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  • Articles  (295)
  • barley  (295)
  • Springer  (295)
  • De Gruyter
  • MDPI Publishing
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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (295)
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  • Articles  (295)
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  • Springer  (295)
  • De Gruyter
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Oxford University Press
  • Elsevier  (7)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evidence for abundance of QTLs for partial resistance to Puccinia hordei on the barley genome (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: AFLP markers ; barley ; genetic linkage map ; partial resistance ; Puccinia hordei ; QTL mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using AFLP markers, a linkage map was constructed based on a recombinant inbred population of barley derived from a cross between a leaf rust susceptible line, L94, and a partially resistant line, 116-5. The constructed map showed a similar marker distribution pattern as the L94 × Vada map. However, it contained more large gaps, and for some chromosome regions no markers were identified. These regions are most likely derived from L94 because 116-5 was selected from the progeny of a cross of L94 × cv. Cebada Capa. Five QTLs for partial resistance to isolate 1.2.1. were mapped on the L94 × 116-5 map. Three QTLs were effective in the seedling stage, jointly contributing 42% to the total phenotypic variance. Three QTLs were effective in the adult plant stage, collectively explaining 35% of the phenotypic variance. Evidence for two additional linked minor-effect QTLs effective in the adult plant stage was also uncovered. The major-effect QTL, Rphq3, was the only one that was effective in both developmental stages. Moreover, Rphq3, was also identified in the L94 × Vada population, being effective to two rust isolates. The other QTLs were detected in either of the two populations, providing evidence for the existence of many loci for partial resistance to leaf rust on the barley genome. To date, 13 QTLs for partial resistance have been mapped, therefore, a strategy of accumulating many resistance genes in a single cultivar, resulting in a high level of partial resistance, is feasible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009649903383
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pathogenicity of the Rhynchosporium secalis population in the Western Cape province of South Africa (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 115 (2000), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; resistance ; Rhynchosporium secalis ; scald ; virulence spectrum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The virulence spectra of 50 Rhynchosporium secalis isolates from a population in the Western Cape province of South Africa were determined, and 21 races were detected when evaluated against 17 differential cultivars. The virulence spectrum of the R. secalis population shows considerable variation, and carries unnecessary virulence genes which is quite unexpected, since chiefly susceptible barley cultivars are grown in the south Western Cape. The two most prevalent races, namely races 4 and 7 had three and four virulence genes respectively. Both race 4 and 7 were virulent on the most susceptible cultivars, West China, Steudelli, C.I.8618 and C.I.2226. Considering the resistance genes reported for the cultivars Atlas 46, Turk, and C.I.3515 which showed no susceptible cultivar-pathogen interaction, it would appear that the Rh-Rh3-Rh4 complex is primarily involved in conferring resistance to the local R. secalis isolates
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003946623529
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of wheat-barley translocations by genomic in situ hybridization in derivatives of hybrids multiplied in vitro (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 117-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; GISH ; in situ hybridization ; translocation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat-barley translocations were identified by genomicin situ hybridization (GISH) in backcross progenies originating from in vitro regenerated wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring) × barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Betzes) hybrids. The regenerated hybrids were pollinated with the wheat line Martonvásári 9 kr1. Five translocated wheat-barley chromosomes were recovered among 51 BC2F2 progeny from the in vitro regenerated wheat × barley hybrids. All were single breakpoint translocations with the relative positions of the breakpoints ranging from the centromere to about 0.8 of the relative arm length. Of the four translocations with intercalary breakpoints, three were transfers of terminal barley segments to wheat chromosomes; one was a transfer of a terminal wheat segment to a barley chromosome. Because of the absence of diagnostic N-bands, the identity of three barley segments could not be determined; in one translocation the barley chromosome involved had a NOR so it must have been 5H or 6H, and the centric translocation was 4HS.2BL. Following selfing, homozygotes of four translocations were selected. The experiment suggests that in vitro culture conditions are conducive for major genome rearrangements in wheat-barley hybrids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003840200744
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epicuticular waxes and regulation of ear wetting and pre-harvest sprouting in barley and wheat (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 157-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; cer ; β-diketone ; glaucous ; pre-harvest sprouting ; waxes ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Morphological features of the cereal ear, including awns, alter pre-harvest sprouting damage by changing the rate of water absorption during rainfall. In this paper, the potential for wheat (Triticum sp.) arid barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) waxes to reduce sprouting by increasing water repellency of the mature ear has been examined. Six barley F2 populations segregating for different non-glaucous single-gene mutants controlling waxes on ears were examined. Water repellency was assessed by measuring both the contact angle of a water drop placed on the lemma surface (internal angle) and by repetitive weighings of whole ears during their exposure to simulated rainfall. The lemma of glaucous (wild type) lines had larger water drop contact angles, an indication of poorer spread of water over the surface. In simulated rainfall, ears of the glaucous lines showed a clear reduction of wetting (20–30% less) and, after 72 h of wetting, their in-ear sprouting was reduced by 50 to 65%. When pre-wet, the glaucous ears also shed water more readily when shaken to simulate the combined effect of wind and rainfall. To reduce pre-harvest sprouting of barley it may be possible to screen visually for ears that are more glaucous but a more specific screen would be to select for lemma water drop contact angle since it is a good indicator of ear wettability and so allows differences in surface properties to be assessed. For bread wheat (T. aestivumL.), as for barley, the more glaucous the ear, the greater the water drop contact angle and the more tubular surface wax coverage seen in scanning electron microscope images. In addition, surface wax amount apparently affected in-ear wettingin lines of durum wheat, (T. turgidum L.). Possible genetic relationships between waxy/waxless genes in wheat and barley are suggested with the aim, ultimately, of altering ear glaucousness to give increased water repellency and a reduction of in-ear sprouting of wheat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003832031695
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of anther and isolated microspore cultures in barley. Effects of culture density and regeneration medium (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: anthers ; barley ; culture density ; doubled haploid ; microspores ; regeneration medium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A comparison of anther and microspore culture efficiency for green doubled haploid plant production was undertaken using 17 F1 crosses with potential agronomic performance. Green doubled haploid plants were produced from all F1 crosses by anther and microspore cultures, although there was a great variation among crosses. On average, anther culture resulted in a production of green plant twice that of isolated microspore culture (30 and 14 greenplants/100 anthers, respectively).The effect of microspore culture density on green plant regeneration was studied with the cultivars Igri, Reinette and Hop which have a high, medium and low androgenic response. The highest number of dividing microspores was obtained at a density of 2.4 ×105 viable microspores/ml for the three cultivars. However, the optimal density for the percentage of embryos/dividing microspores and greenplants/103 microspores depended on the cultivar. The highest number of green plants/103microspores was produced at 1.2 × 105 viable microspores/ml for cv. Igri and 2.4 × 105 for cultivars Reinette and Hop. Percentage of green plants/total plants was raised when the culture density was increased up to 6.0 × 105 viable microspores/ml, especially for cv. Reinette. Six regeneration media differing in maltose concentration, organic nitrogen and type of auxin were assayed with embryos from cultivar Reinette. Media without organic nitrogen containing 31 g l-1maltose and the auxins IAA or NAA produced more vigorous green plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003937530907
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and nitrogen mineralization of selected fungi and fungal-feeding nematodes on sand amended with organic matter (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 218 (2000), S. 91-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfalfa ; Aphelenchoides composticola ; Aphelenchus avenae ; barley ; fungi ; host ; nematodes ; N-mineralization ; organic substrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Isolates of Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium sp., Rhizoctonia solani, Stemphylium sp., Thielaviopsis basicola, and Verticillium dahliae were cultured on potato–dextrose agar (PDA), barley-sand and alfalfa-sand substrates in petri-dish or in column microcosms. N-mineralization by fungi and fungal-feeding nematodes in combination or fungi alone was assessed. Numbers of Aphelenchus avenae or Aphelenchoides composticola supported by the fungi were measured every 7 days. Times for full colonization of the substrates by fungi ranged from 5 to 15 days. Rhizoctonia solani and B. cinerea on PDA supported the largest A. avenae and A. composticola populations, respectively. Penicillium sp. was a nonhost for A. composticola and A. avenae. Rhizoctonia solani, B. cinerea, V. dahliae, and F. oxysporum supported significantly more nematodes than the other four fungal species. The ranked order of fungi based on the amount of N mineralized in columns free of nematodes was A. alternata (with a rate of 0.052 μg N/g-sand per day), Stemphylium sp., V. dahliae, T. basicola, B. cinerea, F. oxysporum, R. solani, and Penicillium sp. (with a rate of 0.0045 μg N/g-sand perday). The presence of A. avenae resulted in significant increases in mineral N, compared to nematode-free columns colonized by F. oxysporum, R. solani, and T. basicola alone. The presence of A. composticola resulted in significant increases in mineral N, compared to nematode-free columns colonized by A. alternata, B. cinerea, F. oxysporum, and R. solani alone. There was more mineral N incolumns in the presence of A. composticola than A. avenae in most cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014914827776
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative uptake of nitrate by intact seedlings of C3 (barley) and C4 (corn) plants: Effect of light and exogenously supplied sucrose (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; corn ; darkness ; light ; NO3 − uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of light and exogenously supplied sucrose on NO3 − uptake was studied in 9-day-old intact C3 (barley) and C4 (corn) seedlings. The seedlings used were uninduced for nitrate uptake system (i.e. had never seen nitrogen during germination and growth) and were exposed to continuous light for 3 days to avoid any diurnal variation and to load the seedlings fully with photosynthates. The uptake assay was conducted either in light or in darkness. Prior to assay, seedlings were treated with darkness or light for 24 h. Accordingly, four sets of seedlings, i.e. pretreated with light and assayed in light (LL); pretreated and assayed in darkness (DD); pretreated with light and assayed in darkness (LD); and pretreated with darkness and assayed in light (DL) were formed. Barley exhibited 55% higher NO3 − uptake than corn during light (LL) and 91% higher during darkness (DD). Shifting barley seedlings from light to dark (LD) or dark to light (DL) for uptake assay, did not affect NO3 − uptake, i.e. in LD the uptake was similar to LL and in DL it was similar to DD. However, in corn, the light conditions during the assay determined the uptake regardless of the conditions during the period preceding the assay. One percent sucrose in the medium increased NO3 − uptake by 31% in barley and 70% in corn during light (LL). The corresponding increase during darkness (DD) was 38% in both barley and corn. Removal of the corn residual endosperm decreased NO3 − uptake by 40% during darkness. Etiolated seedlings (those having never seen light) of both barley and corn were able to take up significant amount of NO3 − during darkness. Externally supplied sucrose in the assay medium of etiolated seedlings increased the NO3 − uptake to about 4 and 2 fold in barley and corn, respectively. The data presented here provide evidence that: 1. In intact seedlings, light per se is not obligatory for NO3 − uptake and that the carbohydrate supply may mimic light. 2. Light affected the NO3 − uptake differently in barley and corn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026503700825
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A methodological study on participatory barley breeding I. Selection phase (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 111 (2000), S. 91-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; genotype by environment interaction ; Hordeum vulgare ; farmer participation ; PPB ; participatory plant breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Decentralized selection, defined as selection in the target environment, has been used to emphasize favorable interactions when significant genotype by environment interactions exist. However, crop breeding based on decentralized selection can still miss its objectives if it does not utilize the farmers' knowledge of the crops and the environment, and it may fail to fit crops to the specific needs and uses of farmers' communities unless it becomes participatory.One cycle of decentralized participatory selection was conducted in eleven locations in Syria. 208 barley entries (fixed lines and segregating populations) were planted unreplicated in two research stations and in the fields of nine Syrian (host) farmers, where they were managed (except planting) by the farmers themselves. Visual selection was conducted by a breeder at all locations and by the host farmers on their own fields and on both stations. In five farm locations, there was also a one-time group selection by neighboring farmers.Host farmers were able to handle the large number of entries making observations during the cropping season using different scoring methods. They did not use the performance of entries on station for their final selection and used a higher selection pressure than the breeder. In their own fields, they selected about one tenth the number of entries selected by the breeder, while on station the farmers selected, on average, about half the number of lines selected by the breeder. For some broad attributes, such as modern germplasm versus landraces, selection was mostly driven by environmental effects. Selection for other attributes was partly environmentally driven and partly based on individual farmers preferences.Selection preferences were similar for fixed or segregating populations. There was wider diversity among farmers' selections in their own fields than among farmers' selections on research stations and among breeder's selections, irrespective of where the selection was conducted. Larger kernels, higher grain yield and biomass, and taller plants (particularly in environmentally stressed locations) were the characteristics most frequently used as selection criteria by both breeder and farmers.Entries selected by the farmers yielded as much, and in one case significantly more, than those selected by the breeder.Decentralized-participatory selection was significantly more efficient in identifying the highest yielding entries in farmers' fields than any other type of selection. There was also evidence suggesting that the breeder was more efficient in selecting higheryielding entries in the research station in a high rainfall area, while the farmers were more efficient in selecting under stress conditions. The results suggest that farmers can handle selection choices among a large number of lines, and because farmers' selections are at least as high yielding as breeder's selections, it is possible to transfer the responsibility of selection to farmers in their fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003717303869
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic diversity in European accessions of the Barley Core Collection as detected by isozyme electrophoresis (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 571-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: allelic variation ; barley ; core collection ; genetic diversity ; isozyme loci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic diversity in 79 European accessions of the Barley Core Collections was surveyed using isozyme electrophoresis. A total of 26 alleles were observed at the ten isozyme loci. All loci were polymorphic except Pgd-1 which was monomorphic. The comparison of the results with those of previous studies indicates that most of the alleles occurring in the European Barley are also observed in this set of the European Barley Core Collections. Only five alleles (Est-1 Al; Est-5 Ag, Te; Pgi-1 C and Ndh-2 B) were absent. Nine of 26 alleles were rare alleles, which were detected only in one or two accessions. Moreover, most of rare alleles were detected in 6-rowed winter barley. It is very important to include rare alleles for maximising the genetic variations in core collections. In the set of European Barley Core Collection, 6-rowed barley contained larger diversity than 2-rowed barley; winter type contained larger diversity than spring type. The cluster analysis separated 79 accessions into three major groups. Group I is more complex and comprised 2-rowed spring, 2-rowed winter and 6-rowed winter barley. In this group, 18 accessions in the cluster A and 14 accessions in the cluster B possessed identical genotypes as judged from the ten isozyme data. Principal coordinate analysis could not clearly separate the spring cultivars from the winter barley lines, as well as not separate 2-rowed from 6-rowed barley.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026532215990
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using molecular markers to determine barleys most suitable for malt whisky distilling (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 103-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: barley ; ethyl carbamate ; fermentability ; molecular markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two barley quality characters of specific interest to whisky distillers are fermentability and production of the ethyl carbamate precursor, epi-heterodendrin. The former is a quantitative trait, while the latter may be determined by a single Mendelian genetic factor. Molecular markers have been used to map, to barley chromosome 5(1H), the locus responsible for epi-heterodendrin synthesis and the inheritance of this character and a closely linked microsatellite have been followed through the pedigrees of several contemporary cultivars. Six loci, which affected fermentability in random inbred lines from a barley cross, have been mapped to chromosomes 2(2H), 3(3H) and 7(5H). This would permit the use of molecular markers in a breeding programme, to select barleys best suited for distilling. In addition, one of the loci related to fermentability mapped to an area of the genome indicated, by a previous study, to affect the activity of β-amylase, a character likely to influence fermentability. Molecular markers may, therefore, be powerful tools in exploring the contribution and detecting the mode of action of the genetical components influencing malt whisky distilling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009606705925
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistance to powdery mildew in a doubled haploid barley population and its association with marker loci (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 107 (1999), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; Erysiphe graminisDC. f.sp. hordei Marchal ; genetic mapping ; Hordeum vulgare L. ; partial resistance ; QTL ; specific resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC. f.sp. hordei Marchal) was analyzed using doubled haploid barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines from the cross Harrington/TR306. Based on infection types observed after inoculation with defined single-conidium isolates, the lines were classified into four groups. The observed phenotypic ratio fit a two-locus model. The two putative loci were mapped relative to molecular markers. One coincided with the previously mapped dMlg locus on chromosome 4. Based on the observed infection types, Harrington carries the Mlg resistance allele, and TR306 carries a second locus on chromosome 7 (5H); this was tentatively designated Ml(TR). It is the first reported race-specific powdery mildew resistance gene located on that chromosome. These two loci were also detected by simple interval mapping of disease severity data from naturally infected field plots. Composite interval mapping with the first two resistance loci as co-factors detected an additional locus on chromosome 6, with a minor effect on resistance. Finally, superimposing the race-specific classification onto the field data provided evidence for a minor-effect locus on chromosome 7 (5H). The Mlg locus had the largest effect, the Ml(TR) locus had an intermediate effect and the other two loci had very small effects. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of an integrated approach to identifying and mapping resistance loci using classification data from inoculated experiments and quantitative data from field experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003696330951
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diallel analysis of net blotch resistance in doubled haploid lines of Nordic spring barleys (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 110 (1999), S. 175-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; Pyrenophora teres
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A half-diallel was made between five six-rowed Nordic spring barleys to study the genetics of resistance to net blotch. Twenty-five doubled-haploid (DH) lines from each cross and the parents were sown in hill plots in Finland in 1997 and 1998. The plots were artificially inoculated with Pyrenophora teres Drechs. f. teres Smedeg. and assessed for resistance to net blotch. There were statistically significant differences in resistance of the five parents to net blotch. General combining ability (GCA) of the parents and specific combining ability (SCA) effects in the progeny were statistically significant in both years, but GCA effects predominated. Evidence for additive epistasis was minimal. Progeny of a particular cross were less resistant to net blotch than the better parent. The most resistant progeny were derived from the cross between the two most resistant parents, Pohto and WW7977, and resistance was governed by at least eleven effective factors. Narrow sense heritability estimates for resistance to net blotch were high during both years (0.84–0.99). It appears that net blotch resistance of progeny from crosses can be largely predicted from reactions of the parents. Quantitative resistance to net blotch can be further advanced by identification and incorporation of superior parents, from a screening such as reported here, into a recurrent selection breeding programme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003749412317
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genotypic variation in response of barley to boron deficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 215 (1999), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; boron deficiency ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Responses of a range of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes to boron (B) deficiency were studied in two experiments carried out in sand culture and in the field at Chiang Mai, Thailand. In experiment 1, two barley genotypes, Stirling (two-row) and BRB 2 (six-row) and one wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype, SW 41, were evaluated in sand culture with three levels of applied B (0, 0.1 and 1.0 μM B) to the nutrient solution. It was found that B deficiency depressed flag leaf B concentration at booting, grain number and grain yield of all genotypes. In barley Stirling, B deficiency also depressed number of spikes plant-1, spikelets spike-1 and straw yield. However, no significant difference between genotypes in flag leaf B concentration was found under low B treatments. Flag leaf B concentration below 4 mg kg-1 was associated with grain set reduction and could, therefore, be used as a general indicator for B status in barley. In experiment 2, nine barley and two wheat genotypes were evaluated in the field on a low B soil with three levels of B. Boron levels were varied by applying either 2 t of lime ha-1 (BL), no B (B0) or 10 kg Borax ha-1 (B+) to the soil prior to sowing. Genotypes differed in their B response for grain spike-1, grain spikelet-1 and grain set index (GSI). The GSI of the B efficient wheat, Fang 60, exceeded 90% in all B treatments. The B inefficient wheat SW 41 and most of the barley genotypes set grain normally (GSI 〉80%) only at the B+. In B0 GSI of the barley genotypes ranged from 23% to 84%, and in BL from 19% to 65%. Three of the barley with severely depressed GSI in B0 and BL also had a decreased number of spikelets spike-1. In experiment 3, 21 advanced barley lines from the Barley Thailand Yield Nursery 1997/98 (BTYN 1997/98) were screened for B response in sand culture with no added B. Grain Set Index of the Fang 60 and SW 41 checks were 98 and 65%, respectively, and GSI of barley lines ranged between 5 and 90%. One advanced line was identified as B efficient and two as moderately B efficient. The remaining lines ranked between moderately inefficient to inefficient. These experiments have established that there is a range of responses to B in barley genotypes. This variation in the B response was observed in vegetative as well as reproductive growth. Boron efficiency should be considered in breeding and selection of barley in low B soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004736610871
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salinity-yield response functions of barley genotypes assessed with a triple line source sprinkler system (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 9-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; response functions ; saline sprinkling ; salt leaf content ; salt tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Evaluation of the salt tolerance of crop cultivars under field conditions is greatly complicated by the typical temporal and spatial variability of soil salinity. We obtained the grain yield – salinity response functions of 124 barley genotypes by growing them in ten salinity treatments imposed by a Triple Line Source Sprinkler (TLS) system during five consecutive years. Additional objectives were to ascertain the consistency and reproducibility over years of these functions, to quantify the deleterious effects of saline sprinkling irrigations, and to assess correlations between salinity tolerance and leaf sap salt concentration. The consistency and reproducibility of the response functions within and between years were adequate (only 8% of the response functions were discarded for statistical reasons). The Y m (grain yield without salinity) and the EC50 (the EC e that reduces yield by 50%) estimates were not correlated (P 〉 0.05) suggesting that the most productive genotypes were not necessarily less salinity tolerant. Y m was positively and significantly (P 〈 0.01) correlated with Y6 and Y12 (fitted grain yields at EC e values of 6 dS m-1, and 12 dS m-1, respectively), indicating that it is a useful statistic in the selection of barley genotypes most productive under medium and high salinities. Foliar salt uptake due to saline sprinkling irrigations decreased the EC50 by around 50% as compared with the salinity tolerance obtained with surface irrigation systems. No consistent relationships were found between either Y m or EC50 and the leaf sap osmotic potential, Cl, Ca, Na and K concentrations. They could not therefore be used in screening for salinity tolerance of barley. On the basis of the evidence from the present study, Y m is the best statistic for predicting the most productive barley genotypes in salt-affected soils.
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    Medium optimization for efficient somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature inflorescences and immature scutella of elite cultivars of wheat, barley and tritordeum (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; embryogenesis ; medium ; regeneration ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Media have been developed for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature inflorescences and immature scutella of elite cultivars of wheat, barley and tritordeum. For wheat and tritordeum inflorescences, regeneration from embryogenic calluses induced on medium with picloram was almost twice as efficient as regeneration from cultures induced on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The addition of zeatin at 5 or 10 mg l−1 to regeneration media had a positive effect on regeneration. For scutella, the highest frequencies of embryogenesis (85%) and regeneration (50%) was obtained using an induction medium containing 2 mg l−1 of 2,4-D and half concentration of aminoacids. The morphogenetic capacities of 19 different cultivars of wheat, barley and tritordeum were compared, and clear differences were found both between explants and genotypes. In wheat, embryogenic capacity from inflorescences (average of 92%) was higher than from immature scutella (average of 62%). However, shoot regeneration from scutella was clearly higher than from inflorescences (averages of 63%, and 18% respectively). Frequencies of regeneration in wheat and barley varied widely among the cultivars tested and in both species no difference was found between spring and winter varieties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003676830857
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    Genetic effects of embryo and endosperm for four malting quality traits of barley (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: α- and beta-amylase ; barley ; diastatic power ; embryo and endosperm genetic effects ; malt N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seed of seven cultivars of two-rowed barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) and F2 seed from a half-diallel set of crosses among the cultivars were malted in two years to obtain data on diastatic power (DP), alpha-amylase activity (αAA), beta- amylase activity (βAA) and malt nitrogen (N) content. Embryo and endosperm genetic effects on the traits were studied by using a genetic model including genotype × environment interaction for malting quality characters. Variation of the four malting quality traits was affected by gentic effects and environmental interaction. Performance of DP and βAA was mainly controlled not only by endosperm dominance effects but also by embryo genotype × environment interaction and endosperm dominance × environment interaction. Variation of αAA and malt N content was controlled by both embryo and endosperm genetic effects, but the embryo dominance and endosperm additive effects contributed a major part to the total genetic effects. Significant interaction variances (embryo additive × environment and dominance × environment and endosperm dominance × environment) were also observed for αAA and malt N content. Diastatic power was related positively to βAA. Malt N content was associated positively with DP, largely because of the relationship between malt N and βAA. No obvious phenotype association between DP and αAA was found. General narrow-sense heritabilities of αAA and malt N content were 26.1% and 27.8%, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003423708901
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    Malting enzyme activities, grain protein variation and yield potentials in the displaced genetic resources of barley landraces of Finland (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: α-amylase ; β-amylase ; barley ; β-glucanase ; grain residual proteins ; grain size ; hordeins ; Hordeum vulgare ; landraces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-two unimproved landraces of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) based on single plant selections in SE Finland were studied. Some of the lines still had ancient features, e.g., rachis brittleness in the tip of the spike. The lines showed 17 different and 16 unique hordein patterns and three lines showed more than one pattern, suggesting heterozygosity, and six different residual grain protein patterns. The three enzyme activities (α-amylase, β-amylase and β-glucanase) of grains germinated aseptically for 120 h were determined. The average activity levels were high compared with a standard of five global barleys and with those determined previously in wild barley (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum (Koch) Archers et Graebn.) grown in Finland. The ssp. spontaneum sample of 257 accessions showed significantly (P〈0.001) less variation in β-amylase and significantly (P〈0.001) lower mean activity of all three enzymes. The high variation of these chemotypes indicates great potential variation of possible use by breeders has been lost by the disappearance and displacement of local barleys with commercial cultivars since 1950 in Finland before which barley cultivation and adaptation to the local environment had occurred over more than 3000 years. Selection for currently preferable plant characteristics in the descendants of the cross of HA52 (a landrace selection) × Adorra discriminated the hordein pattern of HA52 not being directly selected. The best landraces outyield the standard cultivars especially when there was no lodging. Top yield and small grains appeared to be associated characteristics under the environmental selection pressure, conflicting with the man-made regulations of the EU.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008605307102
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    Distribution of GA20-13-O-glucoside and reconversion of [17-D2]GA20-13-O-glucoside in caryopses of Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 27 (1999), S. 201-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: barley ; distribution ; GC-MS ; gibberellin ; gibberellin-O-glucoside ; reconversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of GA20 and GA20-13-O-glucoside was examined in mature caryopses of Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya. It was shown by GC-MS that GA20-13-O-glucoside is localized mainly in the embryo-containing part of the grain. In order to study the reconversion of GA20-13-O-glucoside during early germination, the glucoside pool of cv. Himalaya was [17-D2]-labelled by feeding [17-D2]GA20. The metabolites of [17-D2]GA20-13-O-glucoside were quantified by GC-MS during germination on the basis of doubly labelled standards. As soon as 6 h after incubation an increase of [17-D2]GA20 could be observed, followed by an increase of [17-D2]GA1 after 12 h, showing that the enzymes of the late GA metabolism are present before de novo biosynthesis started.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006218530757
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    Investigation of barley germplasm in China (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 361-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: barley ; Chinese germplasm ; disease resistant ; dwarf ; protein content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A total of 16,251 barley accessions including 6,026 naked barley have been collected over the whole country in China. Among them 8,865 were landraces, 1,035 bred lines and 6,351 foreign accessions. The agroecological distribution, classification and characterization of agricultural traits, abiotic stress tolerance, disease and pest resistance of the collection are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008606613602
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    Cold-regulated gene expression during winter in frost tolerant and frost susceptible barley cultivars grown under field conditions (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 149-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; frost-tolerance ; cold-regulated genes (COR) ; winterhardiness ; winter survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Winterhardiness is a basic trait for successful winter survival barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop. Freezing tolerance, a fundamental component of winterhardiness, is based on an inducible process known as hardening or cold acclimation that occurs when plants are exposed to low non-freezing temperatures. In the recent years, many temperature-dependent genes specifically expressed during hardening have been isolated. Current data on relationship between gene expression and cold tolerance are mostly based on plants grown and hardened under environmentally controlled conditions and, usually, over a short period of time. In order to verify whether variations in the molecular response to cold are likely to be of significant adaptive value under natural environments, we have followed the accumulation of several COR genes ( pt59, pao86 and paf93) and proteins (COR14a and COR14b) during the 1996/97 and 97/98 winter seasons in barley cultivars with contrasting winterhardiness capacity grown under field conditions. In the 1996/97 experiment, a winter cultivar Onice and a spring cultivar Gitane were tested for the accumulation of the cold-regulated genes and proteins. The ability of the plants to promote a strong molecular response to cold was found to be associated with the winterhardiness capacity of the two cultivars. This result was further tested in the winter season 1997/98 using 10 barley varieties. All winter cultivars showed high accumulation of the cold-regulated proteins COR14a and COR14b, while some variations for this character were detected in the spring cultivars suggesting that the selection for winter survival has been effective to fix the high COR14 accumulation capacity. We conclude that a high level of COR14 may be a component the winter survival capacity of barley.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003564503628
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    Effects of silicon on enzyme activity and sodium, potassium and calcium concentration in barley under salt stress (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; H+-ATPase ; malondialdehyde ; salt ; silicon ; superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two contrasting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars: Kepin No.7 (salt sensitive), and Jian 4 (salt tolerant) were grown in a hydroponics system containing 120 mol m-3 NaCl only and 120 mol m-3 NaCl with 1.0 mol m-3 Si (as potassium silicate). Compared with the plants treated with salt alone, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in plant leaves and H+-ATPase activity in plant roots increased, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in plant leaves decreased significantly for both cultivars when treated with salt and Si. The addition of Si was also found to reduce sodium but increase potassium concentrations in shoots and roots of salt-stressed barley. Sodium uptake and transport into shoots from roots was greatly inhibited by added Si under salt stress conditions. However, Si addition exhibited little effect on calcium concentrations in shoots of salt-stressed barley. Thus, Si-enhanced salt tolerance is attributed to selective uptake and transport of potassium and sodium by plants. The results of the present study suggest that Si is involved in the metabolic or physiological changes in plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004526604913
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    Phosphorus (P) acquisition of cereal cultivars in the field at three levels of P fertilization (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 211 (1999), S. 269-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; genetic variation ; phosphate uptake ; rhizosphere ; root hairs ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Low phosphorus (P) availability in soils and diminishing P reserves emphasize the need to create plants that are more efficient P users. Knowledge of P efficient germplasm among the existing cereal varieties may serve as the basis for improving soil P use by selection and breeding. We had identified some cereal cultivars (winter wheat: Kosack and Kraka; winter barley: Hamu and Angora; spring barley: Canut, Alexis, Salka, Zita;) which differed (p〈0.05) in P depletion from thin slices (0.2 mm) of the rhizosphere soil under controlled conditions. In the present study, the same cultivars were studied under field conditions at three levels of P supply (no-P, 10 and 20 kg P ha-1) and the differences in P uptake as found in the previous work were confirmed. Under both conditions, the variation between the cultivars was greatest in soil without P fertilizers (no-P) for about 30 years. The variation in P uptake with most cultivars disappeared when 10 kg P ha-1 was applied. Root development did not differ between the cultivars much, but there was wide, consistent variation in their root hairs, regardless of growth media (solution, soil column and field). Increase in soil P level reduced the length of root hairs. The variation in root hairs between the cultivars was largest in no-P soil. When 10 kg P ha-1 was applied, the root hair lengths did not differ between the cultivars. Barley cultivars with longer root hairs depleted more P from the rhizosphere soil and also absorbed more P in the field. The relationship between root hairs and phosphorus uptake of the wheat cultivars was less clear. The wide variation in P uptake among the barley cultivars in the field and its relationship to the root hair development confirms that root hair length may be a suitable plant characteristic to use as criterion for selecting barley cultivars for P efficiency, especially in low-P soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004742032367
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    Identification of a QTL decreasing yield in barley linked to Mlo powdery mildew resistance (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 4 (1998), S. 381-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: barley ; QTLs ; SSRs ; yield ; Mlo mildew resistance ; introgression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A molecular marker map, including Mlo mildew resistance, of the spring barley cross Derkado (Mlo-resistant) × B83-12/21/5 (Mlo-susceptible) was scanned for yield QTLs to determine whether the association of Mlo resistance with reduced yield was due to linkage or pleiotropy. Over the mapped portion of the genome of the cross, the QTL with the greatest effect upon yield was located within a 22 cM region between mlo and the simple sequence repeat HVM67 on chromosome 4(4H). The association of Mlo resistance with lower yield was therefore due to a repulsion linkage. Analysis of yield component characters revealed QTL alleles for reduced grain number and earlier heading date in the same region, also associated with Mlo resistance. Genotyping of a range of cultivars and sources of Mlo resistance with the HVM67 simple sequence repeat showed that the Derkado HVM67 allele was rare as it was found only in one other cultivar and four land-races or sources of disease resistance. Grannenlose Zweizeilige, the source, and Salome, the carrier of Mlo resistance in Derkado, have the same HVM67 genotype, although Salome was a mixture of two genotypes. The entire mlo-HVM67 chromosomal segment from Grannenlose Zweizeilige is therefore thought to have been transmitted to Derkado, possibly through joint selection for Mlo resistance and early heading. L92, synonym EP79, was another source of Mlo resistance with the same HVM67 allele as Derkado but recombination must have occurred during the breeding of Atem as it possesses a different HVM67 allele which is present in all the other Mlo sources and cultivars surveyed. Abbreviations: GN, grains per main stem ear; HD, heading date; MSTGW, thousand grain weight derived from GN and MSY; MSY, yield of grain on the main stem; PY, yield of grain from the whole plot; sCIM, simplified compound interval mapping; SIM, simple interval mapping; SPY, single plant yield; S-SAP, sequence-specific amplification polymorphism; TGW, thousand grain weight derived from bulk of plot seed; TN, number of fertile stems per plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009646115967
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    Choice of selection strategy in breeding barley for stress environments (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 103 (1998), S. 307-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; genotype by environment interaction ; Hordeum vulgare ; low-input agriculture ; response to selection ; specific adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To determine the optimum selection environment for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) targeted at low-input, stress environment, barley lines were selected for high yield under stress (YS), high yield under non-stress (YNS), or average yield in stress and non-stress conditions (YA) during three breeding cycles (cohorts) of three years each. The lines were then tested in a total of 21 year-location combinations with average grain yields ranging from 0.35 to 4.86 t ha-1. Yield under stress of the YS lines was between 27% and 54% higher than that of the YNS lines, with the top YS lines yielding under stress between 16% and 30% more than the top YNS lines. Realized heritability was between 0.35 and 0.67 when selection was conducted under stress and was significant in all three cohorts. By contrast, selection under non-stress gave a significant response in only one cohort, and its efficiency in improving yield under stress was significantly lower than selection under stress. The best YNS line ranked only 19th for yield under stress. The highest-yielding lines under stress were not only selected under stress, but were also landraces collected in very dry areas (〈 250 mm total annual rainfall). This confirms earlier findings and supports the idea that the most effective way to improve productivity of crops grown in less-favored areas is to use locally adapted germplasm and select in the target environment(s).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018647001429
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    The use of visual marker genes as cell-specific reporters of Agrobacterium-mediated T-DNA delivery to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 17-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; barley ; C1/Lc ; GFP ; GUS ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Transfer of T-DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes to cells of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is demonstrated following the inoculation of immature embryos and immature embryo-derived callus. Agrobacterium T-DNA vectors containing the C1/Lc anthocyanin-biosynthesis regulatory genes, the gusA gene or a synthetic green fluorescent protein gene (sgfp-S65T) were constructed from original binary vectors. The visual T-DNA markers were used as cell-autonomous reporters of early Agrobacterium-mediated transformation events in the wheat and barley cells. This localization of the transformed cells revealed a non-random distribution throughout each embryo and callus piece.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018303102488
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    Light-mediated release of phytosiderophores in wheat and barley under iron or zinc deficiency (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 202 (1998), S. 309-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; iron deficiency ; light intensity ; phytosiderophore ; wheat ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of varied light intensity (50 – 600 μmol m-2 s-1) on the rate of phytosiderophore release was studied under zinc (Zn) deficiency using a bread (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Aroona) and a durum wheat cultivar (Triticum durum Desf. cv. Durati) differing in zinc (Zn) efficiency and under iron (Fe) deficiency using a barley cultivar (Hordeum vulgare L. Europe). Plants were grown under controlled environmental conditions in nutrient solution for 15 days (wheat plants) or 11 days (barley plants). Phytosiderophore release was determined by measuring capacity of root exudates to mobilize copper (Cu) from a Cu-loaded resin. With increasing light intensity visual Zn deficiency symptoms such as whitish-brown lesions on leaf blade developed rapidly and severely in wheat, particularly in the durum cultivar Durati. In wheat plants supplied well with Zn, increases in light intensity from 100 to 600 μmol m-2 s-1 did not clearly affect the rate of phytosiderophore release. However, under Zn deficiency increases in light intensity markedly enhanced release of phytosiderophores in Zn-deficient Aroona, but not in Zn-inefficient Durati. When Fe-deficient barley cultivar Europe was grown first at 220 μmol m-2 s-1 and then exposed to 600 μmol m-2 s-1 for 24 and 48 h, the rate of release of phytosiderophores was enhanced about 4-fold and 7-fold, respectively. Transfer of Fe-deficient plants from 600 to 50 μmol m-2 s-1 for 48 h reduced the rate of release of phytosiderophores by a factor of 7. The effect of light on phytosiderophore release was similar regardless of whether the rate of phytosiderophore release was expressed per plant or per unit dry weight of roots. The results demonstrate a particular role of light intensity in phytosiderophore release from roots under both Zn and Fe deficiency. It is suggested that in the studies concerning the role of phytosiderophore release in expression of Zn or Fe efficiency among and within cereals, a special attention should be given to the light conditions.
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    The Spanish barley core collection (1998)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 475-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: barley ; core collection ; Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spanish barleys constitute a germplasm group of particular interest for breeding purposes, as Spain has been proposed as a possible centre of origin of the crop. The Spanish National Germplasm Bank (Banco Nacional de Germoplasma, BNG), holds a collection of about 2000 barley accessions, mostly landraces collected in Spain prior to extensive introduction of modern varieties. The objective of this work is to create a core collection of barleys representative of old barley genotypes grown in Spain. The core collection will be constituted by three groups of germplasm: successful old varieties (15); entries in common with previously existing barley core collections (15); and 2-row (8) and 6-row (122) entries from the BNG, for a total of 160 entries. Entries were allocated by stratified sampling in agro-ecological uniform zones of barley cultivation in Spain. Classification of agro-ecological regions for barley was based on historical yield records for Spanish provinces. The number of entries for each region was determined in proportion to the logarithm of historical barley acreage. Final choice of accessions within provinces tried to maximize the diversity and avoid duplications by looking at passport data, and to agronomic evaluation data available for a group of about 900 accessions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008662515059
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    The potential of microsatellites for high throughput genetic diversity assessment in wheat and barley (1998)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 415-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: barley ; diversity ; microsatellites ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Microsatellite (SSR) profiles from 65 wheats and 135 barleys have been generated, involving 14 and 22 loci, respectively. The wheat and barley varieties were chosen to represent the bulk of the area sown to these crops in the UK over the past 70 years. The profiling identified genotypic mixtures in some seed samples. Null alleles were common in wheat, but rare in barley. We describe attempts to increase the efficiency of data acquisition. High resolution agarose gel electrophoresis was unable to satisfactorily resolve 1–2 repeat unit differences in the common size range for SSR loci, and was therefore unsuitable for mass screening of allelic variants. Multiplex PCR was very dependent on the choice of primer combinations and seldom produced amplifications as consistently as when primer pairs were used individually. Background (non-specific) amplification was common to many primer pairs, and this hindered the use of both multiplex PCR and multiple sample loading. Sequential sample loading was the most effective strategy, although this was the least time-efficient of the measures used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008612917967
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    A method to quantify N fertilizer requirement (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 51 (1998), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: barley ; maximum possible yields ; N demand ; soil N mineralization ; tropical highlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A methodology to quantify N fertilizer requirement for a barley crop is proposed. The method consists of establishing a relationship between barley N demand (DEM) and an index of soil N supply (NS). NS values were obtained adding the inorganic N, i.e, (N-NO- 3 + N-NH+ 4, (Ni), measured just before planting in the soil to an index of soil N mineralization (Nor): NS = Ni + Nor Soil organic matter (SOM) was selected as an index of Nor: Nor = 25.9 + 17.9 (SOM) R2; = 0.89; p 〈 0.01 and Ni was measured in a soil extract obtained with KCl (1N). Ns values were related to both grain yield (Y) and N accumulated in the above ground biomass of barley (AB) grown under greenhouse conditions. The following relationships were obtained: Y = 0.81 + 0.99 (NS) - 0.0002 (NS)2 R2 = 0.77; p 〈 0.01 AB = -0.006 + 0.002 (NS) - 0.000003 (NS)2 R2 = 0.84; p 〈 0.01 A graphic relationship was established between DEM and NS, in order to extrapolate the greenhouse results to field conditions. Using this relationship, AB was converted from g N pot-1 to kg N ha-1, and NS from μg g-1 of N in the soil to kg ha-1.
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    Genetic variation in barley of crossability with wheat and its quantitative trait loci analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 103 (1998), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; crossability ; hybridization ; mapping ; quantitative trait loci ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study genetic variation in crossability, 80 barley accessions of diverse geographic origin consisting of 50 wild barleys (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum or ssp. agriocrithon) and 30 cultivated barleys (H. vulgare ssp. vulgare) were crossed as the male parent with a highly crossable wheat variety, Shinchunaga. Crossabilities, expressed as the percentage of pollinated florets giving embryo-containing caryopses, ranged from 0% to 68.6%. Barley accessions from East Asia had generally a low crossability, while barley accessions from other regions exhibited a wider range of crossability including highly crossable genotypes. No significant difference in mean crossability was found between wild and cultivated barleys. To estimate the number and location of barley genes controlling the crossability, doubled haploid lines derived from the cross between the barley varieties Steptoe and Morex were crossed as the male parent with wheat. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using molecular markers identified four QTL. These were mapped to the centromeric regions of chromosomes 2H, 3H and 5H and the short arm of chromosome 7H. The QTL on chromosomes 3H and 5H had larger effects than those on chromosomes 2H and 7H. The four QTL collectively explained 35.4% of the total variance under a multiple QTL model. Relationships of the QTL identified in the present study with previously reported crossability genes of barley and wheat are discussed.
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    Rapid and informative assays for Yd2, the barley yellow dwarf virus resistance gene, based on the nucleotide sequence of a closely linked gene (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 4 (1998), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: barley ; barley yellow dwarf virus ; diagnostic assay ; disease resistance gene ; Yd2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the isolation of the cDNA encoding a protein previously shown to be indicative of the disease-resistance phenotype mediated by the Yd2 gene in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Amino acid sequences of four peptides obtained after isolation of the protein on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels were completely homologous to sequences occurring within subunit E of barley vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase. Nucleotide sequence data of cloned cDNAs from both Yd2 and non-Yd2 barley varieties showed an amino acid change arising from a single-base-pair polymorphism. This was predicted to result in the shift in isoelectric point used previously to differentiate the protein in Yd2 and non-Yd2 barleys. Earlier work had indicated very close linkage between the gene from which this cDNA is derived, which we have named Ylp, and Yd2, the barley yellow dwarf virus resistance gene. We report here the development of PCR-based assays which discriminate between the two alleles of Ylp and thereby act as valuable predictors of Yd2 for barley breeders and others looking to study this important gene in cereal crops. The validity of each assay was tested with an extensive survey of over 100 barley varieties currently under cultivation in Australia or of importance to Australian barley breeding programmes. Complete agreement was observed between the allele of Ylp detected by the assay and the known Yd2 status of the barleys. A dominant PCR marker for the Yd2-associated allele of Ylp was subsequently developed using an allele-specific primer pair. This fast and economical assay will have broad application in the marker-assisted selection of Yd2-containing lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009686932457
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    Differences in temperature requirements between Polymyxa sp. of Indian origin and Polymyxa graminis and Polymyxa betae from temperate areas (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 195-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: automatic immersion system ; barley ; peanut clump virus ; Plasmodiophoromycetes ; sorghum ; sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The temperature requirements of three single cystosorus strains of Polymyxa sp. from India were studied at 15–18, 19–22, 23–26 and 27–30 °C (night-day temperature), and compared with the temperature requirements of three strains of P. graminis from Belgium, Canada and France and two strains of P. betae from Belgium and Turkey. Sorghum was used as the host-plant for the Indian strains; the strains of P. graminis and P. betae from temperate areas were cultivated on barley and sugar beet, respectively. The cystosori germination and the development of plasmodia, zoosporangia and cystosori of Polymyxa sp. from India were optimal at 27–30 °C. Infection progression was slower at 23–26 °C than at 27–30 °C. At 19–22 °C, infection was insignificant. No infection occurred below 19 °C. In contrast, the infection of barley with P. graminis strains from temperate areas was optimal at 15–18 °C, but at 19–22 °C the progression appeared inconsistent and infection stayed low. Above 22 °C, infection was insignificant. P. betae strains showed consistent infection in the range of 15–18 °C to 27–30 °C. Plasmodia formation and cystosori detection of the Belgian strain were slightly advanced at 23–26 °C compared to 19–22 °C but clearly restrained at 27–30 °C. Fungus development of the P. betae strain from Turkey was almost as high at 27–30 °C as at the lower temperatures. These results strengthen the case for distinguishing between Polymyxa sp. from India and P. graminis or P. betae from temperate areas.
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    Exploration and Exploitation Strategies of Powdery Mildew on Barley Cultivars with Different Levels of Nutrients (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 829-833 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: colony morphology ; mass fractal dimension ; branching ; mildew ; barley ; Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei ; nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mass fractal dimension (MFD) of colonies of mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei) growing on barley was calculated as a measure of their spatial structure. Despite the elongated shape of the colonies imposed by the leaf cellular structure, the MFD remained constant with scale. The mildew MFD differed on different cultivars of barley, and was greater on leaves produced under higher nutrient level indicating a physiological component. Lower MFD values correspond with the thin spreading growth associated with exploration strategies and higher values correspond to the denser, more branched structure associated with exploitation of the substrate. Cultivars showing exploration strategies induced by resistance expression responded to increased nutrient levels more than those expressing little resistance such as Golden Promise.
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    Diversity and Complexity of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei Collected from Barley Cultivar Mixtures or Barley Plots Treated with a Resistance Elicitor (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 925-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: barley ; resistance elicitor ; cultivar mixtures ; complexity ; diversity ; RAPD ; virulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Powdery mildew populations were analysed to determine the effects of a resistance elicitor and cultivar mixtures on genetic complexity and diversity. Isolations were made from a range of spring barley monocultures and mixtures in a field trial, and characterised for virulence and RAPD profile. In a second trial, isolates were taken from a single mixture from untreated and resistance elicitor-treated areas and from the components of the mixture in monoculture. The mildew population was not only highly heterogeneous for virulence characteristics, but also proved heterogeneous within pathotypes for molecular markers, indicating the major impact of sexual recombination on population structure and the lack of clonal dominance. Various diversity measurements were compared and the value of dissimilarity measurement for revealing genetic distance within a population was highlighted. There was a trend towards increasing complexity as the season progressed, but there was no consistent relationship between cultivar or mixture, disease control treatment, fertiliser treatment, replicate or position in trial, and pathogen genotype. Whilst the resistance elicitor did reduce mildew by 78% in the first trial, and there was no interaction with fertiliser level in its expression, control was substantially less in the second trial. There were no differences between mildew isolates from elicitor and control treatments. It was felt that more effective and consistent resistance elicitors need to be developed before it can be stated that they are unlikely to be eroded by selecting resistant or adapted mildew genotypes.
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    Effect of digested sewage sludge on the efficiency of N-fertilizer applied to barley (1997)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 48 (1997), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: barley ; denitrification ; fertilizerefficiency ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Enhanced microbial activity following sewage sludge land application may affect soil N cycling and, therefore, plant available N. We studied the effect of anaerobically treated sewage sludge on N-fertilizer efficiency and on some aspects of the soil N cycling. Field plots (3 m × 9 m) sown with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in November were amended with a) sludge (80 mg ha-1) and ammonium nitrate (150 kg N ha-1), b) ammonium nitrate (150 kg ha-1) only, c) or left unamended. Monthly soil samples were taken from 0 to 20-and 20 to 50-cm depths to determine soil inorganic N (NH4 +, NO3-). Denitrification in the upper 20-cm horizon was estimated by measuring N2O+N2 emission from undisturbed soil samples by the acetylene-inhibition technique. Crop yield parameters were analysed before harvesting, and grain production was recorded. With respect to the control, the yield increase for the N-fertilizer treatment was 85% and 45% for the sludge + N-fertilizer treatment. The decrease of N-fertilizer efficiency in sludge amended plots was presumably due to a decrease in spring plant available N. Presumably, microbial immobilisation and denitrification in organic amended treatments were responsible for the decrease in N-fertilizer efficiency.
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    The use of AFLPs to examine genetic relatedness in barley (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 359-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: AFLPs ; barley ; genetic diversity ; kinship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The generation of AFLPs in spring barley cultivars provided genetic information relating to the development of the crop in the UK since 1953. Principal co-ordinate (PCO) analysis of genetic similarities (gs) confirmed the marked contrast in the cultivars used in the 1970s and 1980s. The earliest cultivars, many derived from Proctor, were succeeded by tall-strawed, disease-resistant types with high yield but poor malting potential. In the 1980s they were in turn replaced by short-strawed cultivars with excellent yield and good malting quality, which originated from Triumph. A PCO plot of gs provided insight into the effects of selection for disease resistance and the antagonism between malting quality and particular resistance genes. The analysis of gs was more useful than pedigrees and estimates of kinship in revealing the genetic relationship between cultivars. Theoretical considerations for maximising the efficiency of an AFLP genotyping programme are discussed in the context of the number of primer pairs required to distinguish genotypes at varying levels of similarity.
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    Plant protection and rhizosphere colonization of barley by seed inoculated herbicide degrading Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia DBO1(pRO101) in 2,4-D contaminated soil (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 189 (1997), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; herbicide ; plant growth promoting rhizobacteria ; Pseudomonades ; seed inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) degrading bacterium, Burkholderia cepacia (formerly Pseudomonas cepacia) DBO1(pRO101) was coated on non-sterile barley (Hordeum vulgare) seeds, which were planted in two non-sterile soils amended with varying amounts of 2,4-D herbicide. In the presence of 10 or 100 mg 2,4-D per kg soil B. cepacia DBO1(pRO101) readily colonized the root at densities up to 107 CFU per cm root. In soil without 2,4-D the bacterium showed weak root colonization. The seeds coated with B. cepacia DBO1(pRO101) were able to germinate and grow in soils containing 10 or 100 mg kg−1 2,4-D, while non-coated seeds either did not germinate or quickly withered after germination. The results suggest that colonization of the plant roots by the herbicide-degrading B. cepacia DBO1(pRO101) can protect the plant by degradation of the herbicide in the rhizosphere soil. The study shows that the ability to degrade certain pesticides should be considered, when searching for potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. The role of root colonization by xenobiotic degrading bacteria is further discussed in relation to bioremediation of contaminated soils.
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    Field screening of barley cultivars to soil salinity using a sprinkler and a drip irrigation system (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 197 (1997), S. 105-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; drip irrigation ; leaf ion concentration ; salinity tolerance ; triple line sourcesprinkler irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The establishment of proper agronomical practices and plant breeding programs for saline environments is limited by the lack of adequate field screening methods. We assessed the relationships between leaf ion concentration and grain yield in a set of barley cultivars and compared their ranking for salinity tolerance established with a triple-line-source (TLS) sprinkler system, where the absorption of salts is through the leaves and the roots, with that obtained with a drip-irrigation (DI) system, where the absorption of salts is only through the roots. The saline solution in both systems was made up of sodium and hydrated calcium chloride (1:1 w/w). Except for the highest saline treatments, direct leaf absorption of toxic Na+ and Cl- was minor or negligible, but it was substantial for Ca2+. Irrespective of barley cultivar and leaf age, the accumulation of Cl- in the TLS was 1.5–2.5 times greater than Na+. There was no significant correlation between grain yield and leaf sap ion concentration among eighteen barley cultivars. Thus, leaf ion concentrations should not be used as screening tools in breeding programs for increasing salinity tolerance in barley. The highest-yielding cultivars under non-saline conditions were also most productive under moderately saline conditions, though not under high-saline conditions. Although grain yields of the eighteen barley cultivars in the TLS were substantially lower than in the DI, the salinity tolerances estimated in both systems were significantly correlated (P 〈 0.05), indicating that the simple and inexpensive TLS irrigation system could be successfully used in screening for salinity tolerance in barley.
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    Importance of soil-water relations in assessing the endpoint of bioremediated soils (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 192 (1997), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; bioremediation ; hydrocarbon ; hydrocarbon contamination ; plant growth ; soil contamination ; soil water ; soil water properties ; water repellency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Much effort has been focused on defining the end-point of bioremediated soils by chemical analysis toxicity tests. However, these tests do not assess the quality, or the capability, of soil to support plant growth after bioremediation. We studied the response of plants to hydrocarbon contaminants by camparing barley (Hordeum vulgare) growth on: (i) control soil, agricultural topsoil, (ii) oil-contaminated soil (40,000 mg kg−1 total extractable hydrocarbons, or TEH), and (iii) oil-contaminated soil treated by bioremediation (20,000 mg kg−1 TEH). Barley growth and yield was significantly reduced by oil-contamination. Bioremediation did not improve yield of barley and shoot dry mass was slightly reduced after bioremediation. The lack of effect from bioremediation is attributed to poor soil water sorption, which was negatively influenced by hydrocarbon residuals. We concluded that the soil-water relation is one of the most important factors in assessing endpoint of bioremediated soils for plant growth.
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    Net blotch resistance in wild species of Hordeum (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; disease resistance ; Pyrenophora teres ; f. teres
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Resistance to net blotch was evaluated in 175 Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum (H. spontaneum) accessions and 149 accessions of thirteen species or subspecies of wild Hordeum. Most H. spontaneum accessions showed resistance to each of the four Pyrenophora teres f. teres (P. teres) isolates tested. However, H. spontaneum accessions showed different resistance reactions, depending upon their origin. In particular, some accessions from Afghanistan and Russia showed a high level of resistance, and accessions from Morocco were susceptible. Among the four P. teres isolates, the virulence spectra on the H. spontaneum accessions were more different between isolates from different countries than between those from the same country. Hordeum spontaneum accessions susceptible to the Canadian isolate WRS102, but resistant to the other three isolates were found in Iraq suggesting the geographical differentiation of resistance genes in H. spontaneum. All accessions of the other wild Hordeum species, especially some accessions of H. marinum subsp. gussoneanum, showed high levels of resistance. These resistance genes may be useful candidates for incorporation into cultivated barley.
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    Isolation, identification and characterization of disomic and translocated barley chromosome addition lines of common wheat (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Hordeum vulgare ; wheat ; barley ; chromosome addition lines ; translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two disomic barley chromosome addition lines and five translocated chromosome addition lines of common wheat cultivar Shinchunaga were isolated. They were derived from a hybrid plant between Shinchunaga and cultivated barley Nyugoruden (New Golden) by backcrossing with wheat and self pollination. Barley chromosomes added to chromosome arms involved in the translocated chromosomes were identified by C-banding method and by crossing these lines with Chinese Spring/Betzes addition lines. Two disomic addition lines were identified to have chromosome 6 and 7 of barley, respectively. Two of the five translocated chromosome addition lines were clarified to have same chromosome constitution, 42 wheat chromosomes and a pair of translocated chromosomes constituted with a long arm of chromosome 5B of wheat and a short arm of chromosome 7 of barley. The other three lines could not be identified due to chromosome rearrangement. Performances of these seven lines on agronomic characters were examined. Addition of barley chromosome 7 induced early heading, and chromosome 6 showed lated heading. Almost all of the lines except that of chromosome 6 showed short culm length and all showed reduced number of tillers, spikelets and grains per ear, and low seed fertility. These lines would be useful for genetic analyses in wheat and barley and for induction of useful genes of barley into wheat.
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    Exploiting the diversity of barley landraces in Ethiopia (1997)
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 44 (1997), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: barley ; breeding ; Ethiopia ; genetic resources ; landraces ; low input
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes a methodology to incorporate the collection of barley landraces available in the Plant Genetic Resources Centre of Ethiopia (PGRC/E), as well as future collections, in the Ethiopian barley breeding program. Six hundred pure lines extracted from thirty Ethiopian barley landraces were evaluated and selected, along with the original populations, between 1989 and 1993. Three lines were identified which significantly outyielded the local landrace in some of the testing sites and had a higher average yield across sites and seasons. The yield of these lines was similar to the best improved variety also developed from a landrace population. Despite the relatively small number of landrace-lines (600) in the original population, the exploitation of the diversity existing within Ethiopian barley germplasm has produced in only five years promising lines for yield at low input conditions and for disease and insect resistance. Some lines had a yield potential comparable with the best breeding lines produced earlier, and one is under multiplication for release.
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    Promotive effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid on the yield of several crops (1997)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 22 (1997), S. 109-114 
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    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: 5-aminolevulinic acid ; barley ; garlic ; kidney beans ; plant growth ; potatoes ; promotive effects ; radish ; yield of crops
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The role of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as a precursor of chlorophyll or a herbicide is well documented. In the present report, to elucidate the physiological effects of ALA, this compound was applied to the foliage of radish at 0.06, 0.18, 0.6, 1.8 and 6 mM. ALA at 0.06ndash;1.8 mM increased the dry weight of radish root (underground part), but injured radish seedlings at 6 mM. Also, the application of ALA at 0.18 and 0.6 mM increased fixation of CO2 in light and decreased release of CO2 in darkness. Furthermore, the effects of foliar treatment of ALA on the yield of several crops were also evaluated. The results showed that an application of ALA at low concentrations increased the growth and yield by 10ndash;60percnt; over the control on kidney bean, barley, potato and garlic. These results suggest that ALA has plant growth regulating properties at low concentrations and may enhance agricultural productivity.
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    The assessment of genetic variation in Spanish primitive cultivars of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., by a combination of isozymes and hordeins (1997)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 44 (1997), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: barley ; germplasm ; hordeins ; Hordeum vulgare ; isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Five isozyme and endosperm reserve protein systems were analysed using electrophoretic techniques in order to investigate the genetic diversity of 222 accessions of Spanish, local varieties of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., maintained at the Centro de Conservación de Recursos Fitogeneéticos of the I.N.I.A. (Alcalá de Henares, Spain). The esterase (EST) isozymes provided more information than did the other systems analysed, showing a total of 14 variable markers. The cathodic peroxidases (CPX) and acid phosphatases (ACPH) were also polymorphic. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) were monomorphic. The hordeins showed patterns of up to 15 bands, the majority of which were very useful in distinguishing genotypes. 17.2% of accessions showed a uniform genotype, 29.8% showed practically identical genotypes and 53% showed mixtures of different genotypes. It is noteworthy that the use of only two systems (EST and hordeins) and the analysis of only six loci (Est-1, Est-2, Est-4, Hor-1, Hor-2 and Hor-3) is sufficient to reveal the genetic diversity of the collection.
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    Agronomic performance of crosses between Nordic and exotic barleys (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 93 (1997), S. 239-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: agronomic performance ; barley ; exotic germplasm ; genetic resources ; Hordeum vulgare ; Hordeum spontaneum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Exotic germplasm may be useful for the improvement of agronomic performance of barley breeding material. This study was conducted in order 1) to evaluate if it is possible to improve performance of Nordic barley breeding material by utilizing exotic germplasm sources (unadapted landraces and H. spontaneum), 2) to evaluate incorporation of exotic germplasm into a genetic base widely adapted to the agro-ecological conditions of the extreme Scandinavian north as well as to the base adapted to the conditions of the south of this geographical region, and 3) to evaluate whether an index composed of several traits corresponded to 'breeder's phenotypic evaluation' of the progenies. Earliness, straw length, number of ears/plant, yield/plant, seed shattering, persistence of awns and an index computed from these traits were studied in Swedish and Finnish 4-way crosses along with their adapted parents. Most of the crosses headed earlier than their adapted parents and none of the crosses outyielded the adapted parents. The most favorable frequency distributions for the index were found in the crosses with only cultivated barleys as parents. Transgressive segregates were also found in progenies with H. spontaneum parents. Incorporation of exotic barleys was most successful into the local genetic base. Comparisons between indices and breeder's phenotypic evaluation suggested reconsideration of evaluation methods early in parent development.
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    Variation between and within Ethiopian barley landraces (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; barley leaf rust ; Puccinia hordei ; scald ; Rhynchosporium secalis ; earliness ; landraces ; leafiness ; plant height ; partial resistance ; resistance ; 1000 grain weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Up to 100 single plant derived lines of 18 barley landraces, collected from 18 localities of six barley growing regions of Ethiopia were studied for two years at Holetta, Ethiopia for variation in five quantitative traits; scald severity, earliness, plant height, 1000 grain weight, and leafiness. The relative latent period in the adult plant stage to barley leaf rust, a good measure for partial resistance, was assessed on the landrace lines at Wageningen, The Netherlands. The observed variation between and within landraces was very large for all traits. The magnitude of variation was so large that most, if not all, plants within a landrace had a different genotype. The landraces also varied in the degree of variation. Some landraces, 1726 and 3288 for instance, were more variable for most or all traits than other landraces such as 208925 and 212938. Days to heading and scald severity were significantly (P = 0.01) correlated with altitude, r being 0.66 and - 0.65, respectively. Resistance to scald and leafiness also increased with altitude. On average landraces became later, more resistant to scald and more leafy the higher the altitude of collection. This associated complex of traits could be an adaptation to the wetter and cooler conditions at higher altitudes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002946004268
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    A rapid hydroponic screening for aluminium tolerance in barley (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 191 (1997), S. 133-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; barley ; eriochrome cyanine R staining ; tHordeum vulgare L. screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Selection and breeding of crops for aluminium (Al) tolerance is a useful approach to increase production on acid soils. This requires a rapid and reliable system to discriminate between Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive genotypes. A hydroponic system was developed to screen for Al tolerance in barley (t Hordeum vulgare L.) to overcome several problems encountered in previous screening methods. Four levels of Al (5, 10, 20, and 40 μt M) in 1 mt M CaCl2 solution at pH 4.5 were used to rank lines for Al-tolerance. Each line was cultured in a different compartment to eliminate chemical and pH interactions among lines. To avoid changes in Al tolerance due to other factors such as the calcium (Ca) concentration of the solution, Al-tolerant (Atlas 66) and Al-sensitive (Scout 66) cultivars of wheat (t Triticum aestivum L.) were used as reference cultivars. Five ranks of Al tolerance from highly tolerant to highly sensitive were established by comparison with each reference. Eriochrome cyanine R staining was used for the rapid evaluation of Al tolerance. This screening system allowed classification of about 50 barley lines into five different Al tolerance groups within one week. Using this system, screening of ca. 600 barley lines from various regions of the world was conducted. Most lines were sensitive to Al, but ninety lines showed intermediate Al-tolerance. Thirty nine lines were highly sensitive to Al in solution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004257711952
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    Evaluation of susceptibility of auto- and alloplasmic barley DH lines to Fusarium seedling blight (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 93 (1997), S. 169-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: alloplasmic lines ; doubled haploids ; Fusarium culmorum ; Hordeum bulbosum ; Hordeum vulgare ; barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Auto- and alloplasmic doubled haploid (DH) lines of barley were examined for susceptibility to Fusarium culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc. (isolate KF350) seedling blight. Inoculated kernels were incubated at 20 °C in a chamber saturated to 100% RH a with 12/12 h dark/light cycle. Germination capacity, disease score on a 5-degree scale and root length were evaluated. The data were analysed statistically using three-factor analysis of variance. It was observed that the infection score of roots of DH lines with H. bulbosum cytoplasm was higher than that of their autoplasmic analogues. Length of infected seedling roots expressed as per cent of the control root length ranged from 81 to 56% in autoplasmic DH lines and from 60 to 48% in alloplasmic lines. These differences were statistically significant (at P = 0.01). It was evident, that H. bulbosum cytoplasm increase susceptibility of barley genotypes to Fusarium seedling blight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002909901866
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    Quantitative resistance to Pyrenophora teres in six Nordic spring barley accessions (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; net blotch ; Pyrenophora teres ; quantitative resistance ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Resistance to Pyrenophora teres Drechs. f. teres Smedeg., the net blotch pathogen, was studied in six 6-row Nordic spring barleys (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the field and in the greenhouse. The barley genotypes were: Arve, Agneta, Artturi, H6221, Pohto and WW7977. Disease progress was monitored in the field (1994 and 1995) in small artificially infected plots, sown at commercial seeding rates, and in infected hill plots (1994). Areas under the disease progress curves (AUDPC) and apparent infection rates (r) were calculated for the uppermost 3 or 4 leaves. Terminal severities (TS) were also recorded. Infection response of seedlings to a range of P. teres isolates was assessed in the greenhouse using a standard scale. In small plots in the field, Arve and Agneta were very susceptible to P. teres infection, as indicated by large values for AUDPC and TS. H6221 and WW7977 were highly resistant, while Artturi and Pohto were moderately resistant. In hill plots the situation was similar, except that Artturi and Pohto appeared less resistant than in the small plots. The relatively greater resistance of H6221 and WW7977 was reflected in seedling infection responses. According to the results of these experiments, H6221 and WW7977 possess adequate levels of quantitative resistance to P. teres to make them useful parents in future crossing programs aimed at improving net blotch resistance in Finnish spring barleys.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002996722383
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    Virulence studies of Swedish net blotch isolates (Drechslera teres) and identification of resistant barley lines (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; net blotch ; Drechslera teres ; Pyrenophora teres ; virulence ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Six Swedish and one Canadian single spore isolate of Drechslera teres f. teres were used to screen 109 barley lines for disease resistance and to select a differential set of barley lines for use in assessing pathogen virulence. A large variation for net blotch resistance was found among the 109 barley lines which were classified into four groups, those showing: 1) only resistant reactions; 2) differential reactions; 3) only intermediate reactions and 4) only susceptible reactions. The European commercial varieties included, showed susceptibility to all Swedish isolates, but a few were resistant to the Canadian isolate. The 18- member differential set separated 25 Swedish and two Canadian isolates of D. teres into 14 pathotypes, three of which made up 59% of the isolates. Only one barley differential (CI 9776) was resistant to all net form isolates. Host selection on the pathogen seems to be present as all six isolates obtained from cv. Golf belonged to the same pathotype and 4 of 5 isolates from cv. Karin shared the same virulence pattern. The net form of net blotch (D. teres f. teres) predominated in the sampled regions and only one of 26 Swedish isolates was of the spot form (D. teres f. maculata).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002924424200
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    Expression of intron modified NPT II genes in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant cells (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 15-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: barley ; intron ; NPT II ; reporter genes ; selection ; tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Intron sequences from monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous origin were used to abolish marker gene expression in prokaryotes (Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens) but permit expression in selected eukaryotic systems using the eukaryotic specific splicing mechanism. A 1014 bp maize Shrunken-1 (Sh 1) intron 1 flanked by exon1 and exon2 sequences was cloned into the N-terminal of the NPT II-coding region. Transient gene expression analysis revealed that the modified neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT II) gene, driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, is expressed in barley protoplasts, but poorly expressed in tobacco protoplasts. In dicotyledonous cells AU-rich sequences are known to be important for efficient splicing and therefore an attempt was made to improve expression of the NPT II gene, containing the Sh 1 intron 1, in tobacco by increasing the AU content from 57% to 69%. Reverse transcriptase PCR analysis of RNA from transiently expressed NPT II transcripts from tobacco protoplasts revealed that despite the increase in AU-content, NPT II was still poorly expressed. Cryptic splice sites were identified as one possible cause for missplicing of the Sh1 intron 1 in dicots and poor levels of expression. Alternatively, cloning of the 198 bp intron 2 of the potato STLS 1 gene (81% AU) into the N-terminal part of the NPT II-coding region resulted in proper expression of NPT II in tobacco as well as in barley protoplasts and abolished marker gene expression in prokaryotes. The successful insertion of an intron into a selectable marker gene which completely abolishes gene expression in prokaryotes, without affecting expression of chimeric genes in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant cells provides a suitable system to reduce the number of false-positives in transgenic plant production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009602923403
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    Occurrence of barley yellow mosaic and barley mild mosaic bymoviruses in Greece (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 281-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: barley mild mosaic virus ; barley yellow mosaic virus ; Greece Polymyxa graminis ; barley ; decoration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In March 1991, large chlorotic patches appeared in an autumn-sown barley crop growing near Thessaloniki, Greece. Leaves had characteristic mosaic symptoms and immunosorbent electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the presence of both soil-borne mosaic viruses of barley, barley mild mosaic and barley yellow mosaic bymoviruses. In the following year, similar symptoms appeared in a crop at Souroti, 30 km east of Thessaloniki but the disease has not been found in other areas of Macedonia. This report is the first record of these viruses from Greece and is the most southerly European record.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008689308869
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    Comparison of visual head blight ratings, seed infection levels, and deoxynivalenol production for assessment of resistance in cereals inoculated with Fusarium culmorum (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 589-595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: barley ; freezing blotter test ; Fusarium head blight ; mycotoxin ; oats ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seven spring wheat, 13 barley, 14 oats and 20 winter wheat genotypes were inoculated at flowering in 1993 and 1994 with mixed conidial suspensions of 8 isolates of Fusarium culmorum. Four weeks after inoculation, head blight was recorded in the field. After harvest, seed infection was assessed by a Freezing Blotter Test in the laboratory. Seed samples were also analyzed for deoxynivalenol (DON) content. Differences were found in head blight rating, the levels of infected seeds and the DON content between wheat, barley, and oats and between cultivars. Highly significant correlations were found between the percentage of heavily infected seed and the DON content. The weighted mean value of infected seeds and DON content were also significantly correlated. No significant correlation was found between head blight rating in the field and DON content. The level of infected seeds, as determined by the Freezing Blotter Test, was a better indication of the DON content in the seeds than the head blight rating. This visual assessment of levels of infected seeds gives a reliable estimate of resistance to Fusarium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008693213656
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    Barley tissue as direct template for PCR: a practical breeding tool (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 2 (1996), S. 181-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: barley ; breeding ; Hordeum vulgare ; polymerase chain reaction ; tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A method for using alkali treated intact plant tissue as a DNA source for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to barley. This method saves up to two days and more than USD 50 per 40 samples by eliminating the need for DNA extraction to produce template for PCR. The conditions were optimized for various barley tissues. Fresh leaves, freeze-dried leaves, and anthers worked well as templates while root, embryo, and endosperm tissues did not. The method was shown to work with several genotypes and different primers. The resulting PCR product could be cut with restriction enzyme to produce clear polymorphism without any interference. This method can be a practical breeding tool by providing a fast, inexpensive method for screening large populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441433
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    Utilization of organic phosphorus in calcium chloride extracts of soil by barley plants and hydrolysis by acid and alkaline phosphatases (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 178 (1996), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; microbial biomass P ; phosphatases ; soil solution P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Organic phosphorus is often a major part of total phosphorus in soil solution. The role of this fraction as a P source for plants and the mechanism involved in its transfer from soil to plant is still unclear. We studied the utilization of organic phospharus in 0.01 M calcium chloride extracts by barley and its hydrolysis by isolated acid and alkaline phosphatases. Calcium chloride extracts were used as a nutrient solution in 24 hrs assays. Concentration of organic and inorganic P in equilibrium calcium chloride extracts was 7.8 and 1.8 µmol P L-1, respectively, which was similar to the soil solution P concentration. When soil microbial biomass was destroyed by autoclaving, organic P concentration increased to 64.8 µmol P L-1 whereas the inorganic P was hardly changed. Inoculation of the autoclaved soil with non-sterile soil and incubation for 5 days decreased the organic P concentration to 27.9 µmol P L-1 but did not change inorganic P. In this study barley plants utilized organic P from all extracts. The greatest reduction of organic P concentration occurred in fresh extracts of the autoclaved soil. Inorganic P was depleted to traces in all extracts. Organic P was hydrolyzed by isolated acid and alkaline phosphatases. We conclude that organic P in soil solution is a heterogeneous pool of organic P compounds originating from microbial biomass. Its initial availability to plants was nigh but its susceptibility to phosphatase hydrolysis was quickly reduced but not completely lost.
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    Quantitative trait loci for grain yield and yield components in a cross between a six-rowed and a two-rowed barley (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 90 (1996), S. 39-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: epistasis ; Hordeum vulgare ; QTL ; RFLP ; barley ; grain yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The positions of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for yield and yield components were estimated using a 85-point linkage map and phenotype data from a F1-derived doubled haploid (DH) population of barley. Yield and its components were recorded in two growing seasons. Highly significant QTL effects were found for all traits at several sites in the genome. A major portion of the QTL was found on chromosome 2. The effect of the alleles in locus v on thousand grain weight and kernels per ear explained 70–80% of the genetic variation in the traits. QTL × year interaction was found for grain yield. Several different QTL were found within the two-rowed DH lines compared to those found in the six-rowed DH lines. Epistasis between locus v and several loci for yield and yield components indicates that genes are expressed differently in the two ear types. This may explain the difficulties of selecting high yielding lines from crosses between two-rowed and six-rowed barley.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025158
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    Cytogenetic variation in somatic tissue cultures and regenerated plants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; tissue culture ; chromosomal variation ; plant regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Chromosome number of morphogenic and non-morphogenic calli and regenerated plants of barley were determined. Cultures were obtained from two kinds of explants, immature embryos and seedling leaves from three cultivars, Ingrid, Dissa and Golden Promise. Callus chromosome analyses were carried out during a 12 month period in a medium containing 2 mg/l of 2,4-D. Diploid cells were predominant in all cases; although in leaf-derived cultures, retraploid cells (2n=4x=28) showed a tendency to increase as time in culture increased and after more than six months in culture, diploid cells decreased to percentages of almost 70%. Aneuploid cells were generally infrequent in all cases. The source of explant has been more important than the genotype (cultivar) and the type of callus (morphogenic vs. non-morphogenic) in the chromosomal stability of cultures as time increases. From short term cultures, only 1.85% of the regenerated plants were tetraploid, the remaining were diploids. The ability of morphogenic calli to regenerate plants decreased before any significant reduction of diploid cells were observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035274
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    Pot size affects expression of Mn efficiency in barley (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 178 (1996), S. 205-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; genotype ; Mn concentration ; Mn efficiency ; pot size ; screening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Mn efficiency is defined here as an ability of a genotype to grow and yield well in a soil which is limiting in available Mn for a standard genotype (Graham, 1984). Screening for Mn efficiency in soil-based pot testing had been producing inconsistent results, and thus improvement of pot screening became an objective. One possible factor, pot size was examined as the cause, using two sizes of pot. In large pots, the expectation of higher dry matter and shoot Mn concentration in a Mn-efficient genotype compared to a Mn-inefficient genotype was realised over a wide range of Mn supply, whereas in small pots, the genotypic differences were expressed at only one, low rate of Mn supply (10 mg kg soil-1). Plants in the small pots strongly responded to root restriction by decreasing yields and increasing root/shoot ratios and Mn concentrations of shoots. The critical value of Mn concentration for shoot growth was not affected by the small pots, but the Mn mobilization by plants might be affected in the small pots. The practical outcome of these results is that using an adequate size of pot and measuring the Mn concentration of shoots, soil-based pot screening for Mn efficiency can be improved.
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    Variation in acquisition of soil phosphorus among wheat and barley genotypes (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 178 (1996), S. 223-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; cultivar ; acquisition efficiency ; rhizosphere ; root hairs ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To assess the extent of variation in phosphorus acquisition efficiency of some winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes, depletion of inorganic phosphorus (P) extractable with 0.5 M NaHCO3 (NaHCO3-Pi) from the rhizosphere soil was studied. Nutrients supply, rhizosphere soil pH and soil water content was kept equal for all the genotypes with the aim to reduce the confounding variation due to these factors. The experimental set up implied that no difference in the relative growth rates, nitrogen, potassium and calcium content of shoot dry matter occurred among the genotypes. The winter wheat, winter barley and spring barley genotypes differed significantly (p〉0.05) in their efficiency to acquire NaHCO3-Pi from the rhizosphere soil. The efficiency of the winter wheat genotypes to acquire NaHCO3-Pi from rhizosphere soil ranked Kraka 〉 Gawain 〉 Foreman 〉 Sleipner = Obelisk 〉 Kosack 〉 Pepital 〉 Arum. Winter wheat genotypes differed in extent of P depletion profiles in the rhizosphere, indicating variation in root hair length. The winter barley and spring barley genotypes also showed significant differences in their P depletion profiles near roots. The efficiency of the winter barley genotypes to acquire soil P in the rhizosphere ranked Hamu 〉 Frost 〉 Marinka 〉 Astrid 〉 Clarine = Angora. The efficiency of spring barley genotypes to acquire NaHCO3-Pi in the rhizosphere ranked Canut 〉 Etna ≅ Riga 〉 Digger 〉 Peel 〉 Semal 〉 Alexis. The rhizosphere pH remained unchanged, suggesting that additional mechanisms such as root hair formation and root exudates play a significant role in causing variation in P acquisition among the genotypes.
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    Foliar and root absorption of Na+ and Cl− in maize and barley: Implications for salt tolerance screening and the use of saline sprinkler irrigation (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 75-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; chloride ; foliar absorption ; maize ; saline sprinkling ; salinity ; sodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Above-canopy sprinkler irrigation with saline water favours the absorption of salts by wetted leaves and this can cause a yield reduction additional to that which occurs in salt-affected soils. Outdoor pot experiments with both sprinkler and drip irrigation systems were conducted to determine foliar ion accumulation and performance of maize and barley plants exposed to four treatments: nonsaline control (C), salt applied only to the soil (S), salt applied only to the foliage (F) and salt applied to both the soil and to the foliage (F+S). The EC of the saline solution employed for maize in 1993 was 4.2 dS m−1 (30 mM NaCl and 2.8 mM CaCl2) and for barley in 1994, 9.6 dS m−1 (47 mM NaCl and 23.5 mM CaCl2). The soil surface of all pots was covered so that in the F treatment the soil was not salinized by the saline sprinkling and drip irrigation supplied nutrients in either fresh (treatments C and F) or saline water (treatments S and F+S). Saline sprinkling increased leaf sap Na+ concentrations much more than did soil salinity, especially in maize, even though the saline sprinkling was given only two or three times per week for 30 min, whereas the roots of plants grown in saline soil were continuously exposed to salinity. By contrast, leaf sap Cl− concentrations were increased similarly by saline sprinkling and soil salinity in maize, and more by saline sprinkling than saline soil in barley. It is concluded that barley leaves, and to a greater extent maize leaves, lack the ability to selectively exclude Na+ when sprinkler irrigated with saline water. Moreover, maize leaves selectively absorbed Na+ over Cl− whereas barley leaves showed no selectivity. When foliar and root absorption processes were operating together (F+S treatment) maize and barley leaves accumulated 11–14% less Na+ and Cl− than the sum of individual absorption processes (treatment F plus treatment S) indicating a slight interaction between the absorption processes. Vegetative biomass at maturity and cumulative plant water use were significantly reduced by saline sprinkling. In maize, reductions in biomass and plant water use relative to the control were of similar magnitude for plants exposed only to saline sprinkling, or only to soil salinity; whereas in barley, saline sprinkling was more detrimental than was soil salinity. We suggest that crops that are salt tolerant because they possess root systems which efficiently restrict Na+ and Cl− transport to the shoot, may not exhibit the same tolerance in sprinkler systems which wet the foliage with saline water. ei]T J Flowers
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    Brief pre- and post-irrigation sprinkling with fresh water reduces foliar salt uptake in maize and barley sprinkler irrigated with saline water (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; chloride ; foliar absorption ; maize ; salinity ; sodium ; sprinkler irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Brief pre- and post-irrigation sprinkling treatments using freshwater were tested to determine if these practices could reduce the uptake of salts through leaves when saline water is used to sprinkler irrigate crops. Maize and barley were sprinkler irrigated 2 to 3 times per week for 30 min with saline water (4.2 dS m−1, 30 mmol L−1 NaCl and 2.8 mmoles L−1 CaCl2 for maize and 9.6 dS m−1, 47 mmoles L−1 NaCl and 23.5 mmoles L−1 CaCl2 for barley) in separate experiments with plants grown in pots outdoors. The soil surface of all pots was covered to prevent salinization of the soil by the sprinkling water. One half of the sprinkled plants was grown in nonsaline soil to study the effects of pre-wetting and post-washing when ion uptake was primarily through leaves. The other half of the sprinkled plants was grown in soil salinized by drip irrigation, in order to evaluate the effects of pre-wetting and post-washing when Na+ and Cl- uptake was through both leaves and roots. Post-washing with freshwater (5 min) reduced the leaf sap concentrations of Cl- in saline-sprinkled plants from 56 to 43 mmol L−1 in maize and from 358 to 225 mmol L−1 in barley (averages for plants grown in nonsaline and saline soil). Na+ concentrations in leaf sap were reduced from 93 to 65 mmoles L−1 (maize) and from 177 to 97 mmoles L−1 (barley) by the post-washing. Pre-wetting had a small effect on ion uptake through leaves, the only significant reduction in seasonal means being in leaf Na+ concentrations for plants grown in nonsaline soil. Pre-wetting and post-washing, when combined, reduced leaf Cl- concentrations to levels similar to those of nonsprinkled plants grown in saline soil; however, Na+ concentrations in leaves remained 3.5 times (maize) and 1.5 times (barley) higher than those of nonsprinkled plants. When pre-wetting and post-washing were not applied, sprinkled barley plants grown in saline soil had grain yields which were 58% lower than nonsprinkled plants grown in saline soil, but the reduction in grain yield was only 17% when the freshwater treatments were given. We conclude that a brief period of post-washing with freshwater is essential when saline water is employed in sprinkler irrigation. By comparison, the benefits from pre-wetting were small in these experiments. ei]T J Flowers
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    Rainfed vetch-barley mixed cropping in the Syrian semi-arid conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 183 (1996), S. 137-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; legume ; mixed crop ; monocrop ; N2 fixation ; 15N ; vetch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment on vetch and barley grown in monoculture and in mixed culture was conducted under rain-fed conditions throughout two growing seasons. Plants were either subjected to three sequential harvests, or were harvested only once, at physiological maturity. Our results showed the advantage of a mixed cropping system of vetch and barley over sole cropping under rainfed conditions in terms of dry matter production, total nitrogen content, and land use efficiency expressed as land equivalent ratio (LER). This advantage was more pronounced in the plants harvested once at the end of the season than those subjected to the three successive harvests. Based on this result, a single seasonal rather than several harvests would be recommended under similar rainfed conditions. Nitrogen fixation in vetch measured by the15N-isotope dilution method, varied with the number of harvests and with cropping system. The percentage of N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) of vetch in mixed culture was in most cases higher than in monoculture. The poor competitiveness of vetch for soil N uptake was responsible for the higher soil N uptake by barley and therefore, a higher %Ndfa in vetch. Positive and high final nitrogen balance was observed in the mixture. We excluded, under the current experimental conditions, the possibility of N-transfer from vetch to barley.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185573
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    Rainfed vetch-barley mixed cropping in the Syrian semi-arid conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 183 (1996), S. 149-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; mixed cropping ; roots distribution ; soil moisture ; vetch ; water use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Water consumption and root distribution of vetch (Avena sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in a monoculture and a mixed culture were studied at Jillin station in South-west Syria in a semi-arid region under rainfed conditions. The experiment was conducted in two consecutive years during the 1991/92 and 1992/93 seasons, using a factorial complete block design. There were altogether four blocks, one of which was harvested at the physiological maturity while the remaining three blocks were subjected to three successive harvests per season. The soil had a silty clay texture with EC e ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 dS m-1. The moisture content at 15 cm intervals was determined using an “in situ” calibrated neutron scattering probe. The dry weight of the roots was determined three times at 15 cm depth intervals during each of the successive harvests. The dry weights of the roots were in harmony with the harvested above ground dry matter under the different treatments. The WUE of all treatments in the second season were higher than those of the first. Their values ranged from 1.62 to 2.37 times of the first. This is due to the high water content at the beginning of the second season (47.82 cm in 165 cm soil depth) compared to the first (37.32 cm in 165 cm soil depth). Good rainfall distribution during the second growing season might be another factor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185574
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    Diversity among Finnish net blotch isolates and resistance in barley (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 81-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; net blotch ; Pyrenophora teres ; resistance ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seedlings of a differential barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) series (21 genotypes) and of six check genotypes were used in the greenhouse to assess variation in virulence among 20 single-spore isolates of the net blotch pathogen. Pyrenophora teres Drechs. f.teres Smedeg., collected from various sites in Finland. The experiment was run twice and symptom expression was recorded on the first three leaves. Analysis of second leaf symptom scores from Run 1 indicated differences in virulence between isolates, all of which were pathogenic, and differential resistance among the barleys. The virulence of P. teres isolates appeared to be conditioned by the host barley from which the isolate derived; the average virulence of isolates collected from a susceptible host was greater than that of isolates collected from a less susceptible host. Results from Run 2 were similar regarding resistance within the barleys, but variation in virulence among the P. teres isolates was not consistent with that from Run 1. CI 9819 caries duplicate genes for resistance to P. teres (Rpt1b and Rpt1c), and CI 7548 possesses Rpt3d. Both genotypes were highly resistant to all isolates. The Rpt1a gene of Tifang (CI4407) conferred resistance to all isolates in Run 2, but only to about half of the isolates in Run 1. The checks, including two of the symptomatically most resistant Nordic barley genotypes, were universally susceptible during these stringent tests. No selective pressure has been placed on Finnish isolates of P. teres through previous deployment of major resistance genes, and it is speculated that any variation in virulence among isolates is likely to be due to a combination of evolutionary forces including, natural selection, random genetic drift and gene flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022832
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    Adaptation to low/high input cultivation (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 203-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; genotype by environment interaction ; landraces ; low-input agriculture ; specific adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Many aeas of world, particular those where agriculture is largely practiced by resource-poor farmers with little or no use of external inputs, have not benefitted from the spectacular yield increases achieved by the combination of modern breeding technologies and use of inputs. The paper argues that because breeding is mostly conducted in presence of high inputs, it has systematically missed the opportunity to exploit genetic differences at low levels of inputs. Many studies show that these differences do exist, particularly in the case of fertilizers, and that these differences can only be identified is selection is conducted under the target level of inputs. Although this was predicted by theory more than 40 years ago, and has been supported by a large body of experimental data, very few breeders select in sub-optimal or stress conditions. The most common justification is the high environmental variation, and hence the lower heritability expected in low input conditions. While this is not supported by experimental evidence, the paper shows that in the case of a typical crop grown in low-input and climatically marginal conditions such as barley, genetic gains are possible by using locally adapted germplasm and by selecting in the target environment. Similar conclusions, in relation to the use of a low-input selection environment, have been reached recently in maize. It is concluded that the best avenue to a sustainable increase of agricultural production in low-input agricultural systems is through locally based breeding programs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022846
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    Different properties of the inward rectifying potassium conductance of aleurone protoplasts from dormant and non-dormant barley grains (1996)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 18 (1996), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: dormancy ; aleurone ; inward rectifying K+ channels ; potassium ; patch-clamp ; barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Isogenic dormant and non-dormant barley grains provide a useful system to study the molecular mechanisms of grain dormancy and the role of plant hormones in this process. As ion fluxes are associated with dormancy-related plant hormone responses, we compared the properties of the inward rectifying potassium conductance in aleurone protoplasts isolated from dormant and non-dormant Triumph grains and in germinating Himalaya grains. Maximal conductance, voltage dependency of steady-state activation, activation and deactivation kinetics were studied in the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration. Activation and deactivation time courses were single exponential. No differences in the above described properties were found between the protoplasts isolated from non-dormant Triumph and Himalaya grains. However, the maximal conductance (corrected for cell size) in protoplasts from dormant Triumph grains was much smaller (65%), and activation time constants were much larger as compared to protoplasts from non-dormant grains. No differences were found in the deactivation kinetics in the three different types of protoplasts. The half-maximal activation potential was slightly more negative in protoplasts from dormant grains than from non-dormant grains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028495
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    The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) of Sardinia, Italy (1996)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 43 (1996), S. 385-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: H. vulgare ; barley ; landraces ; germplasm ; biodiversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since ancient times, barley has been an important food resource for the people of Sardinia. The oldest traces of its cultivation are from the mid-Neolithic (fourth millennium B.C.). Archaeological, historical and anthropological aspects of barley cultivated in Sardinia are discussed in this paper. We describe the traditional process for making barley bread (orgiathu) in Sardinia, where a special starter called ghimisone was prepared. Today, barley is cultivated only as animal feed, with two uses, grain yield and grazing. Many farmers prefer to grow local populations belonging to landrace locally known as “S' orgiu sardu”. Local Sardinian populations of barley evolved in diverse environments, being cultivated from sea-level up to 1000 m elevation, on various soil types at different intensities of abiotic stresses, and with climates and environments associated with various agricultural practices, depending both on production strategies and climatic conditions. These barley materials are thought to be valuable genetic and cultural inheritance which must be preserved and used for both productive and research purposes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123729
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    Inheritance of sensitivity to the insecticide diazinon in barley and the geographical distribution of sensitive varieties (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 297-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; diazinon ; genetic markers ; geographical distribution ; Hordeum vulgare ; insecticide ; linkage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A total of 5,560 barley varieties collected from the world was tested for the sensitivity to an organophosphorous insecticide, diazinon. Among them, 708 (12.7%) varieties were sensitive to diazinon. The sensitive/insensitive reaction was clear when 1,000–2,000ppm diazinon solution was sprayed onto the young seedlings at low temperature. The sprayed leaves of the sensitive varieties wilted and failed to recover, while the succeeding leaves were normal and appeared to be unharmed although the vigor was reduced. Diazinon sensitivity was controlled by a dominant gene, named Diz, and it was located on chromosome 1 in an order of br-Diz-gl-5-n. The sensitive varieties were distributed mainly in the western part of the world, and none of the local varieties east of Nepal was sensitive to diazinon. Thus, Diz is a new and effective marker gene for studying the phylogeny of barley.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022285
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    Inheritance and geographical distribution of phenol reaction-less varieties of barley (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 90 (1996), S. 217-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; genetic markers ; geographical distribution ; Hordeum vulgare ; linkage ; phenol reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The reaction of spikes and grains of barley to phenol was investigated using 8,849 cultivated and 349 wild accessions collected from the world. The pericarp and hull of the grain were stained dark brown by a 1% phenol solution and the reaction of awn was sharpest. Phenol reaction was controlled by a dominant gene, named Phr (phenol reaction) which was located on chromosome 2. All the wild strains of various Hordeum species showed a positive reaction to phenol indicating it was the prototype of the trait. Only 51 accessions of cultivated barley showed negative reaction to phenol. They were distributed along the so-called ‘Silk-road’ and the type of variety was limited suggesting that it was a rather new mutation which occurred in the Middle East. Synteny of the chromosome region involving the phenol reaction gene in some gramineous plants was discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023861
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    ITS regions highly conserved in cultivated barleys (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 90 (1996), S. 233-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: internal transcribed spacers ; sequence diversity ; Hordeum vulgare ; barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Searching for DNA sequences variable enough to detect substitutions at the level of cultivars, the internal transcribed spacer regions, ITS1 and ITS2, of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced from ten cultivated varieties of barley, Hordeum vulgare L. However, all sequences were identical, and also identical to a previously published sequence from an unnamed variety.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023863
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    Variation for resistance to Puccinia hordei in Ethiopian barley landraces (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 90 (1996), S. 365-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; barley leaf rust ; Puccinia hordei ; landraces ; major-gene resistance ; partial resistance ; multiline principle ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Up to 100 single plant derived lines of 18 Ethiopian barley landraces were evaluated for infection type in the seedling and adult plant stage, and for latent period in the adult plant stage only. A low infection type indicates the presence of race-specific resistance genes of the hypersensitive type, while the latent period is the major component of the polygenic, partial resistance. In the seedling stage 1721 of these single plant derived landrace lines were assessed for infection type against two barley leaf rust races. In the adult plant stage 1227 from these 1721 lines were evaluated for infection type against one race. In the seedling stage 2 (against race 1-2-1) and 29 against race A) out of the 1721 lines showed an infection type lower than 6–7 on the 0 to 9 scale. In the adult plant stage none of the 1227 lines had an infection type lower than 6–7 against race 1-2-1. The variation between and within the landraces for latent period in the adult plant stage was large. Some landraces such as landrace 212845 showed a highly significant and longer mean latent period than most other landraces. Virtually all plants in all landraces carry at least some partial resistance. The near-absence of race-specific, major, resistance genes and the high frequency of moderate levels of partial resistance indicates that the durability of leaf rust resistance in Ethiopian barley landraces is due to the latter type of resistance, and that the multiline principle does not operate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027489
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    Molecular adaptation of barley to cold and drought conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 215-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; cold-acclimation ; cold-regulated genes ; dehydration induced genes ; drought stress ; desiccation ; hardening ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Molecular adaptation to cold and drought involves a series of biochemical and molecular changes leading plants to improve their winter hardiness or drought resistance. We are interested to study the molecular basis of cold acclimation and drought response of barley to survive under stress. Several genes regulated by low temperatures and sometimes by drought have been isolated from the barley genome. In this review the most significant results of our recent work will be presented and discussed. The protein encoded by cDNA clone pt59 and induced in barley by cold was over-expressed in E. coli to produce the matching antibody, which in vivo recognizes a cold-induced protein of 14 kDa (COR14). The COR14 is stored in amounts only slightly greater in the cold resistant ‘Onice’ than in the susceptible ‘Gitane’, although the former has a higher induction-temperature threshold of COR14 than the latter. This fact is an evolutionary advantage enabling the resistant varieties in the field to prepare for the cold well ahead of the susceptible ones. Two other cDNA clones, paf93 and cdr29, are regulated by low temperature and drought stress but not by exogenous ABA treatment. Indeed during the early stage of dehydration, the mRNAs are expressed before the induction of known ABA regulated genes such as dehydrins and when only a small increase occurs in ABA content. The sequence analysis revealed that paf93 encodes for a protein homologous to the cold-regulated protein COR47 of Arabidopsis, whereas cdr29 represents a plant gene homologous to yeast and mammalian sequences coding for acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022847
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    RFLP mapping of a gene in barley conferring resistance to net blotch (Pyrenophora teres) (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; distorted segregation ; doubled haploids ; Hordeum vulgare ; net blotch ; PCR ; Pyrenophora teres ; STS marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A progeny consisting of 283 anther-derived doubled haploid barley lines from a cross between the winter cultivars lgri (resistant) and Franka (susceptible) was tested for resistance to Pyrenophora teres. A single, dominant gene was detected and tagged by a series of closely linked RFLP markers located in the proximal portion of the long arm of chromosome 3, close to the centromere. Due to the unknown allelic relationship of this gene to another resistance gene previously assigned to chromosome 3, the preliminary designation Pt,,a is proposed. For marker assisted selection RFLP probe cMWG680, which maps 0.8 cM distal to the gene, was converted into a sequence tagged site marker.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021075
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    Utilization of exotic germplasm in Nordic barley breeding and its consequences for adaptation (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 267-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; agronomic performance ; barley ; breeding populations ; Hordeum vulgare ; exotic germplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Utilization of exotic germplasm is one way to broaden genetic variation in breeding populations. This approach has recently been adopted in Sweden and Finland, where experimental barley populations has been established for research and pre-breeding purposes. The aim of the project is threefold: (1) to increase overall genetic diversity of Nordic barley breeding material; (2) to develop breeding material which possesses a high level of resistance for various barley diseases; and (3) to study effects of exotic germplasm on adaptation and agronomic performance. Both the Finnish and the Swedish barley populations include the same exotic material i.e. unadapted landraces from different parts of Asia and wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) accessions. Locally adapted high-yielding barley lines were included in the populations. The establishment of these populations involved six crossing generations in order to promote recombination and enhance the break-up of linkage blocks. The paper discusses the third aim of the project. Studies on agronomic performance and adaptation showed that (1) agronomically valuable genotypes can be constructed through recombination using exotic germplasm for Nordic conditions, (2) that incorporation of exotic material is most successful when made in a local genetic base and (3) that exotic germplasm has an effect on adaptation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022854
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    Exotic barley germplasms in breeding for resistance to soil-borne viruses (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 275-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare s.l. ; barley ; soil-borne yellow mosaic inducing viruses (BaMMV, BaYMV, BaYMV-2) ; resistance ; germplasm ; genetic analysis ; molecular techniques (RFLP, RAPD)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil-borne mosaic inducing viruses, i.e., barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV), barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), and BaYMV-2, cause one of the most important diseases of winter barley in Western Europe. Since resistance of all commercial European barley cultivars is due to a single recessive gene (ym4) which is not effective against BaYMV-2, exotic barley germplasms (Hordeum vulgare L., H. spontaneum Koch) were screened for resistance to the different viruses and analyzed for genetic diversity concerning BaMMV resistance. In these studies it turned out that resistance to BaMMV is entirely inherited recessively and that a high degree of genetic diversity concerning resistance is present within the barley gene pool at least to BaMMV. Therefore, exotic barley germplasms are a very useful source for the incorporation of different resistance genes into barley breeding lines, thereby enabling the breeder to create cultivars adapted to cultivation in the growing area of fields infested by soil-borne viruses. Furthermore, in order to obtain more information on these germplasms they were evaluated for agronomic traits and isozyme, RFLP and RAPD analyses were carried out on these varieties to detect markers linked to the respective resistance genes and to obtain information on the genetic similarity between yellow mosaic resistant barley accessions derived from different parts of the world. Actual results of these studies are briefly reviewed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022855
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    Aluminium/silicon interactions in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 89-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; barley ; higher plant ; silicon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of seedlings of the monocot Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Bronze to 0,25 and 50 μM aluminium in factorial combination with 0, 1.4, 2.0 and 2.8 mM Si was tested in hydroponic culture at pH 4.5. Nutrient solution (500 μM calcium nitrate) and Al/Si treatments were designed to avoid the precipitation of Al from solution. Silicon treatments gave significant amelioration of the toxic effects of Al on root and shoot growth and restored calcium levels in roots and shoots at harvest to levels approaching those of control plants. Aluminium uptake by roots was also significantly diminished in the presence of Si. Silicon alone gave a slight stimulation of growth, insufficient to explain its ameliorative effect on Al toxicity. The mechanism of the Si effect on Al toxicity in monocotyledons awaits further investigation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00155521
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    Effects of black locust on productivity and nitrogen nutrition of intercropped barley (1995)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 29 (1995), S. 239-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: black locust ; barley ; intercropping ; N2-fixation ; mulch ; crop yield ; N content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) on productivity and N nutrition of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were evaluated under various management regimes (2 soil types, 3 levels of N fertilizer, and 3 cropping systems — barley alone, and barley intercropped with trees pruned or unpruned). Intercropping did not affect productivity and N nutrition of barley in 1988 when trees were small. However, there was a significant yield decline in 1989 as the trees grew bigger. On average, productivity of the sole crop was 8% higher in both soil types. Pruning and mulching moderated the yield reduction compared with the unpruned treatment. Competition for soil moisture was considered a major constraint. Nonetheless, the overall productivity (barley+black locust) from the intercropped treatments was 53% higher than sole cropping. In 1989 and 1990, intercropped barley had significantly higher grain and straw N concentrations (%). In 1989, for example, grain N content was 11% higher than in the sole crop. Removal of trees in 1990 resulted in significant increase in productivity and N content of subsequent barley crop relative to continuous sole cropping. From N nutrition viewpoint, barley from previously intercropped treatments showed superior quality and it had, on average, 23% higher grain N content than the sole crop. This was attributed to N2-fixation and N return by black locust. It was estimated that black locust contributed about 36 kg N ha−1 to the system. This study underscores the role black locust is potentially capable of playing in the development of sustainable and low-input agricultural systems in temperate regions. Nonetheless, the study also illustrates the importance of the below and above-ground interactions that occur in intercropped systems and the need for further research in this area.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704871
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    Moisture and fertility interactions in a potted poplar-barley intercropping (1995)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 29 (1995), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: intercropping ; poplar ; barley ; moisture ; nutrients ; interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Through proper design and management of a tree-based intercropping system, ‘competitive’ interactions can be reduced and ‘complementary’ interactions promoted so that tree and crop components maximize sharing of resource pools. In this experiment, main and interaction effects of three levels of soil moisture (15 KPa, 15–50 KPa and 15–300 KPa) and three levels of soil N (35, 70 and 140 kg N ha−1), on growth, development and yield of intercropped poplar (Populus spp.) clone DN 177 and barley (Hordeum vulgare, var. OAC Kippen), were investigated in a potted greenhouse experiment. Barley growth and development and grain yield were significantly (p〈0.05) affected by the levels of soil moisture and N tested but, growth and development of poplar was not. Moisture and N levels contributed their maximum effect to final grain yield when the other was presented in adequate quantities. However, the treatment combination of highest levels of moisture and N did not significantly affect the grain yield when compared to the combination of medium levels of moisture and N. It appears therefore that an increase in the level of moisture and N beyond an optimum level is not likely to significantly affect final grain yield or above ground biomass. There was no difference in the final grain yield or other parameters between the monocropped and intercropped barley, suggesting that poplar did not compete for moisture or N with barley. The total aboveground biomass produced per pot in the intercropped system was 14% higher than in the monocropped system. As there was no difference in the final grain yield, the tree intercropped treatment has an advantage over monocropped systems in terms of resource utilization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704874
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    The accumulation of glycinebetaine during cold acclimation in early and late cultivars of barley (1995)
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    Euphytica 83 (1995), S. 247-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; cold acclimation ; glycinebetaine ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Barley plants are able to accumulate glycinebetaine (betaine) at high levels in their leaves in response not only to water and salt stress but also to cold stress. Such accumulation of betaine during acclimation to cold is associated to some extent with freezing tolerance in leaves of barley plants, as previously demonstrated with near-isogenic lines that differed only in a single gene for the spring type of growth habit (Plant, Cell and Enyironment 17: 89–95, 1994). We now present evidence that the levels of betaine accumulated during cold acclimation might be associated with the earliness or lateness of the maturity of cultivars, namely, that late cultivars accumulate more betaine than early cultivars. Moreover, the grade of the vermalization requirement of the cultivars seemed unlikely to be associated with the level of betaine acumulated during cold acclimation. However, the trait that controlled accumulation of betaine during cold acclimation was not linked with the earliness or lateness of the maturity of cultivars. The higher levels of betaine in the late cultivars might have resulted from co-selection for lateness of maturity and freezing tolerance, which is generally a requirement in the areas of Japan where such late cultivars were originally cultivated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01678137
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    Variation for crossability in a reciprocal, interspecific cross involvingHordeum vulgare andH. lechleri (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 84 (1995), S. 183-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; Hordeum lechleri ; interspecific hybridization ; seed set ; crossability ; plant establishment ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Several crossing series including the hexaploid (2n=6x=42), South American speciesHordeum lechleri and diploid (2n=2x=14) cultivated barley (H. vulgare) were performed. Barley functioned better as the paternal than as the maternal parent in all cases. Viable offspring were only obtained from one hybrid combination when barley was used as the maternal parent. There was an environmental influence on the success of crosses. A high seed set was counteracted by a lower germination frequency. The outcome is that different crossing series give similar results. As a result of chromosome elimination and in a few cases duplication of especially the barley chromosomes, the chromosome numbers of the offspring (239 plants) varied from 2n=21 (trihaploids ofH. lechleri) to 2n=30. Fifty-five % of the plants were euploid with the number expected for a hybrid (2n=28). The frequency of hyperploids, euploids, hypoploids (2n=22–27) and trihaploids varied by year, locality, type (winter/spring) of barley,H. lechleri population, and crossing direction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01681810
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    Variation in developmental patterns of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum L.) and cultivated barley (H. vulgare L.) (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 82 (1995), S. 105-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: apex development ; culm elongation ; Hordeum spontaneum ; leaf number ; spikelet initiation ; thermal ; time ; Hordeum vulgare ; barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Six wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) accessions, from a diverse range of habitats, and two spring-cultivated barleys, were examined for variation in durations of development phases. The durations of the leaf initiation and spikelet initiation phases were longer and spikelet growth phases shorter, in wild than in cultivated barley. Across all wild and cultivated barleys the rate and duration of spikelet initiation were negatively correlated, but neither was related to the number of spikelets per spike. The number of spikelets was positively correlated with the number of leaves and the ratio of the number of spikelets to the number of leaves declined with increasing time to anthesis, indicating that each successive leaf was associated with a diminishing increase in the number of spikelets. The duration of culm elongation and final culm length were shorter in accessions of cultivated barley compared with wild barley. This paper also discusses the feasibility for increasing the number of spikelets per spike through breeding for genetic changes in lengths of pre-anthesis phases of development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027056
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  • 82
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    Seminal root morphology and coleoptile length in wild (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) and cultivated (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) barley (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 86 (1995), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; seminal roots ; coleoptile length ; Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum ; landraces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Under drought conditions seminal roots may be more important than nodal roots and plants often reach maturity growing with their seminal roots only. This study was conducted to assess the differences, at an early stage of development, for seminal root characteristics and coleoptile length in three groups of barley germplasm: H. spontaneum, landraces, and modern cultivars. H. spontaneum had an average of three seminal root axes, always less than modern varieties and landraces, intermediate maximum seminal root length, and total root length similar to that of modern germplasm. Landraces did not differ from modern cultivars for number of seminal root axes, but they had the longest seminal root system. Modern cultivars had several short seminal roots. The results suggest that landraces have a more vigorous seminal root system than modern cultivars. Both landraces and H. spontaneum are important genetic resources which may contribute to specific adaptation of barley to moisture-stressed environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035941
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    Genes for resistance in barley to Finnish isolates of Rhynchosporium secalis (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1995), S. 295-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; scald ; Rhynchosporium secalis ; resistance ; Hordeum vulgare
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty Finnish isolates of Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) J.J. Davis, the causal agent of scald, were taken from infected barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants and inoculated on to seedlings of a differential series of barley containing a range of major genes for resistance to the fungus, as well as on to six Nordic 6-row spring barleys and three winter ryes (Secale cereale L.). These fungal isolates derived from four sites and three host varieties. Disease development was monitored on two leaves of seedlings in the greenhouse employing a standard scale, and on adult plants in the field by assessing the diseased area on the three uppermost leaves. A comparison was also made between the pathogenicity and virulence of ten Finnish and ten Canadian R. secalis isolates. The Finnish isolates varied in virulence, but with the exception of Algerian (CI 1179) seedlings and adult La Mesita (CI 7565) all seedlings and adult plants of the entire differential series were resistant to all isolates. Canadian isolates were, on average, less virulent than Finnish isolates. All the Nordic checks were susceptible to all Finnish and seven Canadian isolates, but differences in the degree of susceptibility were evident. Isolates of R. secalis from barley were non-pathogenic on rye, isolates from Elymus repens L. were non-pathogenic on barley and rye, and isolates from rye were only pathogenic on rye. Finnish R. secalis isolates contain no redundant pathogenic diversity. The differential series represents a useful, but as yet untapped, source of resistance to R. secalis for Finnish barley breeders.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037111
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    The genetic basis of scald resistance in western Canadian barley cultivars (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1995), S. 367-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: marker-assisted selection ; genetics ; barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; scald ; Rhynchosporium secalis ; Canada
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The genetic basis of resistance to scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) within barley breeding populations is poorly understood. The design of effective genetically based resistance strategies is predicated on knowledge of the identity of the resistance genes carried by potential parents. The resistance exhibited by a broad selection of western Canadian barley lines was investigated by evaluating their reactions to five R. secalis isolates. Results were compared to the resistance exhibited by previously characterized lines. This comparison, combined with pedigree analysis indicated that there are two different resistance genes present inwwestern Canadian cultivars. These genes were shown to be independent through analysis of a segregating population derived from a cross between Falcon and CDC Silky. This evidence, along with observed linkage of the gene in CDC Silky with an allele specific amplicon developed for a Rhynchosporium secalis resistance locus on chromosome 3, provides evidence that the gene in Falcon is the Rh2 gene derived from Atlas, and the gene (s) in CDC Silky is located within the Rh/Rh3/Rh4 cluster and is similar to the Rh gene in Hudson.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037121
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    Effect of glutathione on dormancy breakage in barley seeds (1995)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 16 (1995), S. 55-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: barley ; dormancy breakage ; glutathione ; hydrogen peroxide ; seed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A striking relation has been shown between the increase of glutathione levels during dormancy breakage of barley seeds and the induction of germination by exogenous glutathione. These findings suggested that glutathione may play a crucial role in dormancy breakage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040507
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  • 86
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    Development ofgusA reporter gene constructs for cereal transformation: Availability of plant transformation vectors from the CAMBIA Molecular Genetic Resource Service (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 1 (1995), S. 27-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: reporter genes ; expression vectors ; cereal transformation ; β-glucuronidase ; wheat ; barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The use of reporter genes to characterise sequence elements that act to regulate gene expression in transgenic plants has been vital to the development of foreign gene expression strategies for use in cereal transformation. ThegusA locus ofEscherichia coli, which encodes the enzymeβ-glucuronidase (GUS), is by far the most popular reporter gene used in plant transformation. In this paper we extend the utility of the GUS reporter gene system in cereal transformation by describing and evaluating a number of novel constructs suitable for use in direct gene transfer experiments. These plasmids are all available from the Molecular Genetic Resource Service of the Center for the Application of Molecular Biology to International Agriculture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01682087
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    A consensus linkage map of barley (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 1 (1995), S. 389-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; RFLP ; consensus map
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A consensus linkage map of the barley genome was constructed. The map is based on six doubled haploid and one F2 population. The mapping data for three of the doubled haploid populations was obtained via the GrainGenes database. To allow merger of the maps, only RFLP markers that produce a single scorable band were included. Although this reduced the available markers by about half, the resultant map contains a total of 587 markers including 87 of known function. As expected, gene order was highly conserved between maps and all but two discrepancies were found in closely linked markers and are likely to result from the small population sizes used for some maps. The consensus map allows the rapid localisation of markers between published maps and should facilitate the selection of markers for high-density mapping in defined regions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01248416
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    Identification of bacterial leaf streak of cereals by their phenotypic characteristics and host range in Iran (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 101 (1995), S. 225-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Xanthomonas campestris pv.hordei ; pv.cerealis ; wheat ; barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forty-four bacterial isolates were obtained from infected wheat, barley and various grasses from different regions of Iran. All isolates were bacteriologically similar toXanthomonas campestris and some of their physiological and biochemical features can be useful for a primary differentiation between them. Depending on their pathogenicity, the isolates were split into two groups; the wheat group isolated from wheat, barley and grasses could infect artificially wheat, barley, rye,Agropyron elongatum, Bromus inermis, andLolium multiflorum but not oat, whereas the barley group obtained from cultivated or wild barley was pathogenic to barley only. From their bacteriological characteristics and host range, the barley and the wheat group isolated were identified asX. campestris pvs.hordei andcerealis, respectively.Aegilops sp.,Sclerochloa dura, andHeteranthelium sp. were, for the first time, shown to be hosts ofX. c. pv.cerealis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874778
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    Evaluation of various methods for the detection of barley yellow dwarf virus by the tissue-blot immunoassay and its use for virus detection in cereals inoculated at different growth stages (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; oat ; Avena sativa ; barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; serology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Various modifications of the tissue-blot immunoassay (TBIA) for the detection of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV, luteovirus) were compared. Similar results were obtained by using three different labelled molecules; goat anti-rabbit antibodies conjugated to alkaline phosphatase, protein A conjugated with alkaline phosphatase and goat anti-rabbit antibodies conjugated with colloidal gold. Blocking the nitrocellulose membrane with polyvinyl alcohol for 1 min was effective and allowed the procedure to be shortened by one hour. TBIA was sensitive enough to detect BYDV in old dry tissue wich had been soaked in water for 1 h. BYDV was monitored by TBIA in wheat, oat and barley after inoculation at heading, flowering and grain filling growth stages. The later the inoculation date, the greater the chance of detecting the virus in stem bases rather than in the upper part of the stem. The later the inoculation the less virus moved, from the inoculated tiller to other tillers of the same plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01871967
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    Microscale fumigation-extraction and substrate-induced respiration methods for measuring microbial biomass in barley rhizosphere (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 162 (1994), S. 151-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; FE method ; microbial biomass ; ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen ; rhizosphere ; SIR respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes in microbial biomass in the rhizosphere of young barley seedlings was studied. A fumigation-extraction (FE) method with measurement of ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen (NR-N) and a substrate-induced respiration (SIR) method were applied on a microscale to rhizosphere soil samples of approximately 0.1 g. Rhizosphere soil was defined as the soil adhering to the roots when they were carefully separated from the bulk soil. The rhizosphere soil was gently washed off the roots with either distilled water (FE) or with glucose solution (SIR). Shaking and mild sonication was used to disperse the soil without disrupting the roots. Fumigation was carried out by direct addition of liquid chloroform to the isolated soil. These techniques were proven to give reliable results under the experimental conditions of this investigation. Rhizosphere soil was isolated from segments of the roots representing different distances to the seed different root ages. In the rhizosphere of young barley seedlings, biomass NR-N increased significantly compared to the bulk soil from day 6 after sowing (average increases of 33–97%), especially where adventitious roots had developed. From this time, SIR rates were also significantly higher in the rhizosphere than in bulk soil (average increases 72–170%). The average ratio of SIR rate to biomass NR-N was found to be approximately 50% higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil, which may indicate that a larger fraction of the microbial community is potentially active in the rhizosphere as compared to the bulk soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01347701
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    The availability of soil boron fractions to olive trees and barley and their relationships to soil properties (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 162 (1994), S. 211-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: available boron ; barley ; boron fractions ; olive trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil boron occurring in various forms was correlated with boron contents in the leaves of olive trees in 51 and in barley leaves in 20 soils. The amounts of boron: in soil solution (CwsB), non specifically adsorbed (NsaB), specifically adsorbed (SaB), occluded in Mn oxides (MnoB), occluded in amorphous Fe-Al oxyhydroxides (FeoB), were correlated with soil properties such as: organic matter content, pH, free aluminum and iron oxyhydroxides (Ald, Fed), amorphous aluminum and iron oxyhydroxides (Alo, Feo). The later correlation studies were conducted on a total number of 153 soil samples inclusive of the soils used for the plant uptake investigations. The results show that the boron contents in the leaves of olive trees were significantly correlated with FeoB, CwsB, SaB and MnoB but with CwsB, NsaB, SaB and FeoB in barley leaves. The respective correlation coefficients suggest that available forms of soil boron vary with plant species. The hot water soluble boron was significantly correlated with all the fractions of boron studied except MnoB, confirming its value as a measure of available soil boron. However, the non significant (a=0.05) correlation with MnoB, which show significant correlation with the contents in the leaves of olive trees and barley, suggest that this procedure does not extract significant amounts of available B held in Mn oxyhydroxides. The highest amount of CwsB originated from the Cws B and to a lesser degree from the SaB and NsaB. The correlation among the boron held in the forms studied and the selected soil properties were either no significant or significant with the highest correlation found between FeoB and pH and Feo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01347708
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    Pre-germination effects on mechanically impeded root growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 163 (1994), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; root growth ; penetrometer ; seed germination ; seed vigour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of conditions pre-dating germination on growth rate of impeded barley cv. Harrington roots were measured using an agar-capillary tube technique. Seedling root tips were directed into glass capillary tubes twothirds filled with agar at eight concentrations ranging from 1.6 to 9.6%, equivalent to penetrometer resistances of 25 to 1240 kPa. The rate of unrestricted root elongation (growth in air) of seed stored for 13 months (old seed), and of seed grown for a second generation without subsequent storage (new seed) was compared with growth in agar over a 24-hour interval. Root elongation rate of old and new seed was identical in the absence of resistance. At low to intermediate agar concentrations, elongation was significantly slower in roots from old, compared with new seed. At high agar concentrations root growth of old and new seed was the same. In both old and new seed, root growth through agar was greater in seed that germinated after 24, compared with 48 h. Differences in impeded root growth between old and new seed were lost in progeny of the test seed. Environmental factors that pre-date germination are an important influence on the ability of seedling roots to elongate through soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007968
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    Is the isotopically exchangeable phosphate of a loamy soil the plant-available P? (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 158 (1994), S. 287-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizae ; available P ; barley ; Glomus intraradices ; soil solution ; 32P uptake ; P uptake ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study compared the validity of using the isotopically exchangeable phosphorus (P) as an accurate measurement of plant available P by comparing the specific activity of P, i.e. the 32P/31P ratio, in soil solution (Ss) against the specific activity of P in plants (Sp) growing in a loamy soil after applying a 32P-labelled fertilizer (NaH2PO42H2O) at different rates (F) and specific activities (Sf). Non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal (Glomus intraradices) plants of two species (soybean and barley) were grown in greenhouse experiments. Ss values were determined on 1:10 soil suspension after periods of incubation ranged from 1 min to 35 d. At a given rate of P application, the Sp values of both non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal soybean and barley did not show significant difference although the plant P uptake varied 18 fold for all the (crop species × mycorrhizal infection) treatments over soil solution P values ranging from 0.02 to 5.46 mg P L-1 (0.6–176 μM). Ss values decreased with time and reached a steady state after 35 d of equilibration period. Both Sp/Sf and Ss/Sf increased with applied P and there is a 1:1 correspondence between Sp/Sf and Ss/Sf values. The identity between the isotopic composition of both P in soil solution and in plant indicates that the isotopically exchangeable P (E=F(Sf/Ss−1)) is the only source of phosphate in solid soil phase which replenishes P of the soil solution after P has been removed by the plant, i.e. the only source of P which participates in plant nutrition. The isotopically exchangeable P of a loamy soil is the P available to growing plants and mycorrhizal fungi increases the P uptake giving plants wider access to isotopically exchangeable P in soil, and not making previously non-exchangeable P available. An immediate application of the 1:1 correspondence between a soil parameter (Ss/Sf) and a plant parameter (Sp/Sf) concerns the agronomic evaluation of P fertilizers.
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    Enrichment of some B-vitamins in plants with application of organic fertilizers (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 305-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; cyanocobalamin ; dung ; manure ; organic fertilizer ; spinach ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A review of the literature showed that plants grown with organic fertilizers often contain higher concentrations of vitamins B1 (thiamin) and B12 (cyanocobalamin) as compared with plants grown with inorganic fertilizers. Since plant roots were recently shown to be able to absorb B1 and B12, it was thus suspected that organic fertilizers (such as manure of diverse sources or sewage sludges which often contain relatively high concentrations of several vitamins) introduce additional vitamins into the soil which in turn leads to increased vitamins in the plants. This possibility was studied by measuring the B12 content in the seeds of soybean and barley and in the leaves of spinach plants grown in soils amended with pure B12 or cow dung (which is naturally rich in B12). The addition of pure B12 or cow dung did not alter the B12 content in the soybean seeds but significantly increased that in the barley kernels and in the spinach leaves. For example, the addition of cow dung at the rate of 10 g kg−1 increased the B12 content in barley kernels by more than threefold (from 2.6 to 9.1 ng g−1 DW) and in spinach leaves by close to twofold (from 6.9 to 17.8 ng g−1 DW). Long-term addition of organic fertilizers to the soil also significantly increased the soil content of this vitamin. Since plants cannot synthesize B12 and thus plant foods are normally fully devoid of (or have very low concentrations of) this vitamin, the finding that plants grown with organic fertilizers may contain relatively higher concentrations of this vitamin may have nutritional consequences in that the consumption of these plants by humans would inadvertently increase their intake of this vitamin. This may be of special benefit to people living by choice or by necessity on strict vegetarian diets who are known to be in danger of B12 deficiency.
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    Exotic barley germplasm: variation and effects on agronomic traits in complex crosses (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 79 (1994), S. 127-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: allozyme ; exotic germplasm ; genetic resources ; Hordeum vulgare ; Hordeum spontaneum ; barley ; introgression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Utilization of exotic germplasm offers an approach to broaden genetic variability in breeding populations. This study was conducted in order to 1) compare germplasm of exotic origin with adapted Swedish barleys with respect to genetic differences and 2) to evaluate how exotic material affected agronomic performance in complex crosses. Allozyme studies showed the following Nei's gene diversities among parents: 0.13 (adapted parents), 0.16 (landraces) and 0.25 (H. spontaneum). Cluster analysis indicated that parental groups were genetically divergent. Earliness, straw length, number of ears per plant and thousand kernel weight (TKW) were studied. Variation in agronomic traits showed the following pattern: landraces 〉 H. spontaneum 〉 adapted lines. The best sources for earliness were adapted parents and landraces. Mean straw length was greatest in H. spontaneum lines. Number of ears per plant was quite similar in all groups. The highest TKW was among landraces and adapted parents. Hybrids from the complex crossing programme exceeded parents in earliness and TKW. An index composed from the four traits showed the most favorable frequency distributions for adapted parents and hybrids. Both genetic and agronomic studies indicate that new valuable variation from exotic germplasm may be introduced into barley breeding material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023584
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    Evaluation of the use of a model rhizodeposition technique to separate root and microbial respiration in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 89-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; glucose ; microbial respiration ; pulse-labelling ; rhizodeposition ; root respiration ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model rhizodeposition technique to estimate the root and microbial components of 14C soil/root respiration in pulse-labelling experiments is described. The method involves the injection of model rhizodeposits, consisting of 14C-labelled glucose, root extract or root cell wall material, into the rooted soil of an unlabelled plant, simultaneously with the pulse-labelling of a separate but similar plant with 14CO2. In a growth chamber experiment with 30 day old wheat and barley the contribution of direct root respiration to 14C soil/root respiration over a 26 day period after labelling was estimated 89–95%. Estimates of direct root respiration in field-grown wheat and barley at different development stages in most cases accounted for at least 75% of 14C soil/root respiration over a 21 day period after labelling. The mineralization rate of injected 14C-glucose was positively correlated with the concentration of glucose-C established in soil. The use of the method in rhizosphere carbon budget estimations is evaluated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009966
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    Redox transformations and plant uptake of selenium resulting from root-soil interactions (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 158 (1994), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid soils ; ascorbic acid ; barley ; gallic acid ; manganese oxides ; oxidation-reduction ; rhizosphere ; root exudates ; selenium ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Batch studies were conducted with Mn oxides (birnessite-hausmannite mixture, BHM) and samples of four soil series from the Mid-Atlantic region of the USA to determine effects of reducing organic acids, similar to those found in the rhizosphere, on the SeO3/SeO4 distribution. Jackland (Typic Hapludalf), Myersville (Ultic Hapludalf), Christiana (Aeric Paleaquult), and Evesboro (Typic Quartizipsamment) A and B horizon soil samples with and without prior Mn oxide reduction were incubated aerobically for 10 d with 0.1 mmol kg-1 SeO3 and 0 or 25 mmol kg-1 of ascorbic acid, gallic acid, oxalic acid, or citric acid. Selenite was also added to BHM (10 mmol kg-1) with 0 or 0.1 mmol kg-1 ascorbic acid. The availability of Se for plant uptake as a result of root-soil interactions was examined using growth chamber studies with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings grown in 150-mL cone-shaped containers to maximize root-soil surface interactions and to create ‘rhizosphere’ soil throughout the root zone. In the BHM system ascorbic acid increased oxidation of SeO3 to SeO4 to 33% of added SeO3. In the presence of ascorbic and gallic acids and Mn oxides, oxidation of SeO3 to SeO4 occurred in the B horizons of all the soils and in the A horizons of Jackland and Myersville soils. Removal of Mn oxides decreased the oxidation in some samples. Wheat and barley plants were able to accumulate up to 20 μmol Se kg-1 from the Jackland soil when soluble Se was not measurable. The root-soil interactions in the Jackland soil with barley and wheat provided the plant with Se from insoluble sources. The results also indicate that Mn oxides coming in contact with reducing root exudates have a greater ability to oxidize SeO3 to SeO4. Thus, rhizosphere processes play an important role in the availability of Se for plant uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007911
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  • 98
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    Losses of14C from roots of pulse-labelled wheat and barley during washing from soil (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 166 (1994), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; 14C ; pulse-labelling ; roots ; washing losses ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In crop carbon budget studies losses of root material during storage and washing of samples may cause considerable errors. To correct data from field experiments where rhizosphere C fluxes in wheat and barley were determined by14C pulse-labelling at different development stages, experiments were performed to quantify losses of14C from roots during washing. Losses of14C from wheat roots grown on nutrient solution and stored in different ways, decreased from on average 45% of total14C content 8 days after labelling to 27% after 21 days. This decrease was probably related to the incorporation of14C into structural compounds. During washing of oven-dried soil cores of held-grown wheat and barley 3 weeks after labelling, different size classes of losses of14C from the roots increased substantially with the development stage of the crop at labelling. The 0.3–0.6 mm size class increased from 5% of the14C in roots 〉 0.3 mm in young plants to 25% at ripening, and the 〈 0.3 mm size class increased from 8 to 41% of total14C content. The latter size class was, however, determined by washing handpicked roots and may therefore partly consist of adhering exudates, mucilages and microorganisms. The effect of development stage on root washing losses was attributed to root senescence which increases the fragility of roots. Thus, especially at the rate development stages root washing losses caused a severe underestimation of the root14C content. However, with these results the14C distribution patterns of the field experiments could be adequately corrected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185485
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    The effect of temperature on seed set and embryo development in reciprocal crosses of wheat and barley (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; intergeneric hybridization ; influence of temperature ; embryo development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of temperature on seed set and embryo development in reciprocal crosses of barley and wheat was assessed in crosses involving two spring barley varieties (Betzes, Martonvásári 50) and one wheat variety (Chinese Spring). Detached tillers placed in nutrient solution were pollinated in controlled environments at constant day-night temperature regimes (12, 15, 18 and 21° C) with a light intensity of 30,000 lux and a relative humidity of 80%. When barley was used as the female, lower temperatures (12 and 15° C) produced the maximum seed set, whereas for the reciprocal cross, the highest temperature (21° C) produced the best seed set in the Chinese Spring × Betzes combination. Low temperature retarded the embryo development. The highest numbers of hybrid plants were produced at 18° C and 21° C in the barley × wheat cross and in the wheat × barley cross, respectively. Embryos of about 1.5 mm length in the barley × wheat cross, and of about 1.0 mm length in the wheat × barley cross germinated successfully. The smallest embryo giving rise to hybrid plants was 0.57 mm in the barley × wheat cross and 0.51 mm in the wheat × barley cross.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021397
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Resistance to Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum and in hybrids with H. vulgare subsp. vulgare (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 97-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Rhopalosiphum padi ; Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum ; resistance ; selection ; breeding ; barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Accessions of Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum, the progenitor of cultivated barley, were screened in field and glasshouse trials for resistance to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. A few selected lines were furthermore hybridized with a modern barley variety and the resulting populations evaluated. High levels of resistance were found among some of the ‘spontaneum’ accessions resulting in lower aphid growth rates (maximum reduction 57%). Segregation patterns among siblings in F2 populations were continuous, indicating the presence of several genes with possibly additive effects. The usefulness of H. vulgare subsp. spontaneum for breeding aphid resistant barley is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021403
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