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  • Articles  (98)
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  • 1
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    Can plate motion surveys by Global Positioning System measurements be considered as an alert system (2003)
    Springer
    In:  Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 37, no. 16, pp. 495-502, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Plate tectonics ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Geodesy ; Stress ; Strain ; Seismicity ; Kueppers ; Kuppers
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial diversity and activity of disturbed soil in the northern Chihuahuan Desert (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microorganisms ; Diversity ; Activity ; Grazing ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of intense grazing, seasonal drought, and fire on soil microbial diversity (substrate utilization) and activity in a northern Chihuahuan Desert grassland were measured in summer 1997, winter 1998, and spring 1998. Intense livestock grazing was initiated in winter 1995, burning occurred in August 1994, and drought stresses were imposed from October 1994 to June 1997. Microbial diversity was inferred from the carbon substrate utilization patterns in both gram (+) and gram (–) Biolog plates. Microbial activity was estimated by the activity of selected enzymes. Neither microbial diversity nor activity was affected by grazing. The interaction of intense grazing and stress sub-treatments only occurred in spring for one set of diversity measurements. The maximum microbial diversity and activity occurred in the winter-drought-stress sub-plots in summer and spring. Burning reduced microbial diversity and most enzyme activities as compared to the control in summer and spring. Microbial diversity was also lower in summer-drought-stress sub-plots than in the control in summer and spring. Microbial diversity was highest in summer, intermediate in winter, and lowest in spring. Microbial activity was generally higher in summer and lower in winter. It was concluded that substrate availability was the most important factor affecting the diversity and activity of soil microorganisms within a season. Soil moisture was not the factor causing differences in microbial diversity and activity among the stress treatments, but it was a predictor for some microbial responses under a particular stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000242
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular thermal telemetry of free-ranging adult Drosophila melanogaster (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 123 (2000), S. 460-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words  Drosophila ; Stress ; Temperature ; Thermal environment ; Transgenic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The expression of two temperature-sensitive reporter genes, hsp70 and an hsp70-LacZ fusion, in free-ranging adult Drosophila melanogaster indicates that natural thermal stress experienced by such small and mobile insects may be either infrequent or not severe. Levels of the heat-shock protein Hsp70, the major inducible Hsp of Drosophila, were similar in most wild Droso- phila captured after warm days to levels previously reported for unstressed flies in the laboratory. In a transgenic strain transformed with an hsp70-LacZ fusion (i.e., the structural gene encoding bacterial β-galactosidase under control of a heat shock promoter), exposure to temperatures ≥32°C in the laboratory typically resulted in β-galactosidase activities exceeding 140 mOD450 h–1µg–1 soluble protein. Flies caged in sun frequently had β-galactosidase activities in excess of this level, whereas flies caged in shade and flies released and recaptured on cool days did not. Most flies (〉80%) released on warm, sunny days had low β-galactosidase activities upon recapture. Although the balance of recaptured flies had elevated β-galactosidase activities on these days, their β-galactosidase activities were 〈50% of levels for flies caged in direct sunlight or exposed to laboratory heat shock. These data suggest that even on warm days most flies may avoid thermal stress, presumably through microhabitat selection, but that a minority of adult D. melanogaster undergo mild thermal stress in nature. Both temperature-sensitive reporter genes, however, are limited in their ability to infer thermal stress and demonstrate its absence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420000334
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An In Vitro Study of the Hinge and Near-Field Forward Flow Dynamics of the St. Jude Medical® Regent™ Bileaflet Mechanical Heart Valve (2000)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 28 (2000), S. 524-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Bileaflet mechanical heart valve ; Hinge ; Thrombosis ; Laser Doppler velocimetry ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The most widely implanted prosthetic valve is the mechanical bileaflet. Recent clinical experiences suggest that some designs are more prone to thromboembolic episodes than others. This study evaluated the hinge flow and near-field forward flow of the new St. Jude Medical® Regent™ bileaflet mechanical heart valve. Laser Doppler velocimetry measurements were conducted within the hinge and near-field forward flow regions of the Regent™ valve. These pulsatile flow velocity measurements were animated in time to visualize the flow fields throughout the cardiac cycle. During forward flow, a recirculation region developed in the inflow pocket of the Regent™ hinge but was subsequently abolished by strong backflow during valve closure. Leakage velocities in the hinge region reached 0.72 m/s and Reynolds shear stresses reached 2,600 dyn/cm2. Velocities in the near-field region were highest in the lateral orifice jet, reaching 2.1 m/s. Small regions of separated flow were observed adjacent to the hinge region. Leaflet motion through the Regent™ hinge creates a washout pattern which restricts the persistence of stagnation zones in its hinge. Based upon the results of these studies, the hematological performance of the Regent™ series should be at least equivalent to the performance of the Standard series. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8719Uv, 8780-y, 8719Hh
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1114/1.297
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress-induced expression of cyclophilins in proembryonic masses of Digitalis lanata does not protect against freezing/thawing stress (1999)
    Springer
    Planta 208 (1999), S. 599-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words: Abscisic acid ; Cyclophilin ; Digitalis ; Jasmonic acid ; Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase ; Proembryonic mass ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Using proembryonic masses (PEMs) of Digitalis lanata Erh., it was demonstrated that cold, hormonal or osmotic stress, which increased freezing tolerance during cryopreservation, induced an increasing level of two peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans-isomerases (PPIases). The difference in pI (9.2 ± 0.2 and 9.5 ± 0.2, ±SD; n = 3) allowed the separation of the two enzymes by free-flow isoelectrophoresis. Both were inhibited by cyclosporin A and thus belong to the cyclophilin family of PPIases. The enzymes differed slightly in their substrate specificity and their relative molecular masses of 18038 ± 4 Da (D. lanataCyp18.0) and 18132 ± 3 Da (D. lanataCyp18.1). Both cyclophilins were blocked N-terminally. Partial internal amino acid sequences from the two cyclophilins, with a length of 34 amino acids, displayed 82% sequence identity to each other. Pretreatment of PEMs with abscisic acid, sorbitol or a combination of both substances led to a 270 ± 30% elevation of the total cytosolic cyclophilin concentration determined with a cyclophylin affinity sensor. During the first 4 d of pretreatment, the total PPIase activity was enhanced up to 230 ± SD% compared with the control culture. The lag phase between maximal PPIase concentration after 4 d of pretreatment and maximal effect of freezing tolerance after 10 d of pretreatment indicated that increasing levels of cytosolic PPIases may be necessary to overcome the stress induced by hormones and osmotica during pretreatment but not to protect against freezing/thawing stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050598
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of laser heated iron using third generation synchrotron X-ray radiation facility with imaging plate at high pressures (1999)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 26 (1999), S. 539-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Keywords: Key words Iron ; High pressure and temperature ; Phase transition ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Iron pressurized to 60 gigapascal (GPa) was heated with laser up to temperatures of over 2200 K. The structural changes were determined in-situ using third generation synchrotron X-ray source; the changes were recorded on an imaging plate with a monochromatic beam. The results strongly support the existence of a phase transformation of the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure to the new polymorph (β-phase of iron) at high pressure and temperature. We interpret the X-ray data as belonging to the double hexagonal close-packed (dhcp) structure distorted by stress due to laser heating.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002690050217
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corticotropin-releasing hormone-immunopositive nerve elements in apposition to chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone I-containing perikarya in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) brain (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 223-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Double-label immunohistochemistry ; Chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone I ; Corticotropin-releasing hormone ; Reproduction ; Stress ; Japanese quail ; Coturnixcoturnixjaponica (Aves)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The neuroanatomic basis of how stress inhibits reproduction in birds is not understood. To address this question we used double-label immunofluorescence histochemistry to determine whether corticotropin- releasing hormone (CRH)-immunoreactive (ir) neuronal elements contact chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone I (cGnRH I)-ir somata in brains of Japanese quail. The double-label system used a sheep anti-cGnRH I primary antibody with a secondary antibody conjugated to dichlorotriazinylaminofluorescein dihydrochloride for green fluorescence and a rabbit anti-CRH antibody with a secondary conjugated to Texas Red for red fluorescence. Immunhistochemical (IHC) distribution of both peptides resembled that in previous reports using single-label IHC. In four areas of the quail brain in which CRH nerve fibers and cGnRH I somata co-occurred (bed nucleus commissural pallii, nucleus preopticus medialis, nucleus septalis lateralis and nucleus accumbens), numerous instances were found of CRH-ir nerve fibers or terminals in apposition to cGnRH I cell bodies. These interactions provide a potential neuroanatomic route by which CRH may directly inhibit the activity of cGnRH-I-containing neurons, thereby inhibiting gonadotropin output and halting or slowing the progression of reproductive cycles. It remains to be demonstrated by electron microscopy whether these interactions, which appear abundant by IHC, represent instances of synaptic contact, as has been demonstrated to occur in analogous areas in mammalian species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410051350
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress distributions and failure types of curved laminated veneer lumber for use in furniture under loading (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of wood science 45 (1999), S. 134-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1611-4663
    Keywords: Fast-growing species ; Curved LVL ; Load ; Stress ; Failure type
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract To control reliably the suitable use of curved laminated veneer lumber (LVL) as a structural member of furniture, stress distributions and failure types of curved LVL made from massion pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) and fast-growing poplar (Populus euramericana CV. I.) were investigated under end-pull, end-thrust, and transverse loading. The results are summarized as follows: In curved LVL of two wood species, absolute values of the maximum axial stress (σ A) occurring at the convex surface are smaller than those (σ B) that occurred at the concave surface. The differences between these values decrease with an increase in the radius of curvature. With end-pull loading, there were mainly splitting failures at glue lines near the centroidal axis. With end-thrust loading, there were more fibrous fractures on the tensile side and crushing failures on the compression side. With transverse loading, curved specimens of massion pine exhibited mainly splitting failures. In contrast, for curved LVL of fast-growing poplar, fibrous fractures occurred mainly on the tensile side. Absolute values ofσ A andσ B significantly increased with an increase in the radius of curvature. In contrast, absolute values of the maximum radial stress (σ R,) decreased with an increase in the radius of curvature. Absolute values ofσ A,σ B, andσ R of curved LVL of massion pine were larger under end-thrust loading than under end-pull and transverse loading. Conversely, absolute values ofσ A andσ B of curved LVL of fast-growing poplar were small under end-thrust loading. However, absolute values ofσ A andσ B of curved LVL of two wood species under end-pull loading were almost similar to those under transverse loading.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01192330
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacteria tolerant to organic solvents (1998)
    Springer
    Extremophiles 2 (1998), S. 229-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-4909
    Keywords: Key words Solvent-tolerant bacteria ; Adaptation ; Resistance ; Toxicity ; Log P ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The toxic effects that organic solvents have on whole cells is an important drawback in the application of these solvents in environmental biotechnology and in the production of fine chemicals by whole-cell biotransformations. Hydrophobic organic solvents, such as toluene, are toxic for living organisms because they accumulate in and disrupt cell membranes. The toxicity of a compound correlates with the logarithm of its partition coefficient with octanol and water (log P ow). Substances with a log P ow value between 1 and 5 are, in general, toxic for whole cells. However, in recent years different bacterial strains have been isolated and characterized that can adapt to the presence of organic solvents. These strains grow in the presence of a second phase of solvents previously believed to be lethal. Different mechanisms contributing to the solvent tolerance of these strains have been found. Alterations in the composition of the cytoplasmic and outer membrane have been described. These adaptations suppress the effects of the solvents on the membrane stability or limit the rate of diffusion into the membrane. Furthermore, changes in the rate of the biosynthesis of the phospholipids were reported to accelerate repair processes. In addition to these adaptation mechanisms compensating the toxic effect of the organic solvents, mechanisms do exist that actively decrease the amount of the toxic solvent in the cells. An efflux system actively decreasing the amount of solvents in the cell has been described recently. We review here the current knowledge about exceptional strains that can grow in the presence of toxic solvents and the mechanisms responsible for their survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007920050065
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variations in maturation strains and root shape in root systems of Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) (1998)
    Springer
    Trees 12 (1998), S. 334-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Radial growth ; Strain ; Wood ; Stress ; Pinus pinaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  In order to determine if different types of wood were being laid down in the root system of Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait), in response to wind loading, longitudinal residual maturation strains (LRMS), indicating the existence of mechanical stress in developing wood cells, were measured in the trunk and lateral roots. Two age groups of trees (5- and 13-year- old) were compared. LRMS were greater in the trunk and roots of 13-year-old trees than in 5-year-old trees. This phenomenon may be due to increased competition between older trees. LRMS in leeward roots of both age-groups were positive i.e. the wood cells had developed under compression, as also occurs in reaction wood of gymnosperms. As leeward roots are placed under compression during tree sway, an abnormal type of wood may form in the roots in order to counteract the increased stress. In other roots, the strains were negative i.e. the cells had developed under tension, as occurs in normal wood. In the roots of younger trees, LRMS were also positive nearer the stem, thus indicating that wood formation may also be influenced by bending stresses experienced in this zone. In addition to LRMS measurements, radial growth in roots was examined in order to determine the influence of mechanical loading on secondary growth. In older trees, there was a significant increase of 34% in woody growth below the biological centre, compared to that above. This eccentricity is unlike that found in most other tree species, where secondary growth is usually greater on the upper side of the root. However, Maritime pine has a tap root, which will alter the pattern of stress within the root system. Under wind loading, a concentration of mechanical stress will develop at the bases of the stem, lateral roots and tap root.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009720
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The manganese superoxide dismutase from the penicillin producer Penicillium chrysogenum (1998)
    Springer
    Current genetics 33 (1998), S. 387-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Superoxide radical ; Oxygen ; Oxidative damage ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase has been studied in order to define mechanisms for the influence of oxygen on penicillin production. Manganese-containing SOD activity was purified from penicillin-producing cultures of the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum and reverse genetics was used to identify full-length cDNA and genomic clones. Sequence analysis revealed a 630-bp ORF containing three exons and two introns with fungal consensus splice-site junctions. The deduced amino-acid sequence (210 amino acids; 23.13 kDa) includes conserved residues required for enzymatic activity and metal binding, and shares significant similarity with Mn- and Fe-containing superoxide dismutases. The sod gene is present as a single copy in the genome of different P. chrysogenum strains and its expression level is not correlated with penicillin-G productivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002940050351
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Signaling via cAMP in fungi: interconnections with mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 170 (1998), S. 395-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Signal transduction ; Fungi ; Stress ; Virulence ; Sexual development ; Mating ; Appressorium ; Dimorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cAMP signal transduction pathway controls a wide variety of processes in fungi. For example, considerable progress has been made in describing the involvement of cAMP pathway components in the control of morphogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ustilago maydis, and Magnaporthe grisea. These morphological processes include the establishment of filamentous growth in S. cerevisiae and U. maydis, and the differentiation of an appressorial infection structure in M. grisea. The discovery that appressorium formation requires cAMP signaling provides an immediate connection to fungal virulence. This connection may have broader implications among fungal pathogens because recent work indicates that cAMP signaling controls the expression of virulence traits in the human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. In this fungus, cAMP also influences mating, as has been found for Schizosaccharomyces pombe and as may occur in U. maydis. Finally, cAMP and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways appear to function coordinately to control the response of certain fungi, e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, to environmental stress. There are clues that interconnections between these pathways may be common in the control of many fungal processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050659
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  • 13
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    An in vitro molecular study of the Nicotiana tabacum L. genome in the presence or absence of the herbicide atrazine (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 242-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Nicotiana tabacum L. ; Atrazine ; Somaclonal variation ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Nicotiana tabacum L. somaclones both selected and not selected for tolerance to the triazine herbicide atrazine were used to compare tissue culture-induced variability in the presence or absence of stress. Two types of repeated sequences (rDNA and a randomly cloned, anonymous sequence) were analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively, and overall genome variation was assessed by RAPDs. Multiplicity differences were found for the two sequences both between the tolerant and susceptible group and within each group with respect to leaf DNA, but no qualitative differences were detected with either RFLPs or RAPDs. Moreover, we investigated whether stressinduced variation in the atrazine target gene, the chloroplast psbA gene, was responsible for herbicide tolerance by analysing two possible resistance mechanisms: the presence of a specific point mutation in the gene and its amplification and/or increased expression. Some somaclones were shown to be a mosaic for psbA gene mutation, but the number of cells or plastid genomes involved seemed too low to account for tolerance in the whole tissue. Atrazine tolerance could then be due to an increase in the number of plastids/plastid genomes or/and to a permanent response to respiration inhibition whose basis is, up to now, unknown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050733
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  • 14
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    Cluttered habitats reduce wing asymmetry and increase flight performance in European starlings (1998)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 42 (1998), S. 281-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Fluctuating asymmetry ; Stress ; Structural complexity ; Starling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fluctuating asymmetry is a measure of developmental instability and results from both genomic and environmental influences. Levels of asymmetry are (in part) influenced by mechanical constraints, as asymmetry is believed to reduce efficiency. Here we have investigated the influence of habitat structure (“open” and “cluttered” environments) on primary flight feather asymmetry and flight performance in European starlings. Our findings indicate that the increased flight demands of cluttered habitats act to reduce primary asymmetry and increase flight performance. These data are discussed in terms of the influence of asymmetry on flight performance and the mechanisms that give rise to asymmetry. This study also presents a novel method, i.e., examining within-individual changes in asymmetry, by which the detrimental and positive influence of the environment could be studied in subsequent field and laboratory studies without confounding environmental effects with genomic influences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050440
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  • 15
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    Cloning and expression analyses of AtMRP4, a novel MRP-like gene from Arabidopsis thaliana (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 258 (1998), S. 655-662 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsArabidopsis thaliana ; Glutathione-conjugate pump ; Stress ; Xenobiotic detoxification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In all organisms glutathione-conjugate transporters (GS-X pumps) mediate the detoxification of a number of xenobiotics by removing them from the cytosol. In addition, GS-X pumps appear to play a role in the processing of endogenous compounds. We have isolated a novel genomic clone from Arabidopsis thaliana that encodes a putative GS-X pump, AtMRP4, which is part of a recently defined gene family. The derived amino acid sequence shares high levels of similarity (55–63%) with human, yeast, and other Arabidopsis homologues. The expression of the different members of the AtMRP gene family in Arabidopsis cell suspensions after treatment with chemicals that modify glutathione metabolism (compounds that induce different types of stress and that act as herbicide antidotes – safeners – in monocotyledonous species) revealed that the members of this gene family are differentially regulated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050779
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  • 16
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    Catecholamine release in heat-stressed Antarctic fish causes proton extrusion by the red cells (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 168 (1998), S. 345-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Key words Antarctic ; Catecholamines ; Nototheniid ; Red cell swelling ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two species of Antarctic fish were stressed by moving them from seawater at −1 °C to seawater at 10 °C and holding them for a period of 10 min. The active cryopelagic species Pagothenia borchgrevinki maintained heart rate while in the benthic species Trematomus bernacchii there was an increase in heart rate. Blood pressure did not change in either species. Both species released catecholamines into the circulation as a consequence of the stress. P. borchgrevinki released the greater amounts, having mean plasma concentrations of 177 ± 54 nmol · l−1 noradrenaline and 263 ± 131 nmol · l−1 adrenaline at 10 min. Plasma noradrenaline concentrations rose to 47 ± 14 nmol · l−1 and adrenaline to 73 ± 28 nmol · l−1 in T. bernacchii. Blood from P. borchgrevinki was tonometered in the presence of isoprenaline. A fall in extracellular pH suggests the presence of a Na+/H+ antiporter on the red cell membrane, the first demonstration of this in an Antarctic fish. Treatment with the β-adrenergic antagonist drug sotalol inhibited swelling of red blood cells taken from temperature-stressed P. borchgrevinki, suggesting that the antiporter responds to endogenous catecholamines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003600050153
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  • 17
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    Stress Variations in the Human Aortic Root and Valve: The Role of Anatomic Asymmetry (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 26 (1998), S. 534-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Aortic valve ; Aortic root ; Stress ; Strain ; Finite element ; Asymmetry ; Stress variations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The asymmetry of the aortic valve and aortic root may influence their biomechanics, yet was not considered in previous valve models. This study developed an anatomically representative model to evaluate the regional stresses of the valve within the root environment. A finite-element model was created from magnetic-resonance images of nine human valve–root specimens, carefully preserving their asymmetry. Regional thicknesses and anisotropic material properties were assigned to higher-order elastic shell elements representing the valve and root. After diastolic pressurization, peak principal stresses were evaluated for the right, left, and noncoronary leaflets and root walls. Valve stresses were highest in the noncoronary leaflet (538 kPa vs right 473 kPa vs left 410 kPa); peak stresses were located at the free margin and belly near the coaptation surfaces (averages 537 and 482 kPa for all leaflets, respectively). Right and noncoronary sinus stresses were 21% and 10% greater than the left sinus. In all sinuses, stresses near the annulus were higher than near the sinotubular junction. Stresses vary across the valve and root, likely due to their inherent morphologic asymmetry and stress sharing. These factors may influence bioprosthetic valve durability and the incidence of isolated sinus dilatation. © 1998 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC98: 8745Bp, 8710+e, 0270Dh
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1114/1.122
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  • 18
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    Increased moth herbivory associated with environmental stress of pinyon pine at local and regional levels (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 109 (1997), S. 389-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Dioryctria albovittella ; Herbivory ; Pinus edulis ; Stress ; Vigor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Using 6 years of observational and experimental data, we examined the hypothesis that water and nutrient stress increase the susceptibility of pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) to the stem- and cone-boring moth (Dioryctria albovittella). At two geographic levels, a local scale of 550 km2 and a regional scale of 10,000 km2, moth herbivory was strongly correlated with an edaphic stress gradient. At a local scale, from the cinder soils of Sunset Crater to nearby sandy-loam soils, nine of ten soil macro- and micronutrients, and soil water content were lowest in cinder-dominated soils. Herbivore damage was six times greater on trees growing in the most water and nutrient deficient site at Sunset Crater compared to sites with well-developed soils. Percentage silt-clay content of soil, which was highly positively correlated with soil nutrient and soil moisture at a local scale, accounted for 56% of the variation in herbivory at a regional scale among 22 sites. Within and across sites, increased stem resin flow was positively associated with reduced moth attack. On the basis of moth distribution across a stress gradient, we predicted that pinyons growing in highly stressful environments would show increased resistance to herbivores if supplemented with water and/or nutrients. We conducted a 6-year experiment at a high-stress site where individual trees received water only, fertilizer only, and water + fertilizer. Relative to control trees, stem growth and resin flow increased in all three treatments, but only significantly in the water + fertilizer treatment. Although there was no significant difference in herbivore damage among these three treatments, there was an overall reduction in herbivore damage on all treatment trees combined, compared to control trees. This experiment suggests that release from stress leads to increased resistance to insect attack and is consistent with our observational data. While other studies have predicted that short-term stress will result in herbivore outbreaks, our studies extend this prediction to chronically stressed host populations. Finally, while flush-feeders are not predicted to respond positively to stressed host plants, we found a positive association between herbivore attack and stressed pinyon populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050098
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    Monoamine receptors in the prefrontal cortex of Tupaia belangeri during chronic psychosocial stress (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Alpha2-adrenoceptor ; Beta-adrenoceptor ; 5HT1A receptor ; Stress ; Desensitisation ; Tree shrew ; Tupaia belangeri (Scandentia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The prefrontal cortex has been reported to be involved in the regulation of emotional behaviour by integrating cognitive, emotional and autonomic information processes, and impairments of its functions are implicated in psychopathologies such as depression. Neuronal functioning in the prefrontal cortex is under the control of the noradrenergic and the serotonergic system which are both activated during stress. The present study aimed to quantify the effect of chronic psychosocial stress on alpha2-adrenoceptors, beta-adrenoceptors, and serotonin1A receptors in the prefrontal cortex. Male tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) were subjected to subordination stress for 2, 10, 21 and 28 days, and binding sites for the alpha2-adrenergic antagonists 3H-rauwolscine and 3H-RX821002, for the beta-adrenergic antagonist 125I-iodocyanopindolol, and for the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT)1A receptor agonist 3H-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin were quantified by in vitro receptor autoradiography. Chronic psychosocial stress induced time-dependent receptor down- and upregulations. Beta-adrenoceptors were transiently reduced in numbers after just 2 days of psychosocial stress which is interpreted as agonist-mediated downregulation induced by high local concentrations of noradrenaline released from terminals originating from the locus coeruleus. Alpha2-adrenoceptors were transiently downregulated after 10 days, and upregulated after 28 days of psychosocial stress. These data indicate that the noradrenergic system adapts to the stress by counterbalancing its receptor numbers. 5HT1A receptors were only downregulated after 28 days of psychosocial stress, and thus react later than the noradrenergic receptors. In summary, our results show that monoaminergic receptors in the prefrontal cortex of tree shrews undergo dynamic changes during chronic psychosocial stress. These alterations probably have an impact on neuronal activity, and might contribute to the behavioural changes which have been previously described in subordinate male tree shrews.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050787
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    Female biological resiliency: Differential stress response by sex in human remains from ancient Nubia (1997)
    Springer
    Human evolution 12 (1997), S. 241-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Nutrition ; Growth ; Stress ; Sex Differences ; Nubia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This research presents male-female differences in stress response evidenced in human remains from the Medieval site of Kulubnarti in Sudanese Nubia. This analysis is unique in that a direct comparison of subadult males and females is rarely possible using archaeological remains. Rather, such analyses invariably rely on evidence of subadult differences retained in adult (sexable) skeletons. In the case of Kulubnarti, natural mummification has made it possible to measure sex-specific differences among subadults as well as adults following five avenues of investigation: 1) mortality, 2) growth and development, 3) enamel hypoplasia, 4) cribra orbitalia, and 5) cortical bone maintenance. A comparison of mean life expectancy (eox) values for males and females aged 10–55+ years revealed a consistent pattern of greater female survivorship, particularly in childhood (age 10 category) where female life expectancy exceeds that of males by 19%. Measures of growth and development, enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, and cortical bone loss were subsequently used to test a hypothesis of greater female resiliency based on the mortality data. Male-female differences in skeletal maturation are pronounced with male skeletal ages averaging a significant 2.9 years below their dental age. Females show no significant differences with an average skeletal age 0.75 years ahead of dental age. Males begin hypoplasia formation one year earlier than females and, prior to age four, average 18% more hypoplasias (p〈0.05). Also, by age 8, males have on average more than twice the frequency of cribra orbitalia (p〈0.05). In contrast to their consistent pattern of reduced childhood stress, adult females lose significantly more cortical bone than their male counterparts and have less cortical bone across the adult age range. Nevertheless, females outnumber males of all ages with a sex-ratio below but parallel to that observed in modern populations. The rapid age-related reduction in males relative to females, even in old age, suggests a continuing female resiliency in spite of their greater rate of osteopenia and may reflect a reproductive advantage to the population through heightened female survival and adaptability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02438178
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    Seismic observations at an overstep of the western North Anatolian Fault (Abant–Sapanca region, Turkey) (1997)
    Springer
    Geologische Rundschau 86 (1997), S. 93-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Neotectonics ; Seismicity ; Fault-plane solution ; Stress ; Coda Q ; Earthquake ; Micro-earthquake ; Fault ; Pull-apart basin ; Overstep ; Strike slip ; North Anatolian Fault ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The course of the active North Anatolian Fault system from Lake Abant to Lake Sapanca was traced by its high micro-earthquake activity. If approaching from the east this section includes a broad south to north overstep (fault offset) of the main fault. Local seismicity has been recorded in this area by a semi-permanent network of 8 stations since 1985 within the frame of the Turkish–German Joint Project for Earthquake Research. The effect of the overstep and its complex fracture kinematics are reflected by the seismicity distribution, the variations of composite fault-plane solutions, and by the spatial coda-Q distribution. Areas of different stress orientation can be distinguished and assigned to different groups of faults. The stresses and the tectonic pattern only in part correspond to a simple model of an extensional overstep and its correlative pull-apart basin. Other types of deformation involved are characterized by normal faulting on faults parallel to the general course of the main strike-slip fault and by synthetic strike-slip faults oriented similar to Riedel shears. Shear deformation by this fault group widely distributed in an area north and east of the main fault line may play an important role in the evolution of the overstep. The development of a pull-apart basin is inhibited along the eastern half of the overstep and compatibility of both strands of the main fault (Bolu–Lake Abant and Lake Sapanca– Izmit–Marmara Sea) seems to be achieved with the aid of the fault systems mentioned. The extension of the missing part of the pull-apart basin seems to be displaced to positions remote from the Lake Abant–Lake Sapanca main fault line, i.e. to the Akyaz℩–Düzce basin tract. Highest Q-values (lowest attenuation of seismic waves) were found in the zone of highest seismicity north and west of the overstep which is the zone of strongest horizontal tension. If high coda-Q is an indicator for strong scattering of seismic waves it might be related to extensional opening of fractures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310050124
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    Geophysik (1997)
    Springer
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Handbuch zur Erkundung des Untergrundes von Deponien und Altlasten hrsg. von der Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Heidelberg, Springer, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 81-92, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997
    Keywords: Applied geophysics ; environment ; waste ; disposal ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Geoelectrics ; Gravimetry, Gravitation ; RADAR ; Borehole geophys. ; Physical properties of rocks ; Handbook of geophysics ; Knodel
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
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    Synthesis and modification of trifunctional epoxy resin with amine terminated polydimethyl siloxanes for semiconductor encapsulation application (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of polymer research 3 (1996), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8935
    Keywords: Triglycidyl ether of tri(hydroxyphenyl)methane (TETM) ; Amine terminated polydimethyl siloxane (ATPDMS) ; Stress ; Flexural modulus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Epoxy resins based on the triglycidyl ether of tris(hydroxyphenyl)methane (TETM) possess a very high heat distortion temperature and superior thermal oxidative stability over other types of epoxy resins. The high performance trifunctional epoxy resin (TETM) was synthesized by the condensation of a hydroxybenzaldehyde with phenol followed by epoxidation with a halohydrin. The structure of the synthesized TETM was confirmed by infrared (IR), mass spectra (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Amine terminated polydimethylsiloxanes (ATPDMS) were used to reduce the stress of trifunctional epoxy resin cured with phenolic novolac resin for electronic encapsulation applications. The dispersed silicone rubbers effectively reduce the stress of cured epoxy resins by reducing the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and flexural modulus, while the glass transition temperature (Tg) is depressed by only a small amount.
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    Response of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal Arachis hypogaea to NaCl and acid stress (1996)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 6 (1996), S. 145-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Glomus caledonium ; Peanut ; Acid ; Salt ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The response of peanut to salt (NaCl) and acid (HCl) stress was studied in association with Glomus caledonium, an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus. The plants were exposed to salt stress by irrigation on alternate days with 1% or 5% NaCl solutions, or with 0.1 N HCl to induce acid stress. Plant yield almost tripled in mycorrhizal plants compared with nonmycorrhizal control plants. AM inoculation significantly increased plant yield and biomass at 1% NaCl, while at 5% NaCl AM was less effective in alleviating salt stress. Percentage AM colonization was also lowest at 5% NaCl. AM inoculation was found to promote the establishment of peanut plants under acid stress conditions.
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    Intraspecific variation in the resistance to flooding and drought in populations of Paspalum dilatatum from different topographic positions (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 108 (1996), S. 279-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Drought ; Flooding ; Intraspecific variation ; Stress ; Paspalum dilatatum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many studies have analysed plant responses to flooding or drought separately, without addressing the relations between plant resistance to each of these factors. In this paper, we compare the responses to drought and flooding under glasshouse conditions of three populations of Paspalum dilatatum, a perennial C4 grass dominant at different positions along a topographic gradient in the flooding pampa of Argentina. Our results showed that flooding effects on yield were negative on an upland, null on an intermediate, and positive on a lowland population, whereas drought reduced yield equally across populations, showing that resistance to flooding was not related to resistance to drought at a population level. Drought decreased height and aerenchyma, and increased the proportion of roots, while flooding had opposite effects on these traits. The responses of the single clones that made up each population showed a positive relation between the resistances to both factors: along the ecocline formed by 58 clones, those more resistant to drought were also more resistant to flooding. In addition, the combined resistance of each clone to both factors was negatively related to yield at field capacity, (i.e. the most resistant clones were less productive) and unrelated to the proportion of roots and aerenchyma. This result agrees with predictions of Grime's plant strategy theory and differs from a few previous studies, which showed negative relations between the resistances to flooding and drought among genera and species.
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    Stress as the major signal controlling the developmental fate of tobacco microspores: towards a unified model of induction of microspore/pollen embryogenesis (1996)
    Springer
    Planta 200 (1996), S. 144-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Heat shock ; Microspore embryogenesis ; Nicotiana ; Pollen development ; Starvation ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Specific stress treatments (sucrose starvation, alone or combined with a heat shock) applied to isolated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) microspores irreversibly blocked normal gametophytic development and induced the formation of embryogenic cells, which developed subsequently into pollen-derived embryos by culture at 25°C in a sugar-containing medium. A cold shock at 4°C did not inhibit microspore maturation in vitro and did not induce cell division activity, even when combined with a starvation treatment. In the absence of sucrose, microspores isolated in the G1 phase of the cell cycle replicated their DNA and accumulated in G2. Late microspores underwent miotosis during the first day of culture which resulted in a mixed population of bicellular pollen grains and uninucleate microspores, both embryogenic. After the inductive stress treatments the origin of the first multicellular structures, formed in the sugar-containing medium, could be traced to divisions of the microspore cell or divisions of the vegetative cell of bicellular pollen, indicating that the symmetry of microspore mitosis in vitro is not important for embryogenic induction. These results represent a step forward towards a unified model of induction of embryogenesis from microspores/pollen which, within a relatively wide developmental window, are competent to deviate from normal gametophytic development and initiate the alternative sporophytic programme, in response to specific stress signals.
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    An assessment of the use of low-level aerobic swimming in promoting recovery from handling stress in rainbow trout (1996)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 4 (1996), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Aerobic swimming ; Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00140597
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    Export of β-1,3-glucanase from mutant rice cells rechallenged and stressed with lysine plus threonine (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 255-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rice ; β-1,3 glucanases ; Mutant ; Protein export ; Extracellular ; Cell culture ; Stress ; Pathogenesis-related
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mutant rice cells (Oryza sativa L.) grown in liquid suspension cultures exported greater quantities of protein and β-glucanases than controls. These mutants were isolated from anther calli resistant to 1 mM lysine plus threonine (LT), regenerated and reestablished as cell suspension cultures from seeds. Cellular protein levels are genetically conditioned, and the levels of extracellular proteins and enzyme activities are inversely related to that of the cellular portions. The rechallenge of cells with 1 mM LT inhibited the expression of both β-1,3-glucanases and β-1,4-glucosidases but had no significant effect upon the levels of chitinase activity. Mutant cells were more sensitive than controls to stress caused by exogenous LT. In general, under exogenous LT stress the mutant/control ratio for extracellular glucanases increased as the assay conditions were changed from a basic to an acidic pH. The specific activity of βglucanases was highest in media and lowest in cells. Both the mutant and control cells exported β-glucanases into the suspension medium, but the level of activity in media was greater in that in which the mutant was suspended. The export was probably modulated by the internal protein levels which were highest in mutant cells without LT. Seedlings from mutants with enhanced lysine also had enhanced acidic β-glucanase activity.
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    Serum haemolytic and agglutinating activity as indicators of fish immunocompetence: their suitability in stress and dietary studies (1996)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 4 (1996), S. 31-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Agglutinating activity ; Complement ; Haemolytic activity ; Immunocompetence ; Sea bream (Sparus aurata) ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, were subjected to different stressful situations and the haemolytic activity mediated by the alternative complement and the agglutinating serum activity were tested as indicators of immunocompetence. The results show that both parameters were significantly compromised after chronic or repeated acute stress as well as in groups fed with vitamin E or Ω3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) deficient diets and in infected fish. These results suggest that both haemolytic and agglutinating activity are suitable indicators for immunocompetence as they are non-specific responses induced by non-specific stressors. In addition, a comparison is performed with other immune indicators subjected to the same stressors.
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    Differential effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone on central dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 2 (1995), S. 50-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Stress ; Tuberoinfundibular dopamine neuron ; Frontal cortex ; Nucleus accumbens ; Pituitary, posterior and intermediate ; Median eminence ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Corticotropin-releasing hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) has been shown to be a central mediator for most, if not all, stress-induced responses. Since stressful stimuli may decrease hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular and tuberohypophysial dopaminergic neuronal activities, we aimed to determine whether CRH is involved. Using central administration of various doses of ovine CRH (oCRH; 1, 3 and 10 µg/rat) into the lateral cerebroventricle of either male or female rats, the neurochemical changes in various parts of the central nervous system, including the hypothalamus, were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography at various times after the injection (30, 60, 120 and 240 min). The concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylethyleneglycol (MHPG), two major metabolites of dopamine and norepinephrine, respectively, in discrete brain regions were used as indices for catecholaminergic neuron activity. Plasma corticosterone levels increased significantly after all doses of oCRH and at all time points studied. oCRH also exerted significant stimulatory effects on noradrenergic neuron terminals in the frontal cortex, and on dopaminergic neuron terminals in the nucleus accumbens, hypothalamic paraventricular and periventricular nuclei, and intermediate pituitary lobe. Dopaminergic neuron terminals in the median eminence and the neural lobe of the pituitary, however, were not affected. There was no major difference in the responses between male and female rats. We conclude that CRH has a differential effect on central catecholaminergic neurons.
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    Abscisic acid does not mediate NaCl-induced accumulation of 70-kDa subunit tonoplast H+ -ATPase message in tomato (1995)
    Springer
    Planta 197 (1995), S. 563-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: H+ ; ATPase ; Lycopersicon (salt stress) ; Mutant tomato (sitiens) ; Salinity ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract There is an increased accumulation of message for the catalytic (70-kDa) subunit of the tonoplast H+-ATPase in leaves of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants responding to NaCl. To determine if abscisic acid (ABA) mediates this response, message accumulation was examined in treatments designed to separate exposure to NaCl from increases in endogenous ABA. Under three different experimental conditions, salt-induced changes in the accumulation of 70-kDa message were unrelated to any change in endogenous ABA. The results were as follows: (i) under drought stress, plants accumulated levels of ABA similar to those measured in salt-treated plants; however, no increase in 70-kDa subunit message was observed; (ii) the ABA-deficient mutant sitiens exhibited an increased accumulation of message despite the absence of NaCl-induced accumulation of ABA; and (iii) the inhibitor of general isoprenoid biosynthesis, Lovastatin, blocked NaCl-induced accumulation of ABA but did not alter NaCl-induced accumulation of message. In addition to these three experimental responses, application of exogenous ABA increased endogenous ABA levels without any comparable increase in message accumulation. Based on these results, it is concluded that ABA does not mediate the NaCl-induced accumulation of 70-kDa subunit tonoplast H+ -ATPase message accumulation in tomato.
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    Nucleolar transformation in plants grown on clinostats (1995)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 185 (1995), S. 194-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Barley ; Nucleoli ; Proteins ; Roots ; Stress ; “Weightlessness”
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cells of carrot calli (Daucus carota L.) grown on clinostats (simulated weightlessness) exhibit increases in nucleolar number and volume. In clinostat-grown whole barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Steptoe), nucleoli in ∼70% of root meristem and root cortical cells in the 1 mm root apex exhibit multiple nodulations after one day of growth. The nucleolar nodules (1.1 μm mean diameter) are densely and finely fibrous, distinctly different from the nucleolus in which the content is so compact that the granular component is masked. Control nucleoli (from vertically rotated and stationary seedlings) rarely exhibit nodule-like protrusions, are not compact, and contain a well defined granular component. Proteins that are heat soluble, characteristic of many stress responses, rapidly increase in barley grown on clinostats. Barley growth on clinostats is slowly and steadily inhibited. There is no difference between vertically rotated and stationary controls for any of the parameters measured, indicating that clinostat motion per se does not affect significantly barley development. The evidence taken together suggests that barley plants germinated and grown on clinostats are stressed, the effects of which are expressed sequentially by alteration of nucleolar morphology, increased production of heat-soluble proteins, and decreased plant growth. Similar stress-related changes may be expected to occur in plants subjected to weightlessness during space flight. It is therefore of interest that nucleoli in wheat roots (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Broom) obtained from the space flight IML-1 mission show irregularity that is not observed in any of the ground controls for the flight experiment.
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    Effects of pressure overload on the passive mechanics of the rat left ventricle (1995)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 23 (1995), S. 152-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Heart ; Hypertrophy ; Myocardial material property ; Stress ; Strain ; Collagen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Both myocyte growth and changes in the extracellular matrix may affect the passive mechanics of the left ventricle (LV). Pressure-volume (PV) relationships and midwall two-dimensional strainsversus passive loading were measured in isolated rat hearts 2 and 6 weeks after ascending aortic banding. Collagen area fractions and perimysial fibril orientations were determined with picrosirius-polarization microscopy, and the equatorial region of the LV was modeled with finite element analysis of a transversely isotropic cylinder with the same material properties in hypertrophy and control. Compared with weight-matched shams, heart weight increased at 2 (19%) and 6 (22%) weeks, as did LV wall thickness (6% and 31%, respectively). The PV curve became less compliant with hypertrophy; only circumferential strain decreased after hypertrophy. Collagen area fractions were not different at either subendocardium or subepicardium (3.37±1.06versus 3.96±0.76 at 2 weeks and 3.61±1.30versus 4.22±1.50 at 6 weeks for banded and sham, respectively; subendocardium). Collagen and muscle fiber orientations also did not change with hypertrophy. The finite element model predicted trends in the strains similar to those found experimentally. Thus, in this model of pressure-overload hypertrophy, the decreases in compliance and circumferential strain of the passive LV are not due to changes in the percentage of extracellular matrix, but rather to global geometric changes.
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    The keyboard blues: Modern technology and the rights and risks of people at work (1995)
    Springer
    AI & society 9 (1995), S. 57-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Health and safety rights at work ; Health and safety risks ; UK occupational health provisions ; VDUs ; Modern technology ; Paced work ; Repetitive strain injury ; Stress ; Coping ; Control ; Division of labour ; Dualism ; Interpersonal relations ; Ethical imperative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Health and safety at work is a moral imperative, but the debates emphasise only the economic and legal sides. Drawing on case material from working with VDUs and other forms of modern technology it is shown that loss of control over their immediate work processes can be stressful and potentially harmful to responsible operators. Autonomy and freedom in work process control enhances the power that workers have to protect their health. It is suggested that unquestioned divisive and dualistic practices at workplaces are a potent and unnecessary reason for this problem.
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    Behavioral and adrenocortical responses of male cynomolgus and lion-tailed macaques to social stimulation and group formation (1995)
    Springer
    Primates 36 (1995), S. 41-56 
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    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Species differences ; Temperament ; Agonistic behavior ; Stress ; Group formation ; Cortisol ; Macaca silenus ; Macaca fascicularis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several recent studies indicate that primate species may differ in behavioral, and in some instances physiological, responses to social manipulations. These differences in response dispositions have been interpreted as being based on temperamental differences among species. This report extends previous comparative studies of macaques by describing behavioral contrasts observed between males of two macaque species, lion-tailed and cynomolgus macaques, in response to social manipulations. Males were exposed to a mirror, then visually exposed to conspecific neighbors in all pairwise combinations, and then formed into conspecific social groups. Urine samples were collected in the pairing and group formation conditions for cortisol assay. The cynomolgus demonstrated more affiliative behavior than the lion-tails in all conditions, while the lion-tails tended to exhibit more aggressive behavior. Following group formation cortisol values showed a decreasing trend in the cynomolgus, but not in the lion-tails. The cynomolgus rapidly adapted to group living and relations between them were primarily affiliative. In contrast, no affiliative behavior was ever observed in the lion-tail group, which appeared to be highly stressed by group living and was eventually disbanded.
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    Effects of magnesium deficiency on strength, mass, and composition of rat femur (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 44-49 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Stress ; Elasticity ; Mechanical properties ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Magnesium (Mg) participates in the normal formation and remodeling of bone. However, little is known about effects of Mg status on the biomechanical function of bone. We examined gross morphometry and composition as well as biomechanical properties of the femurs of male rats fed diets adequate or deficient in Mg. Comparison of deficient animals and controls yielded a number of differences (all significant at P〈0.05). Mg-depleted animals exhibited slow growth, inefficient food utilization, and greatly reduced concentrations of Mg in both serum and femur ash. Compared with controls, femurs from depleted animals were shorter, but wet weights, diameters, and midfemoral cross-sectional areas showed no differences. Bone length was reduced to a greater degree than could be accounted for by differences in body weights between the groups. Bones of Mg-deficient rats contained less dry matter and less ash (which contained more Ca/g) than those of controls, along with a higher percentage of moisture. Significantly reduced bone strength in depleted animals was evident from the lighter loads supported at the elastic limit (yield point) and at fracture and from decreased stresses accompanying those loads. Modulus of elasticity, however, was not affected by Mg depletion. Different yield and breaking loads were related to different body weights of groups, but stresses were reduced for deficient bones even after adjusting for body size. Our data establish abnormal biomechanical behavior of cortical bone in Mg-deficient animals and emphasize the importance of measuring such functional properties of bone in the assessment of responses to altered metabolic conditions under experimental conditions.
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    Ringing induces the accumulation of vegetative storage proteins in poplar bark (1994)
    Springer
    Trees 9 (1994), S. 88-92 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Bark ; Populus x euramericana ; Stress ; Vegetative storage proteins ; Wounding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Poplar branches were ringed in late spring to determine whether the interruption of the phloem flow could induce the accumulation of vegetative storage proteins (VSPs) in the bark of adult trees. Eight days after ringing, an increased deposition of starch as well as a premature rise in the soluble-protein level occurred in the bark tissues located 1 cm above the ring. Changes in the SDS-PAGE pattern of bark proteins were characterized by the accumulation of three polypeptides (32, 36 and 38 kDa), which exhibited the same molecular weight as VSPs described in poplar bark during winter, cross-reacted to antibodies raised against a poplar VSP, and bound to several lectins in the same way as poplar bark VSPs. These results indicate that during the vegetative period, ringing induces the accumulation of VSPs in the bark of poplar.
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    Spatial distribution of solutes, K, Na, Ca and their deposition rates in the growth zone of primary cotton roots: Effects of NaCl and CaCl2 (1994)
    Springer
    Planta 194 (1994), S. 34-41 
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    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Calcium ; Gossypium (root, solutes) ; Root ; Salinity ; Stress ; Solute ; Deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Acala SJ-2) seedlings were grown in modified Hoagland nutrient solution with or without 150 mM NaCl and supplemental 10 mM CaCl2. The spatial distribution of bulk-tissue osmotic potential (ΨS) and total osmotica, K, Na and Ca contents were determined in the growth zone of the primary root. This information was combined with the growth-velocity data from an earlier study (Zhong and Läuchli 1993) to estimate net deposition rates of osmoticum, water, K, Na and Ca by using the continuity equation. The ΨS was essentially uniform along the growth region for all treatments and considerably lowered by 150 mM NaCl in the medium. Total osmotica deposition was well synchronized with growth and deposition rates were enhanced by 150 mM NaCl. Osmoregulation in the treatments with 150 mM NaCl was indicated by an apparent solute accumulation which appeared to be due to the enhancement of osmoticum deposition rates. The presence of 150 mM NaCl greatly reduced the deposition rates of K and Ca throughout the growth zone; 10 mM Ca mitigated this effect only on K deposition in the apical 2.5-mm region. The deposition rate of Na was increased greatly by 150 mM NaCl; the increase was reduced by 10 mM Ca. At 150 mM NaCl, selectivity of K versus Na of the root was enhanced greatly in the apical 2mm region by the presence of 10 mM Ca; this mitigating effect by Ca declined rapidly with distance from the root tip. We conclude that one possible mechanism by which supplemental Ca alleviates the inhibitory effects of NaCl on cotton root growth is by maintaining plasma-membrane selectivity of K over Na.
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    Genetic, phenotypic, and environmental correlations in black medic,Medicago lupulina L., grown in three different environments (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 604-613 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic correlations ; Phenotypic correlation ; Environmental correlations ; Stress ; Medicago lupulina L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the relationship between phenotypic and genetic correlations among a large number of quantitative traits (36) in three different environments in order to determine their degree of disparity and whether phenotypic correlations could be substituted for their genetic counterparts whatever the environment. We also studied the influence of the environment on genetic and phenotypic correlations. Twenty accessions (full-sib families) ofMedicago luPulina were grown in three environments. In two of these two levels of environmental stress were generated by harvesting plants at flowering and by growing plants in competition with barley, respectively. A third environment, with no treatment, was used as a control with no stress. Average values of pod and shoot weight indicate that competition induces the highest level of stress. The genetic and phenotypic correlations among the 36 traits were compared. Significant phenotypic correlations were obtained easily, while there was no genetic variation for 1 or the 2 characters being correlated. The large positive correlation between the genetic and phenotypic correlation matrices indicated a good proportionality between genetic and phenotypic correlations matrices but not their similarity. In a given environment, when only those traits with a significant genetic variance were taken into account, there were still differences between genetic and phenotypic correlations, even when levels of significance for phenotypic correlations were lowered. Consequently, it is dangerous to substitute phenotypic correlations for genetic correlations. The number of traits that showed genetic variability increased with increasing environmental stress, consequently the number of significant genetic correlations also increased with increasing environmental stress. In contrast, the number of significant phenotypic correlations was not influnced by the environment. The structures of both phenotypic and genetic matrices, however, depended on the environment, and not in the same way for both matrices.
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    A putative catabolite-repressed cell wall protein from the mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma harzianum (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 461-466 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Trichoderma harzianum ; Cell wall proteins ; Proline- and glycine-rich proteins ; Myooparasitic fungi ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone encoding a putative cell wall protein (Qid3) was isolated from a library prepared from chitin-induced mRNA in cultures of the mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma harzianum. The predicted 14 kDa protein shows a potential signal peptide, several hydrophobic domains and certain motifs that are structurally similar to proline-rich and glycine-rich plant cell wall proteins. Expression of the qid3 gene is derepressed in the absence of glucose. When introduced in yeast, qid3 expression causes cell division arrest into cytokinesis and cell separation, probably due to its cell wall localization.
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    Differential expression of several E2-type ubiquitin carrier protein genes at different developmental stages inArabidopsis thaliana andNicotiana sylvestris (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 244 (1994), S. 548-556 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Plants ; Stress ; Cell cycle ; Gene expression ; Ubiquitin carrier proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We characterized three genes encoding different E2-type ubiquitin carrier proteins involved in the ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic pathway:UbcAt3 shows homologies to the yeastCDC34 gene andUbcAt4a andUbcAt4b are two different genes homologous to theUbc1/4/5 subfamily in yeast. Their accumulation was analysed and compared with that of the different families encoding polyubiquitins, as well as the monoubiquitin fusion protein, which is considered as a marker for cell division, during various developmental stages including GO/S transition and senescence of higher plant cells. Our results imply that theseUbc genes are under the control of complex mechanisms, and are differentially regulated, but not necessarily co-regulated with ubiquitin genes. Even the closely relatedUbcAt4a andUbcAt4b genes of the same multigene subfamily are controlled by distinct regulatory mechanisms.
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    Stress-elicited changes in amino acid levels of hemolymph of Aplysia californica (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 163 (1994), S. 671-675 
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    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Stress ; Amino acids ; Hemolymph ; Humoral signals ; Snail, Aplysia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of stress produced by noxious cutaneous stimulation on the concentration of 18 amino acids in the hemolymph of Aplysia californica were examined. The concentration of alanine and glutamate increased in response to stress and remained elevated for at least 6 h. The total amino acid concentration in the hemolymph did not change significantly in response to stress. It is concluded that stress evokes an increase in circulating alanine and glutamate levels. These factors may then act in a paracrine, endocrine, or neuroendocrine manner to modify stress-associated behaviors.
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    Deviatoric stress in a diamond anvil cell using synchrotron radiation with two diffraction geometries (1993)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 141 (1993), S. 509-519 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Stress ; pressure ; elasticity ; X-ray diffraction ; diamond anvil cell ; synchrotron radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Deviatoric stress in a diamond anvil cell with gold as a pressure and stress indicator is measured by two complementary techiques using synchrotron radiation. The first method employs a white X-ray beam using energy disperisive X-ray diffraction. The incident X-ray beam is parallel to the load axis and the diffraction pattern is recorded at a low two-theta angle. Using powder diffraction patterns of polycrystallin gold, we measured the elastic strain of two crystal planes oriented normal to the diffraction vector. Stresses nearly parallel and perpendicular to the load axis can be calculated by stress-strain tensor relatonship. The other method uses a monochromatic wiggler X-ray beam. In this case, the diamond cell is oriented so that the incident beam is perpendicular to the load axis. The diffraction pattern is recorded on an image plate area detector. Elastic strains responding to stresses perpendicular and parallel to the load axis can be measured and stresses of the same orientations can be calculated from the strain data. These measurements provide a lower bound of the actual differential stress in a diamond cell. With these techniques, we can measure stress distribution in a less deviatoric gasketted sample and determine yield strength of mantle materials at high pressures and temperatures.
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    Stocking density and cohort sampling effects on endocrine interactions in rainbow trout (1993)
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    Aquaculture international 1 (1993), S. 137-156 
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    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Rainbow trout ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Stress ; Stocking density ; Growth ; Thyroid hormones ; Cortisol ; Growth hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies were conducted to explore the effect of cohort sampling and stocking density on the interactions between plasma growth hormone (GH), thyroid hormone and cortisol concentrations in rainbow trout. Depending on the experimental design, plasma GH concentrations were either suppressed, or elevated by sequential removal of cohorts from the holding aquarium. Since plasma cortisol concentrations consistently increased during cohort sampling, regardless of experimental design, it would appear that the apparent correlation (direct or inverse) is the result of concomitant changes, i.e. not necessarily a cause-effect relationship. Plasma GH concentrations of rainbow trout were not correlated with eviscerated body weight. Trout stocked at 150 kg m−3 exhibited a significantly lower mean growth rate, hepatosomatic index, hepatic lipid reserve, plasma triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) concentration andin vitro hepatic T3 production than trout stocked at 60 kg m−3. These observations are consistent with the former group being food deprived or ration restricted. Stocking density appeared to have no effect on plasma GH or cortisol concentrations, or on the pituitary-interrenal axis response to stressor challenge, or the thyroid tissue response to exogenous TSH challenge.
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    Differences in gene expression between natural and artificially induced leaf senescence (1993)
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    Planta 189 (1993), S. 74-79 
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    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Copy-DNA ; Hordeum ; Senescence (leaf) ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gene expression during artificially induced senescence of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves was examined by in-vitro translation and mRNA hybridization with several copy-DNA (cDNA) clones for newly induced transcripts. When detached barley leaves were incubated in darkness, senescence symptoms as indicated by chlorophyll loss were rapidly induced. By in-vitro translation, concomitant changes in translatable mRNA levels were shown to occur with some translation products decreasing and others increasing in abundance. For closer analysis, cDNA clones for newly induced transcripts were isolated by differential screening. Six cDNA clones, derived from three different transcripts were identified and classified according to the expression of the respective mRNAs. Two of the three transcripts showed very similar expression patterns: in detached leaves they were induced by abscisic acid and inhibited by kinetin. They were also induced by wounding and osmotic stress, but could not be detected in naturally senescing leaves. The third mRNA, represented by only one of the six cDNA clones, behaved differently. There was no significant effect of hormone application, wounding or drought conditions, but the transcript accumulated during natural senescence of barley flag leaves. We conclude that only a minor part of the mRNA changes observed during dark incubation of detached leaves is connected with leaf senescence, whereas stress-related transcripts appear to predominate quantitatively.
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    Use of ongrownArtemia in nursery culturing of the tiger shrimp (1993)
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    Aquaculture international 1 (1993), S. 170-177 
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    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Artemia ; Penaeus monodon ; Intensive culture ; Biomass ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Juvenile and adultArtemia produced in a semi flow-through culture system were used as food for postlarval shrimp. The growth performance of shrimp reared on such ongrownArtemia live prey is identical to the growth obtained when feeding newly hatchedArtemia. However, a significantly better stress resistance is obtained when the postlarvae are exposed to a low salinity in a stress test. Besides nutritional and energetic advantages, the use ofArtemia biomass for feeding postlarval shrimp also results in improved economics as expenses for cysts and weaning diets can be reduced.
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    Evolutionary adaptation and stress: Energy budgets and habitats preferred (1993)
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    Behavior genetics 23 (1993), S. 231-238 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Stress ; metabolic cost ; habitat preference ; adaptation ; fitness ; genetic variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Natural populations are normally exposed to substantial environmental stress. The consequences of stress include elevated metabolic costs and additive genetic variability. From the former, preferred habitats should be located in environments corresponding to minimum total energy expenditure. This tendency occurs in the field for behavioral adaptation ofDrosophila to variable temperature (and humidity) conditions. Laboratory studies of resource preference inDrosophila suggest a low genetic variability. However, under more stressful field conditions, genetic variability should be higher. Habitat preference studies under stressful conditions therefore need to be emphasized in modeling situations in nature.
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    Metabolic responses to food deprivation and refeeding in juveniles of Rutilus rutilus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 36 (1993), S. 73-81 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Tissue water ; Protein ; Glycogen ; Enzymes of energy metabolism ; Stress ; Adaptation ; Recovery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Effect of food deprivation and refeeding on metabolic parameters were studied in juvenile Rutilus rutilus, weighing 280–460 mg. Tissue hydration increased with the length of the starvation period, reaching a new steady state after 4–5 weeks. Total protein concentration remained constant at about 60% of dry body mass. The concentration of glycogen decreased during food deprivation, a new steady state being reached at about 30% of control values after 4 weeks. Refeeding caused a dramatic increase of glycogen concentration which exceeded the value in fed controls by 6- to 9-fold. This is seen as a tactic for rapid storage of food energy, to be used later for the synthesis of body materials. With respect to their responses to food deprivation the 12 enzymes investigated formed four groups: (1) activity unaffected by food deprivation or refeeding (COX, THIOL, CK, GOT); (2) activity drops to about 60% of control value during the initial phase of food deprivation but remains constant thereafter (PK, LDH, Pase); (3) slow but continuous decrease in activity during the whole period of starvation, i.e. up to 7 weeks (PFK, OGDH, CS, FBPase); (4) activity increases during food deprivation, decreases again upon refeeding (GPT). A model is discussed which distinguishes between four phases in the general response of young fish to food deprivation and refeeding: stress, transition, adaptation, and recovery.
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    Heat induced liver cell proliferation in the livebearing fish Poeciliopsis (1993)
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    Environmental biology of fishes 36 (1993), S. 83-91 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Thermal effects ; Stress ; Liver regeneration ; Mitotic index ; Topminnow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Liver regeneration is induced by heat stress in the small viviparous fish, Poeciliopsis. Acute exposure to sublethal temperatures, one to two degrees below their killing temperature, damages tissue and initiates liver cell proliferation in P. lucida, P. monacha, and P. monacha-lucida hybrid clones, SYN-4 and SYN-5. Regeneration of liver cells began within 1–2 days following heat stress and proceeded over 5 days. Peak cell proliferation occurred 2–3 days after treatment in fish of all four genotypes. Cell proliferation was induced in the two all-female clones, SYN-4 and SYN-5, by exposure to 40.5° C for 60 minutes. This treatment imposed mortalities of 17.9% and 16.7%, respectively, whereas reduction of the temperature to 39.5°C and reduction of the time to 30 minutes resulted in no mortalities without significantly lowering the level of cell proliferation (p 〉 0.05). Liver cell proliferation induced by both heat treatments was significantly higher (p 〈 0.05) in the SYN-5 hybrids than in SYN-4. The induction of liver cell proliferation with sublethal temperature exposures is discussed as it may relate to chemical carcinogenesis in both feral and laboratory fish. Acute heat exposure may be used experimentally in fish as an independent stimulus for liver cell proliferation in carcinogenesis studies. In poikilothermic animals-heat exposure offers an alternative to surgical removal of approximately two-thirds of the liver, the method most frequently used in rodents to study the process of liver regeneration.
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    A paradigm for robust geometric algorithms (1992)
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    Algorithmica 7 (1992), S. 339-380 
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    ISSN: 1432-0541
    Keywords: Geometrical algorithm ; Algorithm ; Paradigm ; Correctness ; Convex ; Polyhedron ; Graph ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores a paradigm for producing geometrical algorithms in which logical decisions that depend on finite-precision numerical calculation cannot lead to failure. It applies this paradigm to the task of intersecting two convex polyhedral objects. A key tool in this work is a method of perturbing embedding polyhedra in ways consistent with their topology.
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    Competence of the pollen of wild species and the cultivar of tomato to affect fertilization at low temperature (1992)
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    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 128-130 
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    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Pollen competition ; Low temperature ; Stress ; Wild tomato species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The competitive ability of the pollen of wild tomato species (Solanum pennellii, Lycopersicum hirsutum and L. minutum) and a cultivar of tomato to affect fertilization at low temperature was investigated. Pollen grains of wild species were mixed with those of the cultivar and pollinated onto the stigma of the cultivar. The number of seedlings resembling the wild species, excluding L. minutum, were significantly higher when the plants were maintained at a low temperature (8°–12° C) than when they were maintained at a normal temperature (22°–28° C). This indicates that the pollen of S. pennellii and L. hirsutum wild species can compete better with pollen of the cultivar at a low temperature, while there was no change in the competitive ability of L. minutum pollen under these conditions.
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    Effects of mental and physical stress on plasma catecholamine levels before and afterβ-adrenoceptor blocker treatment (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 43 (1992), S. 11-15 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Stress ; Atenolol ; Bopindolol ; catecholamines ; hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a study in mild hypertensives, the impact of mental and physical stress on plasma epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), and on their ratio (NE/E) was evaluated. The effect of twoβ-adrenoceptor blocking drugs, atenolol and bopindolol, on plasma catecholamine levels was also examined. Each stressful stimulus significantly increased the NE and E levels compared to rest. The increase was progressive from mental stress, through the handgrip test to the treadmill test. A slight decrease in the NE/E ratio was observed following mental stress and the handgrip test, while this ratio increased during the treadmill test. No significant impact of beta blocking treatment on catecholamine levels was observed under any test condition.
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    Blunting by chronic phosphatidylserine administration of the stress-induced activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 42 (1992), S. 385-388 
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    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phosphatidylserine ; Stress ; ACTH ; cortisol ; lactate ; growth hormone ; prolactin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of chronic administration of phosphatidylserine derived from brain cortex on the neuroendocrine responses to physical stress has been examined in a placebo-controlled study in 9 healthy men. Phosphatidylserine 800 mg/d for 10 days significantly blunted the ACTH and cortisol responses to physical exercise (P=0.003 and P=0.03, respectively), without affecting the rise in plasma GH and PRL. Physical exercise significantly increased the plasma lactate concentration both after placebo and phosphatidylserine. The results suggest that chronic oral administration of phosphatidylserine may counteract stress-induced activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in man.
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    The influence of rainfall variability on the species composition of a northern California salt marsh plant assemblage (1992)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 101 (1992), S. 145-160 
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    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Salt marsh vegetation ; Climatic change ; Natural variation ; Stress ; Disturbance ; Species diversity ; North America ; California
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Natural variability in the species composition of salt marsh plant assemblage was studied for 4 years (1986–90) at Bolinas Lagoon, California (USA). The study was conducted during a period in which little or no physical disturbance occurred in the marsh. During the study, Bolinas Lagoon experienced highly variable rainfall, both within and between years. In years with average or below average winter and spring rainfall, the cover of Salicornia virginica increased relative to that of the other species. During the one year with much higher than average spring rainfall, the cover of Salicornia declined and rare species increased in relative abundance. These patterns suggest that under typical marsh conditions, the plant assemblage experiences stress due to low availability of freshwater and high soil salinity. Under such conditions, the stress-tolerant Salicornia dominates the assemblage. If, however, there is abundant rainfall early in the growing season, the other species are released from stress and are able to increase in cover. The marsh of Bolinas Lagoon appears to be resistant to change and able to tolerate stress. Few studies have examined natural variability in species in undisturbed marshes and more of such studies must be made in order to understand whether or not marshes are in general resistant to change caused by rainfall variability.
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    Changes in concentrations of glycolysis and Krebs cycle metabolites in mosquitofish,Gambusia holbrooki, induced by mercuric chloride and starvation (1992)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 34 (1992), S. 315-320 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Poeciliidae ; Metabolism ; Stress ; Mercury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Concentrations of glycolysis and Krebs cycle metabolites in the tail tissues of mosquitofish,Gambusia holbrooki, were measured in response to starvation and to exposure to 0.62 mg Hg l−1 (as HgCl2) for 48 h. In control fish, starvation caused decreased concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate (GO, −58%) and fructose-6-phosphate (F6P, −79%). Mercury exposure resulted in decreased concentrations of G6P (− 56%) and F6P (− 79%), and to increased concentrations of pyruvate (+ 75%), α-ketoglutarate (+ 41%), succinate (+ 39%), and malate (+ 47%). Krebs cycle activity increased in response to mercury exposure, perhaps in response to greater energy needs associated with maintaining homeostasis under stressful conditions. We conclude that glycolytic activity is reduced in fish exposed to mercury and that this response is similar to that caused by a cessation of feeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004779
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    Stress and water balance in the plaice Pleuronectes platessa (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 162 (1992), S. 513-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Water permeability ; Stress ; Osmoregulation ; Oxygen consumption ; Marine teleost, Pleuronectes platessa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Drinking and branchial water permeability have been measured in plaice, and the effect of handling stress on these and on water balance is reported. Stress markedly disturbs water balance, with a weight loss of 1.6% over 7 h, and a recovery period exceeding 19 h. Depression of the normal rate of ingestion accounts for about 14% of this imbalance. Stress-induced urination is not a significant factor. Branchial diffusional water permeability is more than trebled in response to handling, but a measure of accommodation is seen with repeated handling. The ratio of osmotic to diffusional branchial water permeability is about 2.5 and is not appreciably affected by stress. Oxgen uptake is enhanced in response to stress, and this is discussed in relation to the effects of stress on water balance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264811
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    Pheromonal transmission of an aversive experience in domestic pig (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1551-1557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Stress ; urine ; alarm pheromone ; pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The process of spontaneous learning in an automatic food dispenser by a group of domestic female pigs was studied when one of the animals of the group had an aversive experience. Restraining a gilt in the dispenser without access to food resulted in later avoidance of the system by other gilts, especially when the reactions of the restrained animal had been especially violent and associated with urination. The hypothesis of a delayed transmission of an unpleasant experience was tested. The food dispenser was sprayed with urine collected from either a control gilt or from an animal undergoing stress. In half of the cases, the presence of urine of a stressed animal resulted in a long-lasting avoidance of the food dispenser, suggesting the existence of some kind of alarm pheromone produced in the urine of a sow during an unpleasant experience.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00993228
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    Application of dipmeter data in structural interpretation, Niger Delta (1992)
    Geological Society, London & Blackwell Scientific Publications
    In:  Geological Applications of Wireline Logs II, London, Geological Society, London & Blackwell Scientific Publications, vol. 65, pp. 247-264
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; DIP ; Geol. aspects ; 16 ; (Structural ; Geology) ; 20 ; (Geophysics, ; Applied) ; Africa ; Akaso ; Field ; borehole ; breakouts ; caliper ; logging ; Cawthorne ; Channel ; Field ; dipmeter ; logging ; extension ; tectonics ; faults ; gamma-ray ; methods ; interpretation ; Niger ; Delta ; Nigeria ; oil ; and ; gas ; fields ; stress ; structural ; geology ; tectonics ; three-dimensional ; models ; well ; logs ; well-logging ; West ; Africa
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  • 59
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    Borehole breakouts and stress analysis in the Timor Sea (1992)
    Geological Society, London & Blackwell Scientific Publications
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Geological Applications of Wireline Logs II, London, Geological Society, London & Blackwell Scientific Publications, vol. 65, no. XVI:, pp. 157-168, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Borehole breakouts ; Stress ; 18 ; (Geophysics, ; Solid ; Earth) ; 20 ; (Geophysics, ; Applied) ; Australasia ; Australia ; Banda ; Arc ; compression ; drilling ; fractures ; horizontal ; drilling ; Indo-Australian ; Plate ; North ; Australian ; Seas ; orientation ; Pacific ; Ocean ; plate ; collision ; stress ; Vulcan ; Subbasin ; West ; Pacific
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  • 60
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    Attempts to detect open fractures and non-sealing faults with dipmeter logs (1992)
    Geological Society, London & Blackwell Scientific Publications
    In:  Professional Paper, Geological Applications of Wireline Logs II, London, Geological Society, London & Blackwell Scientific Publications, vol. 65, no. 16, pp. 211-220, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; DIP ; Detectors ; 16 ; (Structural ; Geology) ; 20 ; (Geophysics, ; Applied) ; Aquitaine ; Basin ; Atlantic ; Ocean ; borehole ; breakouts ; dipmeter ; logging ; Europe ; France ; natural ; gas ; optimization ; orientation ; petroleum ; production ; Sable ; Subbasin ; Scotian ; Shelf ; stress ; well ; logs ; well-logging ; Western ; Europe
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    Geological and borehole features described by the Circumferential Acoustic Scanning Tool (1992)
    Halliburton Logging Services
    In:  Professional Paper, Telecast, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Halliburton Logging Services, vol. 23, no. 16, pp. 498-526, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Borehole Televiewer
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  • 62
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    Identification of tectonic rotations in boreholes by the integration of core information with FormationMicroScanner and Borehole Televiewer images (1992)
    Geological Society, London & Blackwell Scientific Publications
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Geological Applications of Wireline Logs II, London, Geological Society, London & Blackwell Scientific Publications, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 235-246, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Tectonics ; Dearth Core ; Formation Micro Imager ; Borehole Televiewer ; Deep Sea Drilling Program ; - ; Deep ; Sea ; Drilling ; Project ; 16 ; (Structural ; Geology) ; 20 ; (Geophysics, ; Applied) ; block ; structures ; errors ; instruments ; Lau ; Basin ; Leg ; 135 ; magnetic ; declination ; Ocean ; Drilling ; Program ; Ocean Drilling Program ; Site ; 841 ; orientation ; Pacific ; Ocean ; paleomagnetism ; plate ; rotation ; tectonics
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  • 63
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    Logging experience with a new induced gamma spectrometry tool (1992)
    Halliburton Logging Services
    In:  Presentations at the SPWLA 33rd Annual Logging Symposium, Oklahoma, Bremerhaven, Halliburton Logging Services, vol. 10, no. No. 31, pp. 86-121, (ISBN 0 08 042822 3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Gamma-Ray log ; Spectrum
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  • 64
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    A new approach to determining dip and strike using borehole images (1992)
    Halliburton Logging Services
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Telecast, Berlin, Halliburton Logging Services, vol. 14B, no. 16, pp. 465-469, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Borehole Televiewer ; Dipmeter, ~analysis
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  • 65
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    Effect of stress and time for recovery on the amount of compensatory growth after grazing (1991)
    Springer
    Oecologia 85 (1991), S. 305-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Grazing ; Growth ; Stress ; Allocation ; Briza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We tested the hypothesis that the amount of compensatory growth after defoliation is affected by the level of stress at which plants grow when defoliated and by the length of time for recovery. Growth response to defoliation went from partial compensation when plants were growing at high relative growth rates (RGR) to overcompensation when plants were more stressed and growing at low RGR. Defoliation released plants from the limitation imposed by the accumulation of old and dead tissue and this release overrode the negative effect of biomass loss. Compensatory growth resulted from a higher RGR aboveground that was not associated with a reduction in RGR belowground. Time available for recovery had a major impact on the outcome of defoliation. With a short time for recovery, RGR was decreased by defoliation because an immediate increase in net assimilation rate was overridden by a reduction in the ratio of leaf area to plant weight. After defoliation, this ratio increased quickly due to a larger allocation to leaf growth and lower leaf specific weights, resulting in higher RGR. We conclude that the compensatory response to grazing depends on the type and level of stress limiting growth. Allocation and physiological responses to stress may positively or negatively affect the response to grazing and, simultaneously, grazing may alleviate or aggravate the effects of different types of stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00320604
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    In vitro selection and regeneration of cotton resistant to high temperature stress (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 448-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Cotton ; Gossypium hirsutum ; Stress ; In vitro selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell suspension cultures of cotton (Gossypium hitirsutum L. cv. Coker 312) were exposed to various temperature:time treatments in order to select cell lines resistant to high temperature stress. Cells were exposed to 45°C for 3 h each day until the total accumulated hours of stress were: 0 h, 10 h, 75 h, 100 h, or 105 h (81 h pulsed then 24 h continuous). After the stress treatments, the cells were plated onto embryo development medium and plants were recovered. The embryogenic calli that were recovered were subcultured monthly for 6 months and tested for increased resistance to the temperature:time treatments previously determined to be lethal and to water stress as imposed by PEG. All of the selected cell lines were more resistant to both types of stress than the control cell lines. Leaf tissue of stress selected (Ro) formed and maintained callus growth when incubated at 38°C; whereas, tissue excised from nonselected controls rarely formed callus and calli which did form quickly became necrotic. These cells and plants will provide a tool for determining the mechanisms involved in resistance to high temperature stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233812
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    Relationship of soil hydrogen sulfide level to net carbon assimilation ofPanicum hemitomon andSpartina patens (1991)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 95 (1991), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Anaerobiosis ; Hydrogen sulfide ; Photosynthesis ; Phytotoxin ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Panicum hemitomon Schult andSpartina patens (Ait) Muhl. plants from Louisiana Gulf Coast fresh and brackish marshes were subjected to hydrogen sulfide under controlled sediment redox conditions. Net carbon assimilation responses of both species to the combined sediment anaerobiosis and hydrogen sulfide concentrations was measured.Panicum hemitomon was more sensitive to hydrogen sulfide as compared toSpartina patens. Initiation of reduction in net carbon assimilation inP. hemitomon began when H2S concentrations of soil solution exceeded 0.22 mgl-1. Reductions in net carbon assimilation inS. patens were also noted at H2S concentrations exceeding 0.34 mgl-1. The reduction in net carbon assimilation of both species measured at elevated H2S concentrations suggests that extreme anaerobiosis and elevated sulfide could contribute to the growth reduction of these species under certain conditions. However based on H2S concentration in fresh and brackish marsh soil profiles, levels were too low to cause any adverse effects ofPanicum hemitomon. In brackish marsh soils containing hydrogen sulfide of 3.4 mgl-1 in soil solution, sulfide could be a major factor limiting growth ofS. patens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045214
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    The effect of corticosterone on standard metabolic rates of small passerine birds (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 161 (1991), S. 427-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Metabolic rate ; Corticosterone ; Stress ; Carduelis pinus ; Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Resting metabolic rates of Gambel's white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) and pine siskins (Carduelis pinus) were evaluated at thermoneutral temperatures before and after administration of corticosterone (B) at physiological doses. There was no effect of B on basal metabolic rate of either species, but nocturnal metabolic rate varied significantly less over the 3-h period of measurement in B-treated sparrows and siskins than in control birds. These results, coupled with observations of caged birds, suggest that corticosterone has no direct effect on avian resting metabolism but does reduce the responsiveness of birds to external stimuli and thus promotes nocturnal restfulness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260804
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    A pilot study of the social correlates of levels of urinary cortisol, prolactin, and testosterone in wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) (1991)
    Springer
    Primates 32 (1991), S. 345-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Long-tailed macaques ; Macaca fascicularis ; Urine ; Stress ; Rank ; Age ; Cortisol ; Prolactin ; Testosterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Urine samples were collected from individuals in a wild population of Sumatran long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), and the levels of cortisol, immunoreactive prolactin, and (for males) testosterone were determined. The amount of foraging during the 2 hr preceding urine collection were found to affect the levels of urinary cortisol, but not those of the other hormones. Immigration into a new group and having one's infant kidnapped led to increased levels of cortisol. Levels of cortisol and testosterone were correlated both within and between individuals, whereas prolactin varied independently. The effects of age, reproductive status, and social rank on the mean values of individuals were also examined. Lactating females had higher prolactin levels than non-lactating ones; reproductive state interacted with the age effect on prolactin and possibly cortisol. No effects of social status were found in spite of a small, but consistent effect of rank on birth rate in this population. Among males, age and rank are strongly linked. The low ranking old males had increased levels of cortisol, even though the younger high-ranking males were involved in the fiercest conflicts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382675
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    Exposure to odors from stressed conspecifics increases preference for higher ambient temperatures in C57BL/6J mice (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1611-1619 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Stress ; odors ; body temperature ; ambient temperature ; C57BL/6J mice ; Mus musculus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Exposure to odors from stressed conspecifics increases preference for higher ambient temperatures in C57BL/6J mice. C57BL/6J male mice were individually allowed preferences on a thermal gradient ranging in temperature from 22°C to 42°C. Group 1 (N=10) was exposed to odors from triads of foot-shocked conspecifics during the first 2-hr temperature preference trial. Group 2 (N=10) was exposed to odors from triads of nonstressed conspecifics during similar testing. Body temperature (TB) variations were measured in three animals of each group. Thermal preference was significantly higher for animals exposed to odors from stressed conspecifics than for animals exposed to odors from nonstressed animals (32.0°C vs. 29.0°C).T B changes on the heated gradient were significantly higher for animals exposed to odors from stressed animals (+1.5°C) than for animals exposed to odors from nonstressed animals (−0.33°C). Additional animals on a non-heated thermogradient were tested for TB when exposed to odors from stressed or from nonstressed animals (N=3 per condition). There was no difference inT B between these two groups. Increases in TB on the heated gradient are apparently due to the higher ambient temperature choices and not due to the odor per se.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984692
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    Geophysik an Altlasten (1991)
    Springer
    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. 4, no. ALEX(01)-FR-77-01, AFTAC Contract F08606-76-C-0025, pp. 329, (ISBN 0-89871-507-5)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991
    Description: Abschnitt 2.6 Bohrlochgeophysik, 10 S.
    Keywords: Engineering geophys. ; Textbook of geophysics ; Geoelectrics ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Gravimetry, Gravitation ; RADAR ; Borehole geophys.
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    Dynamic focused transducer applied to the cast imaging tool (1991)
    Halliburton Logging Services
    In:  Presentations at the SPWLA 32nd Annual Logging Symposium, Midland, Texas, Beijing, Halliburton Logging Services, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. PL-TR-91-2212(II), pp. 938-939, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991
    Keywords: Borehole Televiewer ; Borehole geophys. ; Instruments
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  • 73
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    Response characterization of an induced gamma spectrometry tool using a bismuth germanate scintillator (1991)
    Halliburton Logging Services
    In:  Presentations at the SPWLA 32nd Annual Logging Symposium, Midland, Texas, Berlin, Halliburton Logging Services, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. paper number 2056, pp. 3-35, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991
    Keywords: Spectrum ; Gamma-Ray log ; Borehole geophys.
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  • 74
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    Evolution of a protein superfamily: Relationships between vertebrate lens crystallins and microorganism dormancy proteins (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 30 (1990), S. 140-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Lens crystallins ; Physarum polycephalum ; Spherulins ; Protein evolution ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A search of sequence databases shows that spherulin 3a, an encystment-specific protein ofPhysarum polycephalum, is probably structurally related to the β- and γ-crystallins, vertebrate ocular lens proteins, and to Protein S, a sporulation-specific protein ofMyxococcus xanthus. The β- and γ-crystallins have two similar domains thought to have arisen by two successive gene duplication and fusion events. Molecular modeling confirms that spherulin 3a has all the characteristics required to adopt the tertiary structure of a single γ-crystallin domain. The structure of spherulin 3a thus illustrates an earlier stage in the evolution of this protein superfamily. The relationship of β- and γ-crystallins to spherulin 3a and Protein S suggests that the lens proteins were derived from an ancestor with a role in stressresponse, perhaps a response to osmotic stress.
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    Stress transfer and nonlinear stress accumulation at the North Anatolian fault, Turkey (1990)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 132 (1990), S. 699-710 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Stress ; North Anatolia ; Turkey ; Elsasser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis is presented of the accumulation of stress along the North Anatolian fault. The analysis is based on the time-dependent reloading of the plate boundary by using a modified Elsasser model of a coupled lithosphere-asthenosphere system. It is found that many of the North Anatolian fault earthquakes are likely to have been triggered by adjacent ruptures, while the time intervals between large earthquakes may have been partly modulated by the relaxation of the viscoelastic asthenosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876814
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    Indicators of ecosystem recovery (1990)
    Springer
    Environmental management 14 (1990), S. 527-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Ecological indicators ; Stress ; Scale ; Recovery ; Ecosystem processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Assessment of ecological changes relative to disturbance, either natural or human-induced, confronts a fundamental problem. Ecosystems are complex, variable, and diverse in nature; consequently, the need for simplification to essential features that would characterize ecosystems adequately is generally acknowledged. Yet there is no firm prescription for what to measure in order to describe the response and recovery of ecosystems to stress. Initial focus is provided by identifying relevant ecological endpoints, i.e., ecological changes of particular relevance to humans. Furthermore, we suggest generic purposes and criteria to be considered in making choices of ecological indicators that relate to those endpoints. Suites of indicators, with variety of purposes, are required to assess response and recovery of most ecosystems and most stresses. We suggest that measures of certain ecosystem processes may provide special insight on the early stages of recovery; the use of functional indicators as complimentary to other biotic indicators is highlighted in an extended example for lotic ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394708
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    Stress-induced peptide release from rat intermediate pituitary (1990)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 261 (1990), S. 589-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; pars intermedia ; Stress ; Secretory granules ; α-MSH ; β-Endorphin ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We tested the hypothesis that acute restraint stress results in ultrastructural evidence for enhanced release of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and β-endorphin from the intermediate lobe (IL) of the rat pituitary. Measurements of plasma α-MSH-and β-endorphin-immunoreactivity (ir) were used to confirm ultrastructural findings. Plasma α-MSH-ir was elevated after 20 and 30 min of restraint while plasma β-endorphin-ir peaked 10 min after the onset of restraint. Ultrastructural analysis revealed a decrease in the content of secretory granules within IL cells of stressed rats. Analysis of Golgi-related immature secretory granules in IL cells indicated that new peptide synthesis was not enhanced after 30 min of restraint. These results confirm previous studies showing and elevation of plasma β-endorphin and α-MSH-ir during acute restraint. Furthermore, these results indicate that quantitative analysis at the ultrastructural level can be used to assess peptide release from IL secretory cells during stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313539
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    In situ crustal stress in the United Kingdom from borehole breakouts (1990)
    Geological Society, London & Blackwell Scientific Publications
    In:  Professional Paper, Geological Applications of Wireline Logs, Oxford-Boston, Geological Society, London & Blackwell Scientific Publications, vol. 48, no. 231, pp. 327-338, (ISBN 1-4020-1729-4)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990
    Keywords: Stress ; Borehole breakouts ; Dipmeter, ~analysis ; Borehole geophys. ; 22 ; (Engineering ; and ; Environmental ; Geology) ; 20 ; (Geophysics, ; Applied) ; rock ; mechanics ; failures ; borehole ; breakouts ; well-logging ; applications ; Great ; Britain ; engineering ; geology ; geophysical ; surveys ; United ; Kingdom ; Western ; Europe ; Europe ; in ; situ ; genesis ; resistivity
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    A change in composition of rocks, mineral phases and trapped gases in the Kola super-deep borehole (SD-3) section of the Archean complex with depth (1990)
    Springer
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Super-Deep Continental Drilling and Deep Geophysical Sounding, Berlin, Springer, vol. 65, no. Subvol. b, pp. 353-363, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990
    Keywords: scientific drilling ; Borehole geophys. ; Mineralogy ; Geol. aspects ; EUROPROBE (Geol. and Geophys. in eastern Europe)
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  • 80
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    Investigating stress regimes in sedimentary basins using information from oil industry wireline logs and drilling records (1990)
    Geological Society, London & Blackwell Scientific Publications
    In:  Professional Paper, Geological Applications of Wireline Logs, Oxford-Boston, Geological Society, London & Blackwell Scientific Publications, vol. 48, no. 16, pp. 305-325, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990
    Keywords: Stress ; Borehole geophys. ; Stress measurements ; leak-off ; Hydraulic fracturing ; Dipmeter, ~analysis ; Borehole breakouts ; 22 ; (Engineering ; and ; Environmental ; Geology) ; 20 ; (Geophysics, ; Applied) ; rock ; mechanics ; failures ; borehole ; breakouts ; well-logging ; applications ; basins ; shear ; in ; situ ; pore ; pressure ; density ; orientation ; boreholes ; borehole ; televiewers ; sedimentary ; basins
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    Scientific deep drilling and geophysical sounding: A mutual scientific challenge to understand the processes shaping the Earth's crust (1990)
    Springer
    In:  Professional Paper, Super-Deep Continental Drilling and Deep Geophysical Sounding, Berlin, Springer, vol. 24, no. 231, pp. 57-69, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990
    Keywords: Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Borehole geophys. ; scientific drilling ; Review article
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    Complex study of core and fluid samples from the Ural super-deep well (1990)
    Springer
    In:  Professional Paper, Super-Deep Continental Drilling and Deep Geophysical Sounding, Berlin, Springer, vol. 65, no. 16, pp. 364-371, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990
    Keywords: Laboratory measurements ; Borehole geophys. ; EUROPROBE (Geol. and Geophys. in eastern Europe)
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  • 83
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    The USSR integrated program of continental crust investigations and studies of the Earth's deep structure under the "Globus" project (1990)
    Springer
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Super-Deep Continental Drilling and Deep Geophysical Sounding, Berlin, Springer, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 90-103, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990
    Keywords: Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Borehole geophys. ; scientific drilling ; Review article ; Project report/description ; EUROPROBE (Geol. and Geophys. in eastern Europe)
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  • 84
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    Deep-hole drilling using rock-breaking tool set with super-hard composites (1990)
    Springer
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Super-Deep Continental Drilling and Deep Geophysical Sounding, Berlin, Springer, vol. 271, no. 16, pp. 322-331, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990
    Keywords: scientific drilling ; Borehole geophys. ; Instruments ; EUROPROBE (Geol. and Geophys. in eastern Europe)
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  • 85
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    Cajon pass scientific drilling project: Drilling overview (1990)
    Springer
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Super-Deep Continental Drilling and Deep Geophysical Sounding, Berlin, Springer, vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 40-56, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990
    Keywords: Review article ; Project report/description ; Borehole geophys. ; scientific drilling
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  • 86
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    The role of continental scientific drilling in studies of earthquakes, crustal deformation, and lithospheric dynamics (1990)
    Springer
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Super-Deep Continental Drilling and Deep Geophysical Sounding, Berlin, Springer, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 70-89, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990
    Keywords: scientific drilling ; Stress ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Plate tectonics
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  • 87
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    Deep stress measurements: A key to understanding crustal tectonics (1990)
    Springer
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Super-Deep Continental Drilling and Deep Geophysical Sounding, Berlin, Springer, vol. 81A, no. 16, pp. 377-387, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Review article ; Hydraulic fracturing ; Stress
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  • 88
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    Super-Deep Continental Drilling and Deep Geophysical Sounding (1990)
    Springer
    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. V/2, no. Subvol. b, pp. 220, (ISBN: 0-08-037951-6)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; KTB ; Tectonics ; Textbook of geophysics ; Geol. aspects
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  • 89
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    Detector design and data processing effects on elemental yield variance (1990)
    Halliburton Logging Services
    In:  Washington D. C., Halliburton Logging Services, vol. 60, no. Subvol. b, pp. 220, (ISBN: 0-08-037951-6)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Instruments ; Spectral Gamma Ray log ; capture ; gamma ; ray ; spectroscopy
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  • 90
    facet.materialart.
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    In situ stress measurements in super-deep wells (1990)
    Springer
    In:  Professional Paper, Super-Deep Continental Drilling and Deep Geophysical Sounding, Berlin, Springer, vol. 65, no. 16, pp. 372-376, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Review article ; scientific drilling ; EUROPROBE (Geol. and Geophys. in eastern Europe) ; Stress ; Stress measurements
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  • 91
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    The basite component of Archean section of the Kola super-deep well (1990)
    Springer
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Super-Deep Continental Drilling and Deep Geophysical Sounding, Berlin, Springer, vol. 81A, no. 16, pp. 163-169, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; scientific drilling ; Geol. aspects ; EUROPROBE (Geol. and Geophys. in eastern Europe)
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cauliflower mosaic virus gene VI causes growth suppression, development of necrotic spots and expression of defence-related genes in transgenic tobacco plants (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 216 (1989), S. 188-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Cauliflower mosaic virus gene VI ; Transgenic tobacco plants ; Pathogenesis-related proteins ; Stress ; Symptom expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In order to study possible functions of the inclusion body matrix protein (IBMP) encoded by gene VI of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), the XbaI fragment containing the gene VI of a Japanese strain of CaMV (CaMV S-Japan) was transferred to tobacco plants by Ti mediated transformation. Eight out of 18 kanamycin resistant plants (40%) expressed detectable levels of IBMP. Those transgenic plants expressing IBMP produced leaves with light green color, and their growth was suppressed as compared with control plants. Symptom-like necrotic spots also appeared on the leaves and stems of the mature transgenic plants. Furthermore, in these transgenic plants, pathogenesis-related proteins 1a, 1b and 1c were highly expressed and the activity of 1,3-β-glucanase was increased up to eightfold. From these results, we concluded that expression of the IBMP is associated with symptom development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334355
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    Fulltext
  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidative stress (1989)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 11 (1989), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Cataract ; Free radicals ; Multiple organ failure ; Oxygen ; Reflex sympathetic dystrophy ; Respiratory distress syndrome, adult ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The early involvement of free radicals in the evolution of life may explain their ubiquitous presence and vital physiological role. Imbalance between protection against free radicals and their generation, explains the likely association of various diseases with toxic oxygen species. An elaborate defence system against oxygen-free radicals exists. The effects of oxidative stress are manifold. Direct demonstration of oxygen radicals in intact biological systems is difficult. Frequently, effect-related measurements are used in this respect. The clinical conditions adult respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure, reflex sympathetic dystrophy and sugar cataract are discussed and the role of oxygen radicals in the aetiology of these diseases are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01959411
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  • 94
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    Applications of the Compensated Spectral Natural Gamma tool (1989)
    Halliburton Logging Services
    In:  Compensated Spectral Natural Gamma Logging, Houston, 19 pp., April 1989, Halliburton Logging Services, vol. 10, no. EL-1021R, pp. 235-239, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Spectral Gamma Ray log ; Instruments
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  • 95
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    A multi-function compensated spectral natural gamma ray logging system, 15 pp. (1989)
    Halliburton Logging Services
    In:  Compensated Spectral Natural Gamma Logging, Houston, April 1989, Halliburton Logging Services, vol. 10, no. EL-1021R, pp. 484-486, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Instruments ; Spectral Gamma Ray log
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  • 96
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    The German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) (1989)
    Springer
    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. 138, no. 2, pp. 527-553, (ISBN 0-7923-5034-0)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Tectonics ; Textbook of geophysics ; Geol. aspects ; BO, ; RUB, ; GMG: ; MB ; 4129 ; 3.45.19
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  • 97
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    The KTB pilot-hole: Tectonic setting, technical data and first results (1989)
    Springer
    In:  Professional Paper, The German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB), Site-Selection Studies in the Oberpfalz and Schwarzwald, Berlin, Springer, vol. 9, no. 16, pp. 527-553, (ISBN 1-4020-1729-4)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; KTB ; Tectonics ; Review article ; Geol. aspects
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  • 98
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Dipmeter interpretation: The science and the art (1989)
    Halliburton Logging Services
    In:  Professional Paper, Six Arm Dipmeter, Dordrecht, Halliburton Logging Services, vol. 23, no. Subvol. b, pp. 1-15, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Dipmeter, ~analysis
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  • 99
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    Dipmeter interpretation: Pitfalls and preferred practices (1989)
    Halliburton Logging Services
    In:  Professional Paper, Six Arm Dipmeter, Dordrecht, Halliburton Logging Services, vol. 23, no. Subvol. b, pp. 1-15, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Dipmeter, ~analysis ; Data analysis / ~ processing
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  • 100
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    A spectral gamma ray (Spectral Gamma Ray logs-2uTMds0) tool (1989)
    Halliburton Logging Services
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Spectral Gamma Ray Survey - 256-Channel Analysis, Washington, Halliburton Logging Services, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 104-125, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Borehole geophys. ; Spectral Gamma Ray log
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