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  • Articles  (246)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • adaptation
  • temperature
  • Springer  (246)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (206)
  • Geography  (18)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (12)
  • Ethnic Sciences  (10)
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  • Articles  (246)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of seawater flow and temperature on metamorphosis and postlarval development in great scallop (2000)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 513-530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: great scallop (Pecten maximus) ; hatchery ; metamorphosis ; seawater flow ; spat development ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Variations in growth and survival of hatchery-reared post-metamorphicjuveniles of great scallop Pecten maximus prompted anexamination of settlement and postlarval development. The effects ofseawater flow and temperature on great scallop metamorphosis andpostlarvae were studied over a 4–5 week period. In allexperiments, and regardless of environmental conditions, great scallopmetamorphosed after a 2–3 week period with values of 35 to70%. Subsequently, spat numbers increased slightly. Spatmortality generally occurred from the third week onward and reachedlevels as high as 30% by the fifth week under standardconditions. At 20 °C, however, 60% mortality levels wererecorded. Differences in spat growth rate, ranging from 37 to 45 μmday−1, were noticed at different seawater flow ratesbut no clear tendency could be discerned. Temperature affected spatgrowth with an increase in size from 24 μm day−1 at15 °C to 35 μm day−1 at 18 °C. Conversely,growth was suppressed at 20 °C (14 μm day−1).For optimal metamorphosis and postlarval development in great scallop, aseawater flow of 4.3 L h−1 per sieve and a temperatureof 15 °C are recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009274707986
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of temperature and nitrogen source on growth and nitrogen uptake of two polar-desert species, Saxifraga caespitosa and Cerastium alpinum (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 139-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Arctic ; Cerastium alpinum ; nitrogen source ; nitrogen-uptake ; organic N ; polar-desert plants ; Saxifraga caespitosa ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Polar-desert plants experience low average air temperatures during their short growing season (4–8 °C mean July temperature). In addition, low availability of inorganic nitrogen in the soil may also limit plant growth. Our goals were to elucidate which N sources can be acquired by polar-desert plants, and how growth and N-uptake are affected by low growth temperatures. We compared rates of N-uptake and increases in mass and leaf area of two polar-desert species (Cerastium alpinum L. and Saxifraga caespitosa L.) over a period of 3 weeks when grown at two temperatures (6 °C vs. 15 °C) and supplied with either glycine, NH4 + or NO3 −. At 15 °C, plants at least doubled their leaf area, whereas there was no change in leaf area at 6 °C. Measured mean N-uptake rates varied between 0.5 nmol g−1 root DM s−1 on glycine at 15 °C and 7.5 nmol g−1 root DM s−1 on NH4 + at 15 °C. Uptake rates based upon increases in mass and tissue N concentrations showed that plants had a lower N-uptake rate at 6 °C, regardless of N source or species. We conclude that these polar-desert plants can use all three N sources to increase their leaf area and support flowering when grown at 15 °C. Based upon short-term (8 h) uptake experiments, we also conclude that the short-term capacity to take up inorganic or organic N is not reduced by low temperature (6 °C). However, net N-uptake integrated over a three-week period is severely reduced at 6 °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026528830228
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic variation in a Norwegian germplasm collection of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 33-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; genetic resources ; Norwegian germplasm ; Trifolium repens ; variation ; white clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variation and genotype × environment interactions for important agronomic characters were estimated for eleven Norwegian populations of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), originating from between 58°52′N and 69°30′N latitude, and from altitudes of 10 to 450 m a.s.l. The populations were evaluated in monoculture clonal field plots for two years at two locations in Norway. The medium-leaved Danish cultivar Milkanova was also included in the experiment as a standard market cultivar. Considerable variation between populations was observed for winter survival, spring growth, morphological characteristics, dry matter yield, general performance, earliness and seed yield. Winter survival, measured as plant cover after two years, was significantly different at the two locations. All the populations had sufficient winter survival at the southern, continental highland site (61°07′N).At the northern coastal location (69°30′N),where the winter climate is unstable with physical stresses such as frost, ice-encasement and water-logging frequently occurring, only the northernmost, coastal populations showed sufficient winter survival. Highly significant interactions were found between populations and locations, and between populations and years for all characters measured at both locations and in both years, respectively. Interaction effects between populations, locations and years were significant only for leaflet length. The largest leaf lamina's were observed in the most southern populations. However, genotypes possessing relatively long leaflets were also found in the northernmost populations, although at low frequencies. In general, the populations originating from the northernmost locations had lower biomass production, and were smaller-leaved, more prostrate and exhibited shorter internodes and stolons compared to the populations from South and Middle Norway. These populations also initiated inflorescences earliest, and were among the lowest seed yielding populations. Otherwise, no clear clinal variation in growth characteristics was observed which could be related to the latitude or altitude of origin of the populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003818727631
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wild wheat adaptation in different soil ecosystems as expressed in the mineral concentration of the seeds (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 114 (2000), S. 123-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; heading ; nutrition ; seed nutrient content ; soil type ; spikelet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, grows naturally in several habitats in northern Israel. The assumption that a genotype is better adapted to the `native' soil from which it was collected than to other soils, was tested. Each of nine T. dicoccoides accessions from nine different habitats and three wheat cultivars was sown in soils taken from all habitats, and grown in a greenhouse over 3 years. To enhance the biological nutrition absorption forces from the soil, three common wheat cultivars were added to the wild genotypes. No interaction in grain yield between wild wheat genotype and soil type was found within experiments. Soil type was the main factor that affected development and yield. Seed nutrient ability (SNA) of each soil was defined as the mineral element content in the seeds, averaged over all genotypes. Multiple regression analysis revealed diversity between the SNA related to growth and yield of the genotypes. Total seed yield per plant of each accession was related to several SNAs, and mainly to S and K, R2 = 0.5–0.85. The spikelet number per spike was determined by N and Na in five accessions and by Ca in the other four (R2 = 0.39–0.93).Heading date was affected mainly by the genotype, and the soil effect exhibited Fe and P dependence. A genotype-habitat adaptation exhibited by yield components was related to yield quality rather than to yield quantity. When a mineral nutrient is deficient in a natural soil, natural selection leads to establishment of plants that store a higher concentration of that nutrient in the seed, for the benefit of the succeeding generation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003989829539
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecogeographical differentiation in east Asian wheat, revealed from the geographical variation of growth habit and Vrn genotype (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 111 (2000), S. 137-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; ecogeographicaldifferentiation ; growth habit ; Triticumaestivum ; vernalization requirement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth habit, heading date and Vrn genotypewere examined for wheat landraces cultivated in China,Korea and Japan, to study their ecogeographicaldifferentiation in east Asia. Spring type landracesaccounted for 43.6% of the whole, and the frequencyvaried between the localities, being closely relatedto the degree of winter coldness. Spring typelandraces mainly adapted to north and south Chinawhere average January temperature is under –7 °Cand over 4 °C, respectively. On the contrary,winter type adapted to areas of average Januarytemperature from –7 °C to 4 °C. As toheading date, significant difference was not observedbetween spring and winter type landraces but betweenlocalities, and those cultivated in north China weresignificantly later in heading. It is thereforeindicated that spring type mainly adapts to areaswhere wheat is sown in spring to avoid frost injury,and where winter temperature is not low enough tovernalize winter type wheat. Genetic analysis forspring type landraces showed that the relativefrequency of four Vrn genes was different witheach other. Vrn3 was most widely and frequentlyfound among the four genes, followed by Vrn1 andVrn2. Only seven landraces proved to be thecarrier of Vrn4. The frequency was alsodifferent between localities. Genotype with Vrn1plus other dominant gene(s) adapted to spring sowingto avoid severely cold winter in north China, whilegenotype with only Vrn3 adapted to winter sowingin south China and southwest Japan. It is thereforeconcluded that at least three ecotypes, differing ingrowth habit and Vrn genotype, areallopatrically distributed in east Asia, as a resultof adaptation to winter coldness in each locality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003862401570
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic variation of five species of Trifolium L. from south-west Turkey (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 81-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: adaptation ; genetic resources ; edaphic variation ; multivariate analysis ; Trifolium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Following a legume collection mission to south-west Turkey in 1996, five species of Trifolium were analysed for genetic variation within and between species in eleven morphological and flowering characters. The five species included two outcrossing species, T. michelianum and T. resupinatum, and three inbreeding species, T. clypeatum, T. glomeratum and T. tomentosum. The genetic diversity found was related to climate and edaphic factors. All five species showed significant amounts of genetic differentiation between sites and the species could be separated morphologically by principal components analysis and cluster analysis. The most significant source of genetic variation was found to be related to geographical distribution with those species which were widely distributed across south-west Turkey exhibiting much greater amounts of genetic variation between sites, than those which had a narrow distribution. The breeding system was found to be less important, but only the morphology of the outbreeding species showed any environmental clines in relation to climate. A multiple regression analysis was computed to estimate the effect of growing season on the days to flowering of each of the species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008728905199
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on anaerobic proteolytic bacteria of Leh, India (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 297-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Anaerobic bacteria ; growth ; protease ; psychrotrophs ; temperature ; volatile fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Five anaerobic proteolytic bacteria were isolated from water bodies of Leh, India, where the ambient temperature varies from −25 to 25 °C. Isolates showed growth at all temperatures ranging from 5 to 37 °C except SPL-4 and SPL-5 which showed no growth at 5 °C. The cultures could grow and produce proteases on various protein substrates and the yield varied with the substrates. Two of the cultures showed the presence of spores. Acetate was the dominant VFA during hydrolysis of protein substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008935425175
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rubber stoppers used with sulphidic media: a note of caution (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 571-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Anaerobes ; hydrogen sulphide ; rubber stoppers ; sulphate reduction ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Common black rubber stoppers, made from natural rubber and styrene–butadiene, may cause a loss of hydrogen sulphide from aqueous media and impede the growth of sulphate-reducing bacteria under thermophilic conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008909530445
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature, water activity and gas atmosphere on mycelial growth of tempe fungi Rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus and R. microsporus var. oligosporus (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 853-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Carbondioxide ; fungi ; oxygen ; Rhizopus ; solid-substrate fermentation SSF ; tempe modelling ; temperature ; water activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus and var. oligosporus are used in the manufacture of various Asian fermented foods (tempe, black oncom, sufu). In view of solid-substrate fermentation (SSF) control, mycelial growth of strains of both varieties was tested for sensitivity to fluctuations of temperature, water activity and interstitial gas composition. This was achieved by measuring radial growth as well as biomass dry weight of pre-germinated microcolonies on defined media. The optimum conditions were temperature 40 °C, a w 0.995 and a gas composition of air for the growth of both strains on a model medium. Whereas radial growth rates of var. microsporus and var. oligosporus were similar, biomass growth rates of var. oligosporus were higher than those of var. microsporus under optimum conditions. The temperature-dependent growth of Rhizopus spp. at a w 〉 0.98 could be described by the Ratkowsky Equation. Carbon dioxide (5–10% v/v) inhibited the growth of Rhizopus spp. at non-limiting levels of oxygen. The two strains were able to grow at low (0.5% v/v) oxygen levels, but the mycelial density was rather low. No interrelation of water activity and gas composition was observed, but at high water activity the fungi were more sensitive to changes of temperature. The implications for process control are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008974621698
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Revisiting the relationship between common weather variables and loblolly–shortleaf pine seed crops in natural stands (2000)
    Springer
    New forests 19 (2000), S. 187-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Coastal Plain sites ; Pinus echinata Mill. ; P. taeda L. ; precipitation ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seed production was monitored during24 years using seed-collection traps inloblolly–shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.–P.echinata Mill.) stands located in southeast Arkansas,north-central Louisiana, and southwest Mississippi onthe southeastern Coastal Plain, USA. Sound seedproduction was correlated with mean monthlyprecipitation and temperature from National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration weather stationslocated near the seed-collection areas to determinethe potential of weather factors in forecasting pineseed crops. Correlations were restricted to threecritical periods in the pine reproductive cycle –strobili primordia differentiation, pollination, andfertilization. The most important (P ≤ 0.05)variables correlated with pine seed production for combined locations were cumulative precipitation (r = +0.60) during July, August, and September at 27 to 25 months before seed dispersal and mean temperature (r = −0.45) in August at 26 months before seed dispersal. Because multiple environmental factors can negatively impact pine seed development during the two yearsfollowing strobili primordia differentiation,seed-production forecasts based on weather variablesshould be verified by on-site cone counts during thesummer preceding autumn seed dispersal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006624907975
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenotypic characteristics of root-nodulating bacteria isolated from Acacia spp. grown in Libya (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 224 (2000), S. 171-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acacia ; Libya ; root-nodulating bacteria ; salinity ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thirty isolates of root-nodulating bacteria obtained from Acacia cyanophylla, A. karroo, A. cyclops, A. tortilis (subsp.raddiana), Faidherbia albida and Acacia sp., grown in different regions of Libya, were studied by performing numerical analysis of 104 characteristics. Three fast- and one slow-growing reference strains from herbaceous and woody legumes were included. Five distinct clusters were formed. The fast-growing reference strains were separated from the isolates whereas the slow-growing was included in cluster 4. With the exception of one cluster, the majority of clusters were formed regardless of the host plant or site of origin. Based on plant tests, generation times, acid production and carbon utilization the isolates were diverse (fast and slow-growing isolates). Like slow-growing isolates, most of the fast-growing isolates appeared to be non-specific, nodulated many species from the same genus notably F. albida, known to nodulate only with slow-growing strains. Most clusters grew at temperatures 35 °C and 37 °C; some grew at temperatures above 40 °C. The majority of isolates grew at acid and alkaline pH and only one isolate grew below pH 4. Most isolates were able to utilize many amino acids as nitrogen sources and to reduce nitrate. Urea was hydrolysed by all clusters. Monosaccharides and polyols were used by slow and fast-growing isolates as the only carbon sources whereas assimilation of disaccharides varied: Some isolates, like slow-growing isolates, failed to utilize these carbon sources. Most isolates were unable to utilize polysaccharides. Regarding tolerance to NaCl on agar medium, the majority of isolates were unable to grow at a concentration of 2% NaCl, but some were highly resistant and there was one isolate which grew at 8% NaCl. Most isolates were resistant to heavy metals and to antibiotics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004838218642
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patulin and aflatoxin in brown rot lesion of apple fruits and their regulation (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 607-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Aflatoxin ; apple ; fruit oils ; fungi ; patulin ; sodium hypochlorite ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium expansum and Rhizopus stolonifer were the most frequently isolated fungi from healthy apple fruits. Alternaria alternata was the most common organism of rotten apple fruits, followed by A. niger, A. flavus, P. expansum and R. stolonifer. The prevalent type of decay, brown rot lesion, is caused by R. stolonifer followed by A. flavus, A. niger, A. alternata and P. expansum. Sodium hypochlorite had good curative properties against fruit rots. The main natural mycotoxins produced in rotten apple were patulin and aflatoxins. The optimum temperature for patulin production by P. expansum was 15 °C after 15 days. Complete inhibition of patulin formation was attained using 0.2% lemon oil and 〉 90% inhibition using 0.05% lemon and 0.2% orange oils. Also significant inhibition (〉 90%) of aflatoxin production was observed with 0.2% lemon oil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008982511653
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of Pestalotiopsis Associated with Hardy Ornamental Plants in the UK (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 77-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pestalotiopsis sydowiana ; morphology ; pathogenicity ; ericaceous plants ; conifers ; temperature ; pH ; water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pestalotiopsis isolates obtained from the foliage, stem-base and roots of hardy ornamentals grown on commercial nurseries in the UK were identified and characterised according to pathogenicity and colony morphology. All 18 isolates were identified as Pestalotiopsis sydowiana on the basis of conidia morphology, and confirmation of identification was made by experts at CABI Bioscience. Isolates were pathogenic on the host from which originally isolated. Typical symptoms included foliar browning of foliage and stems, and the presence of black or greenish-black acervuli on diseased tissue. Isolates were not host specific and infected other species of hardy ornamentals. Three colony types on potato dextrose agar were distinguished according to colour and production of acervuli by individual isolates. Three selected isolates of P. sydowiana were characterised by examining the effects of growth media, temperature, pH, and water potential on hyphal extension. Isolates grew well on commonly used growth media, including PDA, Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), V8 juice agar (V8), malt extract agar (MEA) and Czapek Dox agar (CDA). The optimum temperature for growth on PDA was in the range 20–25°C, with little or no growth occurring below 5°C or above 30°C. Hyphal extension occurred over a pH range between 2.6–8.6, with optimum values occurring at pH 5.5. In general, decreases in osmotic and matric potential caused a reduction in growth. Hyphal extension on media adjusted osmotically as NaCl ceased between −9.9 and −10.5 MPa. Isolates were more tolerant of osmotic than matric potential, with no growth occurring at −6.5 MPa on media adjusted with polyethylene glycol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008776611306
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of temperature on development and fecundityof Scymnus levaillanti (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 453-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: development ; fecundity ; functional response ; reproductive numerical response ; temperature ; Coccinellidae ; Aphis gossypii ; Scymnus levaillanti
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Development and fecundity of Scymnus levaillanti(Mulsant) were recorded at fiveconstant temperatures ranging from 15 to 35 ± 1 °C in 5 °C increments, 60 ± 5% RHand 16 h of artificial light (5000 Lux). Developmentaltime (egg to adult) of S. levaillantisignificantly decreased with increasing temperatures,ranging from 63.9 days at 15 °C to 11.1 days at35 °C. Development from egg to adult required305.2 DD above a developmental threshold estimated as11.7 °C. Oviposition periods lasted 86.5, 76.1,47.2, and 31.5 days at 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C,respectively. No eggs were deposited at 15 °C.Higher temperatures resulted in shorter generationtimes (TO) and in decreased net reproductiverates (RO) of the coccinellid. S.levaillanti kept at 30 °C produced 0.151females/female/day, the highest per capita rate ofpopulation growth (rm). The `functional response'of larvae and adults of S. levaillanti matcheswell that described by Holling (1959) as Type 2.Daily number of eggs deposited by females increased toa plateau with increasing prey density. Resultsobtained here provide information about the biology ofS. levaillanti, and its feeding capacityindicates that it may act as an important control agent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026505329762
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Susceptibility of the legume flower thrips to Metarhizium anisopliae on different varieties of cowpea (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 79-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: anti-fungal substances ; control ; host plant resistance ; Megalurothrips sjostedti ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The susceptibility of Megalurothrips sjostedtito Metarhizium anisopliae when reared on susceptible, tolerant, and moderately resistant varieties of cowpea at different constant temperatures was evaluated in the laboratory. Insects were exposed either to direct spray of the conidia or to fungus-treated floral tissues. Mortality was significantly higher on the moderately resistant variety at all temperatures compared to the susceptible and tolerant varieties. Correspondingly, lethal time and lethal concentration values were significantly shorter and lower, respectively, on the moderately resistant variety compared to the other varieties, thus indicating that the two control methods are compatible as part of an integrated pest management strategy. Thrips raised on the tolerant variety incurred an exceptionally low level of mortality when the inoculum was sprayed directly on the insects or when the insects were exposed tofungus-treated floral tissues. Observations on the effects of airborne volatiles and crude extracts of this variety revealed an inhibitory effect on fungal germination, colony forming units and growth. This suggests the existence of anti-fungal substances in the tolerant variety.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009927302916
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Storage and formulation of the entomopathogenicnematodes Heterorhabditis indica and H. bacteriophora (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 483-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: adjuvants ; attapulgite ; bentonite ; infectivity ; osmolarity ; pH ; survival ; temperature ; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ; Heterorhabditis indica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Successful control of insect pests through theapplication of entomopathogenic nematode dauerjuveniles of H. bacteriophora and H.indica can only be achieved when the nematodematerial reaches the end user in good condition.Storage and formulation techniques must provideoptimum conditions to guarantee a maximum survival andinfectivity of the nematodes. Nematode survival wastested at temperatures ranging between 5–25 °C.A maximum survival of H. indica was achieved at15 °C and the highest mortality at 5 °C.H. bacteriophora survived best at 7.5 °Cand least at 25 °C. An increase of the saltconcentration had positive effects on dauer juvenilesurvival in aqueous suspensions. Low pH between 6 and4 reduced the bacterial growth and prolonged survivalof stored dauer juveniles. Of the organic acidsascorbic, benzoic, citric and sorbic acid, onlyascorbic acid had a positive effect on H. indicasurvival. Extracts of the dried spice plants cinnamon,cloves, rosemary and oregano were tested. Enhancementof H. indica survival was recorded for cinnamonand cloves. Survival and infectivity of nematodesstored in attapulgite and bentonite clays and spongewere recorded over several weeks at different storagetemperatures. Infectivity was not influenced by thedifferent formulation materials. When stored insponge at 25 °C nematodes survived less than 1week and the formulation in clay could only prolongthis period for another week. At 5 °C thesurvival of H. bacteriophora in sponge wassuperior to that in clay, whereas H. indicasurvived less well in sponge than in clay at15 °C. Storage in aerated water at 5 °Cfor H. bacteriophora and at 15 °C for H. indica resulted in the lowest mortality. Forstorage at controlled conditions (temperature, pH andosmolarity), aerated water is superior to all othermethods tested and the addition of preservatives willincrease survival.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026528727365
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    Screening Rhizobium spp. strains associated with Gliricidia sepium along an altitudinal transect in Veracruz, Mexico (1999)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 46 (1999), S. 25-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: adaptation ; biomass production ; nitrogen content ; seedling growth ; symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to characterize Rhizobium strains naturally associated with Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. and to determine their effectiveness for seedling inoculation, morphologic traits of G. sepium nodules and Rhizobium strains isolated from them, collected along on altitudinal transect (10—970 m above sea level) in northern Veracruz were studied. The Rhizobium strains isolated (three from each of eight sampling sites) were evaluated in terms of dry matter production, total nitrogen and nodulation capability on six month-old G. sepium seedlings inoculated under greenhouse conditions. Even though all isolated strains belong to the Hup+ group, differences in both morphological and physiological traits of nodules and Rhizobium strains were observed, associated to site elevation. Nodules from low elevation sites (〈 100 m) were spherical and smooth, with Rhizobium strains tolerant to salinity (5% NaCl), and those from high elevation sites (〉 500 m) were branched, with strains sensitive to salt. Thirteen strains (two from sites below 100 m and 11 from sites above 100 m) significantly increased seedling biomass, and nine of them also increased nitrogen content without negatively affecting the physiological nitrogen use efficiency (PEI) as compared to control seedlings. The relative effectiveness index (REI) of these Rhizobium strains varied between 2.0 and 2.4. However, no significant trend (r = 0.25) was found between PEI values of strains and site elevation. Nodular mass (NM) varied from 1.1 up to 1.7 mg dry weight with significant differences among strains, even though no significant elevational trend was found in this trait.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006231629500
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    Verification of yield QTL through realized molecular marker- assisted selection responses in a barley cross (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; molecular marker-assisted selection ; quantitative trait loci ; genotype × environment interaction ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Verification of putative quantitative trait loci (QTL) is an essential step towards implementing the use of marker-assisted selection (MAS) in cultivar improvement. In a previous study with 150 doubled haploid lines derived from the 6-row cross Steptoe/Morex (S/M), four regions (QTL1–4) of the barley genome were associated with differential genotypic expression for grain yield across environments. The objectives of this study were to verify the value of these four QTL for selection and to compare the efficiency of alternative MAS strategies using these QTL vs. conventional phenotypic selection for grain yield. A total of 92 DHLs derived from the S/M cross that were not used in the original mapping efforts were used for QTL verification. Confirmation of QTL effects was first accomplished by assessing yield differences between individuals carrying alternative alleles at each putative locus in three environments. QTL1 on chromosome 3 was confirmed as the most important and consistent locus to determine yield across sites, with the S allele being favorable. The M allele at QTL3 on chromosome 6 was beneficial for grain yield across sites, but to a lesser degree than QTL1. Magnitudes of allele effects at QTL2 (chromosome 2) and QTL4 (chromosome 7) were highly influenced by the environment where the genotypes were grown. Verification of QTL effects was best achieved by comparing realized selection response. Genotypic (MAS) and tandem genotypic and phenotypic selection were at least as good as phenotypic selection. Consistent selection responses were detected for QTL1 alone and together with QTL3. Genotypic selection for lines carrying the S allele at QTL1 resulted in the identification of high-yielding genotypes. Selection responses increased when the M allele at QTL3 was combined with the S allele at QTL1. Significant qualitative QTL × environment interactions for QTL2 and QTL4 were detected through differential realized selection responses at different sites. Without a thorough understanding of the physiological and agronomic particulars of any QTL and the target environment, MAS for QTL showing qualitative interactions should be minimized
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009684108922
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    Effects of Temperature on Growth and Efficiency of Yolk Utilisation in Eggs and Pre-feeding Larval Stages of Atlantic Salmon (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: alevin ; Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ; development ; egg ; temperature ; thermal tolerance ; yolk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three embryonic stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were subjected to eight constant incubation temperatures (4, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 19 and 22 °C) exceeding the range usually experienced in natural conditions. A change in thermal tolerance during the embryonic and larval development was registered: pre-hatching stages showed an upper thermal limit at about 16 °C, while hatched larvae survived until 22 °C. Temperature significantly affects developmental rate, resulting in a faster development and, consequently, lower yolk weight percentage at higher temperatures. We found positive relationships between incubation temperature and body size (length and weight) in the less developed stages, in which some yolk remained, but size decreased at increasing temperatures when yolk was completely exhausted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009214804949
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    Growth and Chemical Composition of Spirulina Maxima and Spirulina Platensis Biomass at Different Temperatures (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 261-275 
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    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; microalgae ; Spirulina ; Spirulina composition ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of temperature on growth and biomass composition of two species of Spirulina, S. maxima and S. platensis used for food was studied. A 4L fermenter with temperature and agitation control was used to cultivate both species. Under continuous light, maximum cell production of 2.4 g l−1 was verified for both cultures studied at temperatures above 25 °C: S. maxima (30 °C and 35 °C) and S. platensis (25 °C and 30 °C). An accentuated lag phase was observed for all cultures at lower temperatures (15–20 °C), and a maximum biomass production of 1.5 g l−1 was achieved. It was also observed that an increase of temperature caused a marked decrease in protein content, while carbohydrate synthesis was stimulated. The concentration of γ-linolenic acid varied from 11–16% for S. maxima and from 12–14% for S. platensis, at the optimum growth temperatures. Greater culture volumes were also studied in order to compare the performance of glass and plastic containers. At optimum growth temperature, S. maxima produced the same cell growth and similar final biomass composition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009233230706
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    Effects of Temperature on Infection in Capsicum sp. and Nicotiana benthamiana by Impatiens Necrotic Spot Tospovirus (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 509-512 
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    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: tospovirus ; resistance ; Capsicum sp. ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Infection by two isolates of impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus (INSV) under temperature regimes of 25/18°C (day/night) or 33°C (continuous) was studied in Capsicum annuum (systemically susceptible to tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, TSWV), C. chinense PI 152225 and PI 159236 (reacting hypersensitively to TSWV) and Nicotiana benthamiana (systemically susceptible to both tospoviruses). At 25/18°C infection was systemic in all hosts tested. At 33°C infection in N. benthamiana was systemic whereas in C. annuum and C. chinense it was restricted to the inoculated leaves. The result differed from that reported for TSWV, where high temperature made plants more susceptible, or caused no difference. Exchanging temperature regimes 6 h to 4 days after inoculation did not affect the final results one month later, with plants being only locally infected at 33°C continuous regime, or systemically infected at 25/18°C alternate regime. The two INSV isolates were biologically and serologically stable for 5 passages in N. benthamiana held continuously at 33°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008742516820
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    Floral initiation in field-grown forage peas is delayed to a greater extent by short photoperiods, than in other types of European varieties (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 109 (1999), S. 201-211 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Pisum sativum L. ; frost resistance ; floral initiation ; photoperiod ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Frost is one of the main climatic stresses which has to be overcome by a winter pea crop. Some forage lines show a delayed floral initiation, which helps them to escape the main winter freezing periods, as a higher susceptibility to frost is observed after floral initiation commences. Frost tolerant forage peas have been used in all winter pea breeding programs in France and our main purpose was to evaluate to what extent those lines and the current winter varieties are variable for the date of floral initiation in field conditions. A field experiment was carried out during two years at the INRA experimental station of Mons (northern France). Different genotypes (9 in 1995–1996 and 12 in 1996–1997) were sown at approximately monthly intervals between September and June to provide a range of photothermal conditions. The date of floral initiation was determined by destructive sampling. We observed variability for the date of floral initiation among the different genotypes and sowing dates. Our data particularly highlighted the different reactions to photoperiod. Three varieties had no detectable reaction. Six varieties exhibited a quantitative response, with varied intensities. Lastly, the three forage varieties showed a qualitative, high response to photoperiod, which indicated the presence of the Hr allele, already described in Pisum.
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    Ammonium and nitrate uptake by Eucalyptus nitens: effects of pH and temperature (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 214 (1999), S. 133-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; eucalyptus ; nitrate ; pH ; root uptake ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonium and nitrate uptake by roots of Eucalyptus nitens was characterised with respect to pH and temperature. Uptake of ammonium and nitrate was measured as depletion from solutions by roots of intact 11 week old solution-cultured seedlings. Uptake rates of ammonium were consistently higher than those of nitrate in all experiments. Uptake rates for ammonium were 200% higher at pH 4 than at pH 6, but for nitrate were unchanged. Uptake rates of ammonium and nitrate were both reduced to a similar extent (70%) with a decrease in temperature from 20 °C to 10 °C. For ammonium uptake, there was rapid (〈24 hr) adaptation to a reduction in root temperature. The apparent preference shown here for ammonium over nitrate could be indicative of E. nitens growing in cold, acidic forest soils where ammonium is commonly more available than nitrate. These results suggest that N uptake rates of E. nitens may be maximised under a wide variety of conditions if N is supplied predominantly in the ammonium form.
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    Feed Intake and Growth of Juvenile Silver Trevally at the Southern Limit of Their Distribution (1999)
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    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 357-360 
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    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: feed intake ; growth ; silver trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex) ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009296531292
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    Fate of bacterial pathogens in cattle dung slurry subjected to anaerobic digestion (1999)
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 335-338 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Anaerobic digestion ; biogas ; pathogens ; survival ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The survival of certain pathogenic bacteria was studied in anaerobic batch digesters at room temperature (18–25 °C) as well as at 35 °C under laboratory conditions. The survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi at room temperature was upto 20 days whereas at 35 °C it was only upto 10 days. Shigella dysenteriae was found to be the most sensitive organism which could survive upto 10 days at room temperature and upto 5 days at 35 °C. The longest survival was observed in case of Streptococcus faecalis which could survive upto 35 days at room temperature and 15 days at 35 °C. The survival time of Salmonella typhi increased when the solid contents of the digester were elevated from 9% to 15%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008906831493
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    An evaluation of adaptation options for climate change impacts on agriculture in Kazakhstan (1999)
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 25-41 
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    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; agriculture ; climate change ; Kazakhstan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Agriculture in Kazakhstan is sensitive to climate, and wheat yields could be reduced up to 70% under climate change. With the transition from a socialist economy to a free market economy, decisions are being made now that will affect Kazakhstan's ability to cope with climate change. A team of Kazakh and American researchers examined the cost-effectiveness and barriers to implementations of adaptation options for climate change. Twelve adaptation options that increase flexibility to respond to climate change were identified using a screening matrix. Four options, forecasting pest outbreaks, developing regional centers for preserving genetic diversity of seeds, supporting a transition to a free market, and reducing soil erosion through the use of changed farming practices, were examined. The Adaptation Decision Matrix (ADM) was then applied to estimate benefits using expert judgment (using an arbitrary numerical scale, not monetary values) and benefits estimates were compared to costs to determine cost-effectiveness. The ADM uses subjective measures of how well adaptation options meet policy objectives. Controlling soil erosion was estimated to have the highest benefits, but the high costs of implementation appears to make it relatively cost-ineffective. Supporting a transition to a free market was ranked as the most cost-effective measure, with regional centers second. However, use of different scales to quantify benefits or different weights can result in regional centers being more cost-effective than the transition to a free market. Regional centers was also judged to have fewer barriers to implementation than a transition to a free market. These results will be incorporated in Kazakhstan's National Action Plan. The ADM and other tools are relatively easy to apply, but are quite subjective and difficult to evaluate. The tools can be quite useful by decision makers to analyze advantages and disadvantages between different adaptation options, but should be supplemented with additional, particularly quantitative analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009626526883
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    Scale, context, and decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate variability and change (1999)
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 137-165 
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    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; agriculture ; climate change ; decision-making ; variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This work presents a framework for viewing agricultural adaptation, emphasizing the multiple spatial and temporal scales on which individuals and institutions process information on changes in their environment. The framework is offered as a means to gain perspective on the role of climate variability and change in agricultural adaptation, and developed for a case study of Australian agriculture. To study adaptation issues at the scale of individual farms we developed a simple modelling framework. The model highlights the decision making element of adaptation in light of uncertainty, and underscores the importance of decision information related to climate variability. Model results show that the assumption of perfect information for farmers systematically overpredicts adaptive performance. The results also suggest that farmers who make tactical planting decisions on the basis of historical climate information are outperformed by those who use even moderately successful seasonal forecast information. Analysis at continental scales highlights the prominent role of the decline in economic operating conditions on Australian agriculture. Examples from segments of the agricultural industry in Australia are given to illustrate the importance of appropriate scale attribution in adapting to environmental changes. In particular, adaptations oriented toward short time scale changes in the farming environment (droughts, market fluctuations) can be limited in their efficacy by constraints imposed by broad changes in the soil/water base and economic environment occuring over longer time scales. The case study also makes the point that adaptation must be defined in reference to some goal, which is ultimately a social and political exercise. Overall, this study highlights the importance of allowing more complexity (limited information, risk aversion, cross-scale interactions, mis-attribution of cause and effect, background context, identification of goals) in representing adaptation processes in climate change studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009636607038
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    The Science of Adaptation: A Framework for Assessment (1999)
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 199-213 
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    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; climate change ; impact assessment ; response options ; vulnerability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper outlines what is meant by "adaptation" to climate change, and how it might be addressed in the IPCC Assessments. Two roles of adaptation in the climate change field are identified: adaptation as part of impact assessment (where the key question is: what adaptations are likely?), and adaptation as part of the policy response (where the central question is: what adaptations are recommended?). The concept of adaptation has been adopted in several fields including climate impact assessment and policy development, risk management, and natural hazards research. A framework for systematically defining adaptations is based on three questions: (i) adaptation to what? (ii) who or what adapts? and (iii) how does adaptation occur? The paper demonstrates that, for adaptation purposes, climate extremes and variability are integral parts of climate change, along with shifts in mean conditions. Attributes for differentiating adaptations include purposefulness, timing, temporal and spatial scope, effects, form and performance. The framework provides a guide for the treatment of adaptation in the IPCC assessments, both in the assessment of impacts and in the evaluation of adaptive policy options.
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    A Framework and Key Questions for Adapting to Climate Variability and Change (1999)
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 215-225 
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    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate ; adaptation ; impacts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract There is a critical need to collectively understand, to develop adaptation options to enhance the benefits, and to reduce the social and economic vulnerabilities induced by climate variability and change. This paper uses key questions to help build a framework for adaptation by first organizing the questions into adaptation science, management and option components, including their respective sub-categories. The process of adaptation depends on many factors, including who or what adapts, what they adapt to, how they adapt and what and how resources are used. This conceptual model is designed to organize concepts regarding adaptation, to help stimulate ideas, and to explore the linkages among parts of the adaptation cycle. Predictive models need to be developed to determine the outcomes of planned adaptation strategies. For the best and most realistic evaluation of climate problems, adaptation and impacts should be considered together. This joint approach improves the assessment of the significance and dangers of the current and future climate, as well as the determination of solutions (e.g., how to prepare for a changing climate) and their priorities. Challenges of adaptive management are discussed in terms of a framework with linkages to adaptation science and options. Adaptation research and applications work continue to build on the foundation of science and management frameworks to address the risks and uncertainties in the decision-making process and to identify adaptation options.
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    Data Requirements for Developing Adaptations to Climate Variability and Change (1999)
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 227-237 
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    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; climate change ; climate variability ; data ; climate applications ; El Niño ; UNFCCC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract An extensive foundation of high quality data and information on the climate and on the biological, environmental and social systems affected by climate is required in order to understand the climate impact processes involved, to develop new adaptation practices, and to subsequently implement these practices. Experience of the impacts of current and past variability of climate and sea level is a prime source of information. Many practices are in use to reduce climate impacts, for example in engineering design, agricultural risk management and climate prediction services, though their roles as adaptations to climate change are not widely appreciated. While there are good data sets on some factors and in some regions, in many cases the databases are inadequate and there are few data sets on adaptation-specific quantities such as vulnerability, resilience and adaptation effectiveness. Current international action under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) pays little attention to adaptation and its information requirements. Furthermore there are trends toward reduced data gathering and to restrictions on access to data sets, especially arising from cost and commercialisation pressures. To effectively respond to the changes in climate that are now inevitable, governments will need to more clearly identify adaptation as a central feature of climate change policy and make a renewed shared commitment to collecting and freely exchanging the necessary data.
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    Coastal Adaptation to Climate Change: Can the IPCC Technical Guidelines be applied? (1999)
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 239-252 
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    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; coastal zones ; adaptation ; vulnerability ; IPCC Technical Guidelines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper evaluates the IPCC Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations with respect to the guidance offered for coastal-adaptation assessment. It appears that the IPCC Technical Guidelines focus strongly on implementation. This paper uses both conceptual and empirical information is used in this paper to show that coastal adaptation embraces more than selecting one of the "technical" options to respond to sea-level rise (retreat, accommodate or protect). Coastal adaptation is a more complex and iterative process with a series of policy cycles. To be effective, an expanded adapta-tion framework involving four steps is suggested, including (i) information collection and awareness raising; (ii) planning and design; (iii) implementation; and (iv) monitoring and evaluation. The incom-plete coverage of these four steps in existing coastal-adaptation assessments constrains the development of adaptation strategies that are supported by the relevant actors and integrated into existing management. Researchers and policy-makers are recommended to work together to establish a framework for adaptation that is integrated within current coastal management processes and practices and takes a broader view on the subject.
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    Risk and Uncertainties, Analysis and Evaluation: Lessons for Adaptation and Integration (1999)
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 319-329 
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    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: uncertainty ; risk ; adaptation ; extreme events ; (credible) information ; integrated assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper draws ten lessons from analyses of adaptation to climate change under conditions of risk and uncertainty: (1) Socio-economic systems will likely respond most to extreme realizations of climate change. (2) Systems have been responding to variations in climate for centuries. (3) Future change will effect future citizens and their institutions. (4) Human systems can be the sources of surprise. (5) Perceptions of risk depend upon welfare valuations that depend upon expectations. (6) Adaptive decisions will be made in response to climate change and climate change policy. (7) Analysis of adaptive decisions should recognize the second-best context of those decisions. (8) Climate change offers opportunity as well as risk. (9) All plausible futures should be explored. (10) Multiple methodological approaches should be accommodated. These lessons support two pieces of advice for the Third Assessment Report: (1) Work toward consensus, but not at the expense of thorough examination and reporting of the "tails" of the distributions of the future. (2) Integrated assessment is only one unifying methodology; others that can better accommodate those tails should be encouraged and embraced.
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    A Framework for Benefit-Cost Analysis of Adaptation to Climate Change and Climate Variability (1999)
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    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 307-318 
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    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; climatic change ; economic welfare ; costs and benefits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The potential damages of climate change and climate variability are dependent upon the responses or adaptations that people make to their changing environment. By adapting the management of resources, the mix and methods of producing goods and services, choices of leisure activities, and other behavior, people can lessen the damages that would otherwise result. A framework for assessing the benefits and costs of adaptation to both climate change and climate variability is described in the paper. The framework is also suitable for evaluating the economic welfare effects of climate change, allowing for autonomous adaptation by private agents. The paper also briefly addresses complications introduced by uncertainty regarding the benefits of adaptation and irreversibility of investments in adaptation. When investment costs are irreversible and there is uncertainty about benefits, the usual net present value criterion for evaluating the investment gives the wrong decision. If delaying an adaptation project is possible, and if delay will permit learning about future benefits of adaptation, it may be preferable to delay the project even if the expected net present value is positive. Implications of this result for adaptation policy are discussed in the paper.
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    Adaptation to the Impacts of Sea Level Rise in Egypt (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 343-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; climate change ; socioeconomic impacts ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Assessment of the vulnerability and expected socioeconomic losses over the Nile delta coast due to the impact of sea level rise is carried out in details. Impacts of sea level rise over the Governorates of Alexandria and Port Said in particular, are evaluated quantitatively. Analysis of the results at Alexandria Governorate indicate that, if no action is taken, an area of about 30% of the city will be lost due to inundation. Almost 2 million people will have to abandon their homeland; 195,000 jobs will be lost and an economic loss of over $3.5 Billion is expected over the next century. At Port Said Governorate results indicate that beach areas are most severely affected (hence tourism), followed by urban areas. The agriculture sector is the least affected sector. It is estimated that the economic loss is over $ 2.0 Billion for 0.50 m SLR and may exceed $ 4.4 Billion for 1.25 m SLR. Options and costs of adaptation are analyzed and presented. Multi-criteria and decision matrix approaches, based on questionnaire surveys are carried out to identify priorities for the two cases. Analysis of these techniques of two options; the current policy (hard protection measures on some vulnerable areas) and no action (stopping these activities) have the lowest scores. Beach nourishment and integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) have the highest scores, however ICZM has high cost measures. The most cost-effective option is the land-use change, however with relatively very high cost measure. It is recommended that an ICZM approach be adopted since it provides a reasonable trade off between costs and cost effectiveness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009684210570
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    Effect of source and nest size of N fertilizers and temperature on nitrification in a coarse textured, alkaline soil (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium chloride ; ammonium sulphate ; nest placement ; nitrification ; temperature ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrification occurring in an alkaline sandy loam soil fertilized with urea, ammonium sulphate (AS) and ammonium chloride (AC) was studied in the laboratory at 20°C and 40°C for 30 days. Nitrogen fertilizers were applied as nest of sizes 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g. Unfertilized control and soil mixed with 50 mg N kg-1 were also included as treatments. Nitrification in all the fertilizer treatments decreased markedly with increasing nest size. At 20°C, differences among the three N sources were not significant at 5 days after incubation but marked differences appeared thereafter. All the N was nitrified by 30 days in case of fertilizers mixed into the soil. In nest placement, nitrification ranged from 30.1 to 75.5%, 28.3 to 74.6% and 35.3 to 88.7% for urea, AC and AS, respectively. When equal amounts of fertilizers were placed in a nest, nitrification occurred at a slower rate with urea than with AC and AS. Rates of nitrification were significantly higher at 40°C than at 20°C. At 20 days, nitrification from different nest sizes ranged from 8.4 to 64.9% and from 24.9 to 87.0% at 20°C and 40°C, respectively. The difference in nitrification at two temperatures were more pronounced at higher nest sizes than at smaller nest sizes. While nitrification with the three N sources decreased linearly with increase in N concentration (nest size) in soil at 40°C, it showed a quadratic relationship at 20°C. At equal N concentration, the highest rate of nitrification occurred with urea and the lowest with AC. At the same rate of applied N (50–2000 mg kg-1), AC and AS increased electrical conductivity of soil by 1.3–9 times that of urea. Apparent mineral N recovery of applied N decreased with the increase in nest size.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009741031827
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    Genotype-environment interaction for seed yield and ODAP concentration of Lathyrus sativus L. and L. cicera L. in Mediterranean-type environments (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 110 (1999), S. 45-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; neurotoxin ; oxalyl diaminopropionic acid ; phenology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1994, 407 L. sativus and 96 L. cicera lines were evaluated for phenology, seed yield and seed ODAP (a neurotoxin) concentration in the Mediterranean-type climate of south-western Australia. A selected number of lines from this study were grown at three sites in south-western Australia in 1995 and 1996, to examine genotype-environment interactions on seed yield and ODAP concentration in the seed of the two Lathyrus spp. Principal components analysis showed that L. sativus lines grown in 1995 and 1996 could be divided into two geographical origins: Indian sub-continent and Mediterranean/European. Those lines of Mediterranean/European origin were consistently higher yielding (both in 1994 and 1995/96), with much larger seeds and later phenology. In L. cicera seed yield was closely associated with greater mean seed weight and to a lesser extent with early phenology. The genotype-environment study indicated that higher yielding lines of both species generally responded to favourable environments; in the case of L. sativus the Mediterranean/European lines and for L. cicera the larger seeded, earlier phenology lines. For both species, genotype was the most important determinant of ODAP concentration and environment had less influence. Genotype-environment interactions had no effect on seed ODAP concentrations. In terms of seed yield, both species showed substantial potential in the environments tested. Further improvements in adaptation, seed yield and reduction in ODAP are possible in both species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003770216955
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    Enhanced monoclonal antibody production by gradual increase of osmotic pressure (1999)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 29 (1999), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: adaptation ; antibody production rate ; hybridoma ; intracellular amino acids ; osmotic pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The time length required for the adaptation of AFP-27 hybridoma cells to high osmotic pressure and the effect of a gradual increase of osmotic pressure on monoclonal antibody production were investigated. When the cells were subjected to an increase of osmotic pressure from 300 mOsmol kg-1 to 366 mOsmol kg- 1, the intracellular content of osmoprotective free amino acids reached a maximum level 6 h after the osmotic pressure was increased to 366 mOsmol kg-1. The same time period of 6 h incubation at 366 mOsmol kg-1 was required to obtain a high growth rate of AFP-27 cells at 440 mOsmol kg-1 when the cells were subjected to a two-step increase of osmotic pressure from 300 mOsmol kg-1 to 366 mOsmol kg-1 and then to 440 mOsmol kg-1. The time length for the physiological adaptation of the cells to 366 mOsmol kg-1 was consequently estimated to be 6 h. Osmotic pressure during batch cultivation was gradually increased from 300 mOsmol kg-1 to 400 mOsmol kg-1 with an adaptation time of at least 6 h. The specific growth rates following a gradual increase of osmotic pressure were higher than those at a constant osmotic pressure of 400 mOsmol kg-1, while the specific monoclonal antibody production rate increased with the increase in the mean osmotic pressure. As a result, the cells grown under a gradual increase of osmotic pressure produced higher amounts of monoclonal antibodies than did those grown under constant osmotic pressure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008016806599
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    The influence of temperature, photoperiod and plant type on the predation rate of Macrolophus pygmaeus on Myzus persicae (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 44 (1999), S. 281-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Macrolophus pygmaeus ; photoperiod ; predation rate ; temperature ; predator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature and photoperiod on the rate of predation of nymphs and adults of the predator Macrolophus pygmaeus was studied using Myzus persicae prey feeding on egg-plant and pepper plants. The experiments were conducted at three photoperiods (16L:8D, 12L:12D and 8L:16D), three temperatures (20, 25 and 30 °C), and at 65% r.h. The rate of predation increased with temperature. Predation rate was affected by photoperiod on pepper but not on egg-plant. Females and fifth instar nymphs were the most voracious stages followed by third and fourth instar nymphs and males. First and second instar nymphs consumed far fewer aphids. Predation rate was higher on leaves of pepper than egg-plant, especially at 30 °C. Variation in the efficacy of this predator is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009959325331
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    Competitive ability of the antagonists Ulocladium atrum and Gliocladium roseum at temperatures favourable for Botrytis spp. development (1999)
    Springer
    BioControl 44 (1999), S. 329-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Botrytis aclada ; Botrytis cinerea ; cyclamen ; ecological adaptation ; hydrangea ; lily ; onion ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ulocladium atrum and Gliocladium roseum are fungal antagonists capable of suppressing sporulation of Botrytis spp. on dead plant parts. The effect of temperature (3 to 36 °C) on antagonist conidial germination and mycelial growth was assessed on agar. In addition conidial germination of U. atrum was measured on dead lily leaves. The optimum temperature of both antagonists for both conidial germination and mycelial growth was between 27 and 30 °C. U. atrum was less affected by lower temperatures than G. roseum. At optimum temperature, 50% of conidia of U. atrum and G. roseum germinated within 2.6 and 10.0 hrs, respectively. At low sub-optimal temperatures (6 °C), 50% of conidia germinated within 18 and 96 hours, respectively. In bioassays on dead onion leaves, U. atrum suppressed sporulation of B. cinerea and B. aclada at all temperatures tested (6 to 24 °C) by more than 85%. On dead cyclamen leaves, G. roseum was more efficient than U. atrum at 21 and 24 °C but, in contrast to U. atrum, showed no antagonistic activity at temperatures below 21 °C. On dead hydrangea leaves, U. atrum significantly reduced sporulation of B. cinerea at temperatures as low as 3 and 1 °C. Under Dutch growing conditions, the mean air temperature during leaf wetness periods in onion and lily fields was 15 °C with temperatures only occasionally above 20 °C. In greenhouse crops of cyclamen, the mean temperature during high humidity periods was 17 °C. It is therefore concluded that U. atrum is better adapted than G. roseum to temperatures which occur in the field, in greenhouse crops such as cyclamen, or during cold storage of plant stocks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009907311624
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    Interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide and growth temperature on photosynthesis in cotton leaves (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 26 (1998), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: carbohydrates ; elevated CO2 ; Gossypium hirsutum L. ; interaction ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., cv DPL 5415) plants were grown in naturally lit environment chambers at day/night temperature regimes of 26/18 (T-26/18), 31/23 (T-31/23) and 36/28 °C (T-36/28) and CO2 concentrations of 350 (C-350), 450 (C-450) and 700 μL L-1 (C-700). Net photosynthesis rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration, RuBP carboxylase activity and the foliar contents of starch and sucrose were measured during different growth stages. Net CO2 assimilation rates increased with increasing CO2 and temperature regimes. The enhancement of photosynthesis was from 24 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 (with C-350 and T-26/18) to 41 μmol m-2 s-1 (with C-700 and T-36/28). Stomatal conductance decreased with increasing CO2 while it increased up to T-31/23 and then declined. The interactive effects of CO2 and temperature resulted in a 30% decrease in transpiration. Although the leaves grown in elevated CO2 had high starch and sucrose concentrations, their content decreased with increasing temperature. Increasing temperature from T-26/18 to 36/28 increased RuBP carboxylase activity in the order of 121, 172 and 190 μmol mg-1 chl h-1 at C-350, C-450 and C-700 respectively. Our data suggest that leaf photosynthesis in cotton benefited more from CO_2 enrichment at warm temperatures than at low growth temperature regimes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006035517185
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    The phenology of fine root growth in a maple-dominated ecosystem: relationships with some soil properties (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 201 (1998), S. 59-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maple ; moisture ; phenology ; root growth ; soil fertility ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A two-year study was undertaken in a maple-dominated watershed of southern Québec, Canada, to examine relationships between trends in fine root growth, stem diameter growth, soil moisture, soil temperature, mineralized-N and extractable-P. Until September, soil temperature was consistently higher in 1995 than in 1994. Apart from the first sampling in mid-May, soil moisture was higher in 1994 than in 1995. In 1994, most fine roots were produced before leaf expansion, whereas in 1995, fine root production peaked in July. Annual fine root production was estimated to be 2.7 times higher in 1994 than in 1995. Stem growth was strongly associated with the seasonal and annual variation in soil temperature. Root and diameter growth were asynchronous in 1994 but not in 1995. Fine root production was associated with two groups of variables: a soil fertility (mineralized-N and extractable-P) group and a physical soil environment (moisture and temperature) group. Our results are consistent with the negative effect of high soil-N fertility on fine root production but are inconclusive as to the positive effect of high soil-P fertility. Soil conditions that are detrimental to root growth such as high N availability and anaerobiosis could modify the normal dynamics of fine root growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004351705516
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    Root and shoot elongation of rhizotron-grown seedlings of Eucalyptus nitens and Eucalyptus globulus in relation to temperature (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 206 (1998), S. 37-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Eucalyptus globulus ; Eucalyptus nitens ; root apical diameter ; root elongation ; shoot elongation ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Information on the growth response of a crop plant in relation to temperature can be helpful in selecting genotypes to suit local environments, scheduling favourable time of planting and forecasting growth and yield. To determine the effects of varying temperature on root and shoot elongation of eucalypt seedlings, elongation rates of roots and shoots were measured in rhizotrons for two species (Eucalyptus nitens (Deane and Maiden) Maiden, and Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) at a temperature range of 5–23 °C. Within this range of temperatures, elongation rates of roots and shoots of both species increased with an increase in temperature. Roots of E. globulus were more sensitive and shoots less sensitive to temperature than those of E. nitens. However, the threshold temperature corresponding with zero elongation rate predicted from the regression of elongation rate against temperature was similar for the roots (∼5 °C) and shoots (∼0 °C) of both species. Hysteresis did not appear to have a significant influence on root or shoot elongation of both species during warming compared with cooling. Results are discussed highlighting the importance of the interaction between development and growth of plant components.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004337121719
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    Growth behaviour of Azolla pinnata at various salinity levels and induction of high salt tolerance (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 206 (1998), S. 79-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: adaptation ; Azolla pinnata ; growth behaviour ; ion content ; NaCl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Azolla pinnata is an extremely NaCl-sensitive plant and cannot tolerate an external NaCl concentration beyond 30 mM. Preincubation of plants in 20 mM NaCl for 18 days, followed by stepwise transfer (10 mM NaCl per day) made them able to grow at an otherwise lethal NaCl concentration of 60 mM at rates comparable to the growth of unadapted plants in 20 mM NaCl. Plants, not preincubated in 20 mM NaCl or preincubated for a duration shorter than 18 days were unable to survive and did not grow in 60 mM external NaCl. Na+, K+ and Ca2+ concentrations in the control, NaCl-stressed and adapted plants differed significantly indicating that adaptation involved the development of a capability in the plants to regulate ion concentration.
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    The response of soil microorganisms and roots to elevated CO2 and temperature in a terrestrial model ecosystem (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 202 (1998), S. 251-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: climate change ; Ecotron ; microbial biomass ; microbial community structure ; soil enzymes ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the response of soil microorganisms to atmospheric CO2 and temperature change within model terrestrial ecosystems in the Ecotron. The model communities consisted of four plant species (Cardamine hirsuta, Poa annua, Senecio vulgaris, Spergula arvensis), four herbivorous insect species (two aphids, a leaf-miner, and a whitefly) and their parasitoids, snails, earthworms, woodlice, soil-dwelling Collembola (springtails), nematodes and soil microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, mycorrhizae and Protista). In two successive experiments, the effects of elevated temperature (ambient plus 2 °C) at both ambient and elevated CO2 conditions (ambient plus 200 ppm) were investigated. A 40:60 sand:Surrey loam mixture with relatively low nutrient levels was used. Each experiment ran for 9 months and soil microbial biomass (Cmic and Nmic), soil microbial community (fungal and bacterial phospholipid fatty acids), basal respiration, and enzymes involved in the carbon cycling (xylanase, trehalase) were measured at depths of 0–2, 0–10 and 10–20 cm. In addition, root biomass and tissue C:N ratio were determined to provide information on the amount and quality of substrates for microbial growth. Elevated temperature under both ambient and elevated CO2 did not show consistent treatment effects. Elevation of air temperature at ambient CO2 induced an increase in Cmic of the 0–10 cm layer, while at elevated CO2 total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) increased after the third generation. The metabolic quotient qCO2 decreased at elevated temperature in the ambient CO2 run. Xylanase and trehalase showed no changes in both runs. Root biomass and C:N ratio were not influenced by elevated temperature in ambient CO2. In elevated CO2, however, elevated temperature reduced root biomass in the 0–10 cm and 30–40 cm layers and increased N content of roots in the deeper layers. The different response of root biomass and C:N ratio to elevated temperature may be caused by differences in the dynamics of root decomposition and/or in allocation patterns to coarse or fine roots (i.e. storage vs. resource capture functions). Overall, our data suggests that in soils of low nutrient availability, the effects of climate change on the soil microbial community and processes are likely to be minimal and largely unpredicatable.
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    Predominance of ecophysiological controls on soil CO2 flux in a Minnesota grassland (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 207 (1998), S. 77-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cedar Creek ; Minnesota ; light ; root respiration ; Scizachyrium scorparium ; soil CO2 flux ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ecosystem studies often study soil CO2 flux as a function of environmental factors, such as temperature, that affect respiration rates by changing the rate of utilization of carbon substrates. These studies tend not to include factors, such as photosynthesis, that affect the supply of carbon substrates to roots and root-associated processes. We examined the role of decreased carbohydrate source on soil CO2 flux and root respiration in an annually-burned grassland through manipulations of light intensity and removal of above ground biomass. We also quantified the contribution of root respiration to soil CO2 flux by measuring the respiration rates of excised roots. Two days of shading caused a 40% reduction in soil CO2 flux, while clipping was associated with a 19% reduction in soil CO2 flux. Both reductions were independent of soil and air temperature at the time of measurement. The relative decrease in soil CO2 flux observed in the clipping experiment was similar in magnitude to an observed decrease in root respiration per gram of root, linking decreased root activity and soil CO2 flux. From these experiments, we conclude that variation in factors that affect carbon availability to roots can be important determinants of soil CO2 flux and should be included explicitly in studies that measure or model soil CO2 flux.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004417419288
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    Effect of temperatures during pure culture fermentation of Kinema (1998)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 847-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Kinema ; soybean ; Bacillus subtilis KK2:B10 ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Kinema was prepared by fermenting whole cooked soybeans with pure culture of Bacillus subtilis KK2:B10 (MTCC 2756) strain at 35°C, 40°C and 45°C for 24h. Temperature, mesophilic plate counts, relative viscosity, water-soluble nitrogen, formal nitrogen contents and reducing sugars of fermenting soybeans were investigated during fermentation. At higher temperatures the growth rate of B. subtilis KK2:B10 was faster. A remarkable increase in the relative viscosity of kinema was observed at 40°C during fermentation. Water-soluble nitrogen and formol nitrogen to total nitrogen contents increased throughout the 24h of fermentation. Reducing sugars increased during the log phase and then decreased sharply. Kinema matured below 10°C for 1 day after the desired fermentation showed a significant increase in relative viscosity. The quality of kinema was maintained with pure culture fermentation by B. subtilis KK2:B10 at 40°C for 20h and matured at 5°C for 1 day.
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    Russian human geography in the 'wonderland' of globalization (1998)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 45 (1998), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: globalization ; national tradition ; Russian human geography inertia ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006845428890
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    Ice nucleation in fruit juice from different varieties of sea buckthorn Hippophaë rhamnoides L. (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 102 (1998), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: sea buckthorn ; climate ; freezing ; germination ; ice nucleators ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The main aim of the investigation was to study the effects of climate on the ice nucleation temperatures of fruit juice from sea buckthorn, Hippophaë rhamnoides L. This could provide information on possible adaptive values of ice nucleators in the fruits. It was also an aim to provide information on ice nucleation of fruit juice from different varieties of sea buckthorn. This was done to find suitable varieties for agricultural production of ice nucleator containing fruit juice. Such food grade ice nucleators can be used in the processing of food stuffs particularly where large ice crystals are desired. The ice nucleation temperatures were low in juice from unripe fruits in the summer, and peaked at − 6 °C in the autumn. There were no significant differences in nucleation temperatures in juice from fruits grown along a climatic gradient along the Trondheimsfjord. Juice from varieties originating from different parts of the world, but grown at the same fields, showed different mean nucleation temperatures, ranging from − 15.1 °C in a Swiss wild type of subsp. fluviatilis to − 6.1 °C in a Swedish wild type of subsp. rhamnoides. Varieties with very potent nucleators (− 2 °C to − 3 °C) were found, but these nucleators were present in low concentrations. Varieties with high concentration of nucleators within a small temperature range (− 6 °C to − 7 °C) were also found. No correlation between geographic origin and nucleation temperatures was found. Depending on conditions, freezing the fruits had either no, or a negative effect on the germination success. Since no adaptive benefit to the sea buckthorn could be demonstrated, the nucleating ability of the fruit juice is probably incidental.
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    Effect of heat shock during grain filling on protein composition and technological quality of wheats (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat quality ; temperature ; heat shock ; polymeric protein ; nitrogen application ; breadmaking quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In southern Europe, the Mediterranean climate offers a unique opportunity for the production of high quality wheats, which are lacking in the European Economic Union. It is also responsible for the remarkable variability in both wheat yield and quality from year to year and from location to location. In this paper, the effects (in recent years) of the Mediterranean climate in Italy on grain yield and quality of bread and durum wheats are summarised with particular regard to high temperatures. Nitrogen fertilisation rate and timing were investigated in five cultivars grown at six sites. The impact of high temperature was evaluated in open field and pot experiments by imposing different temperature regimes during grain filling. Viscoelastic properties were evaluated with the Chopin alveograph for field experiments and with a Promylograph T3 apparatus for pot experiments. Protein composition was evaluated by SE-HPLC (size exclusion high performance liquid chromatrography). Agronomic trials indicated that high quality wheats can be obtained in a wide range of growing conditions. Viscoelastic properties were significantly affected by the temperature treatments. Short episodes of daily maximum temperatures above 35 °C caused a 'weakening' in both durum and bread wheat. High temperatures seemed to affect mainly the composition of the polymeric fraction (soluble/insoluble polymers) without influencing their synthesis.
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    Photoperiod and vernalisation response of Mediterranean wheats, and implications for adaptation (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 377-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; photoperiod ; vernalisation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Hexaploid wheat has the largest cultivated area among crop plants due to its adaptability to different agroclimatic regions. A large part of this adaptability depends upon the variation in vernalisation and photoperiod requirements. A better understanding of the genetic control of flowering in wheat, as expressed by vernalisation requirements and photoperiod response, will guide breeders in targeting crosses of different types and will also improve our understanding of regional adaptation requirements. Characterisation of large numbers of breeding lines for photoperiod and vernalisation response in wheat is needed to assign the lines to geographic areas of most probable adaptation. Simple screening methods to quantify the effects of these two factors and their interaction are needed to assist breeding progress. Twenty wheat lines were evaluated for response to photoperiod and vernalisation under two controlled environments and under high ambient air temperatures in field conditions. Vernalised and non vernalised seedlings were transplanted into pots and placed in three photoperiod (8, 12 and 16 h light) cabinets, in the greenhouse or in growth chambers. Days to anthesis decreased with increasing length of photoperiod. Vernalised plants flowered earlier than non vernalised plants. There was a significant correlation between days to anthesis in the greenhouse and the growth chamber (r=0.88, P〈0.001). Length of basal vegetative period, effects of vernalisation, and photoperiod from the two screening techniques were positively correlated with each other. Growth habit score, vernalisation requirement and heading date in the field were highly correlated with the main effect of vernalisation in the two controlled environments. The results indicated that selection for vernalisation response in a large number of genotypes can be achieved under high ambient air temperatures in the field. The selected material can subsequently be screened for photoperiod response under greenhouse conditions. Using these techniques, 49 local and improved cultivars from the Mediterranean region in west Asia and north Africa (WANA), showing differences in response to photoperiod, vernalisation, and earliness independent of vernalisation and photoperiod, affecting time to anthesis, were identified. Most old local cultivars were sensitive to both photoperiod and vernalisation. All the improved genotypes were insensitive to photoperiod. Responses to vernalisation were generally small under short photoperiods, but were more pronounced in long photoperiod, particularly in winter and facultative types from northern latitudes. These results should help to explain the adaptability of cultivars based on photoperiod and vernalisation requirements and their interaction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018375616915
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    Breeding intensive winter bread wheat varieties for Southern Ukraine (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat varieties ; vernalisation ; photoperiodical sensitivity ; yield ; frost resistance ; drought tolerance ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Winter wheats with high grain quality for bread making are produced in southern Ukraine. Wheat breeding began more then 80 years ago. Over this time, seven wheat variety changes were made and yield potential increased from 2.73 t ha-1 to 6.74 t ha-1. This increase was due to a decrease in photoperiodic sensitivity and the introduction of semidwarf genes. Genes for photoperiodic sensitivity (Ppd) and vernalisation requirement (Vrn) were combined, and the effect of these genes on grain yield, frost and drought resistance, and growth and development rate of plants in autumn and early spring were studied. Breeding was carried out, utilising traditional and non-traditional methods such as anther culture, biochemical and molecular markers, and screening in artificial environments using phytotrons. This approach resulted in the release of several winter wheat varieties with high yield potentials and well expressed adaptation features by the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute (Odessa).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018383317939
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    Stability of performance of tetraploid wheat landraces in the Ethiopian highland (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 102 (1998), S. 301-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; correlations ; genotype-environment interaction ; landraces ; performance ; stability ; tetraploid wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plant breeding has always been concerned with genotype-environment interaction. Normally high and stable performance are desirable attributes of cultivars. However, this is practically difficult to achieve where environmental variations are high and unpredictable and significant genotype-environment interactions occur. Stability of performance of 13 landraces evaluated at 4 different locations for 3 years in the highlands of Ethiopia was investigated. The testing locations have different climatic and edaphic conditions providing the conditions necessary for the assessment of stability. Stability parameters like b, s2d, s2, r2 and cv which are in common use were employed. Grain yield and 1000-kernel weight were the agronomic traits considered for the stability analysis. There were differences in the ranks of genotypes across the locations. Significant main environmental as well as interaction effects were observed showing the importance of genotype-environment interaction in both traits. Many of the landraces evaluated are rated as stable for these traits within the environmental conditions prevailing in these highland locations. Genotypes with specific adaptation to poor and favourable conditions were also identified. Certain genotypes showed similar manners of adaptation and stability for both of the traits. Grain yield showed low correlations with the stability parameters showing the possibility of attaining high yield and stability. Correlations between the stability parameters were mainly positive and significant for grain yield. Only a few of these correlations were found to be significant for kernel weight. The good adaptability of landraces should be exploited in the improvement of their yield potential.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018361309207
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    Modelling spatial dynamics of fish (1998)
    Springer
    Reviews in fish biology and fisheries 8 (1998), S. 57-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5184
    Keywords: adaptation ; artificial neural networks ; fish ; fitness ; game theory ; genetic algorithms ; hearing ; ideal free distribution ; learning ; life history theory ; memory ; migration ; olfaction ; optimal foraging theory ; optimization ; sensory organs ; spatial modelling ; stochastic dynamic programming ; vision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Our ability to model spatial distributions of fish populations is reviewed by describing the available modelling tools. Ultimate models of the individual's motivation for behavioural decisions are derived from evolutionary ecology. Mechanistic models for how fish sense and may respond to their surroundings are presented for vision, olfaction, hearing, the lateral line and other sensory organs. Models for learning and memory are presented, based both upon evolutionary optimization premises and upon neurological information processing and decision making. Functional tools for modelling behaviour and life histories can be categorized as belonging to an optimization or an adaptation approach. Among optimization tools, optimal foraging theory, life history theory, ideal free distribution, game theory and stochastic dynamic programming are presented. Among adaptation tools, genetic algorithms and the combination with artificial neural networks are described. The review advocates the combination of evolutionary and neurological approaches to modelling spatial dynamics of fish.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008864517488
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    Adapting to Climate Change in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 19-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; Africa ; agriculture ; climate change ; vulnerability ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The intersection of present vulnerability and the prospect of climate change in Africa warrants proactive action now to reduce the risk of large-scale, adverse impacts. The process of planning adaptive strategies requires a systematic evaluation of priorities and constraints, and the involvement of stakeholders. An overview of climate change in Africa and case studies of impacts for agriculture and water underlie discussion of a typology of adaptive responses that may be most effective for different stakeholders. The most effective strategies are likely to be to reduce present vulnerability and to enhance a broad spectrum of capacity in responding to environmental, resource and economic perturbations. In some cases, such as design of water systems, an added risk factor should be considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000004663.31074.64
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    Adapting to climate change in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 19-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; Africa ; agriculture ; climate change ; vulnerability ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The intersection of present vulnerability and the prospect of climate change in Africa warrants proactive action now to reduce the risk of large-scale, adverse impacts. The process of planning adaptive strategies requires a systematic evaluation of priorities and constraints, and the involvement of stakeholders. An overview of climate change in Africa and case studies of impacts for agriculture and water underlie discussion of a typology of adaptive responses that may be most effective for different stakeholders. The most effective strategies are likely to be to reduce present vulnerability and to enhance a broad spectrum of capacity in responding to environmental, resource and economic perturbations. In some cases, such as design of water systems, an added risk factor should be considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02437055
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    The effect of condensation on sporulation ofHelminthosporium solani on potato tubers infected with silver scurf and held in simulated store conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Potato research 40 (1997), S. 169-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: skin resistance ; temperature ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Chambers were designed to simulate environmental conditions present in commercial potato stores and were used to introduce condensation to tubers infected with silver scurf (Helminthosporium solani). The electrical resistance measured across the skin of tubers from the top of the chambers was consistently lower than that from the bottom of the chamber, and this was reflected in an increased number ofH. solani spores produced by the top tubers. An increase in the length of the condensation period resulted in the skin resistance remaining lower for a longer period and also resulted in higher number of spores. Tubers held at relatively high ambient temperatures (15 °C) required a shorter period of condensation to cause an increase in spore count. This investigation highlighted the need for close monitoring of store environments so that condensation events can be quickly identified and the tubers dried.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358243
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    The effect of some environmental factors on potato tuber numbers (1997)
    Springer
    Potato research 40 (1997), S. 297-306 
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    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: light ; temperature ; stolon growth medium ; below ground nodes ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five experiments studied the effects of shading, temperature and stolon growth medium on stolon and tuber formation. The lowest numbers of stolons and tubers were produced at the higher and lower nodes. Numbers of primary stolons and tubers were relatively stable across nodes and treatments and variation in total numbers was largely due to changes in numbers of lateral and branch stolons. In the field, 70% shading reduced numbers of stolons and tubers by reducing lateral and branch stolons, while in hydroponics, 45% shading and temperatures at initiation had no effect on tuber numbers. In both environments later planting tended to reduce numbers of stolons and tubers. There were large effects of the physical environment, with compost producing three times as many tubers as dry vermiculite. The potential number of tubers may be determined by the number of stolons and the environmental conditions affecting stolon formation and development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358011
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    Factors affecting germination of oospores of Peronospora viciae f.sp. pisi in vitro (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 573-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Pisum sativum ; host plant exudates ; light ; temperature ; infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of host plant exudates, light and temperature on germination of oospores of Peronospora viciae f.sp. pisi in vitro were investigated. Seed and root exudates did not increase percentage germination, whereas light inhibited germination. The first germ tubes appeared after 4, 7, and 14 days of incubation at 15, 10 and 5 °C, respectively. The eventual level of germination was highest and had similar values at 5 and 10 °C. At 20 °C germination was poor and at 25 °C no germination was observed. Oospores placed on membrane filters were incubated on soil. When oospores were retrieved from the membrane filters after six days and placed in water at 10 °C, they germinated within 2 days. On soil significantly less oospores germinated than in water. Germinability of oospores stored in the dark at 5 or 20 °C at 30 or 76% RH was studied over a two-year period. Germinability generally increased over time, but fluctuations were observed indicating the occurrence of secondary dormancy. Time courses of germinability were generally similar for oospores stored at several temperatures and humidities. No effect of light on time course of germinability was found when oospores were exposed to alternating light-dark periods or stored in continuous dark for 140 days. Percentage germination observed in a germination assay was correlated with percentage infection determined in a bioassay.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008607100742
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    Adaptation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) to Northern European agriculture: studies on developmental pattern (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; Chenopodium quinoa ; development ; plant density ; quinoa ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Developmental patterns were studied in five groups of quinoa lines from different maturity classes in three years, and measured on five occasions between bud formation and seed set. Knowledge of how the developmental stage develops through the growing season is of importance in the breeding and selection of quinoa lines. Ranking of lines for earliness was consistent over growing seasons, and therefore it was concluded that selection for earliness could be performed at an early stage, i.e. the beginning of July. A growing period greater than 150 days would normally be regarded as too long and risky in Northern Europe, but in the three years under investigation it was possible to harvest lines of the green type with a longer growing period. The total growing period for the lines tested ranged from 109 to 182 days. The vegetative phase and the total growth period were significantly longer for green types than seed types in all years. Duration of the seed set period differed between seed and green types, and between years. In the spring and early summer of the drought year, 1992, both vegetative and seed set periods were shorter than for the other years. It must be concluded that seed types originating from Chile were adapted for growth under North European conditions. Although seed harvest of green types can occur in Denmark, they should preferably be grown at a more southerly latitude.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002992718009
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    Genotype by environment effects and selection for drought tolerance in tropical maize. I. Two mode pattern analysis of yield (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 01-09 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: water stress ; breeding ; adaptation ; G × E ; clustering ; ordination ; Zea mays ; corn ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ten trials evaluated the performance of several late tropical maize populations (La Posta Sequía, Pool 26 Sequía and Tuxpeño Sequía) selected for tolerance to drought during flowering and grain filling and also for yield potential. Families (S1 or full-sib) had been selected recurrently for six to eight years on an index of traits. Pattern (clustering and ordination) analysis was used to analyse the relative performance of entries that included cycles of selection for drought tolerance in the populations and non-drought tolerant checks. Mean environment (E) yields ranged from 1.0 to 10.4 t ha-1. Analysis of variance showed that 97.9% of the total sums of squares was accounted for by E, and that, of the remaining sums of squares the G × E (genotype by environment interaction) was almost 3 times that of the contribution of G alone. Cluster analysis separated the checks, the earlier maturing drought tolerant entries and the later maturing drought tolerant entries. This was verified by principal component (PC) analysis of the G × E matrix. Grouping of the environments (i.e. based on entry performance), resulted in the separation of different types of droughts, and of medium and high yielding well-watered environments. The patterns of discrimination observed indicated that the yield gains under drought would have been unlikely to occur if selection had been done only in well-watered environments. Within each population, selection improved broad adaptation (higher mean yield) to both drought and well-watered environments and cycles of selection ‘jumped’ from non-drought-tolerant to drought-tolerant groups as their specific adaptation to drought environments increased.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002918008679
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    Assessment of tolerance to salt stress in Kenyan tomato germplasm (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato landraces ; salt stress tolerance ; osmotic adjustment ; adaptation ; breeding potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tomato is an important vegetable crop in Kenya and the development of salt tolerant cultivars would enhance its productivity in the vast marginal areas of the country. This study was aimed at determining the magnitude of genotypic variability for salt tolerance in the Kenyan tomato germplasm. Pot experiments with 22 landraces and 9 market cultivars were laid out as a two and four replicate split-plot design in glasshouse in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Salt treatments in Experiment 1 were 0 and 5 g NaCl kg-1 resulting into 0.5 and 9.1 dS m-1 of the soil saturation extracts, respectively. In Experiment 2 the treatments were 0, 4, and 8 g NaCl kg-1 soil corresponding to 0.5, 7.4, and 14.2 dS m-1, respectively. Data were recorded on agronomic and biochemical parameters. The germplasm showed large variation for salt tolerance. Fruit and seed production at soil salinity of 14.2 dS m-1 demonstrated that these tomatoes are fairly tolerant of NaCl. Osmotic adjustment was achieved by higher fruit electrical conductivity, brix and total titratable acidity. Low and high contents of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ within tomato tissues and soil, respectively, under salt treatment, confirmed competition and antagonism involving Na+ and these cations. Low Na+ and Cl- contents in the fruit at 7.4 dS m-1 revealed their exclusion and ensured production of physiologically normal seeds and nutritionally healthy fruits. Two landraces ‘Chwerotonglo’ and ‘Nyanyandogo’ were identified as salt tolerant. Comparatively, the market cultivars showed superior fruit yields despite their susceptibility to salinity. Accordingly, tolerance of landraces in combination with superior yields of the market cultivars is suitable for tomato improvement for salt tolerance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002933325347
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    Mineralisation of nitrogen from an incorporated catch crop at low temperatures: experiment and simulation (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 188 (1997), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: catch crop ; mineralisation ; nitrogen ; simulation model ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The release of nitrogen from incorporated catch crop material in winter is strongly influenced by soil temperatures. A laboratory experiment was carried out to investigate this influence in the range of 1-15 °C. Samples of sandy soil or a mixture of sandy soil with rye shoots were incubated at 1-5-10-15 °C, and samples of sandy soil with rye roots were incubated at 5-10-15 °C. Concentrations of Nmin (NH4 +-N and NO3 --N) were measured after 0-1-2-4-7-10 weeks for the sandy soil and the sandy soil:rye shoot mixture, and after 0-2-7-10 weeks for the sandy soil:rye root mixture. At 1 °C, 20% of total organic N in the crop material had been mineralised after ten weeks, indicating that mineralisation at low temperatures is not negligible. Maximum mineralisation occurred at 15 °C; after ten weeks, it was 39% of total applied organic nitrogen from shoot and 35% from root material. The time course of mineralisation was calculated using an exponential decay function. It was found that the influence of temperature in the range 1-15 °C could be described by the Arrhenius equation, stating a linear increase of ln(k) with T-1, k being the relative mineralisation rate in day-1 and T the temperature (°C). A simulation model was developed in which decomposition, mineralisation and nitrification were modelled as one step processes, following first order kinetics. The relative decomposition rate was influenced by soil temperature and soil moisture content, and the mineralisation of N was calculated from the decomposition of C, the C to N ratio of the catch crop material and the C to N ratio of the microbial biomass. The model was validated first with the results of the experiment. The model was further validated with the results of an independent field experiment, with temperatures fluctuating between 3 and 20 °C. The simulated time course of mineralisation differed significantly from the experimental values, due to an underestimation of the mineralisation during the first weeks of incubation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004255102840
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    Morphology and tissue quality of seedling root systems of Pinus taeda and Pinus ponderosa as affected by varying CO2, temperature, and nitrogen (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 195 (1997), S. 107-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbohydrates ; carbon dioxide ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; roots ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide, nitrogen deposition and warmer temperatures may alter the quantity and quality of plant-derived organic matter available to soil biota, potentially altering rates of belowground herbivory and decomposition. Our objective was to simulate future growth conditions for an early successional (loblolly) and late successional (ponderosa) species of pine to determine if the physical and chemical properties of the root systems would change. Seedlings were grown for 160 days in greenhouses at the Duke University Phytotron at 35 or 70 Pa CO2 partial pressure, ambient or ambient + 5 °C temperature, and 1 or 5 mMNH4O3. Roots from harvested seedlings were analyzed for changes in surface area, specific root length, mass, total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC), and concentrations of macro-nutrients. Surface area increased in both species under elevated CO2, due primarily to increases in root length, and this response was greatest (+138%) in loblolly pine at high temperature. Specific root length decreased in loblolly pine at elevated CO2 but increases in mass more than compensated for this, resulting in net increases in total length. TNC was unaffected and nutrient concentrations decreased only slightly at elevated CO2, possibly from anatomical changes to the root tissues. We conclude that future growth conditions will enhance soil exploration by some species of pine, but root carbohydrate levels and nutrient concentrations will not be greatly affected, leaving rates of root herbivory and decomposition unaltered.
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    Temperature-induced alteration to root longevity in Lolium perenne (1997)
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    Plant and soil 190 (1997), S. 87-90 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: minirhizotron ; root longevity ; root mortality ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The production and mortality of roots is an important factor determining nutrient and carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the effect of temperature on the longevity of roots is not understood. In this study the impact of changes in temperature on the longevity of Lolium perenne roots was determined. Plants were grown at 15 °C, 21 °C and 27 °C and their roots observed using a minirhizotron system. Major effects of temperature were measured with large reductions in root longevity occurring at higher temperatures. The implications of these data are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004298804353
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    Joint regression vs AMMI analysis of genotype-environment interactions for cereals in Italy (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 53-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; AMMI ; cereals ; genotype-environment interaction ; joint regression ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Joint regression and Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) models were compared for i) capacity of describing genotype-location (GL) and genotype-environment (GE) interaction effects (environments = location-season combinations), assessed in terms of estimated variance of heterogeneity of genotype regressions and of the sum of the variances of significant interaction principal component (PC) axes, and ii) repeatability between cropping seasons of measures of genotype stability across locations. These measures were Finlay and Wilkinson's regression coefficient for joint regression, and the Euclidean distance from the origin of significant interaction PC axes (D) and the absolute value of PC 1 score (| PC 1 |) for AMMI. Shukla's stability variance (σsup2;) was considered in addition. The study included three data sets for durum wheat, two for maize and one each for bread wheat and oat. Relationships between climatic variables and GL interaction occurrence were also assessed. AMMI proved distinctly more valuable in six data sets for description of GE effects and in four for description of GL effects over seasons. Its superiority was not crop-specific and tended to occur when more, distinct environmental constraints affected genotype responses. When both methods were appropriate, they provided a similar ordination of sites and genotypes for GL effects. The models that adequately described GL interaction over seasons generally provided also stability measures that were moderately repeatable between seasons. D was better repeatable than | PC 1 | and σ& 2; in a few cases. Ordination of locations on GL interaction PC 1 tended to be consistent both between wheat and between maize data sets having either no seasons or no genotypes in common.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002954824178
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    Impact of Climate Change on Maize Yield in Central and Northern Greece: A Simulation Study with Ceres-Maize (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 251-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Greece ; maize ; climate change ; CO2 effects ; adaptation ; crop simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The potential impacts of climate change on the phenology and yield of two maize varieties in Greece were studied. Three sites representing the central and northern agricultural regions were selected: Karditsa, Naoussa and Xanthi. The CERES-Maize model, embedded in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT 3.0), was used for the crop simulations, with current and possible future management practices. Equilibrium doubled CO2 climate change scenarios were derived from the GISS, GFDL, and UKMO general circulation models (GCMs); a transient scenario was developed from the GISS GCM transient run A. These scenarios predict consistent increases in air temperature, small increases in solar radiation and precipitation changes that vary considerably over the study regions in Greece. Physiological effects of CO2 on crop growth and yield were simulated. Under present management practices, the climate change scenarios generally resulted in decreases in maize yield due to reduced duration of the growing period at all sites. Adaptation analyses showed that mitigation of climate change effects may be achieved through earlier sowing dates and the use of new maize varieties. Varieties with higher kernel-filling rates, currently restricted to the central regions, could be extended to the northern regions of Greece. In the central regions, new maize varieties with longer grain-filling periods might be needed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000018044.48957.28
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    Modelling Crop-Climate Interactions in Spain: Vulnerability and Adaptation of Different Agricultural Systems to Climate Change (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Spain ; wheat ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study evaluates the theoretical impact of climate change on yields and water use of two crops with different responses to increased CO2 and which represent contrasting agricultural systems in Spain. In all cases the simulated effects of a CO2-induced climate change depended on the counteracting effects between higher daily ET rates, shortening of crop growth duration and changes in precipitation patterns as well as the simulated effects of CO2 on the water use efficiency of the crops. For summer irrigated crops such as maize, the yield reductions and the exacerbated problems of irrigation water availability simulated with climate change may force the crop out of production in some regions. For winter dryland crops such as wheat, productivity increased significantly in some regions, suggesting a northward shift of area suitable for wheat production in future climates. The study considered strategies for improving the efficiency of water use based on the optimization of crop management decisions in a CO2-driven warmer climate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000018139.42373.f1
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    Impact of Climate Change on Possible Scenarios for Egyptian Agriculture in the Future (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 233-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract If no timely measures are taken to adapt Egyptian agriculture to possible climate warming, the effects may be negative and serious. Egypt appears to be particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its dependence on the Nile River as the primary water source, its large traditional agricultural base, and its long coastline, already undergoing both intensifying development and erosion. A simulation study characterized potential yield and water use efficiency decreases on two reference crops in the main agricultural regions with possible future climatic variation, even when the beneficial effects of increased CO2 were taken into account. On-farm adaptation techniques which imply no additional cost to the agricultural system, did not compensate for the yield losses with the warmer climate or improve the crop water-use efficiency. Economic adjustments such as the improvement of the overall water-use efficiency of the agricultural system, soil drainage and conservation, land management, and crop alternatives are essential. If appropriate measures are taken, negative effects of climate change in agricultural production and other major resource sectors (water and land) may be lessened.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000018270.16497.39
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    Modelling crop-climate interactions in Spain: Vulnerability and adaptation of different agricultural systems to climate change (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Spain ; wheat ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study evaluates the theoretical impact of climate change on yields and water use of two crops with different responses to increased CO2 and which represent contrasting agricultural systems in Spain. In all cases the simulated effects of a CO2-induced climate change depended on the counteracting effects between higher daily ET rates, shortening of crop growth duration and changes in precipitation patterns as well as the simulated effects of CO2 on the water use efficiency of the crops. For summer irrigated crops such as maize, the yield reductions and the exacerbated problems of irrigation water availability simulated with climate change may force the crop out of production in some regions. For winter dryland crops such as wheat, productivity increased significantly in some regions, suggesting a northward shift of area suitable for wheat production in future climates. The study considered strategies for improving the efficiency of water use based on the optimization of crop management decisions in a CO2-driven warmer climate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517807
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    Impact of climate change on maize yield in central and northern Greece: A simulation study with CERES-Maize (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 251-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Greece ; maize ; climate change ; CO2 effects ; adaptation ; crop simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The potential impacts of climate change on the phenology and yield of two maize varieties in Greece were studied. Three sites representing the central and northern agricultural regions were selected: Karditsa, Naoussa and Xanthi. The CERES-Maize model, embedded in the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT 3.0), was used for the crop simulations, with current and possible future management practices. Equilibrium doubled CO2 climate change scenarios were derived from the GISS, GFDL, and UKMO general circulation models (GCMs); a transient scenario was developed from the GISS GCM transient run A. These scenarios predict consistent increases in air temperature, small increases in solar radiation and precipitation changes that vary considerably over the study regions in Greece. Physiological effects of CO2 on crop growth and yield were simulated. Under present management practices, the climate change scenarios generally resulted in decreases in maize yield due to reduced duration of the growing period at all sites. Adaptation analyses showed that mitigation of climate change effects may be achieved through earlier sowing dates and the use of new maize varieties. Varieties with higher kernel-filling rates, currently restricted to the central regions, could be extended to the northern regions of Greece. In the central regions, new maize varieties with longer grain-filling periods might be needed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517806
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    Environmental and genetic regulation of flowering of tropical annual crops (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 83-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; flowering ; genetic characterisation ; photothermal responses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phenology (i.e. the influence of environment on ontogeny) is the most important single factor influencing crop adaptation. The timing of flowering is particularly important since it largely determines when annual cereal, pulse and oilseed crops will subsequently be ripe for harvest. Two environmental factors are of overriding importance in the induction of flowering – photoperiod (daylength) and temperature. In seeking to predict times from sowing to flowering, f, it has proved profitable to analyse photothermal responses in terms of the rate of progress from sowing to flowering, 1/f. This paper summarises the advantages of a model based on rates rather than the traditional approach based on f. Over a wide range of photothermal regimes, the model involves just six coefficients, all of which (and their derivatives) have clearly defined biological meaning. Of paramount importance too is that the coefficients are not affected by the environment; they are genetic characters which determine phenotypic responses to the environment in a quantitative and predictable way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002944802079
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    Lessons for breeders from land races of lentil (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 93 (1997), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lens culinaris ; lentil ; land races ; adaptation ; breeding method ; heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using the ancient, but under-researched, lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) as an example, the paper charts the spread of the crop from its origins in the Near East arc to its current distribution and reviews the patterns of variation found in its land races to draw lessons for crop improvement. Geographic differentiation of land races is known for sensitivity to temperature and photoperiod in flowering response, base temperature for germination and for winter survival and Fe-efficiency. Collectively such factors condition the specific adaptation in lentil. Cogniscent of this pattern of adaptation, the ICARDA breeding program has decentralized into a series of separate, but finely targeted, streams integrated with national breeding programs. Within land races of lentil there is considerable heterogeneity. To provide some heterogeneity within individual lines of second-cycle genetic material, the breeding program at ICARDA for the West-Asian lowlands is producing F3 or 4-derived advanced generation bulk lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002939704321
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    Effect of pre-incubation humidity and temperature treatment on the in vitro germination of avocado pollen grains (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 247-251 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Persea americana ; avocado humidity ; Greece ; pollen grain germination ; temperature ; fruit-set
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Optimum in vitro germination of pollen grain of the avocado cultivars Fuerte, Nabal, Ettinger, Bacon and Zutano occurred at 25 °C. However, there were significant differences between cultivars in percentage germination and relative humidity (RH) requirements for optimum pollen grain growth. The most sensitive cultivar to relative humidity was Fuerte, in which the germination of pollen grain rose from 11.4%, at 40% RH, to about 50%, after one hour at 100% RH. The germination% of Nabal pollen grain was already high at 40% RH and was not increased by higher relative humidity. Increased relative humidity also helped to sustain the viability of avocado pollen. At 30 °C and 5% RH the pollen grains of Fuerte quickly lost its ability to germinate, at 40% RH for 1 hour, germination was reduced spectacularly compared to pollen kept in saturated with moisture environment where it was not affected the first 24 hours. The effects of temperature and relative humidity on fruit-set and yield of avocado are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002917915386
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    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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    On-line immunoanalysis of monoclonal antibodies during a continuous culture of hybridoma cells (1997)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 24 (1997), S. 19-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: fluidized-bed reactor ; monoclonal antibody ; on-line monitoring ; sample system ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The monoclonal-antibody production of an immobilized hybridoma cell line cultivated in a fluidized-bed reactor was monitored on-line for nearly 900 h. The monoclonal antibody concentration was determined by an immuno affinity-chromatography method (ABICAP). Antibodies directed against the product, e.g. IgG, were immobilized on a micro-porous gel and packed in small columns. After all IgG present in the sample was bound to the immobilized antibodies, unbound proteins were removed by rinsing the column. Elution of the bound antibodies followed and the antibodies were determined by fluorescence. The analytical procedure was automated with a robotic device to enable on-line measurements. The correlation between the on-line determined data and antibody concentrations measured by HPLC was linear. A sampling system was constructed, which was based on a pneumatically actuated in-line membrane valve integrated into the circulation loop of the reactor. Separation of the cells from the sample stream was achieved by a depth filter made of glass-fibre, situated outside the reactor. Rapid obstruction of the filter by cells or cell debris and contamination of the sample system was avoided by intermittent rinsing of the sample system with a chemical solution. The intermittent rinsing of the filter, which had a surface of 4.8 cm2, resulted in an operational capacity of up to 40 samples (1.0 l total sample volume). Both the sampling system and the analytical device functioned without failure during this long-term culture. The culture temperature was varied between 34 and 40 °C. Raising the temperature from 34 up to 37 °C resulted in a simultaneous increase of growth and specific antibody production rate. Specific metabolic rates of glucose, lactate, glutamine and ammonium stayed constant in this temperature range. A further enhancement of temperature up to 40 °C had a negative effect on the growth rate, whereas the specific monoclonal antibody production rate showed a small increase. The other specific metabolic rates also increased in the temperature range between 38 to 40 °C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007913128209
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    Phosphorus supplying capacity of heavily fertilized soils II. Dry matter yield of successive crops and phosphorus uptake at different temperatures (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 123-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: heavily fertilized soils ; P supplying capacity ; P uptake ; residual P ; soil test methods ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine heavily fertilized soils were collected from southern and central Norway. A greenhouse experiment in the phytotron was conducted to evaluate the P supplying capacities of these soils at different temperatures (9, 12 and 18 °C). The crops were grown in succession and the sequence was oat, rye grass (cut twice), oat, rape and oat. Effect of temperature on dry matter (DM) yield and P uptake was more marked up to the fourth crop but the effect varied among crops. The DM yields of oat and rape increased with increasing temperature but the opposite was the case with rye grass. The yield differences among soils at 12 °C were highly significant (p 〈 0.01) in contrast to 9 and 18 °C. The amount of P taken up by plants in these soils was highest at 18. °C. The P supplying capacity was highest in the soils with higher content of organic P. Generally, the soils of very fine and coarse texture classes failed to supply enough P to crops to avoid P deficiency in the successive crops. Soil P test (P-NH4-lactate) values in most of the soils increased with increasing temperatures. The highest temperature effect was seen in the Særheim sand soil. Soil P test extractants P-AL, Bray-1 and Colwell-P were used to determine P in the soil after each harvest and the soil P test values were compared with P uptake by crops. Only the P-AL extractant was significantly correlated to cumulative P removal (CPR) by plants in most of the soils. Regression equation was calculated for each soil. The value of removed P per harvest (RPH) varied from 10.33 to 20.87 mg P kg−1 soil. Phosphorus drawdown slope was determined for each soil and the number of consecutive harvests necessary to reduce the P-AL value to a normal level (110 mg P kg−1 soil) was calculated. The drawdown slope varied widely (1.257–2.801) and this reflected the P buffer capacity and the number of crops required to lower the soil test P value to a normal level. The highest drawdown slope was found in the soils with higher P supplying capacities. The Bray-1 extractant was significantly correlated in the soils with higher buffer capacity but the Colwell-P method did not show significant correlation in any of the soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01991544
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    Effects of temperature on nutrient release from slow-release fertilizers (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: electrical conductivity ; leaching ; nitrogen ; pH ; phosphorus ; potassium ; release pattern ; slow-release fertilizers ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effect of temperature on the release of N, P, and K from slow-release fertilizers (SRF). The study was conducted in micro-lysimeters filled with moist peat medium. Increasing the temperature from 4 to 12°C slightly increased N release from three different slow-release N (SRN) carriers with different particle sizes and coating thicknesses. At 21°C the rate of release was significantly different than the other two temperatures. Urea formaldehyde (UF), sulphur coated urea (SCU) and coated calcium nitrate (CCN), incubated in sphagnum moss peat, released between 3 and 20% of the applied N in six weeks. For eight synthetic and organic NPK carriers, the release pattern was similar to UF and SCU. However, the leaching losses of N from the NPK fertilizers were up to twenty times more than for the SRN products. Except for Osmocote® and Duna, which released 30–40% of the applied N as mineral-N within six weeks, all other slow-release and slowly mineralized NPK carriers acted like readily water-soluble compound NPK. Temperature did not affect the nutrient release from NPK fertilizers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420552
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    Powdered elemental sulphur: oxidation rate, temperature dependence and modelling (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 19-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: elemental sulphur ; model ; oxidation rate ; particle size distribution ; soil ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Finely-powdered elemental sulphur is a useful source of fertilizer S, being readily oxidizable in soil to plant-available sulphate yet possessing some slow release characteristics. Two mesh sizes were evaluated using four soils from northeast Scotland. Particle size analysis found that the 120 and 300 mesh S samples had specific surface areas of 1300 and 1940 cm2 g−1, respectively, with most of the surface area in particles of 10 – 20 µm diameter. The S oxidation rate was similar in all four soils but was greater for the 300 mesh than for the 120 mesh S: mean values of 51% and 18% were oxidized over 7 weeks at 14 °C, respectively. The time course of oxidation followed a sigmoidal pattern with a pronounced lag which was modelled using the logistic equation. Maximum specific oxidation rates were 11–28 µg S cm−2 day−2 for the 300 mesh S at 14 °C. These were significantly slower at 7 °C and the temperature response was calculated as a Q10 of 4.0. A model of seasonal S oxidation was developed using a cosine function for the annual temperature, the Arrhenius equation to relate S oxidation rate to temperature and a generalization of the logistic equation to describe the time course of S oxidation. Simulations showed that the 300 mesh S would be useful for spring S applications in east Scotland and if applied in autumn could supply S during the autumn and again in the spring. The 120 mesh S would be less effective in autumn but more resistant to winter leaching. The 120 mesh S applied to the warmer soils of southwest England would behave the same as 300 mesh S applied in east Scotland.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01985715
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    Shoot development and flowering in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Potato research 39 (1996), S. 581-607 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: assimilate partitioning ; flower primordia survival ; flower production ; photoperiod ; stem production ; temperature ; time to flower primordia initiation ; tuber initiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The shoot system of potato is a configuration of stems with terminal inflorescences. In this review, shoot development is quantified in terms of stem production, while stem development is quantified in terms of leaf and flower primordia production per stem, which are functions of the rates and the durations of primordia initiation. The effect of the position of the stem in the shoot system on number of leaves and flowers per stem is also evaluated. Flowering of individual stems is described by the ‘time to flower primordia initiation’ (expressed in number of leaves produced) and ‘flower production’ (a function of the number and the development of flower primordia). At warmer temperatures and longer daylengths the number of leaves and flower primordia per stem, and the number of stems per shoot increase by prolonging stem production and primordia development. Temperature and photoperiod also affect flower primordia survival by altering assimilate production and partitioning. The photothermal response of the number of leaves per stem is small compared to the response of stem production; at higher temperatures, flower primordia survival becomes the principal factor determining flower production. The similarity of the signals leading to flower primordia initiation and tuberization, and the relation between shoot and tuber growth are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358477
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    Effects of radiation, especially ultraviolet B, on conidial germination and mycelial growth of grape powdery mildew (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 102 (1996), S. 441-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: monocyclic process ; epidemiology ; UV B ; temperature ; Uncinula necator ; Vitis vinifera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Conidia ofUncinula necator inoculated on vine leaf disks were exposed to different irradiation conditions during various combinations of irradiation periods. In controlled experiments at constant leaf temperature spore germination and mycelial growth were negatively affected by the UV B doses, irrespective of the exposition duration. In semi-controlled condition experiments, conidia were exposed to shaded, sunny and sunny without UV B radiation conditions. Shaded conditions were always more favourable to spore germination and mycelial growth than sunny conditions. Under two different ranges of temperature (20–24 and 26–31 °C for shaded conditions), the effect of radiation on germination and mycelial growth differed. Thus, the effect of radiation on spore germination and mycelial growth seems to be affected by temperature. In general, radiation effects increased as the number of exposition periods increased, indicating that both spore germination and mycelial growth were reduced, but not totally stopped by the different exposures. Germination was most affected by exposures applied just after inoculation, whereas mycelial growth was most affected by exposures applied one day after inoculation. These results indicate that radiation is an important factor to consider for a better understanding of the relationships between climate and grape powdery mildew epidemics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01877138
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    Effect of water availability pattern on yield of pearl millet in semi-arid tropical environments (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: drought ; flowering ; grain yield ; pearl millet ; Pennisetum glaucum ; temperature ; water satisfaction index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Throughout much of the semi-arid tropics, fluctuations in grain yield can largely be attributed to differences in timing and intensity of drought stress. Since seasonal rainfall in these environments is often poorly related to grain yield, the aim of this paper was to establish a relationship between water availability and grain yield for pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.), grown across 24 semi-arid tropical environments in India. We used a simple soil water budget to calculate a water satisfaction index (WSI) throughout the season. The cumulative WSI at maturity explained 76% of the variance in grain yield. This was three times as much as explained by actual rainfall, because WSI accounted for differences in water losses and pan evaporation. A classification of environments into four groups of water availability patterns explained 75% of the environmental sum of squares for grain yield. For a subset of 13 environments, environmental differences in grain number could also be explained by water availability patterns, whereas differences in grain mass were related to both water availability and temperature. Our results indicate that cumulative WSI, which is an integrated measure of plant-available water, can provide an adequate estimation of the environmental potential for yield in environments where grain yield is mainly limited by variable availability of water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034602
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    Effect of water availability and temperature on the genotype-by-environment interaction of pearl millet in semi-arid tropical environments (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 175-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: escape ; genotype-by-environment interaction ; pearl millet ; Pennisetum glaucum ; soil water availability, stress ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Grain yields in drought-affected environments are often characterized by large genotype-by-environment (GE) interactions, caused by a highly variable timing and intensity of stress occurrence. The aim of our study was to assess the effectiveness of simple meteorological environmental descriptions in providing an understanding of the environmental contribution to the GE interaction of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) in the semi-arid tropics. The experiment comprised fourteen genotypes, grown across 24 environments in India. Data on water availability throughout the season and maximum temperatures during grain filling were used to describe the environments. Escape from drought and heat stress were the major factors determining the GE interaction. Both the timing and intensity of stress occurrence were important. Knowledge of the environmental causes of the GE interaction may facilitate the identification of adaptive plant traits, and may also enable a more rational choice of test locations for breeding programs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034603
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    Factors influencing the development of bread wheat plant types to be grown in the ‘transitional zone’ in northern Syria (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 153-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; intrinsic earliness ; Triticum aestivum ; vernalization ; wheat ; Syria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study sought to identify factors that influence wheat development in the transitional wheat growing zone of northern Syria. Three development factors were studied, intrinsic earliness, and responses to vernalization and to photoperiod. Two sets of wheat were studied, each composed of lines with differing combinations of development factors. Set 1 comprised 20 parental and breeding lines utilized by the CIMMYT/ICARDA facultative and winter wheat breeding program based at Tel Hadya. Set 2 comprised 19 parental and breeding lines utilized by an Australian winter wheat breeding program based at Temora. Field development was recorded in greatest detail at one site. Tel Hadya, using the state of differentiation of the apex of the main tiller of sampled plants. To extend findings, development was also recorded as the time from sowing to ear emergence for later sowings of wheat at Tel Hadya, and in sowings at four other regional sites. The significance of each development factor was tested in multiple regressions that predicted either stage of apical development at Tel Hadya, or time to ear emergence in all trials. It was found that intrinsic earliness was the major factor associated with development, in both sets of wheat. Response to photoperiod had a much smaller and less consistent effect. Response to vernalization had least effect on development, possibly because low temperature in winter delayed development for a longer period than was required to fully vernalize winter wheats. Our results suggested it may not be directly relevant whether spring or winter wheats are grown in the transitional zone of northern Syria. The desired phenotype for the region, of slow development prior to double ridge, then fast development to ear emergence, cannot be simply achieved from combinations of the three development factors. Selection for improved adaptation to the region must continue to rely on direct field observations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021065
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    Adaptive properties of Picea abies progenies are influenced by environmental signals during sexual reproduction (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 67-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: seed orchard ; phenology ; frost hardiness ; environmental preconditioning ; temperature ; photoperiod ; Norway spruce ; Picea abies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Several independent tests have shown that climate and weather during sexual reproduction influence the adaptive properties of the Picea abies progenies. This phenomenon is expressed in seed orchards established by moving parent trees, propagated as grafts, from north to south, from high to low elevation, or from outdoor to indoor greenhouse conditions. The progenies exhibit delayed flushing in the spring, later growth cessation of leader shoots in the summer, delayed bud-set, higher frequency of lammas shoots and delayed development of frost hardiness in the autumn compared to progenies reproduced in the colder native environment. The altered performance is persistent. We have found no effect on progenies of photoperiod and temperature treatments given to the males during meiosis and pollen production. However, when crosses were made in early spring (March), inside a heated greenhouse (short day, high temperature), the progenies are less frost hardy during cold acclimation than progenies from identical crosses performed in late spring (May; long day high temperature) in the greenhouse. The most hardy offspring were from crosses performed under outdoor conditions in May (long day, low temperature). These results indicate that some stages in reproduction, such as female meiosis, pollen tube growth, syngamy and early embryo development, are sensitive to temperature and/or photoperiod which then alter the phenotypic performance of the offspring. The most likely explanation is the existence of a regulatory mechanism affecting the expression of genes controlling adaptive traits. If this is true, it must have implications for the genetic interpretation of provenance differences in Norway spruce.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022830
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    Pines beyond the polar circle: Adaptation to stress conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 139-145 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; DNA-markers ; marginal populations ; Pinus sylvestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Plant populations in extreme conditions differ from those in more favorable conditions in many respects. They have developed special physiological adaptations for withstanding e.g. extreme temperatures or drought. On the other hand, low survival and fertility may cause smaller effective population sizes, which in turn influences patterns of genetic variation. Scots pine has the widest range of all pine species, extending in the north far beyond the arctic circle. Close to the tree limit, the growing season is short and survival is low. Very northern populations also have lower and more irregular male and female flowering and seed production than southern ones. The consequences of these conditions on genetic variation have been examined. All Finnish populations have similar patterns of variation at allozyme loci and nuclear DNA markers: high variation but no differentiation between populations. Northern populations seem to have slightly fewer recessive deleterious alleles than southern ones. There is, however, strong differentiation between populations with respect to adaptation to the very short growing season. In common garden experiments, northern populations cease growth and set buds much earlier and develop frost tolerance earlier than southern populations. The genetic basis for this high differentiation in bud set can be explored by using dense maps of molecular markers. The implications of these patterns of variations on conservation of genetic resources and tree breeding will be discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022839
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    Breeding widely adapted, popular maize hybrids (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 163-174 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; maize breeding ; genetic diversity ; hybrid-by-environment interaction ; information systems ; performance testing ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary World trend is to more maize hectarage grown to fewer, more widely-adapted hbrids. My purpose is to document research events leading to the most popular corn hybrids, Pioneer Brand 3780 and 3732. I provide background on maize adaptedness, on the seed maize business, on commercial maize hybrid development process, and on cultural practice change. I provide historical information on the cultivars: Leaming corn, Reid Yellow Dent, and Minn. 13 were widely-adapted open-pollinated varieties. Shift from open-pollinated to hybrid maize caused a shift in emphasis from local to wider adaptation. The first widely-adapted hybrids were Iowa 939 and U.S. 13. DEKALB 404A was the first popular and most popular double-cross hybrid. Pioneer 349 was the second-most popular double-cross hybrid. The first popular single cross hybrids were DEKALB 805 in medium and DEKALB XL45 in early U.S. Corn Belt in the early-1960's. Cultural practices (higher planting density, narrower rows, more nitrogen, better pesticides, and larger equipment allowing more timely operations) changed greatly in the 1960's and 1970's; allowing fewer, more widely-adapted genotypes to prevail. First hybrid 3780, then 3732 became the most popular hybrid; each exceeded one billion (1 × 109) dollars sales. They were the result of wide-area testing, of utilizing higher plant density stress for selecting inbred lines and for screening hybrids, and of modern information management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022842
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    Breeding plans in case of global warming (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 235-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: acclimatization ; adaptation ; annual rhythm ; diversity ; photoperiod ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Many cultivated crop plants of temperate and cool temperate zones have during their domestication been transferred far from their original habitats and been distributed over a wide range of climates. In general crop plants seem to possess potential to climatic adaptation. Processes in the past have taken hundreds or thousands of years and over large number of generations. The concern on the velocity of the expected global warming and of subsequent changes in other factors justifies planning of breeding for global warming. Perennial plants, forest trees in particular are more at the focal point than annual plants. Most agricultural annuals may be replaced any year with another cultivar or species better adapted to contemporary circumstances. Trees need tens of years to reach commercial dimensions or fructiferous age. Capriciousness is the main problem of climate change. Large variation of temperature, precipitation among years actually masks the gradual change of average values. The amplitude of variation among years exceeds the predicted average change. Thus, plasticity of individuals besides within population variation in adaptive traits is a corner stone of breeding plans. From the ecological point of view two factors are significant: 1. mild winters may interfere dormancy release and frost tolerance, and also alter host-parasite relationships. 2. The timing of thermal seasons will change in relation to photoperiod. This phenomenon is most prominent in the far north, where the relative warming is largest and the photoperiodic pattern steepest. Even though perennial plants display potential of acclimatization, selection and breeding are eligible measures to improve productivity. As long as the magnitude and velocity of the global warming remain uncertain, it is impossible to set specified aims to breeding. The only reasonable method is to run parallelly several lines with differing patterns of adaptive traits. Multiple population breeding system (MPBS) seems to be tailored to this purpose.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022850
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    Plant injury due to oxygen deficiency in the root environment of soilless culture: A review (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 184 (1996), S. 243-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: adaptation ; root injury ; root oxygen deficiency ; shoot injury ; soilless culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The deficiency of oxygen concentration in root environment linked to waterlogging conditions caused important injuries for plants. These effects could be reproduced by oxygen deficient nutrient solution. This bibliographical synthesis has been centered on experimental results obtained on plants cultivated in soilless culture. This review paper presents a methodology used to study oxygen depletion in a nutrient solution and to calculate root respiration rates. The main factors influencing root respiration are reviewed as well as the consequences of oxygen deficiency on roots and shoots functioning. This study would not be complete without some information on the main mechanisms of plant adaptation to oxygen deficiency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010453
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    Temperature effects on C- and N-mineralization from vegetable crop residues (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 181 (1996), S. 25-30 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C-mineralization ; crop residues ; incubation ; N-mineralization ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Net N-mineralization and nitrification from soil organic matter and from vegetable crop residues (leaf-blades of cauliflower and stems of red cabbage) were measured at 4 temperatures during aerobic incubation in the laboratory. C-mineralization from leaf-blades of cauliflower was monitored at 3 different temperatures. N-mineralization from soil organic matter was best described by zero order kinetics N(t)=kt whereas N- and C-mineralization from the crop residues were described by single first order kinetics. Stems of red cabbage mineralized much more slowly than leaf-blades of cauliflower. S-shaped functions were fitted to the relationship between the rate constants of both C and N-mineralization and temperature. The rate parameter κ of the S-shaped function reflects the temperature dependence of the mineralization rate k. The parameter κ for N-mineralization of the stem material (κ=5.36) was significantly higher than for the leaf-blades (κ=3.38), indicating that there is a strong interaction between temperature and resistance to degradation in the soil. N-mineralization from soil organic matter was least sensitive to temperature (κ=2.63). Temperature dependence of nitrification was not significantly different from mineralization over the temperature range considered. Rate constants for C-mineralization of cauliflower leaf-blades were higher than for N-mineralization, but the temperature dependence of the rate constants was not significantly different for both processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011288
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    Phenotypic variation for saturated fatty acid content in soybean (1996)
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    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 289-295 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: breeding ; genotype x environment interaction ; palmitic ; stearic ; temperature ; Glycine max ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Concern over high saturates in human diets has prompted the development of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines producing oil with reduced saturated fatty acid concentration. To better understand those factors that influence phenotypic expression for palmitic and stearic acid content in soybean, thirty soybean lines random for saturated fatty acid content were grown in eight field environments contrasting for mean temperature during seed-filling. Palmitic and stearic acid content varied significantly (P〈0.01) both among genotypes and across environments, while genotype x environment interactions were reflected in changes in line variance and ranking for both traits. Therefore selection of a superior genotype for saturated fatty acid composition may not correlate well from one environment to another. In general, early-maturing lines were less sensitive than later-maturing lines in their response to changes in mean daily temperature for palmitic concentration. However, factors in addition to temperature appeared to influence genotype response for stearic acid content. It appears that genetic systems conditioning palmitic and stearic acids are independent, and that separate breeding strategies need be adopted to make simultaneous improvement for these two oil traits. In summary, development of soybean lines with low or high saturated fatty acid content may be accomplished through evaluation and selection in a few environments contrasting for temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033090
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    Climatic adaptation of trees: rediscovering provenance tests (1996)
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    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 45-54 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; climate change ; provenance research ; phenotypic stability ; natural selection ; genetic ; diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Common garden testing of populations of different origin started with forest trees more than two hundred years ago. Since then, so-called provenance tests have been established with most commercially important species. Beyond the strictly silvicultural goals, the tests offer excellent opportunities to study intraspecific genetic variation patterns and represent probably the most powerful available tool for testing hypotheses of climatic adaptation in trees. Analysis of adaptive traits (mostly juvenile height growth) in provenance experiments indicate the existence of very effective constraints on adaptedness. The performance of populations plotted against an ecological-climatic factor exhibits a characteristic pattern and can be described by response functions. The population average of a fitness-related trait for a locally adapted population is often significantly lower than that of populations from other environments; usually the ones from milder climate perform better. The phenomenon is interpreted as adaptation lag. Suboptimal adaptation is compensated by a high level of genetic diversity. Molecular genetic studies confirm the high level of allelic and individual genetic diversity in forest trees. A consequence of individual homeostasis, phenotypic stability of populations is usually also high; the sensitivity to environmental changes is generally moderate. Phenotypically stable populations are valuable not only because of a wider range of potential cultivation but specifically because of a greater ability to adjust to unexpected changes. This trait should receive more attention in the future for obvious reasons. The maintenance of a high within-population genetic variance is favored by the genetic system of the investigated species (effective gene flow, outbreeding, high genetic load, etc.). Random events and long-lasting biotic interactions are further effects impairing the efficiency of natural selection. In view of expected climate instability, genetic adaptability of forest trees causes serious concern due to their long lifespan compared to the rapidity of expected changes in environmental conditions. The potential of provenance tests to interpret long-term adaptational processes should be utilized to analyze, model and predict response of trees to climate change. Although seldomly appreciated, provenance research might be among the most important contributions of forestry to biological sciences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022827
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    Abscisic acid, temperature and salinity interactions on growth and some mineral elements in Carthamus plants (1996)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 20 (1996), S. 225-236 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; Carthamus tinctorius ; safflower ; salinity ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth and contents of sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) in shoot and root tissues of Carthamus tinctorius plants were measured at combinations of four nutrient solution osmotic potentials (Ψs=0, -0.3, -0.6 and -0.9 MPa) induced by NaCl and CaCl treatments, three constant temperatures (T) ranging from 15 to 35°C and four abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations (0,10,50 and 100 mg L−1). Unstressed and stressed plants grown in optimal temperature conditions (25°C) maintained higher growth rates (dry mass production) than plants grown under low and high temperatures (15 and 35°C respectively). Shoot and root growth (dry mass production) were largely inhibited by salinity but the magnitude of growth inhibition was temperature dependent. Safflower plants respond to salinity stress by increases in Ca, Cl and to a lesser extent Na in their shoots and roots and by a decrease in the ratio of fresh to dry weight. The ratio of K/Na was decreased progressively on salinization. With stressed plants, ABA application reduced the toxicity of salt treatment, improved K uptake under salinity, effectively increased K/Na ratio and helped the plants to avoid Na toxicity and sometimes enhanced growth. The effect of ABA on the growth was more pronounced at optimum temperature (25°C). The association between the internal mineral element concentrations was largely affected by ABA application and temperature change but a wide fluctuation in response was noticed. The effects of single factors (Ψs, T and ABA) on the growth and mineral contents were statistically significant. Also, bifactorial (Ψs× T, Ψs × ABA and T × ABA) and three factorial (Ψs × T × ABA) interactions significantly affected the parameters. Further statistical treatment of the data (coefficient of determination η2) led to four important findings: (1) Salinity (Ψs) was dominant in affecting Ca and Cl contents in both shoot and root as well as root Na content. (2) Temperature (T) had a dominant effect on growth, shoot K, Mg, P, S and root P, and S contents (3) The share of Ψs × T × ABA interaction was dominant for root Na and Mg contents. (4) The single factors and their interactions had a dual role in their subsidiary effects.
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    Indian cucumber germplasm and challenges ahead (1996)
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 43 (1996), S. 7-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: germplasm ; cucumber ; systematics ; disease resistance ; cultivars ; wild germplasm ; adaptation ; landraces ; Indian ; research needs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) are considered to be native to India. The germplasm of cultivated and wild relatives is shown to grow in very diverse agroecological conditions of the country. The north-eastern region is shown to nold special significance for wild and cultivated germplasm. The disease and specific adaptation characters are bionted out. Future scope for commercial growing and research needs are emphasised.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00126935
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    Diversity in pearl millet germplasm from Cameroon (1996)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 43 (1996), S. 173-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Pennisetum glaucum ; collecting ; landraces ; wild relatives ; diversity ; variation ; characterization ; adaptation ; pearl millet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L). R. Br.] (syn. P. americanum (L.) Leeke) germplasm from Cameroon was collected jointly by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the National Cereals Research and Extension Project (NCRE)/Institute of Agronomic Research (IAR), Maroua, Cameroon. Of the 1261 samples collected, 888 are pearl millet and 12 wild relatives of Pennisetums. A total of 918 accessions of pearl millet were evaluated during rainy and postrainy seasons at ICRISAT Asia Center (IAC), Patancheru, India, and 748 at Maroua, Cameroon. Considerable variation was observed for all the characters studies. At IAC, Patancheru, time to flower varied from 56 to 146 days with a mean of 114±0.62 days during the rainy and 46 to 128 days with a mean of 67±0.28 days during the postrainy season. At Maroua, the flowering time ranged from 49 to 112 days with a mean of 81±0.34 days. Plant height ranged from 230 to 450 cm with a mean of 353±1.52 cm. Spike and grain characters were more stable compared to flowering and plant height. The expression of spike characters was comparable to evaluation in postrainy season at IAC, Patancheru. In Cameroon, farmers classify pearl millet as Yadiri and Mouri, which vary for plant canopy, spike and grain characters. Mouri matures in about 95–110 days, extensively grown in the low rainfall areas of Extreme North province. Yadiri matures in 120–140 days, generally grown in the high rainfall areas of the North, Adamaoua provinces, and on the hill slopes of Extreme North province. Millet germplasm from Cameroon is a good source for more number of productive tillers, large compact spikes, and larger ivory and cream colored grain besides its potential for forage.
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    Effects of light, temperature, gibberellin (GA3) and their interaction on coleoptile and leaf elongation of tall, semi-dwarf and dwarf wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 18 (1996), S. 239-247 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: gibberellin ; leaf elongation ; light intensity ; Rht alleles ; temperature ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Near-isogenic wheat lines differing in height-reducing (Rht) alleles, in each of two cultivars, were used to investigate the effects of light intensity and of their interaction with temperature and GA3 application, on the elongation of the coleoptile and the first seedling leaf. Darkness caused a conspicuous increase in the lengths of the coleoptile and of the sheath and lamina of the first leaf, in GA3 treated and untreated seedlings of all genotypes grown at 11 and 25°C. The genotype effects and the effects of light intensity and GA3 application on leaf length were ascribed entirely to their effects on the rate of leaf elongation since the duration of leaf elongation was not affected by these factors. Temperature elevation from 11 to 25°C caused a 55% shortening of the duration of leaf elongation and a concomitant increase in elongation rate, which diminished with increased genotypic dwarfness. Accordingly, temperature elevation resulted in a significant reduction in leaf-length of the light-grown dwarf genotypes and the dark-grown dwarf and semi-dwarf genotypes. It is suggested that this temperature × light × genotype interaction effect is due to environmental dependent upper limits of elongation rate set by the Rht alleles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024388
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    Responsiveness of Amaranthus retroflexus seeds to ethephon, 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylic acid and gibberellic acid in relation to temperature and dormancy (1996)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 20 (1996), S. 259-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ACC ; Amaranthus retroflexus ; dormancy ; ethephon ; ethylene ; germination ; gibberellic acid ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dormant Amaranthus retroflexus seeds do not germinate in the dark at temperatures below 35°C. Fully dormant seeds germinate only at 35–40°C whereas non-dormant ones germinate within a wider range of temperatures (15 to 40°C). Germination of non-dormant seeds requires at least 10% oxygen, but the sensitivity of seeds to oxygen deprivation increases with increasing depth of dormancy. 10−6 to 10−4 M ethephon, 10−3 M 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and 10−3 M gibberellic acid (GA3) break this dormancy. In the presence of 10−3 M GA3 dormant seeds are able to germinate in the same range of temperatures as non-dormant seeds. The stimulatory effect of GA3 is less dependent on temperature than that of ethephon, while ACC stimulates germination only at relatively high temperatures (25–30°C). The results obtained are discussed in relation to the possible involvement of endogenous ethylene in the regulation of germination of A. retroflexus seeds.
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    Relationships between position on the parent plant and germination characteristics of seeds of parsley (Petroselinium crispum Nym.) (1996)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 18 (1996), S. 175-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Germination ; gibberellin A4/7 ; light ; parsley ; Petroselinium crispum ; seeds ; temperature ; umbel position
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The percentage germination of seeds of parsley cv. Imperial Curled was higher in the light than in the dark, the high temperature limits for germination being 30 and 28°C for light and dark respectively. At the higher temperatures, the germination rate was slower in the dark. At 30°C, treatment with a gibberellin A4/7 mixture at 2 × 10−4 M partially alleviated the inhibiting effect of darkness on the germination percentage. Pre-incubation of parsley seeds at 35°C in the dark for 30 h increased the rate, but decreased the percentage, of germination of seeds incubated at 15°C in the light. Germination and seedling emergence studies were made on seed harvested from four different umbel positions. Although heavier seeds were produced from primary umbels than from other umbel orders, they were less viable as measured by seedling emergence in the glasshouse. The rate of emergence was decreased with increasing umbel order i.e. with later seed development: this was reflected in subsequent seedling weights, with seedlings from quarternary umbel seeds being about half the weight of those from primary umbel seeds. The upper temperature limit for dark germination was only slightly affected by umbel order, with quarternary umbel seeds being the most thermo-inhibited.
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    Inheritance of temperature sensitivity of the photoperiod response in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 5-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; common bean ; flowering ; photoperiod ; temperature ; Phaseolus vulgaris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Photoperiod response of flowering in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is thought to be controlled by the genes Ppd and Hr. However, cultivars also vary in the degree that cooler temperatures reduces their sensitivity to photoperiod. To examine the inheritance of this temperature sensitivity, crosses of cvs. Gordo x de Celaya and Flor de Mayo × Rojo 70 were evaluated at two sites differing in mean temperature and using 12.5-h natural photoperiod or 18-h artificially extended photoperiod. Under 18-h photoperiod at the warmer site, Palmira, no plants of the parents or of the F2 populations flowered, confirming that the parents were sensitive to photoperiod. Under 12.5-h photoperiod at the cooler site, Popayan, the parents for each cross flowered at similar dates and no segregation for days to flower was observed. However, under 18-h photoperiod, de Celaya and Rojo 70 and the F1 populations did not flower within 100 days after planting, while the F2 and F3 populations showed segregation that was consistent with single gene inheritance, late flowering being dominant. Late flowering at Popayan under 18-h photoperiod indicates a lack of temperature sensitivity, so temperature insensitivity of the photoperiod response was dominant to sensitivity. The name Tip, for “temperature insensitivity of photoperiod response”, is proposed for this gene, with the recessive form of this gene conditioning earlier flowering at cooler temperatures with long daylengths. It is recognized that the observed segregation patterns could represent the effect of multiple alleles at the Ppd or Hr loci, and studies are proposed to test this possibility with molecular markers and recombinant inbred lines.
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    CIMMYT's approach to breeding for wide adaptation (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 175-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; durable resistance ; N-use efficiency ; stability ; wheat ; yield potential ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The wheat area in developing countries, including China, is around 100 million ha. To address the needs of these very diverse wheat growing areas, CIMMYT has defined 12 wheat mega-environments (ME). A ME is defined as broad, not necessarily continuous often transcontinental area with similar biotic and abiotic stresses, cropping systems and consumer preferences. The factors describing each ME are presented. CIMMYT's breeding methodology is centered around the development of widely adapted germplasm with high and stable yield across a wide range of environments. Segregating populations are alternating screened in two diverse environments in Mexico. One key requirement is that all germplasm is tested under near optimum conditions for its yield potential. The second one is multi-locational testing of advanced lines at sites that represent a given ME (key locations) and careful screening of germplasm for tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses specific to that environment. This methodology has permitted the pyramiding of a large number of multiple resistance genes for use against a wide spectrum of diseases and tolerance to abiotic stresses within each ME. In addition, the widespread testing of lines allows the identification of traits which are beneficial in several environments. Data from international nurseries are used to further delineate environments within an ME. This approach has proven to be successful since around 70% of the spring wheat area in developing countries (excluding China) is planted to varieties derived directly or indirectly from CIMMYT germplasm. The performance of the bread wheat cultivar Pastor in international trials is given as an example for a wide adaptation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022843
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    Six cycles of selection for adaptation in two exotic populations of maize (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: earliness ; selection ; adaptation ; exotic germplasm ; maize ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The maturity rating of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in Galicia (Northwestern Spain) varies from FAO 200 to 600. Later germplasm has usually too much moisture content in the kernel at normal harvesting time so serious problems with storing could appear. Besides, farmers have tended to use earlier varieties in the last few years. All this imposes limitations on the amount of germplasm available to develop varieties adapted to this area. To study the possibility of adapting late, exotic material to the environment of the Atlantic coast of Galicia we carried out six cycles of individual selection on two non-adapted populations of maize (Purdue A and Purdue B). The criterion of selection was early silking and the criterion of response was moisture content of kernel at harvesting. The original populations and the populations obtained after each cycle of selection were crossed to the hybrids CM105 × CM109 (tester Reid) and H99 × H95 (tester Lancaster) and were evaluated in four environments to study the efficiency of the selection scheme. There were significant reductions in days to silking (6.1 and 6.7 days from cycle 0 to cycle 6 for Purdue A and Purdue B, respectively) and grain moisture at harvesting (3.0 and 3.9% from cycle 0 to cycle 6 for Purdue A and Purdue B, respectively). There were also reductions in plant height and yield in both populations. In general, the crosses ‘population × Lancaster’ were higher for yield than the crosses ‘population × Reid’. Yield of the population crosses by both testers decreased after the six cycles of selection probably because of the earlier maturity of the selected populations. Some inbreeding depression may also have occurred.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022851
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