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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Experimental Mycology 4 (1980), S. 343-361 
    ISSN: 0147-5975
    Keywords: Saprolegnia ; cell wall growth ; coumarin ; cytology ; glucono-δ-lactone ; hyphal morphogenesis
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Tetrahedron Letters 10 (1969), S. 4193-4195 
    ISSN: 0040-4039
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Nomuraea rileyi (F.) Samson ; persistance ; conditions microclimatiques ; rayonnement solaire ; ultra-violet ; écrans sélectifs ; couvert végétal ; Nomuraea rileyi (F.) Samson ; persistence ; microclimatic conditions ; solar radiation ; UVA radiations ; selective shields ; plant cover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Field persistence of conidia ofNomuraea rileyi (F.) Samson was studied at the top of the vegetation in order to evaluate the influence of solar radiation. Field trials were conducted on pigeon bean (2 experiments) and on cabbage (1 experiment) in 4 m2 plots. Four treatments were tested; they consisted of (1) one plot covered with a screen cutting the direct sunlight (RYT−) (2) one plot covered with a glass screen transmitting solar radiation between 320 and 2 500 nm (UV A+), (3) one plot covered with a glass screen coated with a UV A and B blocking film cutting wavelengths above 400 nm (UV−), and (4) one uncovered plot exposed to the direct sunlight (290 to 2 500 nm) (RYT+), respectively. The estimate ofN. rileyi survival was based mainly on viable conidia counts and, in the cases of both (RYT+) and (RYT−) configurations, the pathogenic activity was assayed on larvae ofSpodoptera littoralis Boisd. Logarithmically transformed viable spores counts were analyzed using a linear model and results were expressed in terms of viable conidia half-life. Microenvironmental parameters monitored in the field included sunlight, hours of sunshine, air temperature, leaf surface temperature, relative humidity, leaf wetness duration and precipitation. The viable spore half-life appeared to be dependent on the sunlight intensity. Under sunny conditions the half-life decreased to 3,6 hr, on the other hand, when plots were covered with a screen blocking the direct sunlight (RYT−) it could be of 40 hr or more. The data of pathogenic activity (angular values) of the spores over time declined as did their viability. The use of selective screens transmitting the UVA radiations (UVA+) or blocking the wavelengths above 400 nm (UV−) demonstrated clearly the lethal effect of solar UV A radiations on spores deposited on leaves exposed to the direct sunlight in field. For example, the half-life of conidia was reduced 4 times when exposed to UV A. An equation was formulated which predicted that in very sunny conditions a high concentrated inoculum ofN. rileyi viable conidia (3×106 spores/cm−2) could be reduced 10 000 fold over 7 days, whereas viability decreased only 100 times during a cloudy period.
    Notes: Résumé La persistance des conidiospores deNomuraea rileyi (F.) Samson à la surface du couvert végétal a été étudiéein situ en culture de féverole («Féverole 1 et 2») et de chou. L'effet du rayonnement solaire sur la survie du germe a été analysé, d'une part, dans des microparcelles recouvertes d'écrans sélectifs arrêtant les radiations de longueurs d'onde inférieures à 320 nm (UV A+) ou à 400 nm (UV−) ou par un écran total vis-à-vis du rayonnement direct (RYT−) et, d'autre part, dans une microparcelle découverte (RYT+). Les conditions microclimatiques ont été suivies pendant toute la durée des expérimentations et le contrôle de l'activité résiduelle du champignon a porté essentiellement sur le dénombrement des spores viables sur milieu nutritif après mise en suspension d'un broyat des échantillons de feuilles prélevés sur le terrain. Dans le cas des variantes expérimentales (RYT+) et (RYT−) le potentiel infectieux a été éprouvé sur des larves deSpodoptera littoralis Boisd. (Lépidoptère Noctuidae) alimentées pendant 24 h avec des rondelles de feuilles recueillies dans le couvert. La durée de demi-vie de l'inoculum sporal est étroitement liée à l'ensoleillement; par temps clair elle peut atteindre un minimum de 3,6 h («Féverole 1»), alors que dans les microparcelles totalement protégées du rayonnement direct, elle est supérieure à 40 h. Les données d'activité pathogène confirment l'inactivation de l'inoculum soumis au rayonnement solaire. Parallèlement, le recours aux écrans transparents (UV A+) ou opaques (UV−) au proche ultra-violet (320–400 nm) a permis de démontrer clairement l'effet léthal de l'UV A naturel sur les conidiospores deN. rileyi, dont les demi-vies peuvent être réduites jusqu'à 4 fois («Féverole 1»: XUV A +=11,6 h au lieu de XUV−=48,2 h). A partir de ces résultats, on estime que par temps ensoleillé en été, le potentiel d'inoculum deN. rileyi exposé au rayonnement solaire direct peut chuter de 104 fois en une semaine, alors que par temps couvert cette réduction n'aurait été que de 100 fois.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 4 (1991), S. 28-35 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Tapetal cells ; Brassica oleracea L ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the secretory, binucleate tapetum of Brassica oleracea in the micro spore mother cell (MMC) stage through to the mature pollen stage is reported. The tapetal cells differentiate as highly specialized cells whose development is involved in lipid accumulation in their final stage. They start breaking down just before anther dehiscence. Nuclei with dispersed chromatin, large nucleoli and many ribosomes in the cytoplasm characterize the tapetal cells. The wall-bearing tapetum phase ends at the tetrade stage. The dissolution of tapetal walls begins from the inner tangential wall oriented towards the loculus and proceeds gradually along the radial walls to the outer tangential one. The plasmodesmata transversing the radial walls between tapetal cells persist until the mature microspore, long after loss of the inner tangential wall. After wall dissolution, the tapetal protoplasts retain their integrity and position within the anther locule. The tapetal cell membrane is in direct contact with the exine of the microspores/pollen grains and forms tubular evaginations that increase its surface area and appear to be involved in the translocation of solutes from the tapetal cells to the microspores/ pollen grains. The tapetal cells exhibit a polarity expressed by spatial differentiation in the radial direction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 1 (1988), S. 140-149 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Interspecific incompatibility ; Stigma-pollen interactions ; Adenylate cyclase ; Cytochemistry ; Populus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Adenylate cyclase has been localized cytochemically in female and male parents as well as during the pollen-stigma interaction with an original technique employing strontium as the capture ion and adenyl imidodiphosphate as the specific substrate. The specificity of the reaction was checked by using several controls. No final specific reaction product was detected in unpollinated P. deltoides stigmas or in the P. deltoides or P. alba pollen grains used for compatible and incompatible pollinations. In the compatible cross between P. deltoides × P. deltoides, fine dense precipitates were observed in the dictyosomes and the plasma membrane and exterior to the exine of hydrated pollen grains adhering to the stigma surface. Labeling of the stigmatic pellicle was also observed after pollen adhesion and hydration. This was accompanied by a strong reactivity of the cell wall and plasmalemma of the stigma papillae at the sites of pollen tube germination on the stigma surface and at the sites of penetration of pollen tubes between adjacent papillae. In the incompatible cross between P. deltoides x P. alba, adenylate cyclase activity was still present but reduced at the stigma surface following adhesion, hydration, and germination of P. alba pollen. This activity was completely abolished after the penetration of pollen tubes between stigma papillae. These findings suggest that in Populus, adenylate cyclase activity is correlated to pollen adhesion, hydration, and germination at the stigma surface, and that the abolition of this enzyme activity could be one of the cellular events governing the gametophytic phenotype of incompatibility in the cross between P. deltoides and P. alba.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Incongruity ; Pollen-pistil interactions ; Populus ; Pollen-tube growth ; β-galactosidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In order to understand the nature of interspecific barriers in Populus, we have explored pollen/pistil interactions in intra- and interspecific crosses Populus nigra x P. nigra and P. nigra x P. alba. The kinetics of pollen-tube growth demonstrated that P. nigra and P. alba pollen tubes have distinct behavioral patterns inside P. nigra pistils. P. alba pollen tubes exhibit an unique S-shaped growth curve and an arrested growth site near the sylodium. P. nigra pollen tubes exhibit two growth phases, in the stigmatic tissues and in the ovarian cavity respectively. P. nigra and P. alba curves diverge 5 h after controlled pollination and could be related to a change in the physiology of the P. nigra pollen tube, which shifts from an autotrophic to a heterotrophic type of nutrition. Protein analysis of pollinated stigmatic extracts (0,6 and 20 h after pollination) revealed qualitative and quantitative differences that are related to the presence of either P. nigra or P. alba pollen tubes inside the stigmatic tissues. Increasing numbers of protein bands were detectable from 0 to 20 h after pollination only in intraspecific cross. Glycoproteins were detected, and the differences observed were dependent of the cross. β-Galactosidase activity was found in pollinated stigmas, but an increase in its activity (one isozyme of pHi 4.2) between 6 h and 20 h after pollination was detected only in the intraspecific cross. This enzyme could play a role in heterotrophic pollen-tube nitrition, and its activity could be the final result of a series of interactions started by the initial pollen-stigma dialog.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 9 (1996), S. 324-329 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words In vitro fertilization ; Gamete recognition ; Gamete fusion ; Egg activation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Studies using in vitro fertilization systems in animals and lower plants have led to a better understanding of the initial steps of fertilization and their underlying mechanisms. These mechanisms remain to be elucidated in flowering plants. Recent progress related to the development of in vitro fertilization systems using maize as a plant model is presented in this review. Their potential for leading to a better understanding of the process of gametic recognition and fusion and of the early events triggering egg activation and zygote formation are also discussed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 9 (1996), S. 324-329 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: In vitro fertilization ; Gamete recognition ; Gamete fusion ; Egg activation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies using in vitro fertilization systems in animals and lower plants have led to a better understanding of the initial steps of fertilization and their underlying mechanisms. These mechanisms remain to be elucidated in flowering plants. Recent progress related to the development of in vitro fertilization systems using maize as a plant model is presented in this review. Their potential for leading to a better understanding of the process of gametic recognition and fusion and of the early events triggering egg activation and zygote formation are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alnus glutinosa ; Frankia ; Microcarriers ; Nodulation ; Spot inoculation ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The early biochemical and structural events associated with the infection of Alnus byFrankia are still largely unknown. These studies have been hampered by the difficulty of localizing precisely the site of inoculation on the root surface and of standardizing the inoculum dose. To facilitate these investigations, we describe a new spot inoculation method wellsuited to study the Alnus-Frankia system. This method involves the growth ofFrankia in the presence of microcarrier and their subsequent deposition on the alder root surface as an inoculum dose. The ability of this new procedure to induce nodulation close to the point of inoculation has been observed.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Beauveria bassiana ; Metarhizium anisopliae ; Metarhizium flavoviride ; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus ; sunlight effects ; UV-B tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of simulated sunlight on survival of conidia of 4 species of entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes was investigated. Conidia from 65 isolates ofBeauveria bassiana, 23 ofMetarhizium anisopliae, 14 ofMetarhizium flavoviride and 33 isolates ofPaecilomyces fumosoroseus were irradiated by artificial sunlight (295 to 1,100 nm at an ultraviolet-B irradiance of 0.3 W m−2) for 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h. Survival was estimated by comparing the number of colony forming units (CFU) produced by conidia exposed to irradiation to the number of CFUs produced by an unexposed control. Survival decreased with increased exposure to simulated sunlight; exposure for 2 h or more was detrimental to all isolates tested. Overall, isolates ofM. flavoviride were the most resistant to irradiation followed byB. bassiana andM. anisopliae. Conidia ofP. fumosoroseus were most susceptible. In addition to the large interspecies differences in susceptibility to irradiation, there was also an intraspecies variation indicating that strain selection to irradiation tolerance may be important in the development of microbial control agents where increased persistence in an insolated environment is desirable.
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