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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
  • Elsevier  (92)
  • Elsevier Science Limited  (25)
  • AGU  (15)
  • Geological Society of America  (7)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Nature Publishing Group
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  • 1
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    Potentially harmful elements released by volcanic ashes: examples from the Mediterranean area (2017)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-12-11
    Beschreibung: We have performed leaching experiments on the fine (〈 2 mm) particulate sampled in seven active and quiescent volcanic systems in the Mediterranean area. We reacted the particulate both in pure water and in a synthetic gastric solution. The amount of As, Mn, Pb, Ba, U and Ni leached by pure water exceeded the MAC limits for drinking water in all the materials under investigation. We defined a tolerable ash intake index (TAI) to evaluate the impact of ash ingestion, and we find that 0.2 g and 12 g of ingested fine ash from Vesuvius and Vulcano are enough to exceed the safety limits for Pb and As. Six grams of fine ashes from Stromboli are sufficient to overstep the safety limits for As. Based on our mineralogical characterisation of the particulate, we expect that the submillimetric ash fraction, with a higher surface/volume ratio, releases a greater relative amount of trace metals, which are concentrated in the thin surface layer produced by the reaction of the pristine volcanic particles with coexisting volcanic gases. This means that our measurements represent lower bounds to the actual amount of metal released in aqueous solutions by the volcanic ashes from the locations under investigation. Our results place the first constraints on the mobilisation of toxic elements from volcanic ash, which are necessary to assess the associated potential health risk of volcanic areas.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 16-28
    Beschreibung: 3V. Proprietà dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Ash ; Volcanoes ; Mediterranean ; Trace Metals ; Toxicity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 2
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    The explosive activity of the 1669 Monti Rossi eruption at Mt. Etna (Italy) (2017)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-24
    Beschreibung: Preceded by 14 days of intense seismic activity, a new eruption started on the south flank of Mt Etna, Sicily (Italy) early in the morning of 11 March 1669 opening up a series of NS eruptive fissures. The eruption is one of the most destructive flank eruptions of Etna in historical times; it lasted until 11 July, and was characterized by simultaneous explosive and effusive activity during the first three months, while only lava flow output in the last month. The activity built up the large composite cone of the ``Monti Rossi{'' at the lower end of the eruptive fissures, and caused severe damage to the nearby inhabited areas. The prolonged effusive activity generated lava flows for 〉15 km, which destroyed several villages and the western part of the town of Catania before reaching the coastline and entering the sea. In this paper, we examine the tephro-stratigraphy of the products of the explosie activity. An in-depth analysis of historical accounts was used to define the chronology of the main eruptive phases (precursors, explosive activity and initial effusive phenomena). The geology of the cone and of the fallout deposits were defined through a field survey over a distance of 5 km from the Monti Rossi. Textural (grain-size, morphological, componentry), density and petrological analyses of tephra samples provided a sedimentological, physical and geochemical characterization of erupted products. Integrating ground and historical data enabled defining the evolution of the cone, identifying and correlating four main cone-forming units. By tracing the dispersal map of the main distal tephra beds (the finer ash being dispersed mainly to the NE as far as Calabria and to the south of Sicily and the 10-cm isopach of the total deposit covering an area up to 53 km(2)), we estimated a total tephra fallout volume, including the Monti Rossi cone, of about 6.6 x 10(7) m(3) (about 32 x 10(7) m(3) DRE). The 1669 event can be considered an archetype of the most hazardous expected eruption on the densely populated flanks of Etna. Reconstructing the eruptive chronology and styles of the 1669 eruption therefore, represents the basic data to assess volcanic hazard from eventual similar flank events in the future. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 115-133
    Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Mt. Etna 1669 Monti Rossi eruption Eruption dynamics Eruption scenario Explosive activity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Geochemistry of the mantle source and magma feeding system beneath Turrialba volcano, Costa Rica (2016)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-10-29
    Beschreibung: Turrialba volcano lies in the southern sector of the Central American Volcanic Front (CAVF) in Costa Rica. The geochemistry of major and trace elements, and Sr and Nd isotopes of a selected suite of volcanic rocks ranging in composition from basaltic andesite to dacite and belonging to the last 10 ka of activity of Turrialba volcano is described, together with the He-, Ne-, and Ar-isotope compositions of fluid inclusions hosted in olivine and pyroxene crystals. Most of the variability in the rock chemistry is consistentwith typical trends of fractional crystallization, but there is an outlying group of andesites that displays an adakite-like composition (with a consistent depletion in high-field-strength elements and a marked enrichment in Sr) and low 3He/4He ratios (7.0–7.2 Ra). The trace-element composition of these rocks is typical of subduction-related magmas influenced by an OIB-like component at the source associated with the subduction of the Galapagos seamounts. The 87Sr/86Sr (0.703612–0.703678) and 143Nd/144Nd (0.512960–0.512984) ratios of the bulk rocks vary within narrowranges, and are among the least-radiogenic isotope signatures of the CAVF volcanoes. The 3He/4He ratios measured in fluid inclusions hosted in olivine crystals (up to 8.1 Ra) are among the highest for the CAVF, and indicate that radiogenic 4He from fluids derived fromthe subducting slab contribute negligibly to the mantle wedge. The difference in He isotopes between most of studied rocks and those showing adakite-like features reasonably reflects two distinct components in the local mantle: (1) a MORB-like component, characterized by the highest He-isotope ratios (7.8–8.1 Ra), and (2) an OIB-like component, characterized by lower He-isotope ratios (7.0–7.2 Ra), coming from the subduction of the Galapagos seamounts. An overview at the regional scale indicates that high He-isotope ratios are peculiar to the two extreme sectors of the CAVF (Costa Rica to the south and Guatemala to the north), whereas in the central sector (Nicaragua) the magma source is probably contaminated by slab fluids. For the past few years Turrialba volcano has been in a volcanic unrest phase that has included a series of explosions, the most recent of which occurred between October 2014 and May 2015. The volcano is subject to an ongoing safety alert due to the possibility of a magmatic eruption. One of the crucial questions to be addressed is the kind of eruption that can be expected, and hence what type of magma is likely to be involved. The high 3He/4He ratios (7.8–8.0 Ra) measured during 2011 at high-temperature fumaroles of Turrialba craters are comparable to those measured in fluid inclusions of basaltic andesites that erupted in 1864–1866, suggesting that the magma currently feeding the shallow plumbing system has similar geochemical characteristics to the most recently erupted magma.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 319-335
    Beschreibung: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Turrialba ; 3He/4He ratio ; Fluid inclusions ; Adakite ; MORB mantle ; OIB mantle ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 4
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    Time-dependent Coulomb stress changes induced by the 2002-2003 Etna magmatic intrusions and implications on following seismic activities (2016)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-06-25
    Beschreibung: In this paper, the relationship between the dike-forming magmatic intrusions and the faulting process at Mount Etna is investigated in terms of Coulomb stress changes. As case study, a complete time-dependent 3-D finite element model for the 2002-2003 eruption at Mount Etna is presented. In the model, which takes into account the topography, medium heterogeneities and principal fault systems in a viscoelastic/plastic rheology, we sequentially activated three dike-forming processes and looked at the induced temporal evolution of the Coulomb stress changes, during the co-intrusive and post-intrusive periods, on Pernicana and Santa Venerina faults. We investigated where and when fault slips were encouraged or not, and consequently how earthquakes may have been triggered. Results show positive Coulomb stress changes for the Pernicana Fault in accordance to the time, location and depth of the 27th October 2002 Pernicana earthquake (Md = 3.5). The amount of Coulomb stress changes in the area of Santa Venerina Fault, as induced by dike-forming intrusions only, is instead almost negligible and, probably, not sufficient to trigger the 29th October Santa Venerina earthquake (Md = 4.4), occurred two days after the start of the eruption. The necessary Coulomb stress change value to trigger this earthquake is instead reached if we consider it as induced by the 27th October Pernicana biggest earthquake, combined with the dike-induced stresses.
    Beschreibung: MED-SUV FP7 Project (Grant number 308665)
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 185-196
    Beschreibung: 4V. Dinamica dei processi pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Coulomb stress changes ; Finite Element Model ; Viscoelasticity ; Earthquakes ; Mount Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.08. Theory and Models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.03. Inverse methods
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 5
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    Mapping fumarolic fields in volcanic areas: A methodological approach based on the case study of La Fossa cone, Vulcano island (Italy) (2016)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Changes in the activity state of a volcano can be inferred by monitoring the steam flux from fumarolic fields, in terms of 4D (x, y, z, time) variations in temperature and extension of the zone. During the last decades, several studies in this field have been conducted worldwide, and at Vulcano island (Italy) in particular. Both direct and remotely sensed measurements have been used for identifying thermally anomalous areas, but the possible role of the hydrothermal alteration of volcanic products, producing a sealing effect that obscures the surface thermal evidence of fumarolic activity, have never been explored. The novelty of the present study, carried out at La Fossa cone (Vulcano Island), was the integration of direct and remotely sensed temperature measurements with the evaluation of soil permeability, for the precise mapping of areas where shallow hydrothermal circulation could occur even in the absence of surface evidence. The main results of this study concern the role of a coating found on rock surfaces and regolith in introducing mapping errors, especially during diachronic temperature surveys based on remotely sensed measurements.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1-7
    Beschreibung: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): fumarole ; mapping ; permeability ; temperature ; Vulcano island ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 6
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    First documented deep submarine explosive eruptions at the Marsili Seamount (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy): A case of historical volcanism in the Mediterranean Sea (2015)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-01-14
    Beschreibung: The Marsili Seamount (MS) is an about 3200 m high volcanic complex measuring 70 × 30 km with the top at ~500 m b.s.l. MS is interpreted as the ridge of the 2 Ma old Marsili back-arc basin belonging to the Calabrian Arc–Ionian Sea subduction system(Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). Previous studies indicate that theMS activity developed between 1 and 0.1 Ma through effusions of lava flows. Here, new stratigraphic, textural, geochemical, and 14C geochronological data from a 95 cm long gravity core (COR02) recovered at 839 m bsl in theMS central sector are presented. COR02 contains mud and two tephras consisting of 98 to 100 area% of volcanic ash. The thickness of the upper tephra (TEPH01) is 15 cm, and that of the lower tephra (TEPH02) is 60 cm. The tephras have poor to moderate sorting, loose to partly welded levels, and erosive contacts, which imply a short distance source of the pyroclastics. 14C dating on fossils above and below TEPH01 gives an age of 3 ka BP. Calculations of the sedimentation rates from the mud sediments above and between the tephras suggest that a formation of TEPH02 at 5 ka BP MS ashes has a high-K calcalkaline affinity with 53 wt.% b SiO2 b 68 wt.%, and their composition overlaps that of the MS lava flows. The trace element pattern is consistent with fractional crystallization from a common, OIB-like basalt. The source area of ashes is the central sector of MS and not a subaerial volcano of the Campanian and/or Aeolian Quaternary volcanic districts. Submarine, explosive eruptions occurred atMS in historical times: this is the first evidence of explosive volcanic activity at a significant (500–800 m bsl) water depth in the Mediterranean Sea.MS is still active, the monitoring and an evaluation of the different types of hazards are highly recommended.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 764-774
    Beschreibung: 2IT. Laboratori sperimentali e analitici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Submarine active volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    New petrological constraints on the last eruptive phase of the Sabatini Volcanic District (central Italy): Clues from mineralogy, geochemistry, and Sr–Nd isotopes (2015)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-17
    Beschreibung: We report results from mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic analyses of the three youngest pyroclastic products (ca. 86 ky) belonging to the Sabatini Volcanic District (Roman Province, central Italy). By means of thermometers, hygrometers and oxygen barometers, we have estimated that the crystallization temperature of magma progressively decreases over time (910–740 °C),whereas the amount ofwater dissolved in the melt and fO2 progressively increases as compositions of magmas become more differentiated (4.5–6.4 wt.% H2O and 0.4–2.6 ΔQFM buffer, respectively). Thermodynamic simulations of phase equilibria indicate that geochemical trends in mafic magmas (MgO N 4 wt.%) can be reproduced by abundant fractionation of olivine and clinopyroxene (~50 wt.% crystallization), while the trends of more evolved magmas (MgO ≤ 4 wt.%) originated by fractional crystallization of plagioclase and sanidine (~45 wt.% crystallization). The behavior of trace elements highlights that magmatic differentiation is controlled by polybaric differentiation that includes: (1) prolonged fractionation of mafic, anhydrous minerals from a primitive, H2O-poor magma at depth and (2) extraction of a more evolved, H2O-rich magma that crystallizes abundant felsic and subordinated hydrous minerals at shallow crustal levels. Assimilation and fractional crystallization modeling also reveal that magmas interacted with the carbonate rocks of the subvolcanic basement. The effect of carbonate assimilation accounts for both trace element and Sr–Nd isotopic variations inmagmas, suggesting amaximumdegree of carbonate assimilation of less than 5 wt.%.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 28-38
    Beschreibung: 2IT. Laboratori sperimentali e analitici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Sabatini Volcanic District ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 8
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    Optimizing pre-eruptive temperature estimates in thermally and chemically zoned magma chambers (2015)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We present a method to minimize the error of temperature estimate when multiple discrete populations of glass and clinopyroxene occur in a single heterogeneous eruptive unit. As test data we have used ~1100 clinopyroxene–melt pairs from isothermal and thermal gradient experiments. These latter are characterized by the crystallization of multiple modes of clinopyroxene as frequently documented for chemically and thermally zoned magma chambers. Equilibrium clinopyroxene–melt pairs are identified through the difference between predicted and measured components in clinopyroxene. The use of these equilibrium compositions as input data for one of the most recent clinopyroxene-based thermometers demonstrates that the error of temperature estimate is minimized and approaches to the calibration error of the thermometric model. To emphasize the paramount importance of this method for predicting the crystallization temperature of heterogeneousmagmas, we have tested for equilibrium~480 and ~150 clinopyroxene–melt pairs fromthe explosive eruptions of the Sabatini Volcanic District (Latium Region, Central Italy) and the Campi Flegrei Volcanic Field (Campanian Region, Southern Italy), respectively. These eruptions were fed by zoned magma chambers, as indicated by the occurrence ofmultiple modes of clinopyroxene in the eruptive units. Results fromcalculations demonstrate that clinopyroxene–melt pairs in equilibrium at the time of eruption are effectively captured by our method and, consequently, the error of temperature estimate is significantly reduced.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 97-103
    Beschreibung: 2IT. Laboratori sperimentali e analitici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Equilibrium model ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 9
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    Dynamic feeder dyke systems in basaltic volcanoes: the exceptional example o fthe 1809 Etna eruption (Italy) (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In this paper, we describe the 1809 eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy, which represents one historical rare case in which it is possible to observe details of the internal structure of the feeder system. This is possible thanks to the presence of two large pit craters located in the middle of the eruptive fracture field that allow studying a section of the shallow feeder system. Along the walls of one of these craters, we analysed well-exposed cross sections of the uppermost 15–20 m of the feeder system and related volcanic products. Here, we describe the structure, morphology and lithology of this portion of the 1809 feeder system, including the host rock which conditioned the propagation of the dyke, and compare the results with other recent eruptions. Finally, we propose the dynamic model of the magma behaviour inside a laterally-propagating feeder dyke, demonstrating how this dynamic triggered important changes in the eruptive style (from effusive/Strombolian to phreatomagmatic) during the same eruption. Our results are also useful for hazard assessment related to the development of flank eruptions, potentially the most hazardous type of eruption from basaltic volcanoes in densely urbanized areas, such as Mt. Etna.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1-11
    Beschreibung: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Beschreibung: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): feeder dyke ; basaltic volcanoes ; flank eruptions ; Etna ; volcanic hazards ; sill ; volcanic rift ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Volcaniclastic flow hazard zonation in the Sub-Apennine Vesuvian area using GIS and remote sensing (2015)
    Geological Society of America
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Steep slopes mantled by pyroclastic deposits are favorable areas prone to generate hazardous volcaniclastic fl ows. In Italy, such a setting is well represented in the Campania Region, where pyroclastic deposits from the explosive activity of the Neapolitan volcanoes (Ischia, Campi Flegrei, and Somma-Vesuvius) cover the Apennine range bordering the Campanian Plain. In order to provide a useful contribution to the mitigation and prevention of these calamitous natural events, this work presents a multidisciplinary approach to improve the understanding of the volcaniclastic fl ow hazard zonation in an Apennine area of 340 km2 surrounding the Somma-Vesuvius volcano. The disruption proneness index (DPI) was calculated in order to identify the drainage basins potentially prone to generate volcaniclastic fl ows. This index is obtained by combining satellite and morphometric data in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. It is calculated for 1100 drainage basins, considering the main parameters infl uencing the slope stability (slope angle, basin shape factor, curvature, relative relief, aspect, and land cover). The land cover mapping is obtained from Landsat data and airborne high-resolution images, while the morphometric parameters are derived from a digital elevation model (DEM) with a cell size of 10 m. The result is a zonation map that classifi es the drainage basins according to different degrees of proneness to generate volcaniclastic fl ows (low, moderate, high, and very high). The drainage basins falling within high and very high classes are 66%, while 28% fall in the moderate class, and the remaining 6% fall in the low proneness class.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1419–1431
    Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Volcaniclastic Flow, Disruption Proneness Index (DPI), Sub-Apennine Vesuvian areas, Remote Sensing, GIS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.02. Hydrogeological risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    The effect of Etna volcanic ash clouds on the Maltese Islands (2015)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In this paper, we have studied in depth the effect of Etna volcanic ash clouds on the Maltese Islands. Research was carried out to gather information about Etna's eruptions that impacted the Maltese Islands, starting with historical eruptions dating back to the 14th century continuing to present day. A statistical approach was utilized to provide tephra deposit load and ash concentration using PUFF — a model which simulates the transport, dispersion and sedimentation of volcanic ash. Three different eruptive scenarios that characterize Etna's recent activity were considered; the first scenario representing the 2001 eruption (Sc1), the second scenario representing the July 1998 eruption (Sc2) whilst the third scenario represents the recent activity in 2011– 2012 (Sc3). We found that the time taken for the volcanic ash cloud to reach the Maltese Islands, when the wind direction is toward the south-west ranges from 4 to 6 h. The probability that an Etna volcanic cloud reaches Malta during an eruption is about 15% per annum. The now calibrated model may be now used to produce deposit load and cumulative columnar load (i.e. summation from maximum height of volcanic cloud to ground) of volcanic ash in atmosphere for the Maltese area and help the aviation authorities and Malta airport to make decisions during Etna eruptions. This will be of direct use to local communities and aviation.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 13-26
    Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): volcanic ash forecasting ; Maltese Islands ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Volcanic plume vent conditions retrieved from infrared images: A forward and inverse modeling approach (2015)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-24
    Beschreibung: We present a coupled fluid-dynamic and electromagnetic model for volcanic ash plumes. In a forward approach, the model is able to simulate the plume dynamics from prescribed input flow conditions and generate the corresponding synthetic thermal infrared (TIR) image, allowing a comparison with field-based observations. An inversion procedure is then developed to retrieve vent conditions from TIR images, and to independently estimate the mass eruption rate. The adopted fluid-dynamic model is based on a one-dimensional, stationary description of a self-similar turbulent plume, for which an asymptotic analytical solution is obtained. The electromagnetic emission/absorption model is based on Schwarzschild's equation and on Mie's theory for disperse particles, and we assume that particles are coarser than the radiation wavelength (about 10 μm) and that scattering is negligible. In the inversion procedure, model parameter space is sampled to find the optimal set of input conditions which minimizes the difference between the experimental and the synthetic image. Application of the inversion procedure to an ash plume at Santiaguito (Santa Maria volcano, Guatemala) has allowed us to retrieve the main plume input parameters, namely mass flow rate, initial radius, velocity, temperature, gas mass ratio, entrainment coefficient and their related uncertainty. Moreover, by coupling with the electromagnetic model we have been able to obtain a reliable estimate of the equivalent Sauter diameter of the total particle size distribution. The presented method is general and, in principle, can be applied to the spatial distribution of particle concentration and temperature obtained by any fluid-dynamic model, either integral or multidimensional, stationary or time-dependent, single or multiphase. The method discussed here is fast and robust, thus indicating potential for applications to real-time estimation of ash mass flux and particle size distribution, which is crucial for model-based forecasts of the volcanic ash dispersal process.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 129–147
    Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Beschreibung: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Volcanic ash plume ; Volcanic ash plume ; Thermal camera ; Inversion ; Mass flow ; Particle size ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.01. Data processing ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.03. Inverse methods ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis ; 05. General::05.05. Mathematical geophysics::05.05.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 13
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    Uncertainties in lava flow hazard maps derived from numerical simulations: the case study of Mount Etna (2015)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The procedure for the derivation of a hazard map for lava flows at Mount Etna through lava flow simulations is critically reviewed. The DOWNFLOW code is then used to explore the sensitivity of the hazard map with respect to input settings. Three parameters are varied within ranges close to values recently applied to derive similar hazard maps: (i) the spacing between computational vents; (ii) the spatial probability density function (PDF) for future vent opening; and (iii) the expected length of future lava flows. The effect of increasing the spacing between computational vents tends to be compensated at the lower elevations, and a vent spacing smaller than about 500 m warrants an overall difference with respect to a reference map which is smaller than 6–8%. A random subsampling of the elements used to obtain the input vent opening PDF (−20%, −40% and −60%) originates significant but drastically smaller differences in the obtained map with respect to the reference one (~10%, ~12.5% and ~17% respectively, on average). In contrast, our results show that changes in the expected flow length originate, by far, the highest changes in the obtained hazard map, with overall differences ranging between ~20% and ~65%, and between ~30% and ~95% if computed only over inhabited areas. The simulations collected are further processed to derive maps of the confluence/diffluence index,which quantifies the error introduced, locally, when the position of the vent is misplaced by a given distance.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 90-102
    Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Lava flow simulation; Hazard map; Sensitivity analysis; Mount Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 14
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    Geoethics: ethical challenges and case studies in Earth Science (2015)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Key Features. Written by a global group of contributors with backgrounds ranging from philosopher to geo-practitioner, providing a balance of voices. Includes case studies, showing where experts have gone wrong and where key organizations have ignored facts, wanting assessments favorable to their agendas. Provides a much needed basis for discussion to guide scientists to consider their responsibilities and to improve communication with the public. Description. Edited by two experts in the area, Geoethics: Ethical Challenges and Case Studies in Earth Sciences addresses a range of topics surrounding the concept of ethics in geoscience, making it an important reference for any Earth scientist with a growing concern for sustainable development and social responsibility. This book will provide the reader with some obvious and some hidden information you need for understanding where experts have not served the public, what more could have been done to reach and serve the public and the ethical issues surrounding the Earth Sciences, from a global perspective. Table of contents. Section 1: Introduction Section 2: Philosophical reflections Section 3: The ethics of practice Section 4: Man made hazards Section 5: Natural hazards Section 6: Exploitation of resources Section 7: Low income and indigenous communities Section 8: Geoscience community
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Beschreibung: 5T. Sorveglianza sismica e operatività post-terremoto
    Beschreibung: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Beschreibung: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Beschreibung: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Beschreibung: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Geoethics ; Philosophy ; Natural hazards ; Man made hazards ; Georesources ; Low income countries ; Geoscience community ; Communication ; Geoeducation ; Natural risks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 15
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    Variability in composition and physical properties of the sedimentary basement of Mt Etna, Italy (2015)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-24
    Beschreibung: The sub-volcanic basement at Mt Etna (Italy) comprises thick sedimentary sequences. An understanding of the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of these sequences, and an appreciation of their variability, is important for an accurate assessment of the structural stability of Mt Etna. Here, we present a combined field and laboratory study in which we explore the extent of variability of the materials comprising the sedimentary basement of Mt Etna. To this end, we sampled twelve different lithological units that span the sediments of the Apenninic-Maghrebian Chain (from both the Sicilide and Ionides sequences) and the Hyblean Plateau. X-ray diffraction analysis of the blocks collected show that calcite and quartz are the predominant mineral phases. Textural analysis highlights the wide variability in rock microstructures,with features such as the presence/absence of fractures or veins, pore size and shape, and grain size and shape varying tremendously between the samples. One consequence of this microstructural, textural, and mineralogical variability is that the rock units are characterised by very different values of porosity, P-wave velocity, uniaxial compressive strength, and static Young’s modulus. For example, strength and Young’s modulus vary by a factor of twenty and an order of magnitude, respectively. Our study affirms the vast heterogeneity of the sub-volcanic sedimentary basement of Mt Etna and, on this basis, weurge cautionwhen selecting potentially oversimplified input parameters formodels of flank stability.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 102-116
    Beschreibung: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Uniaxial compressive strength, Young’s modulus, Microstructure, Porosity, P-wave velocity, Mineralogical composition ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology
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  • 16
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    The geochemical evolution of clinopyroxene in the Roman Province: A window on decarbonation from wall-rocks to magma (2015)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-07-18
    Beschreibung: We present results from magma–carbonate interaction experiments designed to shed light on the geochemical evolution of clinopyroxene in the Roman Province (central Italy). Atmospheric pressure experiments were performed at 1140, 1160 and 1180 °C under NNO,MHand air oxygen buffering conditions. The starting materials were a shoshonite and a phonotephrite doped with different amounts of CaO and CaO + MgO whose stoichiometric proportions reproduced the assimilation by magmas of calcite and dolomite, respectively. The results show that clinopyroxenes, spinels and residual glasses are ubiquitous phases in all run-products. Calcite-doped runs crystallize more clinopyroxene than dolomite-doped runs at the same conditions. This leads to the formation of strong desilicated CaO-rich melts showing compositions comparable to those of magmatic skarns. During magma–carbonate interaction, the content of Fe3+ in clinopyroxene increases with increasing fO2 promoting the substitution of Al for Si in tetrahedral site. Local charge imbalances are also compensated by the incorporation of highly charged cations, such as Ti, into the crystal lattice. According to this cation substitution, Al–Ca–Fe3+–Ti-rich clinopyroxenes of the skarn environment testify to continuous CO2 fluxes produced by the thermal decomposition of carbonate wall-rocks. Nevertheless, the oxidative capacity of CO2 progressively decreases from the skarn shells towards the interior of the magma chamber driving the crystallization of Si–Fe2+–Mg-rich clinopyroxenes.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1-7
    Beschreibung: 2IT. Laboratori sperimentali e analitici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Carbonate assimilation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology
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  • 17
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    Thermal weakening of the carbonate basement under Mt. Etna volcano (Italy): Implications for volcano instability (2014)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The physical integrity of a sub-volcanic basement is crucial in controlling the stability of a volcanic edifice. For many volcanoes, this basement can comprise thick sequences of carbonates that are prone to significant thermally-induced alteration. These debilitating thermal reactions, facilitated by heat from proximal magma storage volumes, promote the weakening of the rock mass and likely therefore encourage edifice instability. Such instability can result in slow, gravitational spreading and episodic to continuous slippage of unstable flanks, and may also facilitate catastrophic flank collapse. Understanding the propensity of a particular sub-volcanic basement to such instability requires a detailed understanding of the influence of high temperatures on the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the rocks involved. The juxtaposition of a thick carbonate substratum and magmatic heat sources makes Mt. Etna volcano an ideal candidate for our study. We investigated experimentally the effect of temperature on two carbonate rocks that have been chosen to represent the deep, heterogeneous sedimentary substratum under Mt. Etna volcano. This study has demonstrated that thermal-stressing resulted in a progressive and significant change in the physical properties of the two rocks. Porosity, wet (i.e., water-saturated) dynamic Poisson's ratio and wet Vp/Vs ratio all increased, whilst P- and S-wave velocities, bulk sample density, dynamic and static Young's modulus, dry Vp/Vs ratio, and dry dynamic Poisson's ratio all decreased. At temperatures of 800 °C, the carbonate in these rocks completely dissociated, resulting in a total mass loss of about 45% and the release of about 44 wt.% of CO2. Uniaxial deformation experiments showed that high in-situ temperatures (〉500 °C) significantly reduced the strength of the carbonates and altered their deformation behaviour. Above 500 °C the rocks deformed in a ductile manner and the output of acoustic emissions was greatly reduced. We speculate that thermally-induced weakening and the ductile behaviour of the carbonate substratum could be a key factor in explaining the large-scale deformation observed at Mt. Etna volcano. Our findings are consistent with several field observations at Mt. Etna volcano and can quantitatively support the interpretation of (1) the irregularly low seismic velocity zones present within the sub-volcanic sedimentary basement, (2) the anomalously high CO2 degassing observed, (3) the anomalously high Vp/Vs ratios and the rapid migration of fluids, and (4) the increasing instability of volcanic edifices in the lifespan of a magmatic system. We speculate that carbonate sub-volcanic basement may emerge as one of the decisive fundamentals in controlling volcanic stability.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 42-60
    Beschreibung: 2R. Laboratori sperimentali e analitici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Decarbonation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 18
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    Primary magmatic calcite reveals origin from crustal carbonate (2014)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-06-09
    Beschreibung: Wehave investigated lava flows representative of thewhole eruptive history of the Colli Albani ultrapotassic volcanic district (Central Italy). One of the most intriguing features concerning some of these lava flows is the occurrence of primary, magmatic calcite in the groundmass. The primary, magmatic nature of calcite has been inferred by microtextural investigations showing that it typically occurs i) interstitially, associated with clinopyroxene, nepheline and phlogopite, ii) in spherical ocelli, associated with nepheline, fluorite and tangentially arranged clinopyroxene, and iii) in corona-like reaction zones around K-feldspar xenocrysts. These microtextural features distinctly indicate that calcite crystallized froma carbonate melt in a partially molten groundmass, implying that the temperature of the system was above the solidus of the hosted lava flow (N850 °C). Geochemical features of calcite crystals (i.e., stable isotope values and trace element patterns) corroborate their primary nature and give insights into the origin of the parental carbonate melt. The trace element patterns testify to a high-temperature crystallization process (not hydrothermal) involving a carbonate melt coexisting with a silicate melt. The high δ18O (around 27‰SMOW) andwide δ13C (−18 to+5‰PDB) values measured in the calcites preclude a mantle origin, but are consistent with an origin in the crust. In this framework, the crystallization of calcite can be linked to the interaction between magmas and carbonate-bearing wall rocks and, in particular, to the entrapment of solid and/or molten carbonate in the silicate magma. The stability of carbonate melt at lowpressure and the consequent crystallization of calcite in the lava flow groundmass are ensured by the documented, high activity of fluorine in the studied system and by the limited ability of silicate and carbonate melts to mix at syn-eruptive time scales.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 191-203
    Beschreibung: 2R. Laboratori sperimentali e analitici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Carbonate assimilation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology
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  • 19
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    Volcanic risk perception in the Campi Flegrei area (2013)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The Campi Flegrei which includes part of the city of Naples, is an active volcanic system; its last eruption occurred in 1538 AD. More recently two significant crises occurred between 1969 and 72 and 1982–84 and were accompanied by ground movements (bradyseism) and seismic activity, forcing people of the town of Pozzuoli to be evacuated. Since 1984 development of a volcanic emergency plan has been underway. In 2000 Civil Protection published a risk map which defined the Red Zone, an area highly at risk from pyroclastic flows, which would need to be evacuated before an eruption. The first study to evaluate the volcanic risk perceptions of the people living within the Campi Flegrei area was completed in spring 2006, resulting in the largest sample ever studied on this topic except for one on Vesuvio area residents by Barberi et al. (2008). A 46 item questionnaire was distributed to 2000 of the approximately 300,000 residents of the Campi Flegrei Red Zone, which includes three towns and four neighborhoods within the city of Naples. A total of 1161 questionnaires were returned, for an overall response rate of 58%. Surveys were distributed to junior high and high school students, as well as to adult members of the general population. Results indicated that unlike issues such as crime, traffic, trash, and unemployment, volcanic hazards are not spontaneously mentioned as a major problem facing their community. However, when asked specific questions about volcanic risks, respondents believe that an eruption is likely and could have serious consequences for themselves and their communities and they are quite worried about the threat. Considering the events of 1969–72 and 1982–84, it was not surprising that respondents indicated earthquakes and ground deformations as more serious threats than eruptive phenomena. Of significant importance is that only 17% of the sample knows about the existence of the Emergency Plan, announced in 2001, and 65% said that they have not received enough information about the possible effects of an eruption. In addition, residents' sense of community was significantly positively correlated with both confidence in local authorities and Civil Protection as well as residents' feelings of self efficacy regarding their ability to protect themselves from a potential eruption. These results indicate that most residents of Campi Flegrei, while aware of the volcanic threat posed by Vesuvio, are not familiar with more local volcanic hazards in their area. This, coupled with little knowledge about the Emergency Plan and the very low level of information residents have about the effects of a possible eruption, suggests that authorities, in collaboration with the scientific community, should direct their efforts to better educate and inform the population about volcanic hazards and the Emergency Plan, and that such efforts could be facilitated by trying to encourage stronger community bonds.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 118-130
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Volcanic risk perception ; Campi Flegrei Caldera ; Public awareness ; Emergency plan ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 20
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    Sulphur-gas concentrations in volcanic and geothermal areas in Italy and Greece: Characterising potential human exposures and risks (2013)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Passive samplers were used to measure the atmospheric concentrations of SO2 naturally emitted at three volcanoes in Italy (Etna, Vulcano and Stromboli) and of H2S naturally emitted at three volcanic/geothermal areas in Greece (Milos, Santorini and Nisyros). The measured concentrations and dispersion patterns varied with the strength of the source (open conduits or fumaroles), the meteorological conditions and the area topography. At Etna, Vulcano and Stromboli, SO2 concentrations reach values that are dangerous to people affected by bronchial asthma or lung diseases (〉1000 μg m−3). H2S values measured at Nisyros also exceed the limit considered safe for the same group of people (〉3000 μg m−3). The data obtained using passive samplers represent time-averaged values over periods from a few days up to 1 month, and hence concentrations probably reached much higher peak values that were potentially also dangerous to healthy people. The present study provides evidence of a peculiar volcanic risk associated with tourist exploitation of active volcanic areas. This risk is particularly high at Mt. Etna, where the elderly and people in less-than-perfect health can easily reach areas with dangerous SO2 concentrations via a cableway and off-road vehicles
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1-13
    Beschreibung: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Sulphur dioxide ; Hydrogen sulphide ; Volcanic risks ; Gas hazard ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 21
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    Trioctahedral micas in xenolithic ejecta from recent volcanism of the Somma-Vesuvius (Italy): crystal chemistry and genetic inferences. (2013)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-04
    Beschreibung: This study reports the first crystal chemical database resulting from a detailed structural investigation of trioctahedral micas found in xenolithic ejecta produced during the AD 1631, 1872 and 1944 eruptions, three explosive episodes of recent volcanic period of Vesuvius volcano (Southern Italy). Three xenolith types were selected: metamorphic/metasomatic skarns, pyrometamorphic/hydrothermally altered nodules and mafic cumulates. They are related to different magma chemistry and effusive styles: from sub-plinian and most evolved (AD 1631 eruption) to violent strombolian with medium evolution degree (AD 1872 eruption) to vulcanian-effusive, least evolved (AD 1944 eruption) event, respectively. Both xenoliths and micas were investigated employing multiple techniques: the xenoliths were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and quantitative energy-dispersive microanalysis; the micas were studied by electron probe microanalysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The mica-bearing xenoliths showvariable texture and mineralogical assemblage, clearly related to their different origin. Based on the major oxide chemistry, only one xenolithic sample falls in the skarn compositional field fromthe Somma-Vesuvius literature, some fall close to the skarns and cumulate fields, others plot close to the syenite/foidolite/essexite field. A subgroup of the selected ejecta does not fall or approach any of the compositional fields. Trace and rare earth element patterns show some petrological affinity between studied xenoliths and erupted magmas with typical Eu, Ta and Nb negative anomalies. Strongly depleted patterns were detected for the 1631 metamorphic/metasomatic skarns xenoliths. Three distinct mica groups were distinguished: 1) Mg-, Al-rich, low Ti-bearing, low to moderate F-bearing varieties (1631 xenolith), 2) Al-moderate, F- and Mg-rich, Ti-, Fe-poor varieties (1872 xenolith), and 3) Al-, Ti- and Fe-rich, F-poor phases (1944 xenolith). All the analyzed mica crystals are 1Mpolytypes with the expected space group C2/m. Micas from xenoliths of the 1631 Vesuvius eruption are phlogopites characterized by a combination of low extent of oxy-type and variable extent OH−→F− substitutions, as testified by the range of F concentration (from ~0.20 to 0.80 apfu). Micas from xenoliths of the 1872 Vesuvius eruption exhibit structural peculiarities typical of fluorophlogopites, i.e. OH−→F− substitution is predominant. Micas from the xenolith of the 1944 Vesuvius eruption display features typical of oxy-substituted micas. The variability of the crystal chemical features of the studied micas is consistentwith the remarkable variation of their host rocks. Micas from1631 nodules are related to metasomatic, skarn-type environment, deriving from the metamorphosed wall-rocks hosting the magma reservoir. The fluorophlogopites from the 1872 xenoliths testify for strongly dehydrated environmental conditions compared to those of the 1631 and 1944 hosts. Finally, magma storage condition at depth, associated to a decreasing aH2O may have promoted major oxy-type substitutions in 1944 biotites.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 84–97
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 5.3. TTC - Banche dati vulcanologiche
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): phlogopite ; Crystal chemistry ; Vesuvius ; petrogenesis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.04. Mineral physics and properties of rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data
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  • 22
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    The scientific management of volcanic crises (2013)
    Elsevier Science Limited
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-06-08
    Beschreibung: Sound scientific management of volcanic crises is the primary tool to reduce significantly volcanic risk in the short-term. At present, a wide variety of qualitative or semi-quantitative strategies is adopted, and there is not yet a commonly accepted quantitative and general strategy. Pre-eruptive processes are extremely com- plicated, with many degrees of freedom nonlinearly coupled, and poorly known, so scientists must quantify eruption forecasts through the use of probabilities. On the other hand, this also forces decision-makers to make decisions under uncertainty. We review the present state of the art in this field in order to identify the main gaps of the existing procedures. Then, we put forward a general quantitative procedure that may overcome the present barriers, providing guidelines on how probabilities may be used to take rational miti- gation actions. These procedures constitute a crucial link between science and society; they can be used to establish objective and transparent decision-making protocols and also clarify the role and responsibility of each partner involved in managing a crisis.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 181-189
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): eruption forecasting ; decision making ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 23
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    Interaction of pyroclastic density currents with human settlements: Evidence from ancient Pompeii (2012)
    Geological Society of America
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-06-15
    Beschreibung: Integrating field observations and rock-magnetic measurements, we report how a turbulent pyroclastic density current interacted with and moved through an urban area. The data are from the most energetic, turbulent pyroclastic density current of the A.D. 79 eruption of Vesuvius, Italy, which partially destroyed the Roman city of Pompeii. Our results show that the urban fabric was able to divide the lower portion of the current into several streams that followed the city walls and the intracity roads. Vortices, revealed by upstream particle orientations and decreases in deposit temperature, formed downflow of obstacles or inside cavities. Although these perturbations affected only the lower part of the current and were localized, they could represent, in certain cases, cooler zones within which chances of human survival are increased. Our integrated field data for pyroclastic density current temperature and flow direction, collected for the first time across an urban environment, enable verification of coupled thermodynamic numerical models and their hazard simulation abilities.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 441-444
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Vesuvius ; pyroclastic density current ; thermal remanent magnetization ; deposits ; magnetic fabric ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 24
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    Unbekannt
    Movements of the Sciara del Fuoco (2012)
    AGU
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-01-27
    Beschreibung: The Sciara del Fuoco (SdF) landslides that occurred at the end of December 2002 prompted researchers to install geodetic networks to monitor deformations related to potential new slope failures. With this aim, an integrated multiparametric monitoring system was designed and deployed. In particular, this complex monitoring system is composed of four single systems: an electronic distance measurement network, installed immediately after the landslide events, a realtime GPS network, a ground-based interferometric linear synthetic aperture radar (GB-InSAR), and an automated topographic monitoring system (named Theodolite Robotic Observatory of Stromboli, or THEODOROS); the three last systems provided a continuous monitoring of selected points or sectors of the SdF. Data acquired from different systems have been jointly analyzed to reach a better understanding of the SdF dynamics. Displacement data obtained from the topographic systems are compared with those obtained from GB-InSAR, and the results of the comparison are analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, in this chapter, an example of a warning system that can detect slope instability precursors on the SdF based on a statistical analysis of the data collected by the THEODOROS system is reported.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 183-199
    Beschreibung: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Flank instability ; Slope failure ; Terrestrial geodesy ; Ground Based InSAR ; Continuous GPS ; Landslide monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: book chapter
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  • 25
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    Unbekannt
    An emergent strategy for volcano hazard assessment: From thermal satellite monitoring to lava flow modeling (2012)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Spaceborne remote sensing techniques and numerical simulations have been combined in a web-GIS framework (LAV@HAZARD) to evaluate lava flow hazard in real time. By using the HOTSAT satellite thermal monitoring system to estimate time-varying TADR (time averaged discharge rate) and the MAGFLOW physicsbased model to simulate lava flow paths, the LAV@HAZARD platform allows timely definition of parameters and maps essential for hazard assessment, including the propagation time of lava flows and the maximum run-out distance. We used LAV@HAZARD during the 2008–2009 lava flow-forming eruption at Mt Etna (Sicily, Italy). We measured the temporal variation in thermal emission (up to four times per hour) during the entire duration of the eruption using SEVIRI and MODIS data. The time-series of radiative power allowed us to identify six diverse thermal phases each related to different dynamic volcanic processes and associated with different TADRs and lava flow emplacement conditions. Satellite-derived estimates of lava discharge rates were computed and integrated for the whole period of the eruption (almost 14 months), showing that a lava volume of between 32 and 61 million cubic meters was erupted of which about 2/3 was emplaced during the first 4 months. These time-varying discharge rates were then used to drive MAGFLOW simulations to chart the spread of lava as a function of time. TADRs were sufficiently low (b30 m3/s) that no lava flows were capable of flowing any great distance so that they did not pose a hazard to vulnerable (agricultural and urban) areas on the flanks of Etna.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 197-207
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Etna volcano Infrared remote sensing Numerical simulation GIS Lava hazard assessment ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.01. Data processing ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation ; 05. General::05.05. Mathematical geophysics::05.05.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 26
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    Unbekannt
    Fluorine adsorption by volcanic soils at Mt. Etna, Italy (2012)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-03
    Beschreibung: Fluorine adsorption experiments were performed on 28 samples of the first 5 cm of topsoil collected on the flanks of Mt. Etna. The soil samples were equilibrated with F-rich rainwater (3.25 mg/L) at a soil/water weight ratio of 1/25. Aliquots of the supernatant were collected after 1, 7, 72, 720 and 5640 h and analysed for F content. The soil samples could be subdivided into three groups based on their F-adsorption behaviours after 1 h and at the end of the experiment: (1) negative adsorption (F released from the soil to the solution) after 1 h and negative or moderately positive adsorption at the end, (2) from negative after 1 h to strongly positive adsorption at the end, and (3) always strong positive adsorption. The adsorption capacity of the soils was positively correlated with the soil pH, the contents of finer granulometric fractions (clay and silt) and the weathering stage (as quantified by the chemical alteration index). The most F adsorbing soils are found at the periphery of the volcano where aquifers are more vulnerable to contamination due to the shallower depth of the water table. This study further evidences the importance of the Etnean soils in protecting groundwater from an excessive magmatic F input.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1179–1188
    Beschreibung: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): volcanic soils ; fluoride adsorption ; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.01. Environmental risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 27
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    Relationship between petrologic processes in the plumbing system of Mt. Etna and the dynamics of the eastern flank from 1995 to 2005 (2012)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Mt. Etna volcano is located in a complex tectonic setting, with large sectors of its eastern flank sliding seaward at different rates. According to recent petrologic studies, the Etna's plumbing system has a multifaceted geometry, variable in space and time and consisting of storage zones at different depths, where magma ascending to the surface undergoes various processes, mainly fractional crystallization and mixing. In this framework we investigated a possible cause–effect relationship between the flank displacement and pre-eruptive magmatic processes in the shallow plumbing system (b5 km b.s.l.) during the decade 1995–2005. In particular, we analyzed petrography, mineral chemistry, geochemistry, Sr and Nd isotopes of the products emitted from 1995 to 2001 by the four summit craters of Etna (South-East, North-East, Bocca Nuova and Voragine). Results integrated with petrologic data already available in literature for the investigated decade, allowed us to better constrain the temporal evolution of the magmatic processes occurring in the Etna's shallow plumbing system (mainly mixing between compositionally and isotopically distinct magmas and fractional crystallization), and to make inferences on its geometry. Furthermore, a comparison between petrologic data and deformative patterns evidences that, from 1995 to July 2001, the aforementioned pre-eruptive magmatic processes did not significantly influence the volcano eastern flank dislocation, which stayed slow and fairly regular. By contrast, the onset of the 2001 flank eruption leads to an acceleration of the movement as a consequence of the ascent, of a primitive, volatile-rich, subaphyric basaltic magma from a deeper (about 10 km b.s.l.) reservoir, during the 2001 and 2002–03 activity. At least for the decade 1995–2005, pre-eruptive magmatic processes in the shallow portion (b5 km b.s.l.) of Etna's plumbing system, did not directly affect the movement of the volcano's eastern flank. Conversely, a magma intrusion which forcefully opens a new path from a deeper zone (about 10 km b.s.l.) of the plumbing system, causes a dramatic increase of deformative pattern, which strongly accelerates the slide of the eastern flank, as occurred during both 2001 and 2002–03 eruptions.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 75-89
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Mt. Etna, Bulk rock composition, Volcano plumbing system, Mixing, Fractional crystallization, Flank instability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 28
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    Interaction of volcano-tectonic fault with magma storage, intrusion and flank instability: a thirty years study at Mt. Etna volcano (2012)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We investigated the relationship between the occurrence of earthquakes along the main volcano-tectonic structures and periods of volcanic unrest at Mt Etna. We focused our study on the Pernicana Fault System (PFS), one of the most outstanding tectonic structures delineating the northern border of the sliding eastern flank of Etna volcano. During recent decades several flank eruptions have occurred at Mt Etna and sometimes PFS released seismicity before the eruptive events, while in other cases there have been earthquakes that did not precede any eruption. To highlight a possible relation between PFS ruptures and volcanic unrest, we took into account the most energetic earthquakes (M ≥ 3.5) occurring in the last three decades (1980-2010), and considered the volcano deformation sources previously inferred by inverting geodetic data recorded during the several flank eruptions in this time interval. The estimates of stress redistribution on the PFS due to different volcano sources, such as the magma storage, the dike intrusions and the sliding eastern flank, were studied by implementing 3D numerical models that also consider the presence of topography and medium heterogeneity. Our results show that the pressurization of an intermediate storage and the traction exerted by the eastern flank sliding contribute to the seismicity along the PFS even without preceding an immediate eruption. Instead, the seismicity along the PFS related to the intrusions inside the northern sector of the volcano would represent a potential early-warning for an impending eruption at Mt Etna.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 127-136
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Etna ; volcano-tectonic faults ; volcano sources and stress ; stress field change ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 29
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    Mapping and DOWNFLOW simulation of recent lava flow fields at Mount Etna (2012)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In recent years, progress in geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques have allowed the mapping and studying of lava flows in unprecedented detail. A composite GIS technique is introduced to obtain high resolution boundaries of lava flow fields. This technique is mainly based on the processing of LIDAR-derived maps and digital elevation models (DEMs). The probabilistic code DOWNFLOW is then used to simulate eight large flow fields formed at Mount Etna in the last 25 years. Thanks to the collection of 6 DEMs representing Mount Etna at different times from 1986 to 2007, simulated outputs are obtained by running the DOWNFLOW code over pre-emplacement topographies. Simulation outputs are compared with the boundaries of the actual flow fields obtained here or derived from the existing literature. Although the selected fields formed in accordance with different emplacement mechanisms, flowed on different zones of the volcano over different topographies and were fed by different lava supplies of different durations, DOWNFLOW yields results close to the actual flow fields in all the cases considered. This outcome is noteworthy because DOWNFLOW has been applied by adopting a default calibration, without any specific tuning for the new cases considered here. This extensive testing proves that, if the pre-emplacement topography is available, DOWNFLOW yields a realistic simulation of a future lava flow based solely on a knowledge of the vent position. In comparison with deterministic codes, which require accurate knowledge of a large number of input parameters, DOWNFLOW turns out to be simple, fast and undemanding, proving to be ideal for systematic hazard and risk analyses.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 27-39
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: 5.5. TTC - Sistema Informativo Territoriale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): LIDAR ; lava flow field ; lava flow simulation ; Digital elevation model ; Mount Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 30
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    Numerical simulation of tephra transport and deposition of the 1982 El Chichón eruption and implications for hazard assessment (2012)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: El Chichón volcano, Chiapas, Mexico, erupted explosively on March 29th, 1982, after a repose period of about 550 years. Amongst ten eruptive episodes documented between March 29th and April 4th, only the three that occurred on March 29th and April 4th produced significant pyroclastic tephra deposits. Here we use analytical (HAZMAP) and numerical (FALL3D) tephra transport models to reconstruct the deposits and the atmospheric plume dispersal associated with the three main fallout units of the 1982 eruption. On the basis of such a reconstruction, we produce hazard maps of tephra fallout associated to a Plinian eruption and discuss the implications of such a severe eruption scenario.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 39–49
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Fallout deposit ; 1982 El Chichón eruption ; HAZMAP ; FALL3D ; Hazard assessment ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 31
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    An overview of experimental models to understand a complex volcanic instability: Application to Mount Etna, Italy (2012)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Volcanic edifices are often unable to support their own load, triggering the instability of their flanks. Many analogue models have been aimed, especially in the last decade, at understanding the processes leading to volcano flank instability; general behaviors were defined and the experimental results were compared to nature. However, available data at well-studied unstable volcanoes may allow a deeper understanding of the specific processes leading to instability, providing insights also at the local scale. Etna (Italy) constitutes a suitable example for such a possibility, because of its well-monitored flank instability, for which different triggering factors have been proposed in the last two decades. Among these factors, recent InSAR data highlight the role played by magmatic intrusions and a weak basement, under a differential unbuttressing at the volcano base. This study considers original and recently published experimental data to test these factors possibly responsible for flank instability, with the final aim to better understand and summarize the conditions leading to flank instability at Etna. In particular, we simulate the following processes: a) the longterm activity of a lithospheric boundary, as the Malta Escarpment, separating the Ionian oceanic lithosphere from the continental Sicilian lithosphere, below the most unstable east flank of the volcano; b) spreading due to a weak basement, with different boundary conditions; c) the pressurization of a magmatic reservoir, as that active during the 1994–2001 inflation period; d) dike emplacement, as observed during the major 2001 and 2002–2003 eruptions. The experimental results suggest that: 1) the long-term activity of a lithospheric tectonic boundary may create a topographic slope which provides a differential buttressing at the volcano base, a preparing factor to drive longer-term (〉105 years) instability on the east flank of the volcano; 2) volcano spreading (b104 years) has limited effect on flank instability at Etna; 3) magmatic intrusions (b101 years), both in the form of Mogi-like sources or dikes, provide the most important conditions to trigger flank instability on the shorter-term.
    Beschreibung: Thisworkwas partially funded by INGV and the Italian DPC (DPC-INGV project V4 “Flank”).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 98-111
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): volcano instability ; analogue modeling ; Etna ; unbuttressing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 32
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    The role of cooling rate in the origin of high temperature phases at the chilled margin of magmatic intrusions (2012)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Both large (i.e. from hundreds to thousands of metres thick) and small (i.e. from centimetres to a few metres thick) magmatic intrusions are characterized by mineral compositional variations proceeding from the outermost to the innermost part of the intrusive body. However, in the case of large intrusions, mineral compositions become progressively more primitive (e.g. An-rich plagioclases and En-rich pyroxenes) from the chilled margin towards the interior; whereas, the opposite occurs for small intrusive bodies. Since it is unclear to what extent variable cooling rate conditions may alter the phase compositions, we have performed isothermal and dynamic experiments within a temperature interval of 1250–1100 °C using four different cooling rates of 150, 50, 10 and 2.5 °C/h. Numerical simulations of thermal regimes in and around small and large magmatic intrusions have also been performed and compared with phase compositional variations observed in our laboratory experiments. Results indicate that, over rapid cooling rate conditions, the crystal compositions faithfully reproduce those of high-temperature formations, i.e. An-rich plagioclases, En-rich pyroxenes and Usp-poor spinels. However, such a process is limited to a maximum distance of 2–3 m from the margin of the intrusion. Moreover, in active volcanic systems, heat fluxes are released from the main regions of magma storage into host rocks; therefore, only magmas solidifying at the contact of cold wall rocks may develop chilled margins with features related to rapid cooling rate conditions. In the presence of hot host rocks, thermal gradients are significantly reduced and the role played by cooling dynamics on textural and compositional variations of minerals is practically negligible.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 28-46
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Magmatic intrusion Cooling rate Partition coefficient Thermometer ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 33
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    Influence of granitoid textural parameters on sediment composition: Implications for sediment generation (2012)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The aim of this study is to determine and characterise the control exerted by parent rock texture on sand composition as a function of grain size. The sands investigated were generated from granitoid parent rocks by the Rhone, Damma and Sidelen glaciers, which drain the Aar Massif in the Central Alps (Switzerland), and were deposited in glacial and fluvio-glacial settings. Mechanical erosion, comminution (crystal breakdown and abrasion) and hydraulic sorting are the most important processes controlling the generation of sediments in this environment, whereas chemical and/or biochemical weathering plays a negligible role. By using a GIS-based Microscopic Information System (MIS), five samples from the glacier-drained portions of the Aar basement have been analysed to determine textural parameters such as modal composition, crystal size distribution and mineral interfaces (types and lengths). Petrographic data of analysed sands include traditional point counts (Gazzi-Dickinson method, minimum of 300 points) as well as textural counts to determine interface types, frequency, and polycrystallinity in phaneritic rock fragments. According to Pettijohn's classification, grain‐size dependent compositions vary from feldspathic litharenite (0φ fraction) via lithic arkose (1φ and 2φ) to arkose (3φ and 4φ). Compositional differences among our data set were compared to modern plutoniclastic sands from the Iberian Massif (Spain) and the St. Gabriel Mts. (California, USA), which allowed us to assess the role exerted by glaciers in generating sediments. By combining data from the MIS with those from petrographic analysis, we outlined the evolution of mineral interfaces from the parent rocks to the sediments.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 93-107
    Beschreibung: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: partially_open
    Schlagwort(e): Textural parameters ; Grain size; ; Composition ; Glacial environment ; Sediment generation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 34
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    Morphometric analysis of lava flow units: Case study over LIDAR-derived topography at Mount Etna, Italy (2012)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: High resolution, LIDAR-derived digital elevation models of volcanic areas can significantly improve knowledge of lava flow morphology and emplacement mechanisms. Here we focus on single flow units, presenting a new semi-automatic procedure which provides a quantitative analysis of their shape. The method relies on the automatic processing of the elevation profiles obtained on transects orthogonal to the flow unit axis. The initial phase of the Mount Etna flank eruption from September 2004 is taken as test case, and the procedure is applied on an active lava flow, which was emplaced on the eastern flank of the volcano. The main topographic dataset used is a 2-m-resolution digital elevation model obtained from a LIDAR survey. Starting from the axis of a lava flow unit, our method yields morphometric data on the flow unit at a 2 m spacing, calculating parameters including flow width, channel width, the heights of the levees, inward and outward slope of levees, and estimating pre-emplacement slope along the axis. The procedure is embedded in a customized GIS, which allows easy processing, handling and displaying of data. The procedure has also been applied to another flow unit emplaced during the October–November 1999 overflow from the Bocca Nuova crater. Results show that the channel width seems to accommodate first‐order trends of the pre-emplacement slope along the flow unit axis, while it is little affected by high frequency changes in slope; in contrast, flow unit width and flow unit thickness are apparently influenced by small‐scale changes in slope. The different emplacement conditions of the two flow units are reflected by the overall contrasting morphologies, as shown by the different average thickness and by the different ratios between (i) flow width vs. channel width and (ii) flow unit section area vs. channel width. The new method provides an enhanced, systematic and thorough morphometric description of flow units, which may improve the understanding of the emplacement mechanisms of lava flows on Earth and other planets.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 11-22
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): LIDAR ; Lava flow unit ; Lava flow morphology ; High resolution DEM ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 35
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    Rapid differentiation in a sill-like magma reservoir: a case study from the campi flegrei caldera (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In recent decades, geophysical investigations have detected wide magma reservoirs beneath quiescent calderas. However, the discovery of partially melted horizons inside the crust is not sufficient to put constraints on capability of reservoirs to supply cataclysmic eruptions, which strictly depends on the chemical-physical properties of magmas (composition, viscosity, gas content etc.), and thus on their differentiation histories. In this study, by using geochemical, isotopic and textural records of rocks erupted from the high-risk Campi Flegrei caldera, we show that the alkaline magmas have evolved toward a critical state of explosive behaviour over a time span shorter than the repose time of most volcanic systems and that these magmas have risen rapidly toward the surface. Moreover, similar results on the depth and timescale of magma storage were previously obtained for the neighbouring Somma-Vesuvius volcano. This consistency suggests that there might be a unique long-lived magma pool beneath the whole Neapolitan area.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: article 712
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): magma ; campi flegrei caldera ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 36
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    Unbekannt
    Quantitative hazard assessment of phreatomagmatic eruptions at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Southern Italy) as obtained by combining stratigraphy, event statistics and physical modelling (2012)
    Elsevier Science Limited
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-12-16
    Beschreibung: The detailed analysis of stratigraphy allowed the reconstruction of the complex volcanic history of La Fossa di Vulcano. An eruptive activity mainly driven by superficial phreatomagmatic explosions emerged. A statistical analysis of the pyroclastic Successions led to the identification of dilute pyroclastic density currents (base surges) as the most recurrent events, followed by fallout of dense ballistic blocks. The scale of events is related to the amount of magma involved in each explosion. Events involving about 1 million cm3 of magma occurred during recent eruptions. They led to the formation of hundreds of meters thick dilute pyroclastic density currents, moving down the volcano slope at velocities exceeding 50 m/s. The dispersion of density currents affected the whole Vulcano Porto area, the Vulcanello area. They also overrode the Fossa Caldera's rim, spreading over the Piano area. For the aim of hazard assessment, deposits from La Fossa Cone and La Fossa Caldera were studied in detail, to depict the eruptive scenarios at short-term and at long-term. By means of physical models that make use of deposit particle features, the impact parameters have been calculated. They are dynamic pressure and particle volumetric concentration of density currents, and impact energy of ballistic blocks. A quantitative hazard map, based on these impact parameters, is presented. It could be useful for territory planning and for the calculation of the expected damage.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 364-384
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): Volcanic Hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 37
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    Unbekannt
    Dynamic plumbing system beneath volcanoes revealed by kinetic modeling, and the connection to monitoring data: An example from Mt. Etna (2012)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-27
    Beschreibung: Our ability to monitor volcanoes (using seismic signals, ground deformation, gas fluxes, or other ground and satellite based observations) as well as our understanding of melt reservoirs that feed eruptions have evolved tremendously in recent years. The complex plumbing systems that are thought to feed eruptions are, however, difficult to relate to the monitoring signals. Here we show that the record preserved in compositional zoning of erupted minerals may be used to reconstruct sections of the plumbing system. Kinetic modeling of such zoning can yield information on the residence time of magma in different segments of the plumbing systems. This allows a more nuanced evaluation of the link between observed monitoring signals or eruption styles and the magmatic processes and movement of batches of melts at depth. The approach is illustrated through a study of the compositional zoning recorded in olivine crystals from the 1991–1993 SE-flank eruption products of Mt. Etna (Sicily). The zoning patterns in crystals reveal that the plumbing system of the volcano consisted of at least three different magmatic environments between which magma was transported and mixed in the year or two preceding the start of eruption. Quantification of this history indicates that two main pathways of melt migration and three timescales dominated the dynamics of the system. Combination of this information with the timing of observation of various monitoring signals allows a reconstruction of the dynamic evolution of this section of the plumbing system during the early stages of the 1991–1993 eruption. It is seen, for example, how the migration of melt through the same sections of the plumbing system can cause pre-eruptive triggering, enhance Strombolian activity, and through the ensuing eruption cleanse and flush the plumbing system. Different kinds of mixing occur simultaneously at different sections of the plumbing system on different timescales (a few days up to two years).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 11-22
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Etna ; plumbing system ; olivine ; zoning ; timescales ; monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 38
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    Unbekannt
    Tracing thermal aquifers of El Chichón volcano-hydrothermal system (México) with 87Sr/86Sr, Ca/Sr and REE (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-26
    Beschreibung: The volcano–hydrothermal system of El Chichón volcano, Chiapas, Mexico, is characterized by numerous thermal manifestations including an acid lake, steam vents and boiling springs in the crater and acid and neutral hot springs and steaming ground on the flanks. Previous research on major element chemistry reveals that thermal waters of El Chichón can be divided in two groups: (1) neutral waters discharging in the crater and southern slopes of the volcano with chloride content ranging from 1500 to 2200 mg/l and (2) acid-toneutral waters with Cl up to 12,000 mg/l discharging at the western slopes. Our work supports the concept that each group of waters is derived from a separate aquifer (Aq. 1 and Aq. 2). In this study we apply Sr isotopes, Ca/Sr ratios and REE abundances along with the major and trace element water chemistry in order to discriminate and characterize these two aquifers. Waters derived from Aq. 1 are characterized by 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.70407 to 0.70419, while Sr concentrations range from 0.1 to 4 mg/l and Ca/Sr weight ratios from 90 to 180, close to average values for the erupted rocks. Waters derived from Aq. 2 have 87Sr/86Sr between 0.70531 and 0.70542, high Sr concentrations up to 80 mg/l, and Ca/Sr ratio of 17–28. Aquifer 1 is most probably shallow, composed of volcanic rocks and situated beneath the crater, within the volcano edifice. Aquifer 2 may be situated at greater depth in sedimentary rocks and by some way connected to the regional oil-gas field brines. The relative water output (l/s) from both aquifers can be estimated as Aq. 1/Aq. 2– 30. Both aquifers are not distinguishable by their REE patterns. The total concentration of REE, however, strongly depends on the acidity. All neutral waters including high-salinity waters from Aq. 2 have very low total REE concentrations (b0.6 μg/l) and are characterized by a depletion in LREE relative to El Chichón volcanic rock, while acid waters from the crater lake (Aq. 1) and acid AS springs (Aq. 2) have parallel profile with total REE concentration from 9 to 98 μg/l. The highest REE concentration (207 μg/l) is observed in slightly acid shallow cold Ca-SO4 ground waters draining fresh and old pyroclastic deposits rich in magmatic anhydrite. It is suggested that the main mechanism controlling the concentration of REE in waters of El Chichón is the acidity. As low pH results from the shallow oxidation of H2S contained in hydrothermal vapors, REE distribution in thermal waters reflects the dissolution of volcanic rocks close to the surface or lake sediments as is the case for the crater lake.
    Beschreibung: -
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 55-66
    Beschreibung: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): hydrogeochemistry ; geothermal systems ; Sr isotopes ; REE ; El Chichón Volcano ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.03. Groundwater processes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 39
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    Unbekannt
    Erratum to ‘A multidisciplinary effort to assign realistic source parameters to models of volcanic ash-cloud transport and dispersion during eruptions’ by Mastin et al. [J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 188(2009)1–21] (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-04-07
    Beschreibung: no abstract
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 245
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): volcanic eruption ; aircraft ; volcanic plumes ; ash clouds ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 40
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    Unbekannt
    Volcanic ash and SO2 in the 2008 Kasatochi eruption: Retrievals comparison from different IR satellite sensors (2011)
    AGU
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012-02-03
    Beschreibung: The Kasatochi 2008 eruption was detected by several infrared satellite sensors including Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). In this work a comparison between the volcanic cloud SO2 and ash retrievals derived from these instruments has been undertaken. The SO2 retrieval is carried out by using both the 7.3 and 8.7 micron absorption features while ash retrieval exploits the 10–12 micron atmospheric window. A radiative transfer scheme is also used to correct the volcanic ash effect on the 8.7 micron SO2 signature. As test cases, three near‐contemporary images for each sensor, collected during the first days of the eruption, have been analyzed. The results show that the volcanic SO2 and ash are simultaneously present and generally collocated. The MODIS and AVHRR total ash mass loadings are in good agreement and estimated to be about 0.5 Tg, while the AIRS retrievals are slightly lower and equal to about 0.3 Tg. The AIRS and MODIS 7.3 micron SO2 mass loadings are also in good agreement and vary between 0.3 and 1.2 Tg, while the MODIS ash corrected 8.7 micron SO2 masses vary between 0.4 and 2.7 Tg. The mass increase with time confirms the continuous SO2 injection in the atmosphere after the main explosive episodes. Moreover the difference between the 7.3 and 8.7 micron retrievals suggests a vertical stratification of the volcanic cloud. The results also confirm the importance of the ash correction; the corrected 8.7 micron SO2 total masses are less than 30–40% of the uncorrected values.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: D00L21
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Remote sensing ; ash retrieval ; SO2 retrieval ; multispectral satellite instruments ; MODIS ; AVHRR ; AIRS ; hyperspectral satellite instruments ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 41
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    Unbekannt
    Uplift and magma intrusion at Long Valley caldera from InSAR and gravity measurements (2011)
    Geological Society of America
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The Long Valley caldera (California) formed ~760,000 yr ago following the massive eruption of the Bishop Tuff. Postcaldera volcanism in the Long Valley volcanic fi eld includes lava domes as young as 650 yr. The recent geological unrest is characterized by uplift of the resurgent dome in the central section of the caldera (75 cm in the past 33 yr) and earthquake activity followed by periods of relative quiescence. Since the spring of 1998, the caldera has been in a state of low activity. The cause of unrest is still debated, and hypotheses range from hybrid sources (e.g., magma with a high percentage of volatiles) to hydrothermal fl uid intrusion. Here, we present observations of surface deformation in the Long Valley region based on differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR), leveling, global positioning system (GPS), two-color electronic distance meter (EDM), and microgravity data. Thanks to the joint application of InSAR and microgravity data, we are able to unambiguously determine that magma is the cause of unrest.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 63-66
    Beschreibung: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Insar modelling ; Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 42
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    Unbekannt
    Experimental solidification of an andesitic melt by cooling (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Solidification experiments at (a) five different cooling rates (25, 12.5, 3, 0.5 and 0.125 °C/min) between 1300 and 800 °C, and (b) variable quenching temperatures (1100, 1000, 900 and 800 °C) at a fixed cooling rate of 0.5 °C/min were performed on an andesitic melt (SiO2=58.52 wt.% and Na2O+K2O=4.43 wt.%) at air conditions from high superheating temperature. The results show that simultaneous and duplicated experiments with Pt-wire or Pt-capsule produce identical run-products. Preferential nucleation on Ptcontainers or bubbles is lacking. Plagioclase and Fe–Ti oxide crystals nucleate firstly from the melt. Clinopyroxene crystals form only at lower cooling rates (0.5 and 0.125 °C/min) and quenching temperatures (900 and 800 °C). At higher cooling rates (25, 12.5 and 3 °C/min) and quenching temperature (1100 °C), plagioclase and Fe–Ti oxide crystals are embedded in a glassy matrix; by contrast, at lower cooling rates (0.5 and 0.125 °C/min) and below 1100 °C they form an intergrowth texture. The crystallization of plagioclase and Fe–Ti oxide starts homogeneously and then proceeds by heterogeneous nucleation. The crystal size distribution (CSD) analysis of plagioclase shows that crystal coarsening increases with decreasing cooling rate and quenching temperature. At the same time, the average growth rate of plagioclases decreases from 2.1×10−6 cm/s (25 °C/min) to 5.7×10−8 cm/s (0.125 °C/min) and crystals tend to be more equant in habit. Plagioclases and Fe–Ti oxides depart from their equilibrium compositions with increasing cooling rate; plagioclases shift from labradorite–andesine to anorthite–bytownite. Therefore, kinetic effects due to cooling significantly change the plagioclase composition with remarkable petrological implications for the solidification of andesitic lavas and dikes. The glass-forming ability (GFA) of the andesitic melt has been also quantified in a critical cooling rate (Rc) of ~37 °C/min. This value is higher than those measured for latitic (Rc ~1 °C/min) and trachytic (Rcb0.125 °C/min) liquids demonstrating that little changes of melt composition are able to significantly shift the initial nucleation behavior of magmas and the following solidification paths.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 261–273
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Andesitic melt ; Experimental solidification ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 43
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    Petrology of the most recent ultrapotassic magmas from the Roman Province (Central Italy) (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We report on the newly discovered lava flow that erupted in the Colli Albani Volcanic District, which is the most recent and, geochemically the most peculiar effusive event recognised in the entire ultrapotassic Roman Province (Central Italy). This lava flow is associated with the Monte Due Torri scoria cone, located approximately 5 km south of the Albano hydromagmatic centre (69–36 ka). TheMonte Due Torri scoria cone displays well-preserved morphological characteristics and the 40±7 ka age determined for the associated lava flow indicates that its activity was nearly contemporaneous to the most recent, explosive activity that occurred at the Albano centre from 41 to 36 ka. By comparing chemical and petrological features of the Monte Due Torri lava flow, Albano products, and older products (N69 ka), we show that the youngest Colli Albani eruptions were fed by two new batches of parental magmas that originated in a phlogopite-bearing metasomatised mantle, each one feeding one of the two youngest eruptive cycles (at 69 ka and 41–36 ka). The trace element signature, e.g., very low Pb content, of primitive (MgON3 wt.%) magmas feeding the initiation of the hydromagmatic activity at Albano (69 ka) and the subsequent effusive activity at Monte Due Torri (40 ka) indicates that a magma chamber located in the deep anhydrite-bearing dolomite formation was tapped. However, the polygenic activity, the changes in magma composition, and the variable thermometamorphic clasts occurring in the hydromagmatic deposits (recording variable substrata) suggest, particularly for the Albano eruptive centre, a more complex plumbing system consisting of at least two more magma chambers at a shallower depth, i.e., in the Mesozoic limestone and Pliocene pelite formations. The large amount of stratigraphic, volcanological, and geochemical data collected for the Colli Albani Volcanic District, one of the main districts in the ultrapotassic Roman Province, enable us to contribute insights into the still open debate regarding the temporal variation of the metasomatised mantle source of the Italian potassic magmas. Based on our data, i.e., variation of radiogenic and trace elements over time, we suggest that the observed variation in the mantle source of the ultrapotassic magmas can be related to progressive consumption of the phlogopite component in the metasomatised source rather than the transition from lithosphere- to asthenosphere-derived magmatism and/or the transition from orogenic to anorogenic magmatism.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 298-308
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): ultrapotassic magmas ; metasomatised mantle ; Roman Province ; Colli Albani ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 44
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    Plagioclase–melt (dis)equilibrium due to cooling dynamics: Implications for thermometry, barometry and hygrometry (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The compositional variation of plagioclase and the partitioning of major elements between plagioclase and melt have been experimentally measured as a function of the cooling rate. Crystals were grown from a basaltic melt at a pressure of 500 MPa under (i) variable cooling rates of 0.5, 2.1, 3, 9.4, and 15 °C/min from 1250 °C down to 1000 °C, (ii) quenching temperatures of 1025, 1050, 1075, 1090, and 1100 °C at the fixed cooling rate of 0.5 °C/min, and (iii) isothermal temperatures of 1000, 1025, 1050, 1075, 1090, and 1100 °C. Our results show that euhedral, faceted plagioclases form during isothermal and slower cooling experiments exhibiting idiomorphic tabular shapes. In contrast, dendritic shapes are observed from faster cooled charges. As the cooling rate is increased, concentrations of Al+Ca+Fe+Mg increase and Si+Na+K decrease in plagioclase favoring higher An and lower Ab+Or contents. Significant variations of pl–liqKd are also observed by the comparison between isothermal and cooled charges; notably, pl–liqKdAb–An, pl–liqKdCa–Na and pl–liqKdFe–Mg progressively change with increasing cooling rate. Therefore, crystal–melt exchange reactions have the potential to reveal the departure from equilibrium for plagioclase-bearing cooling magmas. Finally, thermometers, barometers, and hygrometers derived through the plagioclase–liquid equilibria have been tested at these non-equilibrium experimental conditions. Since such models are based on assumption of equilibrium, any form of disequilibrium will yield errors. Results show that errors on estimates of temperature, pressure, and melt-water content increase systematically with increasing cooling rate (i.e. disequilibrium condition) depicting monotonic trends towards drastic overestimates. These trends are perfectly correlated with those of pl–liqKdCa–Na, pl–liqKdAb–An, and pl–liqKdFe–Mg, thus demonstrating their ability to test (dis)equilibrium conditions.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 221–235
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Cooling rate ; Partition coefficients ; Thermometers ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 45
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    Cooling history of a dike as revealed by mineral chemistry: A case study from Mt. Etna volcano (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Seven rock samples were systematically collected from innermost to the outermost portion of a dike outcropping at Mt. Etna volcano. Results show that, from dike core-to-rim, plagioclase, clinopyroxene and titanomagnetite show compositional variations due to increasing cooling rate. Plagioclase is progressively enriched in An from innermost to the outermost part of the dike. Similarly, clinopyroxene components En+ CaTs+CaFeTs increase, whereas Di+Hd decrease. The Usp content in titanomagnetite also systematically decrease from dike core-to-rim. Partition coefficients and thermometers based on the crystal-liquid exchange reaction indicate that, due to rapid cooling rates at the dike outer portions, early-formed crystal nuclei do not re-equilibrate with the melt. The chemistry of minerals progressively deviates from that of equilibrium; consequently, from dike core-to-rim, mineral compositions resemble those of high-temperature formation. The chemical variations of clinopyroxene and plagioclase in dike samples mirror those obtained from cooling experiments carried out on alkaline basalts. Accordingly, we used an experimental equation based on clinopyroxene compositional variation as a function of cooling rate to determine the cooling conditions experienced by the crystals during dike emplacement. The estimated cooling rates are comparable to those predicted by thermal modeling based on an explicit finite-difference scheme.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 39-52
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): dike ; clinopyroxene ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 46
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    Tephra fallout hazard assessment for a Plinian eruption scenario at Volcán de Colima (Mexico) (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Volcanic ash fallout associated with renewal of explosive activity at Colima, represents a serious threat to the surrounding urbanized area. Here we assess the tephra fallout hazard associated with a Plinian eruption scenario. The eruptive history of Volcán de Colima shows that Plinian eruptions occur approximately every 100 years and the last eruption, the 1913, represents the largest historic eruption of this volcano. We used the last eruption as a reference to discuss volcanic hazard and risk scenarios connected with ash fallout. Tephra fallout deposits are modeled using HAZMAP, a model based on a semi-analytical solution of the advection– diffusion–sedimentation equation for volcanic particles. Based on a statistical study of wind profiles at Colima region, we first reconstructed ash loading maps and then computed ground load probability maps for different seasons. The obtained results show that a Plinian eruptive scenario at Volcán de Colima, could seriously damage more than 10 small towns and ranches, and potentially affect big cities located at tens of kilometers from the eruptive center. The probability maps obtained are aimed to give support to the risk mitigation strategies.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 12-22
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): volcanic tephra fallout ; Colima ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 47
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    A microscopic information system (MIS) for petrographic analysis (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The database and visualization facilities of Geographic Information System (GIS) software are employed to support the analysis of rock texture from thin section by image processing. A Microscopic Information System (MIS) is hence obtained. The method is applied to transmitted light images of 137 samples obtained from 8 granitoid rocks. A slide scanner and a mount for crossed polarization are used to acquire the input images. For each thin section 5 collimated RGB images are scanned: 4 under different directions of crossed polarization and 1 without polarization. A grain segmentation procedure, based on two region growing functions is applied. The output is converted to vector format and refined using editing tools in the MIS environment, which enables a straightforward match between the input imagery and the final vectorized texture. GIS software provides optimal management of the MIS database, allowing the cumulative measurement of more than 87,000 grains.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 665-674
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 5.3. TTC - Banche dati vulcanologiche
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Granitoid rocks ; Geographic Information System (GIS) ; Image processing ; Petrography ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 48
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    Unbekannt
    A model of degassing for Stromboli volcano (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: A better understanding of degassing processes at open-vent basaltic volcanoes requires collection of new datasets of H2O–CO2–SO2 volcanic gas plume compositions, which acquisition has long been hampered by technical limitations. Here, we use the MultiGAS technique to provide the best-documented record of gas plume discharges from Stromboli volcano to date. We show that Stromboli's gases are dominated by H2O (48–98 mol%; mean, 80%), and by CO2 (2–50 mol%; mean, 17%) and SO2 (0.2–14 mol%; mean, 3%). The significant temporal variability in our dataset reflects the dynamic nature of degassing process during Strombolian activity; which we explore by interpreting our gas measurements in tandem with the melt inclusion record of pre-eruptive dissolved volatile abundances, and with the results of an equilibrium saturation model. Comparison between natural (volcanic gas and melt inclusion) and modelled compositions is used to propose a degassing mechanism for Stromboli volcano, which suggests surface gas discharges are mixtures of CO2-rich gas bubbles supplied from the deep (〉 4 km) plumbing system, and gases released from degassing of dissolved volatiles in the magma filling the upper conduits. The proposed mixing mechanism offers a viable and general model to account for composition of gas discharges at all volcanoes for which petrologic evidence of CO2 fluxing exists. A combined volcanic gas-melt inclusion-modelling approach, as used in this paper, provides key constraints on degassing processes, and should thus be pursued further.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 195-204
    Beschreibung: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): volcanic degassing ; Stromboli ; volcanic gases ; CO2 fluxing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 49
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    Unbekannt
    Quantitative assessment of volcanic ash hazards for health and infrastructure at Mt. Etna (Italy) by numerical simulation (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We performed a quantitative hazard assessment to determine the potential impacts of volcanic tephra fall on human health and infrastructure in the vicinity of Mt. Etna (Italy). Using the numerical model VOL-CALPUFF, we explored the dynamics of long-lasting weak plume eruptions and their effects on the surrounding region. Input data are based on credible estimates of the main parameters characterising the expected events as derived from the historically observed and reconstructed explosive record of Mt. Etna. Monte Carlo techniques are used to capture the effects on estimates of finer ash concentration and total ground deposition due to volcanological uncertainties and meteorological variability. Numerical simulations compute the likelihoods of experiencing critical 10-μm volcanic particle (VP10) concentrations in ambient air and tephra ground deposition at various populated locations around the volcano, including the city of Catania, and at key infrastructure, such as airports and main roads. Results show how the towns and infrastructure on the east side of the volcano are significantly more exposed to ash-related hazards than those on the west side, in accordance with wind statistics. Simulation outcomes also illustrate how, at the sites analysed, the amount of deposited particulate matter is proportional to the intensity (i.e. mass flow rate) of the event whereas predicted values of VP10 concentrations are significantly larger for smaller events due to the reduced dispersal of low altitude plumes. The use of a simple re-mobilization model highlights the fact that particle re-suspension needs to be considered in the estimation of VP10 values. Our findings can be used to inform civil protection agencies responsible for mitigating tephra fall impacts to human health, road transport and aviation safety.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 85-96
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): volcanic ash ; hazard assessment ; VP10 exposure ; numerical simulation ; VOL-CALPUFF ; Mt. Etna ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 50
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    Unbekannt
    Magnetic properties of sedimentary greigite (Fe3S4): an update (2011)
    AGU
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Accepted for publication in Reviews of Geophysics. Copyright (2010) American Geophysical Union
    Beschreibung: Greigite (Fe3S4) is an authigenic ferrimagnetic mineral that grows as a precursor to pyrite during early diagenetic sedimentary sulfate reduction. It can also grow at any time when dissolved iron and sulfide are available during diagenesis. Greigite is important in paleomagnetic, environmental, biological, biogeochemical, tectonic, and industrial processes. Much recent progress has been made in understanding its magnetic properties. Greigite is an inverse spinel and a collinear ferrimagnet with antiferromagnetic coupling between iron in octahedral and tetrahedral sites. The crystallographic c-axis is the easy axis of magnetization, with magnetic properties dominated by magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Robust empirical estimates of the saturation magnetization, anisotropy constant, and exchange constant for greigite have been obtained recently for the first time, and the first robust estimate of the low-field magnetic susceptibility is reported here. The Curie temperature of greigite remains unknown, but must exceed 350°C. Greigite lacks a low-temperature magnetic transition. Based on preliminary micromagnetic modeling, the size range for stable single domain behavior is 17-200 nm for cubic crystals and 17-500 nm for octahedral crystals. Gradual variation in magnetic properties is observed through the pseudo-single domain size range. We systematically document the known magnetic properties of greigite (at high, ambient and low temperatures, and with alternating and direct fields) and illustrate how grain size variations affect magnetic properties. Recognition of this range of magnetic properties will aid identification and constrain interpretation of magnetic signals carried by greigite, which is increasingly proving to be environmentally important and responsible for complex paleomagnetic records, including widespread remagnetizations.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 2.2. Laboratorio di paleomagnetismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): greigite ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.06. Paleomagnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.07. Rock magnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.09. Environmental magnetism
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 51
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    Quantitative hazard assessment of phreatomagmatic eruptions at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Southern Italy) as obtained by combining stratigraphy, event statistics and physical modelling (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The detailed analysis of stratigraphy allowed the reconstruction of the complex volcanic history of La Fossa di Vulcano. An eruptive activity mainly driven by superficial phreatomagmatic explosions emerged. A statistical analysis of the pyroclastic Successions led to the identification of dilute pyroclastic density currents (base surges) as the most recurrent events, followed by fallout of dense ballistic blocks. The scale of events is related to the amount of magma involved in each explosion. Events involving about 1 millioncm3 of magma occurred during recent eruptions. They led to the formation of hundreds of meters thick dilute pyroclastic density currents, moving down the volcano slope at velocities exceeding 50 m/s. The dispersion of density currents affected the whole Vulcano Porto area, the Vulcanello area. They also overrode the Fossa Caldera's rim, spreading over the Piano area. For the aim of hazard assessment, deposits from La Fossa Cone and La Fossa Caldera were studied in detail, to depict the eruptive scenarios at short-term and at long-term. By means of physical models that make use of deposit particle features, the impact parameters have been calculated. They are dynamic pressure and particle volumetric concentration of density currents, and impact energy of ballistic blocks. A quantitative hazard map, based on these impact parameters, is presented. It could be useful for territory planning and for the calculation of the expected damage.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): hazard, ; stratigraphy, ; physical modelling ; volcanic history ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 52
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    Short residence times for alkaline Vesuvius magmas in a multi-depth supply system: Evidence from geochemical and textural studies (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: It is crucial to understand magma chamber chemico-physical conditions and residence times for high-risk volcanoes because these factors control the occurrence and size of future eruptions. In order to define magmatic pressure–temperature conditions and residence times at the Somma–Vesuvius volcano, we studied the geochemistry and texture of selected past eruptions that are representative of the entire volcanic history. Our petrological model indicates a multi-depth magma chamber composed of a deeper tephritic (350– 400 Mpa) magma layer, which fed Strombolian and effusive eruptions during open-conduit activity, and an upper (200–250 Mpa) phonolitic level, which supplied the high explosive events that followed closedconduit repose time. This upper reservoir matches the inferred transition between sedimentary sequences and metamorphic basement. At this level, the presence of a structural and lithological discontinuity favors magma storage during closed-conduit periods. The prevalent differentiation process was fractional crystallization during the magma cooling associated with upward migration of less dense, evolved liquids. Our results indicate that major steam exolution occurred during the late crystallization stage of phonolites, which accounts for the high Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of eruptions supplied by these melts. Moreover, our phenocryst CSD data reveal the rapid crystallization and differentiation (decades to centuries) of alkaline Somma–Vesuvius magmas. This implies that the 400 km2 partial melting zone detected by tomography studies at 8–10 km depth beneath Vesuvius should consist of differentiated magma that is already capable of generating a large-scale (plinian) explosive event if renewed activity develops out of the present closed-conduit state. Additionally, because our microlite CSD data indicate rapid magma migration from the chamber toward the surface, precursory activity could appear only short time before a major eruption.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 133–143
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): residence time ; phonolite ; Vesuvius ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.04. Mineral physics and properties of rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.10. Stratigraphy
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 53
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    A physico-chemical assessment of the health hazard of Mt. Vesuvius volcanic ash (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Mt. Vesuvius, Italy, is regarded as one of the world's most dangerous volcanoes because of the potential for vast numbers of people to be affected by the renewal of volcanic activity; more than 600 000 people live within 10 km of the summit alone. Vesuvius has been quiescent since 1944 and with continued dormancy, the more likely it is that the next eruption will be explosive. At that point, wide-spread concern is likely over the potential health hazard of the ash, away from the zone of primary volcanic hazards. Analyses of the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of ash provide us with critical information on the potential toxicity of the particles, for example, whether particles are sufficiently small to enter the lungs and whether the particles have reactive properties which could trigger disease. Rapid assessment of these characteristics allows real-time decision making on hazard mitigation issues (e.g. distribution of dust masks) and allows considered judgement on whether to embark on major medical/toxicological studies. The study presented here is the first time that the potential respiratory health hazard of ash from Vesuvius volcano has been considered and allows planning for future eruption scenarios. Twenty-one ash samples, representing the range of eruption styles at Vesuvius, were collected and analysed. The results demonstrate that the physical processes of fragmentation play an important role in determining the grain size and, therefore, hazard, of the ash. Here, the finest samples derive from the interaction of magma and water during the final, phreatomagmatic phases of plinian and subplinian eruptions ( 16 vol.% 〈4 µm material), while the low-intensity explosivity activity, associated with lava effusion, produces coarse ash posing a lesser hazard. The quantity of material found in the different health-pertinent fractions is strongly correlated, allowing prediction of these fractions where only coarser sieve data are available. Since Vesuvius produces silica under-saturated products, ‘free’ crystalline silica in the ash does not pose a significant health hazard (〈 2 wt.% cristobalite and 〈3 wt.% quartz). Surface tests showed that the capability of the ash to generate the highly-reactive hydroxyl free radical varies considerably amongst samples, with available surface iron correlating well with reactivity potential.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 222-232
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Vesuvius ; volcano ; health ; mineralogy ; ash ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 54
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    Unbekannt
    The feeding system of Agnano–Monte Spina eruption (Campi Flegrei, Italy): Dragging the past into present activity and future scenarios (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Magmatic processes triggering eruptions at Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy) and their relationships with the widespread emissions of fluids and caldera unrest episodes, are poorly constrained. The 4.1 ka B.P. Agnano–Monte Spina eruption, the reference event for a future large-size explosive eruption at Campi Flegrei, was investigated to shed light, through melt inclusion and isotope analyses, on the geochemical processes operating in the plumbing system. Chemical and isotopic data on whole rocks and glasses suggest that at least two magma batches mixed during the course of the eruption. Melt inclusion data highlight the pre-eruption storage conditions of two magmatic end-members. One end-member is like the less differentiated (shoshonitic) Campi Flegrei erupted magma, while the other could be a residual of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff magma. Mixing between these two components was driven by a large gas phase which sustained the ascent of magmas of deep provenance. The H2O and CO2 contents in pyroxene-hosted melt inclusions yield entrapment pressures between 107 and 211 MPa, corresponding to depths between 4 and 8 km. The degassing trends reveal two extreme patterns. One pattern, already documented in the literature, is the volatile signature of poorly differentiated magmas ascending from more than 8 km depth, while the other is related to a gas-dominated magma, flushed by a CO2-rich gas phase partly released from the deep reservoir. This study provides a conceptual frame for unrest phases at Campi Flegrei, such as the 1982–84 event. Uplift phases can be related to closed-system ascent of magmas and fluids from more than 8 km depth, and their emplacement at shallow levels. This leads the shallow system to store, and then progressively release, the accumulated gas. In this view, both unrest episodes and eruptions could be strongly influenced by both the achievement of a critical upper limit of gas storage in the shallow magmatic reservoir and the stress and fracturing state of the roof rocks. The present results help to constrain the preeruptive conditions expected at Campi Flegrei caldera in case of a future large-size eruptive event.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 135–147
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Sr and Nd isotopes ; Melt inclusions ; Gas flushing ; Magma mixing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 55
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    The regular shape of stratovolcanoes: A DEM-based morphometrical approach (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We studied the shape of the most regular-shaped stratovolcanoes of the world to mathematically define the form of the ideal stratovolcano. Based on the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission data we selected 19 of the most circular and symmetrical volcanoes, which incidentally all belong to subduction-related arcs surrounding the Pacific. The selection of volcanoes benefitted from the introduction of a new definition of circularity which is more robust than previous definitions, being independent of the erosional dissection of the cone. Our study on the shape of stratovolcanoes was based on the analysis of the radial elevation profiles of each volcano. The lower half section of the volcanoes is always well fitted by a logarithmic curve, while the upper half section is not, and falls into two groups: it is fitted either by a line (“C-type”, conical upper part) or by a parabolic arc (“P-type”, parabolic/concave upper part). A quantitative discrimination between these groups is obtained by fitting their upper slope with a linear function: C-type volcanoes show small, whereas P-type volcanoes show significant negative angular coefficient. The proposed threshold between the two groups is − 50 × 10− 4°/m. Chemical composition of eruptive products indicates higher SiO2 and/or higher H2O content for C-type volcanoes, which could imply a higher incidence of mildly explosive (e.g. strombolian) eruptions. We propose that this higher explosivity is responsible for forming the constant uppermost slopes by the deposition of ballistic tephra and its subsequent stabilisation at a constant angle. By contrast, P-type volcanoes are characterized by a smaller SiO2 and H2O content, which can be responsible for a higher incidence of effusive events and/or a lower incidence of upper flank-forming (i.e. mild) explosive eruptions. Therefore, the concave upper flanks of these volcanoes may be shaped typically by lava flows. Based on this hypothesis, we propose that the morphometric analysis of the elevation profile of stratovolcanoes can provide insights into their dominant eruptive style.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 171-181
    Beschreibung: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): stratovolcano ; SRTM ; shape analysis ; elevation profile ; circularity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 56
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    A CO2-rich gas trigger of explosive paroxysms at Stromboli basaltic volcano, Italy (2011)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In addition to rhythmic slug-driven Strombolian activity, Stromboli volcano occasionally produces discrete explosive paroxysms (2 per year on average for the most frequent ones) that constitute a major hazard and whose origin remains poorly elucidated. Partial extrusion of the volatile-rich feeding basalt as aphyric pumice during these events has led to consider their triggering by the fast ascent of primitive magma blobs from possibly great depth. Here I examine and discuss the alternative hypothesis that most of the paroxysms could be triggered and driven by the fast upraise of CO2-rich gas pockets generated by bubble foam growth and collapse in the sub-volcano plumbing system. Data for the SO2 and CO2 crater plume emissions are used to show that Stromboli's feeding magma may originally contain as much as 2 wt.% of carbon dioxide and early coexists with an abundant CO2-rich gas phase with high CO2/SO2 molar ratio (≥60 at 10 km depth below the vents, compared to ∼7 in time-averaged crater emissions). Pressure-related modelling indicates that the time-averaged crater gas composition and output are well accounted for by closed system decompression of the basalt–gas mixture until the volcano–crust interface (∼3 km depth), followed by open degassing and crystallization in the volcano conduits. However, both the low viscosity and high vesicularity of the basaltic magma permit bubble segregation and bubble foam growth at deep sill-like feeder discontinuities and at shallower physical boundaries (such as the volcano–crust interface) where the gasrich aphyric basalt interacts with the unerupted crystal-rich and viscous magma drained back from the volcano conduits. Gas pressure build-up and bubble foam collapse at these boundaries will intermittently trigger the sudden upraise of CO2-rich gas blobs that constitute the main driving force of the paroxysms. Deeper-sourced gas blobs, driving the most powerful explosions, will be the richest in CO2 and have highest CO2/SO2 ratios. This mechanism is shown to account well for the dynamic, seismic and petrologic features of Stromboli's paroxysms and, hence, to provide a potential alternative interpretation for their genesis and their forecasting. Enhanced bubble foam leakage prior to a paroxysm, or foam emptying in several steps, should lead indeed to precursory upstream of CO2-rich gas and increasing CO2/SO2 ratio in crater plume emissions. The recent detection of such signals prior to two explosions in December 2006 and March 2007 strongly supports this expectation and the model proposed in this study.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 363–374
    Beschreibung: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): basaltic volcanoes ; magma degassing ; explosive paroxysms ; CO2 ; gas bubbles ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 57
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    A multidisciplinary effort to assign realistic source parameters to models of volcanic ash-cloud transport and dispersion during eruptions (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-04-07
    Beschreibung: During volcanic eruptions, volcanic ash transport and dispersion models (VATDs) are used to forecast the location and movement of ash clouds over hours to days in order to define hazards to aircraft and to communities downwind. Those models use input parameters, called “eruption source parameters”, such as plume height H, mass eruption rate Ṁ, duration D, and the mass fraction m63 of erupted debris finer than about 4 or 63 μm, which can remain in the cloud for many hours or days. Observational constraints on the value of such parameters are frequently unavailable in the first minutes or hours after an eruption is detected. Moreover, observed plume height may change during an eruption, requiring rapid assignment of new parameters. This paper reports on a group effort to improve the accuracy of source parameters used by VATDs in the early hours of an eruption. We do so by first compiling a list of eruptions for which these parameters are well constrained, and then using these data to review and update previously studied parameter relationships. We find that the existing scatter in plots of H versus Ṁ yields an uncertainty within the 50% confidence interval of plus or minus a factor of four in eruption rate for a given plume height. This scatter is not clearly attributable to biases in measurement techniques or to well-recognized processes such as elutriation from pyroclastic flows. Sparse data on total grain-size distribution suggest that the mass fraction of fine debris m63 could vary by nearly two orders of magnitude between small basaltic eruptions ( 0.01) and large silicic ones (〉 0.5). We classify eleven eruption types; four types each for different sizes of silicic and mafic eruptions; submarine eruptions; “brief” or Vulcanian eruptions; and eruptions that generate co-ignimbrite or co-pyroclastic flow plumes. For each eruption type we assign source parameters. We then assign a characteristic eruption type to each of the world's 1500 Holocene volcanoes. These eruption types and associated parameters can be used for ash-cloud modeling in the event of an eruption, when no observational constraints on these parameters are available.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 10-21
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): volcanic eruption ; aircraft ; volcanic plumes ; ash clouds ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 58
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    Understanding stress and deformation in active volcanoes (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-06-15
    Beschreibung: No eruption, no caldera collapse, and no landslide can take place in a volcano unless its state of stress is suitable for the associated type of rock failure. The state of stress, in turn, results in deformation, and both stress and deformation depend on the mechanical properties of the rocks that constitute the volcano. Understanding stress and deformation in volcanoes is thus of fundamental importance for understanding unrest periods and for accurate forecasting volcano failure, such as may result in large-scale lateral and vertical collapses and eruptions.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1-3
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): stress, deformation, volcano tectonics, physical propertie of volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 59
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    Potential Field modeling of collapse-prone submarine volcanoes in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy) (2010)
    AGU
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-07-14
    Beschreibung: Hydrothermal alteration may weaken volcanic rocks, causing the gravitational instability of portions of active volcanoes with potentially hazardous collapses. Here we show high‐resolution multibeam, magnetic and gravity surveys of the Marsili seamount, the largest active volcano of Europe located in the southern Tyrrhenian back‐arc basin. These surveys reveal zones with exceptionally low densities and with vanishing magnetizations, due probably to the comminution of basalts during hyaloclastic submarine eruptions and to their post‐eruptive hydrothermal alteration. The location of these regions correlates with morphological data showing the occurrence of past collapses. Similar evidence has been obtained from pre existing data at Vavilov Seamount, another older volcanic system in the Tyrrhenian back‐arc basin. Here a large volume of at least 50 km3 may have collapsed in a single event from its 40 km long western flank. Given the similarities between these volcanoes, a large collapse event may also be expected at Marsili.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: L03305
    Beschreibung: 2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
    Beschreibung: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Marsili Seamount ; Gravity anomalies ; Magnetic anomalies ; Tyrrhenian Sea ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.02. Gravity methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.04. Marine geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 60
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    Lava flow superposition: The reactivation of flow units in compound ’a’a flows (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Basaltic 'a'ā lava flows often demonstrate compound morphology, consisting of many juxtaposed and superposed flow units. Following observations made during the 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna, Sicily, we examine the processes that can result from the superposition of flow units, when the underlying units are sufficiently young to have immature crusts and deformable cores. During this eruption, we observed that the emplacement of new surface flow units may reactivate older, underlying units by squeezing the still-hot flow core away from the site of loading. Here, we illustrate three different styles of reactivation that depend on the time elapsed between the emplacement of the two flow units, hence the rheological contrast between them. For relatively long time intervals (2 to 15 days), and consequently significant rheological contrasts, superposition can pressurise the underlying flow unit, leading to crustal rupture and the subsequent extrusion of a small volume of high yield strength lava. Following shorter intervals (1 to 2 days), the increased pressure caused by superposition can result in renewed, slow advance of the underlying immature flow unit front. On timescales of 〈 1 day, where there is little rheological contrast between the two units, the thin intervening crust can be disrupted during superposition, allowing mixing of the flow cores, large-scale reactivation of both units, and widespread channel drainage. This mechanism may explain the presence of drained channels in flows that are known to have been cooling-limited, contrary to the usual interpretation of drainage as an indicator of volume-limited behaviour. Because the remobilisation of previously stagnant lava can occur swiftly and unexpectedly, it may pose a significant hazard during the emplacement of compound flows. Constant monitoring of flow development to identify areas where superposition is occurring is therefore recommended, as this may allow potentially hazardous rapid drainage events to be forecast. Reactivation processes should also be borne in mind when reconstructing the emplacement of old lava flow fields, as failure to recognise their effects may result in the misinterpretation of features such as drained channels.
    Beschreibung: The work was funded by NERC studentship NER/S/A2005/13681 and grant NE/F018010/1.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Etna ; flow unit ; compound flow ; superposition ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 61
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    A CO2-rich gas trigger of explosive paroxysms at Stromboli basaltic volcano, Italy (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In addition to rhythmic slug-driven Strombolian activity, Stromboli volcano occasionally produces discrete explosive paroxysms (2 per year on average for the most frequent ones) that constitute a major hazard and whose origin remains poorly elucidated. Partial extrusion of the volatile-rich feeding basalt as aphyric pumice during these events has led to consider their triggering by the fast ascent of primitive magma blobs from possibly great depth. Here I propose instead that most of the paroxysms could be triggered and driven by the fast upraise of CO2-rich gas pockets generated by bubble foam growth and collapse in the sub-volcano plumbing system. Data for the SO2 and CO2 crater plume emissions with the magma sulphur content are used to show that Stromboli’s feeding magma originally may contain as much as 2 wt% of carbon dioxide and early coexists with an abundant CO2-rich gas phase with high CO2/SO2 molar ratio (60 at 10 km depth below the vents, compared to ~7 in time-averaged crater emissions). Pressure-related modelling indicates that the time-averaged crater gas composition and output are well accounted for by closed system decompression of the basalt-gas mixture until about the volcano-crust interface (~3 km depth), followed by open degassing and crystallization in the volcano conduits. However, both the low viscosity and high vesicularity of the basaltic magma permit bubble segregation and bubble foam growth at deep sill-like feeder discontinuities and at shallower physical boundaries (the volcano-crust interface) where the gas-rich aphyric basalt interacts with the unerupted crystal-rich, viscous magma drained back from the volcano conduits. Gas pressure build up and bubble foam collapse at these boundaries will intermittently trigger the sudden upraise of CO2-rich gas blobs that constitute the main driving force of the paroxysms. Deeper-sourced gas blobs, driving the most powerful explosions, will be the richest in CO2 and have highest CO2/SO2 ratios. This mechanism is shown to account well for the dynamic, seismic and petrologic features of Stromboli’s paroxysms and, hence, to provide a potential alternative interpretation for their genesis and their forecasting. Enhanced bubble foam leakage prior to a paroxysm, or foam emptying in several steps, should lead indeed to precursory upstream of CO2-rich gas and increasing CO2/SO2 ratio in crater plume emissions. The recent detection of such signals prior to two explosions in December 2006 and March 2007 strongly supports this expectation and the model proposed in this study.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): explosive paroxysms ; CO2-rich gas ; basaltic volcanoes ; gas bubbles ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 62
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    Oscillation-induced mobility of flows of rock fragments with quasi-rigid plugs in rectangular channels with frictional walls: A hypothesis (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We present here a new hypothesis to explain the high mobility of same rapid mass movements of rock fragments. We suggest that oscillations of flows with a quasi-rigid plug can result in reduction of their apparent coefficient of friction. This coefficient is computed as the ratio between drop in elevation and horizontal distance of travel. In our model, the effective friction during a downhill journay is a combination of the friction forces acting on the plug during the ascending and descending parts of its slope-normal oscillations. As a consequence of oscillations, the decreased contact with ground surface reduces the apparent coefficent of friction. Channel lateral surfaces can also support a portion of plug weight giving another contribution in the reduction of this coefficient. The support of lateral surfaces requires a relatively narrow channel such as a gully or the presence of levees whereas the reduced basal contact can be important also in larger channels that do not provide lateral support. We suggest that slope-normal oscillations are generated by ground asperities. The true coefficent of friction are larger than the apparent one because they account energetically for the oscillations that reduce basal contact. Thus we can say that our model is able to explain long runout distances as long as the energy dissipated by oscillations is accounted for by the true coefficents of friction that enter the calculations. Field and experimental investigation of several ideas discussed in this paper constitutes important aspects of future research that will improve the understanding of granular flows mobility.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 23-32
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): pyroclastic flows ; rock avalanches ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 63
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    The upper lithostratigraphic unit of ANDRILL AND-2A core (Southern McMurdo Sound, Antarctica): Local Pleistocene volcanic sources, paleoenvironmental implications and subsidence in the southern Victoria Land Basin (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We report results from the study of the uppermost 37 m of the Southern McMurdo Sound (SMS) AND-2A drill core, corresponding to the lithostratigraphic unit 1 (LSU 1), the most volcanogenic unit within the core. We present data on the age, composition, volcanological and depositional features of the volcanic sedimentary and tephra deposits of LSU 1 and discuss their source, mechanisms of emplacement and environment of deposition. Sedimentary features and compositional data indicate shallow water sedimentation for the whole of LSU 1. Most of LSU 1 deposits are a mixture of near primary volcanic material with minor exotic clasts derived from the Paleozoic crystalline basement rocks. Among volcanic materials, glassy particles are the most abundant. They were produced by mildly explosive basaltic eruptions occurring in subaerial and subaqueous environments. The Dailey Islands group, 13 km south-southwest of the SMS drill-site, has been identified as a possible source for the volcanics on the basis of similarity in composition and age. 40Ar–39Ar laser step-heating analyses on a lava sample from Juergens Island yields an age of 775 ± 22 ka. Yet because of the minimal reworking features of vitriclasts, preservation of fragile structures in volcaniclastic sediments and evidence for volcanic seamounts to the north of the Dailey Islands, it is likely that some of the material originated also from vents close to the drill-site. Evidence for local volcanic sources and for deposition of sediments in a shallow marine environment provides indications about the local paleogeography and implications for the subsidence history of the southern Victoria Land Basin from Pleistocene to Recent.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 142-161
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Antarctica ; volcaniclastic sediments ; Erebus Volcanic Province ; paleoenvironment reconstruction ; Victoria Land Basin ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 64
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    A new approach to risk assessment of lava flow at Mount Etna (2010)
    Geological Society of America
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Destruction of human property by lava flow invasion is a significant volcanic hazard at Mount Etna (Italy), where reliable risk maps are important for risk mitigation. We present new high-resolution quantitative risk maps of Mount Etna that are based on lava flow simulations starting from more than 70,000 different potential vents, a probability distribution of vent location, an empirical relationship for the maximum length of lava flows, and a database of buildings. In addition to standard risk maps, which classify areas according to the expected damage at each point, we classify each point of the volcano with respect to the damage that would occur if a vent opened at that point. The resulting maps should help local authorities in making the necessary decisions to deal with ongoing eruptions and to plan long-term land use.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1111-1114
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Lava flows ; Volcanic risk ; Mount Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 65
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    A Microscopic Information System (MIS) for petrographic analysis (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The database and visualization facilities of Geographic Information System (GIS) software are employed to support the analysis of rock texture from thin section by image processing. A Microscopic Information System (MIS) is hence obtained. The method is applied to transmitted light images of 137 samples obtained from 8 granitoid rocks. A slide scanner and a mount for crossed polarization are used to acquire the input images. For each thin section 5 collimated RGB images are scanned: 4 under different directions of crossed polarization and 1 without polarization. A grain segmentation procedure, based on two region growing functions is applied. The output is converted to vector format and refined using editing tools in the MIS environment, which enables a straightforward match between the input imagery and the final vectorized texture. GIS software provides optimal management of the MIS database, allowing the cumulative measurement of more than 87 000 grains.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 5.3. TTC - Banche dati vulcanologiche
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Granitoid rocks ; Geographic Information System ; Image processing ; Petrography ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 66
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    The pre-eruptive volatile contents of recent basaltic and pantelleritic magmas at Pantelleria (Italy) (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Pantelleria Island, located in the Sicily Channel Rift Zone (Italy), is the type locality for the peralkaline rhyolitic rocks called pantellerites. In the last 50 ka, after the large Green Tuff caldera-forming eruption, volcanic activity at Pantelleria has consisted of effusive and explosive eruptions mostly vented inside and along the rim of the caldera and producing silicic lava flows, lava domes and poorly dispersed pantelleritic pumice fall deposits. Basaltic cinder cones and lava flows are only present outside the caldera in the NW sector of the island. The most recent basaltic (Cuddie Rosse, 20 ka) and pantelleritic (Cuddia Randazzo and Cuddia del Gallo, 6 ka) pyroclastic products were sampled to investigate magmatic volatile contents through the study of melt inclusions. The melt inclusions in pyroxene and olivine phenocrysts of Cuddie Rosse scoriae have an alkali basalt composition. The dissolved volatiles comprise 0.9–1.6 wt.% H2O, several hundred ppm of CO2, 1600–2000 ppm of sulphur and 500–900 ppm of chlorine. The water–carbon dioxide couple gives a confining pressure 2 kbar prior to the eruption. This result indicates that episodes of magma ponding and crystallization occurred in the upper crust prior to eruption. The melt inclusions in feldspar, fayalite and aenigmatite phenocrysts of Cuddia del Gallo and Cuddia Randazzo pumice have a pantelleritic composition (Agpaitic Indices 1.3–2.1), up to 4.4 wt.% H2O, 8700 ppm Cl, 6000 ppm F, and CO2 below the detection limit. Sulphur averaging 420 ppm has been measured in Cuddia Randazzo melt inclusions. These data indicate relatively high volatile contents for these low-energy Strombolian-type eruptions. Melt inclusions in Cuddia del Gallo pumice show the most evolved composition (Agpaitic Indices 2–2.1) and the highest volatile content, in agreement with fluid saturation conditions in the magma chamber prior to the eruption. This implies a confining pressure of 1 kbar for the top of the pantelleritic reservoir. The composition of melt inclusions and mineralogical assemblage of Cuddia Randazzo pumice indicate that it has a lower evolutionary degree (Agpaitic Indices 1.3–1.8) and lower pre-eruptive Cl and H2O contents than Cuddia del Gallo pumice. An increase in pressure due to the exsolution of volatiles in the upper part of the pantelleritic reservoir may have triggered the Cuddia del Gallo explosive eruption. Evidence of widespread pre-eruptive mingling between trachytes and pantellerites suggests that the intrusion of trachytic magma into the pantelleritic reservoir likely played a major role in destabilizing the magma system just prior to the Cuddia Randazzo event.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Pantelleria ; peralkaline ; volatiles ; melt inclusions ; eruptive style ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 67
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    Mitigation of lava flow invasion hazard through optimized barrier configuration aided by numerical simulation: The case of the 2001 Etna eruption (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Lava flow spreading along the flanks of Etna volcano often produces damages to the land and proprieties. The impact of these eruptions could be mitigated by building artificial barriers for controlling and slowing down the lava, as recently experienced in 1983, 1991–1993, 2001 and 2002. This study investigates how numerical simulations can be adopted for evaluating the effectiveness of barrier construction and for optimizing their geometry, considering as test case the lava flows emplaced on Etna's south flank during 2001. The flow temporal evolutions were reconstructed deriving the effusion rate trends, together with the pre-eruption topography were adopted as input data of the MAGFLOW simulation code. Three simulations were then conducted to simulate lava flow with and without barriers. The first aimed at verifying the reconstruction of the effusion rate trends, while the others at assessing the performance of the barrier system realized during the eruption in comparison with an alternative solution here proposed. A quantitative analysis carried out on the first simulation confirms the suitability of the selected test case. The comparison of the three simulated thickness distributions showed both the effectiveness of the barriers in slowing down the lava flow and the sensitivity of the MAGFLOW code to the topographical variations represented by the barriers. Finally, for reducing both the time necessary to erect the barrier and the barrier environmental impact, the gabion's barrier construction was analyzed. The implemented and tested procedure enforces the capability of using numerical simulations for designing optimized lava flow barriers aimed at making swifter mitigatory actions upon lava flows and improving the effectiveness of civil protection interventions during emergencies.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 16-26
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): lava flow ; mitigation action ; volcanic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 68
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    InSAR Permanent Scatterer analysis reveals fault re-activation during inflation and deflation episodes at Campi Flegrei caldera (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Permanent Scatterers Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (PSInSAR) and Global Position System (GPS) are applied to investigate the most recent surface deformation of the Campi Flegrei caldera. The PSInSAR analysis, based on SAR data acquired by ERS-1/2 sensors during the 1992–2001 time interval and by the Radarsat sensor during 2003–2007, identifies displacement patterns over wide areas with high spatial resolution. GPS data acquired by the Neapolitan Volcanic Continuous GPS network provide detailed ground velocity information of specific sites. The satellite-derived data allow us to characterize the deformation pattern that affected the Campi Flegrei caldera during two recent subsidence (1992–1999) and uplift (2005– 2006) phases. PSInSAR results show the re-activation of the caldera ring-faults, intra-caldera faults, and eruptive fissures. We discuss the results in the light of the available volcanological, structural and geophysical data and propose a relationship between the structures activated during the recent unrest episodes and those responsible for the recent (b3.8–4 ka) volcanism. The combined interpretation of the collected data show that (a) the caldera consists of two sectors separated by a N–S striking faulting zone and (b) the intra-caldera NW–SE faults and eruptive fissures in the central-eastern sector re-activated during the studied unrest episodes and represent possible pathways for the ascent of magma and/or gas to the surface. In this sector, maximum horizontal strain, recent volcanism (3.8–4 ka), active degassing and seismicity concentrate. The fault re-activation is related to the dynamics of the caldera and not to tectonic stress. The deformation fields of the uplift and subsidence episodes are consistent with hydrothermal processes and degassing from a magmatic reservoir that is significantly smaller than the large (∼40 km3) magma chamber responsible for the caldera formation. We provide evidence that the monitoring of the horizontal and vertical components of deformation improves the identification of active, aseismic faults. Accordingly, we suggest that future ground deformation models should include the re-activation of the detected structures.
    Beschreibung: This study has been supported by the TELLUS project (Telerilevamento Laboratori Unità di Supporto), which has been developed in the framework of the PODIS project (Progetto Operativo Difesa Suolo) of the Ministero dell'Ambiente e per la Tutela del Territorio e del Mare,and has been funded by the European Union QCS 2000–2006 PONATAS, by INGV-Osservatorio Vesuviano, and by 'Creep' IYPE-UNESCO project.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2373-2383
    Beschreibung: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: 5.5. TTC - Sistema Informativo Territoriale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: restricted
    Schlagwort(e): PSInSAR ; Fault re-activation ; Campi Flegrei ; Caldera ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 69
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    Insight on recent Stromboli eruption inferred from terrestrial and satellite ground deformation measurements (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The multi-parametric permanent system (tilt and GPS networks, robotized geodetic station) for monitoring ground deformation at Stromboli volcano was set up in the 1990s and later greatly improved during the effusive event of 2002–2003. Unlike other volcanoes, e.g. Mt. Etna, the magnitude of ground deformation signals of Stromboli is very small and through the entire period of operation of the monitoring system, only two major episodes of deformation, in 1994–1995 and 2000, which did not lead to an eruption but rather pure intrusion, were measured. Similarly to the 2002–2003 eruption, no important deformations were detected in the months before the 2007 eruption. However, unlike the 2002–2003 eruption, GPS and tilt stations recorded a continuous deflation during the entire 2007 eruption, which allowed us to infer a vertical elongated prolate ellipsoidal source, centered below the summit craters at depth of about 2.8 km b.s.l. Due to its geometry and position, this source simulates an elongated plumbing system connecting the deeper LP magma storage (depth from 5 to 10 km) with the HP shallower storage (0.8–3 km), both previously identified by petrologic and geochemical studies. This result represents the first contribution of geophysics to the definition of the plumbing system of Stromboli at intermediate depth. Finally, no deformation due to the plumbing system was measured for a long time after the end of the eruption. Meanwhile, the new terrestrial geodetic monitoring system installed within the Sciara del Fuoco, on the lava fan formed during the eruption, indicated that during the first months after the end of the eruption the ground velocity progressively decreased in time, suggesting that part of the deformation was due to the thermal contraction of the lava flow.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 172-181
    Beschreibung: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Stromboli ; Ground Deformation ; source modelling ; flank instability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 70
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    Hazards from pyroclastic density currents at Mt. Etna (Italy) (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-03
    Beschreibung: Despite the recent recognition of Mount Etna as a periodically violently explosive volcano, the hazards from various types of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) have until now received virtually no attention at this volcano. Large-scale pyroclastic flows last occurred during the caldera-forming Ellittico eruptions, 15–16 ka ago, and the risk of them occurring in the near future is negligible. However, minor PDCs can affect much of the summit area and portions of the upper flanks of the volcano. During the past ~ 20 years, small pyroclastic flows or base-surge-like vapor and ash clouds have occurred in at least 8 cases during summit eruptions of Etna. Four different mechanisms of PDC generation have been identified during these events: (1) collapse of pyroclastic fountains (as in 2000 and possibly in 1986); (2) phreatomagmatic explosions resulting from mixing of lava with wet rock (2006); (3) phreatomagmatic explosions resulting from mixing of lava with thick snow (2007); (4) disintegration of the unstable flanks of a lava dome-like structure growing over the rim of one of the summit craters (1999). All of these recent PDCs were of a rather minor extent (maximum runout lengths were about 1.5 km in November 2006 and March 2007) and thus they represented no threat for populated areas and human property around the volcano. Yet, events of this type pose a significant threat to the lives of people visiting the summit area of Etna, and areas in a radius of 2 km from the summit craters should be off-limits anytime an event capable of producing similar PDCs occurs. The most likely source of further PDCs in the near future is the Southeast Crater, the youngest, most active and most unstable of the four summit craters of Etna, where 6 of the 8 documented recent PDCs originated. It is likely that similar hazards exist in a number of volcanic settings elsewhere, especially at snow- or glacier-covered volcanoes and on volcano slopes strongly affected by hydrothermal alteration.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 148-160
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Pyroclastic density currents ; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 71
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    Unbekannt
    Dike propagation in volcanic edifices: Overview and possible developments (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Eruptions are fed by dikes; therefore, better knowledge of dike propagation is necessary to improve our understanding of how magma is transferred and extruded at volcanoes. This study presents an overview of dike patterns and the factors controlling dike propagation within volcanic edifices. Largely based on published data, three main types of dikes (regional, circumferential and radial) are illustrated and discussed. Dike pattern data from 25 volcanic edifices in different settings are compared to derive semi-quantitative relationships between the topography (relief, shape, height, and presence of sector collapses) of the volcano, tectonic setting (presence of a regional stress field), and mean composition (SiO2 content). The overview demonstrates how dike propagation in a volcano is not a random process; rather, it depends from the following factors (listed in order of importance): the presence of relief, the shape of the edifice and regional tectonic control. We find that taller volcanoes develop longer radial dikes, whose (mainly lateral) propagation is independent of the composition of magma or the aspect ratio of the edifice. Future research, starting from these preliminary evaluations, should be devoted to identifying dike propagation paths and likely locations of vent formation at specific volcanoes, to better aid hazards assessment.
    Beschreibung: Partly fundedwith DPC-INGVfunds (LAVAProject).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 67–77
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): dikes ; volcanoes ; topography ; tectonic setting ; eruptions ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.02. Carbon cycling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 72
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    Unbekannt
    Intrusion of eccentric dikes: The case of the 2001 eruption and its role in the dynamics of Mt. Etna volcano (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The 2001 eruption represents one of the most studied events both from volcanological and geophysical point of view on Mt. Etna. This eruption was a crucial event in the recent dynamics of the volcano, marking the passage from a period (March 1993–June 2001) of moderate stability with slow, continuous flank sliding and contemporaneous summit eruptions, to a period (July 2001 to present) of dramatically increased flank deformations and flank eruptions. We show new GPS data and high precision relocation of seismicity in order to demonstrate the role of the 2001 intrusive phase in this change of the dynamic regime of the volcano. GPS data consist of two kinematic surveys carried out on 12 July, a few hours before the beginning of the seismic swarm, and on 17 July, just after the onset of eruptive activity. A picture of the spatial distribution of the sin-eruptive seismicity has been obtained using the HypoDD relocation algorithm based on the double-difference (DD) technique. Modeling of GPS measurements reveals a southward motion of the upper southern part of the volcano, driven by a NNW–SSE structure showing mainly left-lateral kinematics. Precise hypocenter location evidences an aseismic zone at about sea level, where the magma upraise was characterized by a much higher velocity and an abrupt westward shift, revealing the existence of a weakened or ductile zone. These results reveal how an intrusion of a dike can severely modify the shallow stress field, triggering significant flank failure. In 2001, the intrusion was driven by a weakened surface, which might correspond to a decollement plane of the portion of the volcano affected by flank instability, inducing an additional stress testified by GPS measurements and seismic data, which led to an acceleration of the sliding flanks.
    Beschreibung: This work was funded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and by the Dipartimento per la Protezione Civile (Italy).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 78–86
    Beschreibung: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): stress release ; dike ; volcano-tectonics ; flank instability ; Mt. Etna ; instrumental monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 73
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    Unbekannt
    Long-term forecast of eruption style and size at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The Campi Flegrei caldera is an active and restless volcano in the densely inhabited Neapolitan area of southern Italy. Because of the very high value (lives, properties, infrastructures, etc.) exposed to potential volcanic hazards, it is one of the areas at highest volcanic risk on Earth. In such a situation we have made an attempt to contribute to assessment of its volcanic hazards by providing a quantitative probabilistic longterm forecast of style and size of the next eruption. We have evaluated the most relevant physical parameters of the 22 explosive eruptions of the Campi Flegrei caldera over the past 5 ka. This time span has been taken as the reference period for volcanic hazards assessment on the basis of the volcanic and deformation history of the caldera. The evaluated parameters include dispersal, volume and density of the pyroclastic deposits, volume of erupted magma, total erupted mass, and eruption magnitude. The obtained results permit a size classification of the explosive eruptions, which are grouped into three sizes: small, medium, and large. On the basis of the reconstructed eruption dynamics, we have considered a type event(s) representative of each size class and hypothesized the style of the next event. An effusive eruption will likely generate a dome or very small lava flows, while an explosive event of any size very probably will produce particles fallout and flowage of pyroclastic density currents. Using a Bayesian inference procedure, we have assigned a conditional probability of occurrence to each of the eruption size classes. A small-size explosive eruption is the most likely event with a probability of about 60%; a large-size explosive eruption is the least likely event with a probability of about 4%; a medium-size explosive eruption has a probability of occurrence of about 25%; an effusive eruption has about 11% probability of occurrence.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 265–276
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): volcanic hazards assessment ; eruption size ; eruption style ; Campi Flegrei caldera ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 74
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    Unbekannt
    Modelling ground deformation caused by oscillating overpressure in a dyke conduit at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: A dyke conduit has been shown to be a realistic model for the shallow magmatic feeder system for the dome forming eruption at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat. Here we use a three-dimensional Finite Element model to examine the ground deformation that can be expected due to the pressurization of a dyke conduit. We find that the generated deformation has a bilateral symmetry with nearly no displacement in the direction of dyke strike, and a maximal ground deformation about 1 km away from the vent in the perpendicular direction. Resultant surface deformation is mainly triggered by the upper part of the feeder system, where the dyke opens into a cylindrical conduit. We apply our deformation model to investigate tilt data collected in 1997 in order to infer the orientation of the dyke. We obtain a best-fit for a NNW–SSE trending dyke, which matches observations of the ground displacement field obtained by differential GPS and the alignment of main structural geologic features of southern Montserrat.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 87–95
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Soufrière Hills Volcano ; Dyke conduit ; Finite Element Model ; Ground deformation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.08. Volcanic arcs ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.03. Inverse methods
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 75
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    Unbekannt
    A quantitative approach for evaluating lava flow simulation reliability: LavaSIM code applied to the 2001 Etna eruption (2009)
    AGU
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2009) American Geophysical Union.
    Beschreibung: This work developed a quantitative approach for evaluating the reliability of lava flow simulation codes. In particular, it applied the LavaSIM code to simulate the main lava flow emplaced on the south flank of Mount Etna (Italy) between 18 July and 9 August 2001 which represents an ideal test case for validating numerical codes. LavaSIM is the only full 3-D model and is thus able to account for the vertical variation of lava properties such as temperature, viscosity, velocity, and liquidus or solidus state. It presents the most complete description of the lava cooling, and its greatest peculiarity is the potential to discriminate between cells filled by liquid or solid lava. Thirteen simulation tests were performed varying the main input parameters, and they were checked thanks to the availability of syneruption maps, defining the lava flow planar expansion throughout its whole emplacement. Two parameters were adopted for quantitatively evaluate the agreement between real and simulated flows: the percent length ratio (PLR), here defined, and the fitness function (e1). Their joint analysis allowed checking both the simulated lateral spreading, through e1, and the flow lengthening, through PLR. The simulated flows follow a path very similar to the observed one, giving a good fitting of the lateral spreading, though the simulations are, after the second day, normally longer and thinner. The temporal evolution of the three-dimensional distribution of liquid lava and crust was also analyzed. Finally, the analysis presented here demonstrated the great capability of the LavaSIM simulation code.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: Q09003
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): lava flow ; quantitative assessment of simulation reliability ; 2001 Etna eruption ; LavaSIM ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 76
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    Mechanisms for ground-surface fracturing and incipient slope failure associated with the 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy: analysis of ephemeral field data (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-26
    Beschreibung: During the July^August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna development of extensional fractures/faults and grabens accompanied magma intrusion and subsequent volcanic activity. During the first days of the eruption, we performed an analysis of attitude, displacement and propagation of fractures and faults exposed on the ground surface in two sites, Torre del Filosofo and Valle del Leone, located along the same fracture system in the region surrounding the Valle del Bove depression on the eastern flank of Mt. Etna. Fractures and faults formed as the consequence of a shallow intruding dyke system that fed the several volcanic centres developed along the fracture system. The investigated sites differ in slope attitude and in geometrical relationships between fractures and slopes. In particular, the fracture system propagated parallel to the gentle slope (67‡ dip) in the Torre del Filosofo area, and perpendicular to the steep slope (V25‡ dip) in the Valle del Leone area. In the Torre del Filosofo area, slight graben subsidence and horizontal extension of the ground surface by about 3 m were recorded. In the Valle del Leone area, extensional faulting forming a larger and deeper graben with horizontal extension of the ground surface by about 10 m was recorded. For the Valle del Leone area, we assessed a downhill dip of 14‡ for the graben master fault at the structural level beneath the graben where the fault dip shallows. These results suggest that dyke intrusion at Mount Etna, and particularly in the region surrounding the Valle del Bove depression, may be at the origin of slope failure and subsequent slumps where boundary conditions, i.e. geometry of dyke, slope dip and initial shear stress, amongst others, favour incipient failures.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 281-294
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): dykes ; extensional fractures ; grabens ; slope failures ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 77
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    Unbekannt
    Volcanological and structural evolution of the Ischia resurgent caldera (Italy) over the past 10 ka. (2008)
    Geological Society of America | GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-17
    Beschreibung: Volcanic activity on the island of Ischia included both effusive and explosive eruptions, mainly occurred in the eastern sector of the island. Vent location, eruption dynamics, transport mechanisms and depositional processes, have been reconstructed for each recognized unit. In the past 10 ka, periods of quiescence alternated with periods of very intense volcanism, which was mainly concentrated at about 5.5 and over the past 2.9 ka. Volcanism was not continuous and strongly influenced by the mechanism of a resurgence phenomenon, which affects the island since about 33 ka. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that magma intrusion and uplift events occurred intermittently. In the past 5.5 ka, volcanic activity has been invariably accompanied by the emplacement of slope instability-related deposits testifying that also slope instability was induced by reactivation of vertical movements, likely related to resurgence.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 193-239
    Beschreibung: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Volcanological ; Ischia resurgent ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: book chapter
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 78
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    Forecasting Lava Flow Hazard during the 2006 Etna Eruption: Using the Magflow Cellular Automata Model (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-11-16
    Beschreibung: The MAGFLOW cellular automata model was able to fairly accurately reproduce the time of the lava flow advance during the 2006 Etna eruption leading to very plausible flow predictions. MAGFLOW is intended for use in emergency response situations during an eruption to quickly forecast the lava flow path over some time interval from the immediate future to a long-time forecast. Major discrepancies between the observed and simulated paths occurred in the early phase of the 2006 eruption due to an underestimation of the initial flow rate, and at the time of the overlapping with the 2004-2005 lava flow. Very good representations of the areas likely to be inundated by lava flows were obtained when we adopt a time-varying effusion rate and include the 2004-2005 lava flow field in the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of topography.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1050-1060
    Beschreibung: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Lava Flow ; Etna volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.02. Cellular automata, fuzzy logic, genetic alghoritms, neural networks ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 79
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    Unbekannt
    Volumetric observations during paroxysmal eruptions at Mount Etna: pressurized drainage of a shallow chamber or pulsed supply? (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The October 17 to November 5, 1999, eruption of Mount Etna’s Bocca Nuova crater emplaced a V15U106 m3 flow field. The eruption was characterized by 11 paroxysmal events during which intense Strombolian and lava fountain activity fed vigorous channelized PaPa flows at eruption rates of up to 120 m3 s31. Each paroxysm lasted between 75 and 450 min, and was separated by periods of less intense Strombolian activity and less vigorous (610 m3 s31) effusion. Ground-based, satellite- and model-derived volumetric data show that the eruption was characterized by two periods during which eruption rates and cumulative volume showed exponential decay. This is consistent with a scenario whereby the system was depressurized during the first eruptive period (October 17^23), repressurized during an October 24 pause, and then depressurized again during the second period (October 25^28). The imbalance between the erupted and supplied volumes mean that the two periods involved the collection of 1.5^5.7U106 m3 and 1.2^ 3.6U106 m3, respectively, or an increase in the time-averaged supply to 11.6^13.6 m3 s31 and 12.5^14.9 m3 s31. Two models are consistent with the observed episodic fountaining, derived volumetric trends and calculated volume imbalance: a magma collection model and a pulsed supply model. In the former case, depressurization of a shallow reservoir cause the observed volumetric trends and foam collapse at the reservoir roof powers fountaining. In the pulsing case, variations in magma flux account for pressurization^depressurization and supply the excess volume. Increases in rise rate and volatile flux, coupled with rapid exsolution during ascent, trigger fountaining. Limiting equations that define critical foam layer volumes and magma rise rates necessary for Hawaiian-style fountaining favor the latter model.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 79-95
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Etna ; lava fountaining ; eruption rates ; lava channel ; foam layers ; rise rates ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.05. Rheology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.05. Downhole, radioactivity, remote sensing, and other methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 80
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    Unbekannt
    MAFALDA: An early warning modeling tool to forecast volcanic ash dispersal and deposition (2008)
    AGU
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Forecasting the dispersal of ash from explosive volcanoes is a scientific challenge to modern volcanology. It also represents a fundamental step in mitigating the potential impact of volcanic ash on urban areas and transport routes near explosive volcanoes. To this end we developed a web-based early-warning modeling tool named MAFALDA (Modeling And Forecasting Ash Loading and Dispersal in the Atmosphere) able to quantitatively forecast ash concentrations in the air and on the ground. The main features of MAFALDA are: the usage of (1) a dispersal model, named VOL-CALPUFF (Barsotti et al. 2008) that couples the column ascent phase with the ash-cloud transport and (2) high-resolution weather forecasting data, the capability to run and merge multiple scenarios, and the web-based structure of the procedure that makes it suitable as an early-warning tool. MAFALDA produces plots for a detailed analysis of ash-cloud dynamics and ground deposition, as well as synthetic 2D maps of areas potentially affected by dangerous concentrations of ash. A first application of MAFALDA to the long-lasting weak plumes produced at Mt. Etna (Italy) is presented. A similar tool can be useful to civil protection authorities and volcanic observatories in reducing the impact of the eruptive events. MAFALDA can be accessed at http://mafalda.pi.ingv.it.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: Q12019
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): volcanic ash forecast ; numerical modeling ; early warning modeling tool ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 81
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    Unbekannt
    Vent conditions for expected eruptions at Vesuvius (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Determining consistent sets of vent conditions for next expected eruptions at Vesuvius is crucial for the simulation of the sub-aerial processes originating the volcanic hazard and the eruption impact. Herewerefer to the expected eruptive scales and conditions defined in the frame of the EC Exploris project, and simulate the dynamics of magma ascent along the volcanic conduit for sub-steady phases of next eruptions characterized by intensities of the Violent Strombolian (VS), Sub-Plinian 2 (SP2), and Sub-Plinian 1 (SP1) scale. Sets of conditions for the simulations are determined on the basis of the bulk of knowledge on the past history of Vesuvius [Cioni, R., Bertagnini, A., Santacroce, R., Andronico, D., Explosive activity and eruption scenarios at Somma–Vesuvius (Italy): towards a new classification scheme. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, this issue.]. Volatile contents (H2O and CO2) are parameterized in order to account for the uncertainty in their expected amounts for a next eruption. In all cases the flow in the conduit is found to be choked, with velocities at the conduit exit or vent corresponding to the sonic velocity in the two-phase non-equilibrium magmatic mixture. Conduit diameters and vent mixture densities are found to display minimum overlapping between the different eruptive scales, while exit gas and particle velocities, as well as vent pressures, largely overlap. Vent diameters vary from as low as about 5 m for VS eruptions, to 35–55 m for the most violent SP1 eruption scale. Vent pressures can be as low as less than 1 MPa for the lowest volatile content employed of 2 wt.% H2O and no CO2, to 7–8 MPa for highest volatile contents of 5 wt.% H2O and 2 wt.% CO2 and large eruptive scales. Gas and particle velocities at the vent range from 100–250 m/s, with a tendency to decrease, and to increase the mechanical decoupling between the phases, with increasing eruptive scale. Except for velocities, all relevant vent quantities are more sensitive to the volatile content of the discharged magma for the highest eruptive scales considered.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 359-365
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Vesuvius ; Numerical simulations ; Vent conditions ; Volcanic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 82
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    Unbekannt
    Reply to comments by E.Galili et al. on “Holocene Tsunami's from Mount Etna and the fate of Israeli Neolithic Communities” (2008)
    AGU
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: No abstract
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: L08312
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): landslide tsunami ; Mt. Etna ; paleo-tsunami deposits ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 83
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Emergency planning and mitigation at Vesuvius: A new evidence-based approach (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Disasters from explosive volcanic eruptions are infrequent and experience in emergency planning and mitigation for such events remains limited. The need for urgently developing more robust methods for risk assessment and decision making in volcanic crises has become increasingly apparent as world populations continue to expand in areas of active explosive volcanism. Nowhere is this more challenging than at Vesuvius, Italy, with hundreds of thousands of people living on the flanks of one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world. We describe how a new paradigm, evidence-based volcanology, has been applied in EXPLORIS to contribute to crisis planning and management for when the volcano enters its next state of unrest, as well as in long-term land-use planning. The analytical approach we adopted enumerates and quantifies all the processes and effects of the eruptive hazards of the volcano known to influence risk, a scientific challenge that combines field data on the vulnerability of the built environment and humans in past volcanic disasters with theoretical research on the state of the volcano, and including evidence from the field on previous eruptions as well as numerical simulation modelling of eruptive processes. Formal probabilistic reasoning under uncertainty and a decision analysis approach have provided the basis for the development of an event tree for a future range of eruption types with probability paths and hypothetical casualty outcomes for risk assessment. The most likely future eruption scenarios for emergency planning were derived from the event tree and elaborated upon from the geological and historical record. Modelling the impacts in these scenarios and quantifying the consequences for the circumvesuvian area provide realistic assessments for disaster planning and for showing the potential risk–benefit of mitigation measures, the main one being timely evacuation, but include for consideration protecting buildings against dilute, low dynamic pressure surges, and temporary roof supports in the most vulnerable buildings, as well as hardening infrastructure and lifelines. This innovative work suggests that risk-based methods could have an important role in crisis management at cities on volcanoes and small volcanic islands.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 454-473
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): planning ; emergency ; volcano ; eruption ; mitigation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 84
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    Unbekannt
    Sources of ground movement at Vesuvius before the AD 79 eruption: Evidence from contemporary accounts and archaeological studies (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Historical sources have recorded earthquake shocks, their effects and difficulties that local inhabitants experienced before the AD 79 Pompeii eruption. Archaeological studies pointed out the effects of such seismicity, and have also evidenced that several water crises were occurring at Pompeii in that period. Indeed numerous sources show that, at the time of eruption, and probably some time before, the civic aqueduct, having ceased to be supplied by the regional one, was out of order and that a new one was being built. Since Roman aqueducts were usually built with a recommended minimum mean slope of 20 cm/km and Pompeii's aqueduct sloped from the nearby Apennines toward the town, this slope could have been easily cancelled by uplift that occurred in the area even if this was only moderate. For the crustal deformations a volcanic origin is proposed and a point source model is used to explain the observations. Simple analysis of the available data suggests that the ground deformations were caused by a b2 km3 volumetric change at a depth of ∼8 km that happened over the course of several decades.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 959–970
    Beschreibung: 5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Vesuvius ; ground deformation ; seismicity ; stress changes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 85
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    Unbekannt
    Oscillation-induced mobility of flows of rock fragments with quasi-rigid plugs in rectangular channels with frictional walls: A hypothesis (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We present here a new hypothesis to explain the high mobility of same rapid mass movements of rock fragments. We suggest that oscillations of flows with a quasi-rigid plug can result in reduction of their apparent coefficient of friction. This coefficient is computed as the ratio between drop in elevation and horizontal distance of travel. In our model, the effective friction during a downhill journey is a combination of the friction forces acting on the plug during the ascending and descending parts of its slope-normal oscillations. As a consequence of oscillations, the decreased contact with ground surface reduces the apparent coefficient of friction. Channel lateral surfaces can also support a portion of plug weight giving another contribution in the reduction of this coefficient. The support of lateral surfaces requires a relatively narrow channel such as a gully or the presence of levees whereas the reduced basal contact can be important also in larger channels that do not provide lateral support. We suggest that slope-normal oscillations are generated by ground asperities. The true coefficients of friction are larger than the apparent one because they account energetically for the oscillations that reduce basal contact. Thus we can say that our model is able to explain long runout distances as long as the energy dissipated by oscillations is accounted for by the true coefficients of friction that enter the calculations. Field and experimental investigation of the several ideas discussed in this paper constitutes important aspects of future research that will improve the understanding of granular flows mobility.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Pyroclastic flows ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 86
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    Unbekannt
    Intrusion of eccentric dikes: The case of the 2001 eruption and its role in the dynamics of Mt. Etna volcano (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The 2001 eruption represents one of the most studied events both from volcanological and geophysical point of view on Mt. Etna. This eruption was a crucial event in the recent dynamic of the volcano, marking the passage from a period (March 1993 – June 2001) of moderate stability with slow, continuous flank sliding and contemporaneous summit eruptions, to a period (July 2001 to present) of dramatically increased flank deformations and flank eruptions. We show new GPS data and high precision relocation of seismicity in order to demonstrate the role of the 2001 intrusive phase in this change of the dynamic regime of the volcano. GPS data consist of two kinematic surveys carried out on 12 July, a few hours before the beginning of the seismic swarm, and on 17 July, just after the onset of eruptive activity. A picture of the spatial distribution of the sin-eruptive seismicity has been obtained using the HypoDD relocation algorithm based on the double-difference (DD) technique. Modeling of GPS measurements reveal a southward motion of the upper southern part of the volcano, driven by a NNW-SSE structure showing mainly left-lateral kinematics. Precise hypocenter location evidences an aseismic zone at about sea level, where the magma upraise was characterized by a much higher velocity and an abrupt westward shift, revealing the existence of a weakened or ductile zone. These results reveal how an intrusion of a dike can severely modify the shallow stress field, triggering significant flank failure. In 2001, the intrusion was driven by a weakened surface, which might correspond to a decollement plane of the portion of the volcano affected by flank instability, inducing an additional stress testified by GPS measurements and seismic data, which led to an acceleration of the sliding flanks.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 1.1. TTC - Monitoraggio sismico del territorio nazionale
    Beschreibung: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Stress release ; Dike ; Volcano-tectonics ; Flank instability ; Mount Etna ; Instrumental monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 87
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    Unbekannt
    Structural features of the 2007 Stromboli eruption (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: On 27 February 2007, two NE–SW and NNW–SSE dike-fed effusive vents opened to the North (at 650 and 400 m above sea level, asl) of the summit craters at Stromboli, forming a fissure parallel to the inner walls of the Sciara del Fuoco (SdF) sector collapse depression. The formation of these vents was soon followed by rapid subsidence of the summit crater area. This partly obstructed the central conduit, temporarily choking the fissure and increasing the deformation of the upper part of SdF. The reactivation of the NNW–SSE vent and the opening of a new vent located at 500 m asl, fed by a second dike, released the internal pressure and surface deformation ceased. The eruption then continued again from the 400 m vent, after a summit explosion on 15 March, until ending in early April after a progressive decrease of magma output. Repeated NE–SW dike intrusions have occurred in recent years, close to the upper SE limit of the SdF. In that zone, named Bastimento, the eruptive fractures traced the discontinuities that borders the SdF, increasing the risk of triggering new sector collapse. Whereas the NE–SW trending structures lie along the regional volcanostructural trend of the Aeolian arc through Stromboli, the NNW–SSE vents are oblique to this trend and may be controlled by the anomalous stress field within the unstable flank of the SdF. Another fundamental aspect of the 2007 eruption is the collapse of the central conduit, due to the rapid and deep magma drainage linked to the opening of the 400 m vent. The intrusion of dikes and development of flank vents during the 2007 eruption could possibly have triggered catastrophic landslides and related tsunami or eruptive paroxysms, but the opening of new effusive vents released the internal pressures, diminishing the hazard.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): 2007 Stromboli eruption ; Dike-fed vent ; Volcano-Tectonics ; Conduit collapse ; Flank instability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.08. Volcanic arcs ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 88
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    Unbekannt
    Simultaneous magma and gas eruptions at three volcanoes in southern Italy: an earthquake trigger? (2008)
    Geological Society of America
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-03
    Beschreibung: In September 2002, a series of tectonic earthquakes occurred north of Sicily, Italy, followed by three events of volcanic unrest within 150 km. On October 28, 2002, Mt. Etna erupted; on November 3, 2002, submarine degassing occurred near Panarea Island; and on December 28, 2002, Stromboli Island erupted. All of these events were considered unusual: the Mt. Etna NE-rift eruption was the largest in 55 yr, the Panarea degassing was one of the strongest ever detected there, and the Stromboli eruption, which produced a landslide and tsunami, was the largest effusive eruption in 17 yr. Here, we investigate the synchronous occurrence of these clustered unrest events, and develop a possible explanatory model. We compute short-term earthquake-induced dynamic strain changes and compare them to long-term tectonic effects. Results suggest that the earthquake-induced strain changes exceeded annual tectonic strains by at least an order of magnitude. This agitation occurred in seconds, and may have induced fluid and gas pressure migration within the already active hydrothermal and magmatic systems.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): earthquake trigger ; magma and gas eruptions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 89
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    Unbekannt
    An exceptional case of endogenous lava dome growth (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: During an eruption at the Bocca Nuova, one of the summit craters of Mt. Etna, in October-November 1999 a part of the crater floor near its WNW rim was uplifted to form a dome-shaped feature that consisted of older lava and pyroclastics filling the crater. This endogenous dome grew rapidly over the crater rim, thus being perched precariously over the steep outer slope of the Bocca Nuova, and near-continuous collapse of its steep flanks generated swiftly moving pyroclastic avalanches over a period of several hours. These avalanches advanced at speeds of 10-20 m s-1 and extended up to 0.7 km from their source on top of lavas emplaced immediately before. Their deposits were subsequently covered by lava flows that issued from vents below the front of the dome and from the Bocca Nuova itself. Growth of the dome was caused by the vertical intrusion of magma in the marginal W part of the crater, which deformed and uplifted previously emplaced, still hot and plastically deformable eruptive products filling the crater. The resulting avalanches had all characteristics of pyroclastic flows spawned by collapse of unstable flanks of lava domes, but in this case the magma involved was of mafic (hawaiitic) composition and would have, under normal circumstances, produced fluid lava flows. The formation of the dome and the generation of the pyroclastic avalanches owe their occurrence to the rheological properties of the eruptive products filling the crater, which were transformed into the dome, and to the morphological configuration of the Bocca Nuova and its surroundings. The density contrast between successive erupted products may also have played a role. Although events of this type are to be considered exceptional at Etna, their recurrence might represent a serious hazard to visitors to the summit area.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 115-128
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Mt. Etna ; Bocca Nuova ; endogenous lava dome ; pyroclastic avalanches ; magma ascent ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 90
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    Unbekannt
    Hydrothermal Fluid Circulation and its Effect on Caldera Unrest (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: This paper focuses on the role that hydrothermal systems may play in caldera unrest. Changes in the fluid chemistry, temperature, and discharge rate of hydrothermal systems are commonly detected at the surface during volcanic unrest, as hydrothermal fluids adjust to changing subsurface conditions. Geochemical monitoring is carried out to observe the evolving system conditions. Circulating fluids can also generate signals that affect geophysical parameters monitored at the surface. Effective hazard evaluation requires a proper understanding of unrest phenomena and correct interpretation of their causes. Physical modeling of fluid circulation allows quantification of the evolution of a hydrothermal system, and hence evaluation of the potential role of hydrothermal fluids during caldera unrest. Modeling results can be compared with monitoring data, and then contribute to the interpretation of the recent caldera evolution. This paper: 1) describes the main features of hydrothermal systems; 2) briefly reviews numerical modeling of heat and fluid flow through porous media; 3) highlight the effects of hydrothermal fluids on unrest processes; and 4) describes some model applications to the Phlegrean Fields caldera. Simultaneous modeling of different independent parameters has proved to be a powerful tool for understanding caldera unrest. The results highlight the importance of comprehensive conceptual models that incorporate all the available geochemical and geophysical information, and they also stress the need for high-quality, multi-parameter monitoring and modeling of volcanic activity.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 393-416
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): hydrothermal fluids ; unrest ; modeling ; caldera ; monitoring ; volcanic hazard ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: book chapter
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  • 91
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    Unbekannt
    Topographic control on lava flow paths at Mt. Etna (Italy): implications for hazard assesment (2008)
    AGU
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Assessment of the hazard from lava flow inundation at the active volcano of Mt. Etna (Italy) was performed by calculating the probability of lava flow inundation at each position on the volcano. A probability distribution for the formation of new vents was calculated using geological and volcanological data from past eruptions. The simulated lava flows from these vents were emplaced using a maximum expected flow length derived from geological data on previous lava flows. Simulations were run using DOWNFLOW, a DEM-based model designed to predict lava flow paths. Different eruptive scenarios were simulated by varying the elevation and probability distribution of eruptive points. Inundation maps show that the city of Catania and the coastal zone may only be impacted by flows erupted from low-altitude vents (〈 1500 m elevation), and that flank eruptions at elevations 〉 2000 m preferentially inundate the northeast and southern sectors of the volcano as well as the Valle del Bove. Eruptions occurring in the summit area (〉 3000 m elevation) pose no threat to the local population. Discrepancies between the results of simple, hydrological models and those of the DOWNFLOW model show that hydrological approaches are inappropriate when dealing with Etnean lava flows. Because hydrological approaches are not designed to reproduce the full complexity of lava flow spreading, they underestimate the catchment basins when the fluid has a complex rheology.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): lava flows ; DOWNFLOW ; hazard ; Mt. Etna ; Sicily ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 92
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    Evaluating explosive eruption risk at European volcanoes (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: No Abstract
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: V-IX
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Rischio Vulcanico ; Exploris ; Vulcani esplosivi ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 93
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Recicling and “re-hydration” of degassed magma inducing transient dissolution/crystallization events at Stromboli (Italy) (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Intrusive degassing and recycling of degassed and dense magma at depth have been proposed for a long time at Stromboli. The brief explosive event that occurred at the summit craters on 9 January 2005 threw out bombs and lapilli that could be good candidates to illustrate recycling of shallow degassed magma at depth. We present an extensive data set on both the textures and the mineral, bulk rock and glassy matrix chemistry of the “9 Jan” products. The latter have the common shoshonitic–basaltic bulk composition of lavas and scoriae issued from typical strombolian activity. In contrast they differ by the heterogeneous chemistry of their matrix glasses and their crystal textures that testify to crystal dissolution event(s) just prior magma crystallization upon ascent and eruption. Comparison between mineral paragenesis of the natural products and experimental phase equilibria suggest water-induced magma re-equilibration. We propose that mineral dissolution is related to water enrichment of the recycled degassed magma, via differential gas bubble transfer and to some extents its physical mixing with volatile-rich magma blobs. However, all these features illustrate transient processes. Even though evidence of mineral dissolution is ubiquitous at Stromboli, its effect on the bulk magma chemistry is minor because of the subtle interplay between mineral dissolution and crystallization in magmas having comparable bulk chemistry.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 325-336
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): mineral dissolution ; magma chemistry ; volatiles ; trace elements ; Stromboli ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 94
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    Dike propagation in volcanic edifices: Overview and possible developments (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Eruptions are often fed by dikes; therefore, better knowledge of dike propagation is necessary to improve our understanding of how magma is transferred and extruded at volcanoes. This study presents an overview of dike patterns and the factors controlling dike propagation within volcanic edifices. Largely based on published data, three main types of dikes (regional, circumferential and radial) are illustrated and discussed. Dike pattern data from 25 volcanic edifices in different settings are compared to derive semi-quantitative relationships between the topography (relief, shape, height, and presence of sector collapses) of the volcano, tectonic setting (presence of a regional stress field), and mean composition (SiO2 content). The overview demonstrates how dike propagation in a volcano is not a random process; rather, it depends from the following factors (listed in order of importance): the presence of relief, the shape of the edifice and regional tectonic control. We find that taller volcanoes develop longer radial dikes, whose (mainly lateral) propagation is independent of the composition of magma or the aspect ratio of the edifice. Future research, starting from these preliminary evaluations, should be devoted to identifying dike propagation paths and likely locations of vent formation at specific volcanoes, to better aid hazards assessment.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): dikes ; volcanoes ; topography ; tectonic setting ; eruptions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 95
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    Ash fallout scenarios at Vesuvius: Numerical simulations and implications for hazard assessment (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Volcanic ash fallout subsequent to a possible renewal of the Vesuvius activity represents a serious threat to the highly urbanized area around the volcano. In order to assess the relative hazard we consider three different possible scenarios such as those following Plinian, Sub-Plinian, and violent Strombolian eruptions. Reference eruptions for each scenario are similar to the 79 AD (Pompeii), the 1631 AD (or 472 AD) and the 1944 AD Vesuvius events, respectively. Fallout deposits for the first two scenarios are modeled using HAZMAP, a model based on a semi-analytical solution of the 2D advection–diffusion–sedimentation equation. In contrast, fallout following a violent Strombolian event is modeled by means of FALL3D, a numerical model based on the solution of the full 3D advection–diffusion–sedimentation equation which is valid also within the atmospheric boundary layer. Inputs for models are total erupted mass, eruption column height, bulk grain-size, bulk component distribution, and a statistical set of wind profiles obtained by the NCEP/NCAR re-analysis. We computed ground load probability maps for different ash loadings. In the case of a Sub-Plinian scenario, the most representative tephra loading maps in 16 cardinal directions were also calculated. The probability maps obtained for the different scenarios are aimed to give support to the risk mitigation strategies.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 366–377
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): volcanic ash fallout ; volcanic hazard ; computer model ; Vesuvius ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 96
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    Shifting styles of basaltic explosive activity during the 2002-03 eruption of Mt. Etna, Italy (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The 2002–03 flank eruption of Etna was characterized by two months of explosive activity that produced copious ash fallout, constituting a major source of hazard and damage over all eastern Sicily. Most of the tephra were erupted from vents at 2750 and 2800 m elevation on the S flank of the volcano, where different eruptive styles alternated. The dominant style of explosive activity consisted of discrete to pulsing magma jets mounted by wide ash plumes, which we refer to as ash-rich jets and plumes. Similarly, ash-rich explosive activity was also briefly observed during the 2001 flank eruption of Etna, but is otherwise fairly uncommon in the recent history of Etna. Here, we describe the features of the 2002–03 explosive activity and compare it with the 2001 eruption in order to characterize ash-rich jets and plumes and their transition with other eruptive styles, including Strombolian and ash explosions, mainly through chemical, componentry and morphology investigations of erupted ash. Past models explain the transition between different styles of basaltic explosive activity only in terms of flow conditions of gas and liquid. Our findings suggest that the abundant presence of a solid phase (microlites) may also control vent degassing and consequent magma fragmentation and eruptive style. In fact, in contrast with the Strombolian or Hawaiian microlite-poor, fluidal, sideromelane clasts, ash-rich jets and plumes produce crystal-rich tachylite clasts with evidence of brittle fragmentation, suggesting that high groundmass crystallinity of the very top part of the magma column may reduce bubble movement while increasing fragmentation efficiency.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Etna ; basaltic explosive activity ; ash-rich jet and plume ; tachylite ; sideromelane ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 97
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    Methana, the westernmost active volcanic system of the south Aegean arc (Greece): insight from fluids geochemistry (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: An extensive geochemical survey of the fluids released by the volcanic/geothermal system of Methana was undertaken. Gases were characterized based on the chemical and isotopic [helium (He) and carbon (C)] analysis of 27 samples. Carbon dioxide soil gas concentration and fluxes were measured at 179 sampling sites throughout the peninsula. Forty samples of thermal and cold groundwaters were also sampled and analysed to characterize the geochemistry of the aquifers. Gases of hydrothermal origin gave a preliminary geothermometric estimate of about 210 °C. The He-isotope composition indicated mantle contributions of up to 40%, and the C-isotope composition of CO2 indicated that it predominantly (〉90%) originated from limestone decomposition. The groundwater composition was suggestive of mixing between meteoric and hydrothermally modified sea-water endmembers and water–rock interaction processes limited to simple rock dissolution driven by an increased endogenous CO2 content. All of the thermal manifestations and anomalous degassing areas, although of limited extent, were spatially correlated with the main active tectonic system of the area. The total CO2 output of the volcanic system has been preliminary estimated to be less than 0.05 kg s–1. Although this value is very low compared to those of other volcanic systems, anomalous CO2 degassing at Methana – which is currently restricted to limited areas and at present is the only volcanic risk of the peninsula – is a potential gas hazard that warrants further assessment in future studies.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 818-828
    Beschreibung: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Methana ; south Aegean volcanic arc ; fluids geochemistry ; soil gases ; groundwaters ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.01. Geochemical exploration ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 98
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    Volcanic risk perception of young people in the urban areas of Vesuvius: Comparisons with other volcanic areas and implications for emergency management (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: More than 600000 people are exposed to volcanic risk in the urban areas near the volcano,Vesuvius, and may need to be evacuated if there is renewed volcanic activity. The success of a future evacuation will strongly depend on the level of risk perception and preparedness of the at-risk communities during the current period of quiescence. The volcanic risk perception and preparedness of young people is of particular importance because hazard education programs in schools have been shown to increase the clarity of risk perception and students often share their knowledge with their parents. In order to evaluate young people's risk perception and preparedness for a volcanic crisis, a multiple choice questionnaire was distributed to 400 high-school students in three municipalities located close to the volcano. The overall results suggest that despite a 60-year period of quiescence at Vesuvius, the interviewed students have an accurate perception of the level of volcanic risk. On the other hand, the respondents demonstrate a clear lack of understanding of volcanic processes and their related hazards.Also, the interviewed students show high levels of fear, poor perceived ability to protect themselves from the effects of a future eruption, and insufficient knowledge of the National Emergency Plan for Vesuvian Area (NEPVA). The latter result suggests that in comparisonwith volcanic crises in other regions, during a future eruption ofVesuvius, theremay not be enough time to educate the large number of people living near the volcano about how to appropriately respond. The inadequate risk education and preparedness of respondents implies that a strong effort is needed to improve communication strategies in order to facilitate successful evacuations. Therefore, it is important to take advantage of the present period of quiescence at Vesuvius to improve the accuracy of risk perception of youth in local communities.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 229-243
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): risk perception ; disasters ; evacuation plan ; Vesuvius ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 99
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    Modelling of the 2001 Lava Flow at Etna Volcano by a Cellular Automata Approach (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The 2D Cellular Automata model, MAGFLOW, simulates lava flows and an algorithm based on the Monte Carlo approach solves the anisotropic flow direction problem. The model was applied to reproduce a lava flow formed during the 2001 Etna eruption. This eruption provided the opportunity to verify the ability of MAGFLOW to simulate the path of lava flows. made possible due to the availability of the necessary data for both modeling and subsequent validation. MAGFLOW reproduced quite accurately the spread of flow. A good agreement was highlighted between the simulated and observed length on steep slopes, whereas the area covered by the lava flow tends to be overestimated. The major inconsistencies found in the comparison between simulated and observed lava flow due to neglecting the effects of ephemeral vent formation.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1465-1471
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Lava Flow Simulation ; Etna Volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.02. Cellular automata, fuzzy logic, genetic alghoritms, neural networks
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 100
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    Paleo-environmental and volcano-tectonic evolution of the southeastern £ank of Mt. Etna during the last 225 ka inferred from the volcanic succession of the ‘Timpe’, Acireale, Sicily (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The tectonic escarpments locally known as ‘Timpe’ cut a large sector of the eastern flank of Etna, and allow an ancient volcanic succession dating back to 225 ka to be exposed. Geological and volcanological investigations carried out on this succession have allowed us to recognize relevant angular unconformities and volcanic features which are the remnants of eruptive fissures, as well as important changes in the nature, composition and magmatic affinity of the exposed volcanics. In particular, the recognition in the lower part of the succession of important and unequivocal evidence of ancient eruptive fissures led us to propose a local origin for these volcanics and to revise previous interpretations which attributed their westward-dipping to the progressive tectonic tilting of strata. These elements led us to reinterpret the main features of the volcanic activity occurring since 250 ka BP and their relationship with tectonic structures active in the eastern flank of Etna. We propose a complex paleo-environmental and volcanotectonic evolution of the southeastern flank of Mt. Etna, in which the Timpe fault system played the role of the crustal structure that allowed the rise and eruption of magmas in the above considered time span.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 289-306
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Mount Etna ; tectonics ; fisssure eruptions ; columnar basalt ; fault escarpment ; xenoliths ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.10. Stratigraphy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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