negligible for the mapping.

Description: In Westphalian strata of the Cantabrian Mountains, northern Palencia, Spain, the sphinctozoan sponges Amblysiphonella and Cystauletes are quite common; Sollasia is much rarer. This is the first occurrence of Cystauletes in Europe. The great variability of Amblysiphonella barroisi and Cystauletes mammilosus is demonstrated with abundant material. One new species Cystauletes maior is described. All three genera are associated with Dasycladaceae, which indicates a very shallow water environment.

Description: The Lancara Formation is a unit of carbonate sediments of Lower to Middle Cambrian age in the Cantabrian Mountains of northern Spain. The formation is divisible into a Dolomite Member, a Limestone Member and a Griotte Member. The Dolomite Member and the Limestone Member consist mainly of very shallow marine carbonate sediments, devoid of any fossils. Algal structures like stromatolites and oncolites are the only traces of Cambrian life found in them. It is likely that the Dolomite Member represents a sebkha-facies since it is mainly composed of finely to medium crystalline dolomites with intraformational breccias and ‘birdseye’ structures. The limestones are predominantly intrasparudites with stromatolites and oncolites. Locally the limestones have been subaerially exposed in Cambrian times. The Limestone Member is overlain by the Griotte Member. Locally the contact is disconformable. The Griotte Member is composed of red, argillaceous, nodular limestones and shales. These are very fossiliferous and contain glauconite-like pellets (muscovite-1M). The red color of the sediment is due to dispersed hematite. The nodular structure can have been caused by pressure solution, burrowing or brecciation. The formation as a whole represents a transgressive marine sequence. It starts with sebkha-like deposits and changes upward via algal limestones (algal reef?) into open marine biosparudites and biomicrudites and shales. The subaerial exposure and disconformable contact might indicate a local uplift and local regression of the sea prior to the deposition of the Griotte Member. A brief survey on trace elements (Cu, Co, Ni, Sr) was carried out with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In the ‘sebkha’ dolomites Cu values showed peaks where the dolomites contain argillaceous matter. Co and Ni were predominantly concentrated in the algal limestones and the Griotte Member. Sr values were high in the algal limestones and in a shale bed underlying the stromatolite bed. The dolomites had generally a low Sr. content. The amount of Sr in the Griotte Member was also lower than in the algal limestones.

Description: 1. From 54 female fin whales chosen at random from a greater number of animals from which data and material were collected during the Antarctic whaling season 1962/1963, records have been made of the baleen plates and the ear plugs. For the records the complete baleen plates including the part of the plates embedded in the gum are used. All ear plugs used for this study were complete and undamaged. 2. According to their ovaries and baleen records 50 animals were sexually mature, 4 animals were sexually immature. 3. In each individual the record of the complete baleen plate is entirely comparable to the record of the ear plug, in its general trend and in the sequence of peaks and hollows. Also the regular cyclic repetition found in the records of the baleen plates is present in the records of the ear plugs. The comparison of the records of baleen plates with those of ear plugs is only possible when it starts with the last formed part, forming the basis of the core of the plug and the first part of the cortex of the baleen plate deep in the gum, because these represent both the same moment in the life of the animal which is exactly known, viz. the moment in which the growth stopped due to the death of the animal. Table III “Growth periods” in the ear plug, per period the mean length number of animals i ii m rv V VI vn VIII IX 4 69 2 53 56 8 62 68 72 8 70 67 73 71 10 63 64 63 61 59 5 59 57 60 63 58 57 6 54 57 61 56 58 58 59 5 69 72 68 67 67 65 65 62 1 66 58 51 62 59 54 49 64 48 total mean 63 64 66 64 60 60 61 63 48 4. In the records of baleen plates and ear plugs of a number of immature animals the “double hump” or a part of it was found at the right hand side of both. In some of the animals an “ovulation peak” was present at the same time at the beginning (left hand end) in the record of the baleen plate and ear plug; in both in the same position with respect to the surrounding peaks and hollows. This is also true for the records of ear plugs and baleen plates of older females. 5. The records of the ear plugs can be divided into “growth periods” according to what is done in the records of the baleen plates. In each individual the division between the “growth periods” in the record of the ear plug are in the same position with respect to the sequence of the surrounding peaks and hollows as is found in the record of the complete baleen plate. In both records the cyclic repetition of peaks and hollows in the successive “growth periods” is clear. 6. In 21% of the animals examined the number of “growth periods” in the record of the ear plug is equal to the number present in the record of the baleen plate. In 17% of the animals examined the number of “growth periods” in the record of the baleen plate was lower (1 to 3 “growth periods”) than was found in the record of the ear plug. In 62% of the animals examined the number of “growth periods” in the baleen plate was greater (1 to 6 periods) than was found in the ear plug. 7. Evidence was put foreward that the increase in length of the ear plug is obstructed after the animal has reached a certain age. This moment is not the same for all animals but is probably related to the various “constitution types” present in the catch. It is shown that in the distal end of the ear plug the length of the “growth periods” suddenly decreases, so only a certain maximum number of “growth periods” can be found. In the baleen plate the same situation exists due to wear at the tip of the plate. For these reasons the exact age of a fin whale can only be determined as long as wear at the tip of the baleen plate and compression of the distal layers of the ear plug does not occur. 8. From the evidence put foreward it is clear that age determination in fin whales by simply counting the layers present in the core of the ear plug is far too subjective and does not give reliable results. In our opinion best results for age determination in fin whales are obtained by counting the corpora present in the ovaries of females. When this number is divided by the mean ovulation rate (1.25, see Van Utrecht-Cock, 1966) and by adding 6 years (mean number of years before attainment of sexual maturity) the age of the animals calculated in this way is reasonably accurate.

Description: Parasitological investigations on herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and greater black-backed gulls (L. marinus) from Heligoland showed a high occurrence and abundance of the nematode species Cosmocephalus obvelatus, Paracuaria tridentate, Tetrameres fissispina and Capillaria contorta. The species specific distribution of the nematodes in distinct areas of oesophageal and stomach compartments, the morphological adaptations to their environment, as with the change of host tissue caused by heavy infestations, are the theme of the present article. The pathogenity is discussed. (German)

Description: Seasonal variations of size-frequency distribution, sex ratio, and percentage of egg-carrying females andjuveniles in a population of J. falcata inhabiting jetties at Helgoland Harbour are described. Reproductionoccurs all the year round, but 2 maxima and thus, 2 main generations per year can be observed: a weaker onein winter, and a more pronounced one in late spring/early summer. Biochemical composition and energycontents of J. falcata show only in part a seasonal cycle. There is an inverse relationship between the proteinand lipid fractions, whereas the former is negatively, the latter positively correlated with the amount ofsuspended food in the water. Protein, carbohydrates, lipid and the weight-specific energy equivalent show adecreasing trend with increasing size of the amphipods, while chitin significantly reveals an opposite trend.

Description: The vegetation was studied of a number of savannas in northern and southern Surinam, and in French Guiana. The results are compared in particular with the vegetation classification proposed earlier for northern Surinam, and with some records from the northern Rupununi Savanna, Guyana (Van Donselaar 1965). The savannas studied near Brownsweg (northern Surinam) have vegetation types that correspond completely with those of some other savannas of the same geological-pedological type more to the North, as described before. New is the finding of a type of scrub bordering the savanna, being the scrub equivalent of a type of bushes described earlier as the Marlierea type. On the top and the slopes of the Blauwe Berg near Berg en Dal (northern Surinam) an anthropogenic savanna has developed. Two new vegetation types are recorded here that belong to the alliance Rhynchosporo-Trachypogonion. At the foot of the hill a flat savanna supports a vegetation that gives the impression of being of recent origin and unbalanced. It appears possible to apply the existing classification to the communities found on savannas near Cayenne (French Guiana). In this area the conspicuous Byrsonima verbascifolia (var. villosa fo. spathulata) occurs in several undescribed vegetation types that belong to various entities. A xerophilous and a hygrophilous community of Byrsonima verbascifolia are distinguished, belonging to the Rhynchosporo-Trachypogonion and the Bulbostylidion lanatae, respectively. On the Sipaliwini Savanna in southern Surinam most vegetation types do not fit into one of the existing alliances. However, if new alliances would be described, it should be possible to include them into the existing orders. There probably is an alliance, called here “communities of Trachypogon plumosus and Bulbostylis spadicea”, that might be regarded as the southern counterpart of the Rhynchosporo-Trachypogonion in the order Trachypogonetalia plumosi, and a supposed alliance with much Rhynchospora graminea and R. globosa might have the same position with regard to the Imperato-Mesosetion in the order Paspaletalia pulchelli. Among the communities that might be included in the alliance Axonopodion chrysitidis there is one occurring on sandy soil without a hog-wallow structure at the surface. Floristically it has connections with the Paspaletalia pulchelli but it also has many characteristic species of its own. Whether this community has to be placed in a distinct alliance will have to depend on the results of further investigations in this area. Anyhow, more data are needed for the drafting of a complete picture of the rich and interesting Sipaliwini Savanna. On a savanna south-west of the airstrip “Sipaliwini” (southern Surinam) the vegetation consists mainly of communities belonging to the Bulbostylidion lanatae. Summarizing the above-mentioned results, one may say that a number of communities not studied before are added to the picture of the savanna vegetation of the Guianas. It proved possible to integrate these communities without much difficulty in the classification presented earlier that so far has functioned as a practical framework.

Description: This publication deals with some agaves which were collected by me participating as biologist in a geological excursion under Prof. Dr. L. M. R. Rutten and Mrs. Dr. C. J. Rutten-Pekelharing, in the beginning of 1930, to the West Indies. From 14 April to 4 May we camped in the western part of Curaçao, from 10 May to 10 June Bonaire was visited and from 16 June to 9 July we passed through Aruba. In preference to the collection of a large number of different forms of Agave, an intensive investigation of the forms found on a few localities was made. I hoped thereby to acquire some information about the variability, and insight into the problem of the concept of species, not to be obtained by the study of herbarium material. — Other material was collected during an excursion to the mainland, following an invitation by the „Caribbean Petroleum Company”.

Description: Acrodiclidium Nees, Laur. Disp. Progr. (1833), p. 13; id., Syst. Laur. (1836), p. 266; Endl., Gen. (1837), p. 319, n. 2042; id., Ench. (1841), p. 197; Dietrich, Synops. Pl. II (1840), p. 1332; Spach, Hist. nat. Véget., Phaner. X (1841), p. 471; Steudel. Nomencl. ed. 2 (1841), p. 21; Meissn., Gen. I (1836—43), p. 326, II, p. 238; Reichb., Nom., p. 71, n. 2668; Orbigny, Diet. univ. VII (1846), p. 259; Lindl., Veg. Kgd. (1846), p. 537; Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. I. isl. I (1860), p 280; Meissn. in D.C., Prodr. XV, 1 (1864), p. 84; id. in Fl. Bras. V, 2 (1866), p. 172; Benth. in Benth. et Hook., Gen. III (1880), p. 154; Baillon, Hist. II (1870), p. 474;. Pfeiffer, Nomencl. (1873), p. 35; Durand, Index Gen. (1888), p. 349, n. 6190; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. V (1889), p. 81; Pax in Engl.-Prantl, Pfl. fam. III, 2 (1889), p. 123; Dalla Torre et Harms, Gen. (1900—07), p. 178, n. 2819; Britton and Wilson, Porto Rico and Virg. isl. (1924), p. 316; Lemée, Dict. I (1929), p. 50; Benoist in Arch. Bot. V (1931), p. 65; Kosterm. in Pulle, Fl. Surin. II (1936), p. 315; — Licaria Aubl., Guia. I (1775), p. 313; Nees, Syst., p. 344; Endl., Gen, p. 320; id., Ench., p. 197; Spach., l.c.; Steudel, l.c., p. 41; Meissn., Gen. II, p. 238; Lindl., l.c.; Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. 259; Benth., l.c., p. 150; Baillon, l.c., p. 452; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 107; Durand, l.c., p. 489; Mez, l.c., p. 220;. dalla Torre, l.c., p. 177 et 585; Lemée, l.c., IV, p. 85; Benoist l.c., p. 274; Kosterm. in Meded. Bot. Mus. Utrecht 25 (1936), p. 34; id. in Pulle, l.c., p. 323; — Evonymodaphne Nees, Syst., p. 244 et 263; Lindl., Syst. ed 2 (1836), p. 442; Endl., Gen. p. 319;. id., Ench., p. 197; Dietrich, l.c., p. 1332; Spach, l.c.; Steudel, l.c., p. 621; Meissn., Gen. I, p. 326; id. II, p. 238; Rchb., l.c.; Lindl., l.c., p. 537; Meissn. in D.C., l.c., p. III; id. in Fl. Bras., p. 203; Benth., l.c., p. 158; Baillon, l.c., p. 437; Pfeiffer, l.c., p. 1322; Durand, l.c., p. 349; Mez, l.c., p. 82; dalla Torre, l.c., p. 177; — Triplomeia Rafin., Fl. Tellur. (1838), p. 134; dalla Torre, l.c., p. 178; Mez, l.c. Type species: Acrodiclidium brasiliense Nees.

Description: A pollen diagram from a lake in the former bed of the eastern arm of Lake Agassiz in northern Minnesota records a vegetation of spruce forest followed by immigration successively of Pinus banksiana and (or) P. resinosa at 10 000 B.P., then Abies and Pteridium, and still later Alnus. Between 8000 and 7000 B.P. prairie and (or) Quercus savanna prevailed on the uplands, followed by deciduous forests of mainly Quercus, Ostrya virginiana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, and possibly Populus sp. Slightly later, Pinus strobus migrated into the area, resulting in a gradual decline of pollen of deciduous forest types. Betula pollen, however, rises, and there is an indication of a return to prairie conditions prior to 3000 B.P. During the 8000-7000 B.P. dry interval the lowland vegetation consisted of fens of Typha latifolia, Dryopteris thelypteris, and Cyperaceae. Later paludification and lateral expansion of the peatland gave rise to rather rich swamps of Picea mariana, Larix laricina, Alnus rugosa, and Thuja occidentalis. There are some conspicuous peaks of Myrica in the pollen diagram. The time after 3000 B.P. is characterized by much Pinus strobus pollen and minima of deciduous trees and herbs. In the lowlands, formation of raised bogs and poor swamps and fens began, indicating a shift in climate towards wetter conditions. The arrival of white man in the area is reflected by the rise of Ambrosia. The shifts in overall peatland types are clearly accompanied by changes in the species composition of Pediastrum in Myrtle Lake, indicating corresponding changes in the lake waters.

Description: In his preliminary revision of the genus Ceratopteris Benedict (1909) distinguished four species: C. thalictraides (L.) Brongn., C. pteridoides (Hook.) Hieron., C. deltoidea Benedict, and C. lockhartii (Hook. & Grev.) Kunze. Two more names were said to deserve further investigation: C. cornuta (Palisot) LePrieur and C. gaudichaudii Brongn. Since then the first four have not been in dispute, C. cornuta has become generally recognized, and C. gaudichaudii has remained doubtful (Fosberg, 1958). Most of the species of Ceratopteris are widely distributed. Ceratopteris thalictroides occurs in tropical Asia, Australia, and America (Benedict, 1909; Morton, 1967). Ceratopteris pteridoides is known from tropical America, subtropical South America, and continental tropical and subtropical eastern Asia (De Vol, 1957). Ceratopteris deltoidea is now known only from Florida, Central America, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Guyana, and Surinam. It has probably disappeared from Louisiana (Benedict, 1909; De Vol, 1956). Ceratopteris lockhartii is known from Trinidad, Guyana, and French Guiana (Benedict, 1909), C. cornuta from tropical and subtropical Africa, and C. gaudichaudii from Guam.

Description: Daltonia fenestrellata Griffin was collected by A. M. Cleef in the Andes of Colombia in 1973. It is characterized by the cuspidate, incurved or recurved leaf tips, the elongated juxtacostal cells and the apically scabrous seta. It seems most closely allied to D. gomezii Crosby of Costa Rica.

Description: A general description of the structure of the wood of the Rubiaceae is given, based on examination of samples from most subfamilies. The results of the author’s investigation are compared with the data in the literature. The features of vessels, rays, and parenchyma agree well with those reported by other investigators. When the fibres are divided into libriform fibres and fibre tracheids in the sense of Janssonius, the correlation between the distribution of these organs and recent taxonomic subdivisions of the family is better than when all fibres with bordered pits are regarded as fibre tracheids.

Description: Frutex scandens. Folia petiolis 4-8 mm longis; lamina coriacea, obovatooblonga vel oblonga vel interdum lanceolata, valde asymmetrica, 7-14 cm longa, 2.5-5 cm lata, apice subacuta vel leviter acuminata vel obtusa, basi cuneala vel acuta, costa supra plana vel prominula, subtus prominente, nervis lateralibus supra et subtus plerumque prominentibus; glandulae hypophyllae minutae, saepe vix manifestae, secus marginem seriatim dispositae vel dispersae. Flores in racemis multifloris (ad 50 vel ultra); rhachis 10-15 cm longa, ochracea, furfuraceo-puberula; pedicelli 1-2 cm longi, ca 1 mm in diametro, subtiliter ochraceo-puberuli; nectaria calcariformia, auriculata, parva, ad ca 1 cm longa, calcari clavato, 5-7 mm longo, 1-2 mm in diametro, auriculis calcari paulo brevioribus, 3-4 mm longis; bracteolae perlate triangulares, 1-1.5 mm longae, 1.5-2 mm latae; sepala transverse subelliptica vel suborbicularia, ca 1.5 mm longa, 2-2.5 mm lata; petala oblonga, 4-6 mm longa, 2-3 mm lata, ad basim circa per 1 mm connata, per anthesim reflexa; stamina 5, filamentis applanatis, 3-3.5 mm longis, ad basim ca 1 mm latis, apicem versus angustatis, basibus petalorum insertis, antheris ca 1.5 mm longis; ovarium quinquangulare, 5-loculare, stigmate sessili, crasso, radiato-lobato. typus: Colombia: Chocó: Banks of Quebrada Togoromá, dense tidal forest, June 13, 1944, Killip & Cuatrecasas 39146 (holotype US; isotypes F, MO). Paratypes: Colombia: Valle: Río Calima (región del Chocó); margen derecha, lomas frente a Quebrada de la Brea, Cuatrecasas 21090 (F); Nariño; Western Cordillera, above Diviso (Njambí), Vogel 64 (U).

Description: In the spring of 1966, the junior author (H. Inoue) made a bryophyte collecting trip to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) with the support of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The collections have served as a basis for reviews of individual liverwort genera or families occurring in Ceylon, e.g. Frullania (Hattori, 1979) and Plagiochila (Inoue, 1979). The present paper deals with the species of Lejeuneaceae subfamily Ptychanthoideae, which comprises the more robust members of this large tropical family. In his catalogue of the liverworts of Ceylon, Abeywickrama (1959) recorded 18 species of Ptychanthoideae, belonging to the genera Archilejeunea (1 sp.), Brachiolejemea (1 sp.), Lopholejeunea (2 sp.), Mastigolejemea (2 sp.), Ptychanthus (4 spp.), Ptychocoleus (5 spp.), Spruceanthus (1 sp.), Thysananthus (1 sp.), and Trocholejeunea (1 sp.). Unfortunately, his catalogue does not provide precise information on specimens or literature on which individual species records for Ceylon were based. Most of the species listed by Abeywickrama had been treated by Verdoorn (1934) in his monograph of Asiatic Ptychanthoideae. Some are now considered synonyms, however, whereas in other cases some doubts may be cast about the correctness of the identification. Since we have not been able to locate all specimens on which previous Ceylon records of Ptychanthoideae were based, the present review should be considered preliminary.

Description: In plots B1, 2, and 4 in 1978 only a single species once covered over 12.5% of the surface: Leontodon hispidus. A few species covered sometimes about 5-10%, like Briza media, Triselum flavescens, Lotus corniculatus, Leontodon hispidus, and Knautia arvensis. In the course of the study the occasional dominance of certain species disappeared (Table 2). Most species covered less than 5%, but the number of individuals often fluctuated strongly from one species to another. In plots B3 and B5 a much stronger dominance could be observed than in the non-fertilized plots (Fig. 5). In 1978 the grasses Festuca rubra and Dactylis glomerata covered from 10—40% of the surface, the coverage of other species, particularly forbs, amounting to less than 1%, e.g., Ononis repens, Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus acris, and Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. A few constantly present forbs, initially covering about 25%, like Centaurea pratensis and Lathyrus pratensis in plot B5 did not keep up this high coverage. This also holds for forbs that established themselves in the fertilized plots after a few years and attained a rather high coverage, like Heracleum sphondylium in plot B3.

Description: In this second paper on the biosystematics of the Dutch halophilous Spergularia species, the results are reported of a study of the morphological variation of S. marina by means of population samples from all parts of the Dutch area. This study was supplemented by the rearing of plants from seed samples in the experimental garden. The seeds of S. marina are usually unwinged, but some plants also produce a few broadly winged seeds and in one population plants occur whose proximal capsules contain mainly broadly winged seeds. The differences between the populations persist in cultivation and are chiefly attributable to genetic differences. Winged seeds are upon the average larger and heavier than unwinged ones and also produce larger seedlings than the latter. The relative lengths of fruiting calyx and capsule do not provide a reliable diagnostic character in respect of S. media. The number of stamens per flower varies from 0 to 10 and there are great individual differences in numbers, but in certain plants the average number is always high and in other ones always low. These differences are partly caused by heriditary factors. The growth habit and some other vegetative characters vary too widely to be of appreciable taxonomic significance.

Description: No more tragic a sentence on the future of Philippine forests has ever been uttered than that of the Vice-President. ”To plant five million hectares is no mean joke,” he said. ”This area, equivalent to 17 percent of the total land area of the Philippines, make up our denuded lands.” How this came about is the saddest aspect of the failure of the past administrations to enforce the laws and to preserve the richest resources of the country. The kaingineros and the ruthless adventurers in the logging industry rode and are still riding (on the basis of licenses secured through influence) roughshod over the stringent laws which protect our forests.

Description: The rice weeds project. In 1976, a joint project was set up under the aegis of the Netherlands University Foundation For International Cooperation (NUFFIC, Box 90734, The Hague), by the universities of Utrecht and Amsterdam and the Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) on the Dutch side, and BIOTROP (Box 17, Bogor) on the Indonesian side. Coordinators are Professor R. van der Veen and Mr. P.J. van Rijn. Its objective is the study of weeds and their ecology in the rice fields of Indonesia. A sharp distinction between dry and wet rice fields cannot be made for this kind of work: the dikes in the wet rice areas often carry dry rice weeds, and where locally fields are irrigated but part of the time, the weed flora assumes a mixed or successional character. More workable is the distinction between permanent rice fields on the one hand, and those under shifting cultivation regimes on the other; the latter have been excluded from the study.

Description: Dr. J.A.R. Anderson made a botanical expedition to Bt. Tibang, the topographical centre of Borneo in mid-1969. He wrote that it was ”most successful”. Taking into consideration the usual reticence of British explorers, to which Dr. Anderson makes no exception, this exuberant expression points to an exceptional boon in the unravelling of Bornean botany. Mrs. Gemma Cruz Araneta has been appointed Director of the National Museum, Manila, vice Prof. Galo B. Ocampo. She was at one time the Chief Guide and Information Writer of the same office. The holder of a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Foreign Service, she has travelled extensively all over the world, observing museums particularly in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Asia. She has been the recipient of several awards given by the Philippine Government for public service, and from private organizations for journalism. Incidentally, she won the beauty title of ”Miss International” for 1964 in Long Beach, California.

Description: In 1968 we lost the last of the group of old-time botanists of the Treub period of the Botanic Gardens at Bogor, with the passing away of Prof. Dr. A. Ernst, of Zürich, Sept. 17th, 1968, in the age of 94. Apart from deafness he fortunately remained well until the last. We visited him Aug. 24, 1968, together with Prof. Dr. Markgraf, and it was remarkable to see how vividly he remembered details from his stays in Java. Born in Winterthur, 1875, he stayed most of his life in Zürich where he became an extra-ordinary professor of general botany in 1905, ordinary professor in 1909. He initiated his appointment with his first tour to Java, 1905/06, through a grant of the Swiss Buitenzorg Fund, where he travelled widely, also outside the island. In the company of Campbell, Backer, and Pulle he went also to Krakatau. His restless industry led him to write several reports on this subject in 1907, and later in 1934. Another subject in which this man of wide learning became deeply absorbed was the anatomy and embryology of saprophytes, on which subject he published a series of papers, together with his compatriot Dr. Ch. Bernard. In 1918 he published a great work ”Bastardierung als Ursache der Apogamie im Pflanzenreich”, a hypothesis of experimental and phylogenetic genetics. Since 1922 he was interested in the genetics of Primula on which he experimented and published lavishly. In 1930/31 he made another large study exploration in the East, on which he was accompanied by his second wife, Martha Ernst-Schwarzenbach, a former pupil of his. I vividly remember their pride in having found, at Pasar Ikan, in the Bay of Djakarta, proof of the sexual propagation in Caulerpa. Flower biology and its genetics had his life-long interest; on these subjects he published lavishly in the Archiv of the Julius Klaus Stiftung. Several theses were prepared by his pupils on material collected by him during his two tours. He left us an extra-ordinarily large oeuvre, as the works on the East are only part of the whole work he accomplished. In honour of his 70th birthday a large ”Festgabe” was published in the Archiv Julius Klaus Stiftung, 1945, 568 pp. Mrs. Ernst was specialized in the study of waterplants, their morphology, pollination, etc. She was also a lecturer in the University of Zürich. She was of course much younger than her husband and very vigorous. In his later years she drove him on long tours through Europe and about seven years ago they visited us en route. She must have been a great help to him, also in pursuing his genetical experiments. It was a great blow to him that she died quite suddenly in August 1967. A second old-timer, as devoted as Prof. Ernst to the East, has passed away. Mrs. Mary Strong Clemens died at Chermside Garden Settlement, a home for the aged in the suburbs of Brisbane, on April 13th, 1968, aged 94 or 95. Mrs. Clemens was a remarkable woman, small of stature, but extremely tough, tireless, and fantastically active, simple-minded but extremely kind, devoted to plants and especially to collecting in the wilds; she had a remarkable memory and form-knowledge of plants, but was without ambition to do herself botanical research. Both she and her husband were very religious and this formed an essential part of their life: they lived as Christians, always trusting in God and seeing the good in man. Each meal was preceded by a simple religious song. Though shy by nature she was extremely persevering to convert people and at some time she had a mania to convert me from humanism towards her true religion. Her interesting botanical letters always included clippings from the Scripture. Her most amiable husband, risen from an emigrated miner from Cornwall to the status of Chaplain of the American Army, when pensioned, lived with her in the most simple way. Botany, once her hobby, stimulated by the late Dr. Merrill in the Philippines already as early as 1905, served for them to accumulate money for missionary purpose. Thus he shared her hazards in the forest where she, notwithstanding all the odds of the primitive way of camping and camp gear, of food and clothing, managed to collect an immense number of plants. They employed a few native collectors and thus it came that sometimes errors on habit occur on the labels, as a native collector telling her the plant was an ’akar’, it could be an epiphyte or a climber. Also the zeal to make as many duplicates as possible meant sometimes scrappy material and halved twigs, the making of the sets being mostly done by Clemens, the ticketing by herself. But the bulk of huge material in our herbaria, forming a true scientific memorial of their joint activity, is a worthy testimony of their activity. Clemens himself had little botanical knowledge and interest but he acted as her manager, buying even her clothes and stockings, not always of the proper size. But all these outward things were entirely irrelevant in the distinctly harmonious life of this devoted couple, which in all respects commanded admiration by all of us. I knew them well because they stayed at Bogor for many months in 1932 where I assisted her in the arrangement and pre-identification of their Kinabalu collection made in 1931. He was then 70 and she 60, both still strong and quite insensitive to climate or what else, supported by their faith. To save carrier money she stayed fearless camping and collecting on Kinabalu summit for a fortnight alone, trusting God to look after her, as she told me. During their later collecting work in New Guinea they paid the toll for the primitive way of forest life they led in order to keep expenses low, as he died in 1936, we heard, of food poisoning. I remember their luggage as they came from Kinabalu, with an old guni sack, containing a large piece of bacon green with fungi and some old battered tins of canned food, which they said should by all means be preserved for their next stay on Kinabalu. Her strong faith must have been a great help to overcome the grief of his death. Death meant little to the Clemenses, as according to their philosophy ”there is a natural body and a spiritual body, and I will be clothed by a new body.” Her own, tired, outworn body was turned over to the medical authorities, I heard from Dr. Degener, as she thought it might be of some use to them. She went on collecting for the dual purpose of pursuing her useful scientific collecting hobby and earning money as far as she could for missionary purposes now standing alone for this job. Most unfortunately her immense and extremely valuable Saruwaged collection and herself were caught by the war and though she was, I believe to have heard, exchanged with Japanese prisoners, her collections remained in New Guinea and are in all probability practically lost. During my stay in Japan I have seen in Tokyo a few bundles of duplicates at the University and in the National Museum, obviously shipped during the war. But these could be only a fragment of the certainly immense store she had made of probably about 10.000 collections! They were still in their original packing and had the familiar smell of smoke, because she used during field work to store dried material in racks above the smoke of fires in order to keep them dry and free of insects. After the war she lived in Brisbane and notwithstanding her age went on collecting in Queensland; she had for some time a small niche adjoint to the already so much cramped Brisbane Herbarium. By this concise life sketch and personal impression I want to bring a tribute to both of the Clemenses, ranging foremost among the great collectors in Malesia, a couple quite apart, to be admired and remembered.

Description: In the Flore générale de l’Indochine, 217 families have been described, 1794 genera, c. 9000 species. There is an amount of endemism, on the basis of which attempts have been made towards an inner subdivision of the region. The problem is, that the endemism is of uncertain status. A few percentages in specific endemism are compared: in Capparis, Gagnepain 1939 has 70%, Jacobs 1961 has 24%, in Dillenia, Gagnepain 1938 has 53%, Hoogland 1952 has 12%, in Knema, Lecomte 1914 has 40%, Sinclair 1961 has 0%, in Rhododendron, Dop 1930 has 59%, Sleumer 1958 has 38%, in Anacardiaceae, Lecomte 1908 has 41%, Tardieu-Blot 1962 has 37%, in Connaraceae, Gagnepain 1951 has 76%, Vidal 1962 has 11%, in Sapotceae, Lecomte 1930 has 83%, Aubréville 1963 has 66%. Similar considerations hold for generic endemism. Five percent seems to he endemic, but several genera have heen wrongly placed: Hadongia (Bignon.) = Citharexylum (Verben.); Tardiella (Canell.) = Casearia (Flac.); Saxifragites (Euph.) = Distylium (Hamam.); Capusia (Ochnac.) = Siphonodon (Hippocrat.); Ailanthopsis (Simar.) and Picroderma (Simar.) = Trichilia (Meliac.); Tetramyxis (Simar.) = Allospondias (Anac.); Kerrdora (Thymel.) = Cryptocarya (Laur.).

Description: Dr. B.C. Stone, the present Head of the Botany Unit, is continuing his investigations on Pandanaceae, which form the major research work; and on Rutaceae and Araliaceae, two other families which are his favorites. The genus Freycinetia is the nearest to completion; it is expected to have about 180-200 species when completed monographically. Pandanus is being studied partly at the micromorphological level, and studies of leaf anatomy and cytology and embryology are and have been carried out, with much of this work in the hands of research students. The results of explorations in Mauritius, Madagascar, and East Africa are being readied for publication, including several large papers on the rich pandan-region of Madagascar. This work has been done with the considerable aid of Mr. J.-L. Guillaumet of ’ORSTOM’ in Tananarive, who is continuing to collect material and has found much of interest. Regional treatments of Freycinetia in Borneo, of the same genus in Malaya, of Pandanus in Malaya and of this species in Borneo, are nearly ready for publication or are already in press. A review of Java Pandanaceae is being prepared. A review of Sumatran Pandanaceae is next contemplated. In Rutaceae, the long-awaited monograph of the Hawaiian genus Pelea has finally appeared (Phanerog. Monogr. Tom. III, J. Cramer Verlag, 1969). Also the treatment of Rutaceae for the new Tree Flora of Malaya (ed. T.C. Whitmore) is in preparation. Work in Araliaceae is presently quiescent except a report on some chromosome studies of Polyscias which is to appear in the J. Jap. Bot. in 1969. The MS for the ’Flora of Guam’ is now with the printers and should be out within 2 years of this writing (Sept. 1969). It will appear in the journal ’Micronesica’ (which Dr. Stone founded and continues to co-edit). The then College of Guam has now become the University of Guam (Agana).

Description: BABU, C.R., Herbaceous Flora of Dehra Dun, 721 p., 1 map (1977, Publ. & Information Directorate, New Delhi). 8°. Rs. 144, $ 50.00, £ 22.00. A useful local Flora which will be very handy for schools, colleges, foresters, agriculturists and laymen as well. It is a very full flora, with a key to the families, and within the families keys to the genera and species respectively. Emphasis is on the species, which all carry a description; there are no generic descriptions, only a brief indication of the size of the genus and its occurrence in India.

Description: Bailey, Irving Widmer (1884-1967) R.H. Wetmore, Phytomorphology 18 (1968) 294-298, phot. Dennstedt, A.W. H. Manitz, August Wilhelm Dennstedt’s Schlüssel zum Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. Taxon 17 (1968) 496-501, 2 tab.). — Rather extensive survey; validly published names are listed, as well as the nomina.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae – b) Fungi & Lichenes – c) Bryophytes – d) Pteridophytes – e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk.

Description: Dr. J.A.R. Anderson was on long leave during 1968 and worked in the Edinburgh Herbarium. He is engaged in writing a Manual of the Peat Swamp Forests of Sarawak. This will be primarily for departmental use though it will include descriptions of all arboreal species. In future he intends to write a monograph on the ecology of the peat swamps for Borneo. He retired as Conservator of Forest at Kuching, but will return to assume the post of Head of Research of the Forestry Service, in connection with a five-year plan. Mr. Gilbert Bocquet has been appointed as Konservator der Botanischen Sammlungen, E.T.H., Zürich.

Description: Cladobotryum penicillatum sp. nov. was isolated from Alnus twigs in New Forest, Hampshire, U. K., in 1971, and from Sebacina effusa in the Houtribbos Forest, O.- Flevoland Polder, Netherlands, in 1980. The species has conidia intermediate in dimension between C. varium and C. mycophilum, and it differs from both species by having rather slow-growing colonies and long conidiophores with apical penicillate branching. Conidiogenesis is basipetal and retrogressive.

Description: In this second report on types of entolomatoid fungi in the Velenovský Herbarium at Prague* (PRC and PRM) seven of Velenovský’s new species in Entoloma, two in Eccilia and one described in Clitocybe are treated. For each taxon microscopical characters are given, followed by a consize discussion on its status.

Description: For the most part the species or specific names discussed belong to the genus Polyporus sensu stricto; a few of them belong to Albatrellus S. F. Gray and Coltricia S. F. Gray. It appears not only that the taxonomy of many species is far from settled but also that quite a number of protologues have never been scrutinized with care. Here an attempt is made to emend the names of a number of species. Further studies are needed before some of these species can be definitively delimitated and their nomenclature determined. Polyporus agariceus (König) ex Berk. sensu Bourd. & G. is called P. anisoporus Mont.; P. picipes Fr., P. badius (Pers.) ex S. F. Gray; P. lentus Berk, and allied forms are referred to P. floccipes Rostk., &c. A recapitulation at the end of the paper briefly reviews many of the conclusions.

Description: Ascobolus amethystinus Phill. and Peziza phillipsii Cooke are studied. The two are considered to be synonyms. The new combination Jafneadelphus amethystinus (Phill.) Brumm. is proposed. Saccobolus succineus Brumm. is described as a new species from Thailand.

Description: Lepisanthes in the broad sense accepted in the present revision comprises several genera and even two tribes as they were defined by Radlkofer in his Monograph of the family (Pfl. R. Heft 98). An argumentation for this new delimitation has been given in the first part of Chapter II. By analysing the phylogeny of a few characters, an effort has been made to make the mutual relationships within Lepisanthes more clear and to give a synthesis of it (Chapter II, parts 2 and 3). The taxonomie part proper is preceded by three chapters on resp. L. tetraphylla (Chapter III), L. fruticosa (Chapter IV), and L. senegalensis (Chapter V), the three most complex species. Though the treatment is somewhat different, all three chapters are intended to give a picture of the variable complex as a whole as well as an analysis of its elements and an argumentation in defence of the acceptance of such wide limits. The present revision of Lepisanthes is primarily intended as a precursor to the future treatment in the Flora Malesiana. For that reason the species are not all uniformly treated in the Taxonomic part (Chapter VI). The synonymy and typification are complete for all taxa; the genus and the infrageneric taxa are described in full, and the keys to the species are complete. Complete literature and descriptions are given for those species which are exclusively or mainly non-Malesian; in the case of new Malesian species only the Latin diagnosis based upon the type specimen has been given. Under all species or infraspecific taxa all specimens studied are cited except (1) when the number of collections was very large and many of these had already been cited by Radlkofer, either under the same name or under one or more synonyms, and (2) for those regions of which more than 5 collections were seen; in the latter case the number of collections studied has been mentioned. No index has been given to all collections seen; they will be included in a future issue of the Identification Lists of Malaysian Specimens on all Sapindaceae.

Description: The treatment of the genus Adenia in the forthcoming ‘Herbaceous Flora of Upland Kenya’ necessitates the publication of two new taxa, a species and a subspecies, and of three new combinations of subspecific rank.

Description: Unter allen Flechten unterscheidet sieh die nur aus Norwegen bekannte Gattung Moriola dadurch, dass ihr Lager aus Goniocysten besteht, das sind kugel- oder länglichrunde oder unregelmässig gestaltete braune Behälter mit netzartiger Oberfläche, von denen braune, zylindrische oder schwach torulöse Hyphen entspringen und bis zur nächsten, manchmal weit entfernten Goniocyste hinkriechen. Auf diesem Wege, auch wenn sie zu mehreren nebeneinander herlaufen, vereinigen sie sich nie zu einer strauch-, oder blatt-, nicht einmal zu einer krustenformigen Lagermasse. Diese besteht ausschliesslich aus zerstreuten Goniocysten und den sie verbindenden Hyphen, die bei Moriola pseudomyces (Fig. 1—4) meist über morschem Holz, bei Moriola sanguifica über fremdem Algenlager ausgebreitet sind. Die braune Panzerkruste der Goniocysten entsteht dadurch, dass die dünnen zylindrischen Hyphenzellen unter Beibehaltung ihrer Dicke (2 µ), stark in die Breite wachsen und die Gestalt von Kugelsektoren annehmen. Sie werden meistens nicht viel über 2 µ dick, können aber bis 4 µ dick werden, wenn sich die Aussenwand höckerartig verdickt. Näheres hierüber in meiner Osloer Arbeit¹) und in den Berichten der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 2). Die Früchte einer von Herrn P. GROENHART an mich übersandten Flechte (Fig. 5—7) sind von ihm in 3000 m Höhe auf Java gesammelt worden und entwickeln ihre sporenreichen Perithezien auf einem etwa 1 cm mächtigen, lockeren Lagermasse von fast rein schwarzer Färbung. Diese rührt von Holzkohle her, die in grösseren oder ganz kleinen Bruchstücken, selten in Form angekohlter Zweige zwischen und unter den Goniocysten liegen. Die in den Goniocysten der tieferen Schichten enthaltenen Gonidien sind alle abgestorben und sehen jetzt braun aus. Nur in den Goniocysten der obersten Schicht sind die Gonidien noch jugendfrisch, sehen hellgrün aus und heben sieh deutlich von der dunkelbraunen, 4 µ dicken Kruste ab: eine einfache d.h. einkammerige Goniocyste mit 21.8 µ. Durchmesser, so dass auf den Innenraum fast 14 µ Durchmesser kamen; in ihr hatten drei Gonidien Platz. Bei einer anderen, zusammengesetzten Goniocyste hatte sich an diametral gegenüberliegenden Punkten der Goniocyste je eine Gonidie angesetzt und war von der braunen Kruste auch noch umwachsen worden, so dass die beiden kleinen Endkammern je eine Gonidie enthielten, die Mittelkammer deren drei. Es kommen aber auch noch grössere zusammengesetzte Goniocysten vor, deren Mittelkammer 5 und mehr Gonidien enthält.

Description: C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS, Maleische Vegetatieschetsen — Toelichting bij de plantengeografisohe kaart van Nederlandsch Oost-Indië (Sketches of Malaysian vegetations — Comments to the phytogeographical map of Netherlands East India) — Reprinted from the „Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap”, Ser. II, Vol. 52, Jan.-March-May 1935, 112 pp. (repagination [Pages in the original: 25—67, 171—203, 363—398] with 46 photographs, 36 of which in the reprint only, and a phytogeographical map. The reprint preceded by a short preface, a (too) short index and a dedication to FRANZ JUNGHUHN „as a memory to his arrival in Java, one hundred years ago”. It is a great pleasure to me indeed to announce here, more particularly on behalf of those readers who are not familiar with the Dutch language, this excellent work on the phytogeography of Malaysia, published in the Journal of the Royal Netherlands Geographical Society and therefore, moreover, likely less accessible to many botanists abroad. The author has, though only about 6 years engaged in botanical work in the tropics, gathered a remarkably thorough knowledge of the rich flora of this region, no doubt one of the most interesting ones, from a biogeographic standpoint, on earth. As the phytogeography of these parts has mostly, since JUNGHUHN’S „Java” (1854), been only dealt with in scattered papers, VAN STEENIS has in the publication under reference, as well as in some others that preceded it ¹), done a pioneer work in his attempt to give a comprehensive and more or less complete survey of the current problems. Our gratitude and admiration is not in the least diminished by the fact that this work shows certain traces of cursoriness and disequilibriousness, as well as a certain want of continuity and well-ponderedness. These features are mostly inherent to all pioneer work and the author himself states in the preface, that this work is meant as a provisional publication; this is in accordance with the title, which, by the way, could have been more adequately chosen, e. g.: Materials to Malaysian Phytogeography („Maleische” is, in my opinion, in Dutch a less felicitous word). Indeed, this paper contains a great many informations and stimulating ideas, and moreover, an almost complete bibliography, also of many papers in Dutch. It may be supposed indeed that there is, at present, hardly any other botanist available who is more capable than VAN STEENIS to continue this work and to prepare, some time, a complete „Phytogeography of Malaysia”, to which we are looking forward with great interest.

Description: Besides the Umbelliferae of the Netherlands Indies proper, also those of the Malay Peninsula and the non-Dutch parts of Borneo and New Guinea have been taken up in this revision. The materials examined belong to the following Herbaria: (B) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Buitenzorg. (BD) = the Herbarium of the Botanical Museum, Berlin—Dahlem. (BM) = the Herbarium of the British Museum of Natural History, London. (E) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. (G) = the Herbarium of the University, Groningen. (K) — the Herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Kew. (L) = the National Herbarium (Rijksherbarium), Leiden. (NY) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Garden, New York. (Pa) = the Herbarium of the Java Sugar Experiment Station, Pasoeroean. (S) = the Herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. (Sa) = the Herbarium of the Sarawak Museum, Kuching. (U) = the Herbarium of the University, Utrecht. Most of the herbarium materials were sent to Groningen to be examined there. Moreover I had the opportunity to work a few weeks in the Kew Herbarium and in that of the British Museum of Natural History in London.

Description: The article contains a discussion regarding the different identity of the specimens J. F. Duthie 3858 in the Kew (K), and the Calcutta (CAL) and Poona (BSI) herbaria. The specimens at CAL and BSI represent a new species of Arenaria, which is described here.

Description: Attention is drawn to the unusual distribution of flowers and inflorescences in a number of species, and to certain peculiarities of branching and phyllotaxy. The latter are explained by a heterophylly which so far has escaped notice, involving the formation and early disappearance of a pair of minute intercalary cataphylls. A similar branching pattern and flower distribution is evident in Helicanthes.

Description: Dr. C. A. BACKER, Verklarend Woordcnboek van wetenschappelijke plantennamen (Explanatory dictionary of scientific plantnames) — Noordhoff-Kolff, Groningen-Batavia, 1936 — XII + 664 — Price: flh. 19.50. Many botanists and also sylvi-, liorti- and agriculturists and almost all taxonomists are, in the course of their daily task, meeting plant-names, the exact meaning, signification or derivation of which is not immediately clear to them. Being an intelligent and studious man, he often feels the desire to know more of a name than just its orthography and so he makes a grab at one of those books written to spread more knowledge about the matter. If it is the name of a genus or of a subgenus, WITTSTEIN’S „IIandwörterbuch” is the book he needs, although it yields no help for genera younger than 1852 (date of preface). If it is a specific name or a latin or latinized botanical term, BISCHOFF is his man, either by his „Handbuch der botanischen Terminologie” of 1833—1844 or by his smaller „Wörterbuch der beschreibenden Botanik”, of 1857 (2nd Ed.). In case these books cannot meet his wishes, on account of their age or merely out of deficiency, our present-day investigator will try to find the name in one of the more recent lists: BAILEY’S „Companion for the Queensland student of plant life” of 1893; SALOMON-SCHELLE, Worterbuch der botanischen Kunstsprache, 1904; KANNGIESSER, Etymologie der Phanerogamen-Nomenclatur, 1908 (mainly generic names); Voss, Botanisches Hilfs- und Wörterbuch (6th ed. 1922), etc.