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  • Other Sources  (9,333)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (6,242)
  • FLUID MECHANICS  (1,814)
  • AUXILIARY SYSTEMS  (1,277)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering
  • General Chemistry
  • 1970-1974  (8,215)
  • 1960-1964  (1,118)
Collection
Source
Keywords
Years
Year
  • 101
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    Interpretation techniques (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The image enhancement and geometric correction and registration techniques developed and/or demonstrated on ERTS data are relatively mature and greatly enhance the utility of the data for a large variety of users. Pattern recognition was improved by the use of signature extension, feature extension, and other classification techniques. Many of these techniques need to be developed and generalized to become operationally useful. Advancements in the mass precision processing of ERTS were demonstrated, providing the hope for future earth resources data to be provided in a more readily usable state. Also in evidence is an increasing and healthy interaction between the techniques developers and the user/applications investigators.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 123-143
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  • 102
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    Environment surveys (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Environment applications are concerned with the quality, protection, and improvement of water, land, and air resources and, in particular, with the pollution of these resources caused by man and his works, as well as changes to the resources due to natural phenomena (for example, drought and floods). The broad NASA objectives related to the environment are directed toward the development and demonstration of the capability to monitor remotely and assess environmental conditions related to water quality, land and vegetation quality, wildlife resources, and general environment. The contributions of ERTS-1 to these subdiscipline areas are broadly summarized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 107-122
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  • 103
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    Marine resources (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Techniques have been developed for defining coastal circulation patterns using sediment as a natural tracer, allowing the formulation of new circulation concepts in some geographical areas and, in general, a better capability for defining the seasonal characteristics of coastal circulation. An analytical technique for measurement of absolute water depth based upon the ratios of two MSS channels has been developed. Suspended sediment has found wide use as a tracer, but a few investigators have reported limited success in measuring the type and amount of sediment quantitatively from ERTS-1 digital data. Significant progress has been made in developing techniques for using ERTS-1 data to locate, identify, and monitor sea and lake ice. Ice features greater than 70 meters in width can be detected, and both arctic and antarctic icebergs have been identified. In the application area of living marine resources, the use of ERTS-1 image-density patterns as a potential indicator of fish school location has been demonstrated for one coastal commercial resource, menhaden. ERTS-1 data have been used to locate ocean current boundaries using ERTS-1 image-density enhancement, and some techniques are under development for measurement of suspended particle concentration and chlorophyll concentration. The interrelationship of water color and surface characteristics (sea state) are also being studied to improve spectral and spatial interpretive techniques.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 83-106
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  • 104
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    Water resources (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Substantial progress has been made in applying ERTS-1 data to water resources problems, nevertheless, more time and effort still appear necessary for further quantification of results, including the specification of thematic measurement accuracies. More modeling can be done very profitably. In particular, more strategy models describing the processes wherein ERTS-1 data would be acquired, analyzed, processed, and utilized in operational situations could be profitably accomplished. It is generally observed that the ERTS-1 data applicability is evident in several areas and that the next most general and substantive steps in the implementation of the data in operational situations would be greatly encouraged by the establishment of an operational earth resources satellite organization and capability. Further encouragement of this operational capability would be facilitated by all investigators striving to document their procedures as fully as possible and by providing time and cost comparisons between ERTS-1 and conventional acquisition approaches.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 52-82
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  • 105
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    Mineral resources, geological structure, and landform surveys (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Diagnostic ERTS imagery has been used to pinpoint surface conditions associated with known mining districts. These include enhancements which depict hitherto unrecognized surface alteration and allow analysis of ore-controlling fractures distribution in a regional context. ERTS has likewise provided observational data containing previously unrecognized surface anomalies in large oil-producing basins which correlate closely with known oil fields. These observational data offer promise of providing new and powerful techniques for oil exploration, especially if further work using more sophisticated enhancement-processing proves capable of emphasizing the anomalies. ERTS is showing a better-than-anticipated potential for producing accurate small-scale (large-area) geologic maps, often containing details that were previously not recorded on similar regional maps. The maps produced from ERTS imagery can be prepared more effectively than previously possible, mainly because of the synoptic, multispectral, and repetitive character of ERTS data. ERTS has also provided extensive information on possible geologic hazards. Many new fractures have been identified in several regions of the Pacific Coast seismic belt that have histories of recent earthquakes. This has obvious implications for engineering projects such as dams, aqueducts, and transportation routes. In the mid-continent area, ERTS data have been used to predict zones of rooffall danger in a working coal mine from newly discovered lineations (probably fractures) used as indicators of hazards.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 33-51
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  • 106
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    Land use and mapping (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This summary is divided into two basic sections-one dealing with land use classification and delineation, and the other dealing with mapping. The term land use classification is used in respect to the actual use of land rather than land capability, land suitability, or the potential use of land. The classification of actual use of the land, as defined by man's activities that are related to the land, may be only inferred, rather than directly interpreted, in the case of the identification and classification of some surface features or vegetation cover types. Also, in the case of some surface features or vegetational cover types, the specific activity involving man's use of the land may not be designated in a four-level classification system until level 3 or level 4 is reached. Most investigations employed or implied a hierarchial land use classification scheme with more than two levels, but mainly addressed themselves to classifying and delineating surface features (land use) that would fall in the first two levels of a three- or four-level hierarchial scheme. Although not all investigators used a hierarchial classification scheme or concurred with the idea (computer-implemented classifications with digital data are not conducive to a hierarchial classification approach), the classification system proposed by the U.S. Department of the Interior is used as reference.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 15-32
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  • 107
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    Agriculture, forestry, range resources (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In the area of crop specie identification, it has been found that temporal data analysis, preliminary stratification, and unequal probability analysis were several of the factors that contributed to high identification accuracies. Single data set accuracies on fields of greater than 80,000 sq m (20 acres) are in the 70- to 90-percent range; however, with the use of temporal data, accuracies of 95 percent have been reported. Identification accuracy drops off significantly on areas of less than 80,000 sq m (20 acres) as does measurement accuracy. Forest stratification into coniferous and deciduous areas has been accomplished to a 90- to 95-percent accuracy level. Using multistage sampling techniques, the timber volume of a national forest district has been estimated to a confidence level and standard deviation acceptable to the Forest Service at a very favorable cost-benefit time ratio. Range specie/plant community vegetation mapping has been accomplished at various levels of success (69- to 90-percent accuracy). However, several investigators have obtained encouraging initial results in range biomass (forage production) estimation and range readiness predictions. Soil association map correction and soil association mapping in new area appear to have been proven feasible on large areas; however, testing in a complex soil area should be undertaken.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 1-14
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  • 108
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    Auroral effects in the D region of the ionosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Physical phenomena associated with the interaction between auroral particles and electromagnetic fields, auroral energy flow, and the propagation of auroral effects to low altitudes are discussed in detail. It is concluded that energy deposition of soft auroral X-rays would be negligible at stratospheric altitudes. New data from incoherent backscatter measurements of neutral winds in the auroral region indicate a lack of correlation between stratospheric winds and winds in the auroral ionosphere. Magnetograms are used to show that sector boundary crossings with a time scale of approximately one hour (as opposed to the sector structure itself with a time scale of several days) do not couple effectively with the magnetosphere and are not significant energy inputs to it.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 340-357
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  • 109
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    High latitude ionospheric winds related to solar-interplanetary conditions (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two recent results imply that the distribution of winds in the polar ionosphere should change as a function of the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field. From the motions of chemically released ion and neutral clouds, it is apparent that neutral winds in the high latitude ionosphere are driven principally by ion drag forces. OGO-6 electric field measurements have demonstrated that there are definite relationships between the time latitude distribution of ionospheric plasma convection and interplanetary magnetic field parameters, and also that the distribution is most sensitive to the azimuthal angle of the interplanetary field. The lower altitude, meteorological effects of these externally driven ionospheric winds are not known. However, observations of infrasonic waves following sudden ionization enhancements indicate the existence of momentum transfer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 266-271
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  • 110
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    Future monitoring of charged particle energy deposition into the upper atmosphere and comments on possible relationships between atmospheric phenomena and solar and/or geomagnetic activity (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The charged particle observations proposed for the new low altitude weather satellites, TIROS-N, are described that will provide the capability of routine monitoring of the instantaneous total energy deposition into the upper atmosphere by the precipitation of charged particles from higher altitudes. Estimates are given to assess the potential importance of this type of energy deposition. Discussion and examples are presented illustrating the importance in distinguishing between solar and geomagnetic activity as possible causative sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 250-257
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  • 111
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    Geomagnetic responses to the solar wind and to solar activity (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A unified overview of present knowledge of the geomagnetic response to the dynamic solar wind is reported. The formation of the magnetosphere and the magnetospheric tail is discussed the importance of electric fields is stressed, and the magnetospheric convection of plasma and frozen-in magnetic field lines under the influence of large scale magnetospheric electric fields is outlined. Ionospheric electric fields and currents are intimately related to electric fields and currents in the magnetosphere and the strong coupling between the two regions is discussed. The energy input of the solar wind to the magnetosphere and upper atmosphere is discussed in terms of the reconnection model where interplanetary magnetic field lines merge or connect with the terrestrial field on the sunward side of the magnetosphere. The merging model emphasizes the importance of the interplanetary magnetic field and especially the north-south component. The solar sector structure with its organized magnetic field and embeeded high speed plasma streams is identified as the source of recurrent geomagnetic disturbances while flare associated interplanetary shock waves are the source of most violet and sporadic geomagnetic storms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 188-230
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  • 112
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    Direct satellite observations on bremsstrahlung radiation as a technique to investigate its role in meteorological processes (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Satellite observations on bremsstrahlung produced in the atmosphere by precipitating energetic electrons are reported. This type of observation affords the possibility of directly monitoring the bremsstrahlung energy input to the lower atmosphere over large segments of the earth and at frequent intervals. From comparison of the ion production rates from cosmic rays with those calculated for bremsstrahlung from precipitating energetic electrons, it is concluded that bremsstrahlung is a negligible contributor to the ionization near the 300-mb level.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 130-140
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  • 113
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    The aurora as a source of planetary-scale waves in the middle atmosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Photographs of global scale auroral forms taken by scanning radiometers onboard weather satellites in 1972 show that auroral bands exhibit well organized wave motion with typical zonal wave number of 5 or so. The scale size of these waves is in agreement with that of well organized neutral wind fields in the 150- to 200-km region during the geomagnetic storm of May 27, 1967. Further, the horizontal scale size revealed by these observations are in agreement with that of high altitude traveling ionospheric disturbances. It is conjectured that the geomagnetic storm is a source of planetary and synoptic scale neutral atmospheric waves in the middle atmosphere. Although there is, at present, no observation of substorm related waves of this scale size at mesospheric and stratospheric altitudes, the possible existence of a new source of waves of the proper scale size to trigger instabilities in middle atmospheric circulation systems may be significant in the study of lower atmospheric response to geomagnetic activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 122-129
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  • 114
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    Certain regularities of geomagnetic and baric fields at high latitudes (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evidence is presented that the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the earth polar regions varies regularly with changes in the polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomana; p 71-80
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  • 115
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    On possible interactions between upper and lower atmosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Comparison of geomagnetic data with data on tropospheric and stratospheric circulation characteristics shows a statistically highly significant shrinking in areal extent of the stratospheric vortex from the third to the eight day following a geomagnetic storm. During the contraction of the polar vortex edge, the mean height of the vortex central contour decreases only slightly. This indicates that a stratospheric warming event is associated with a steepening of the contour gradient rather than a warming over the entire area of the stratospheric polar vortex. The troposphere reacts to these weak, but nevertheless significant stratospheric warming events by a shrinkage of the area of the 500-mb cold air pool. It is shown that the observed warming of the stratosphere that follows a geomagnetically disturbed key day cannot be explained by simple radiation absorption.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 81-101
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  • 116
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    Summary (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 20 p
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  • 117
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    Power law time dependence of river flood decay and its relationship to long term discharge frequency distribution (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Techn.; 11 p
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  • 118
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    Investigation of atmospheric effects in image transfer (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 33 p
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  • 119
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    Activities of the Social Sciences Group, Berkeley campus (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 74 p
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  • 120
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    On the feasibility of benefit-cost analysis applied to remote sensing projects (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 7 p
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  • 121
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    Separation of manmade and natural patterns in high altitude imagery of agricultural areas (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 30 p
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  • 122
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    Multispectral combination and display of ERTS-1 data (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 9 p
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  • 123
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    Water demand studies in southern California (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 41 p
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  • 124
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    Water demand studies in central California (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 48 p
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  • 125
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    Water supply studies (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 113 p
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  • 126
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    Introduction (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 7 p
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  • 127
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    Catalog of low frequency oscillations of the earth's magnetic field as observed at ATS-1 during May 1968 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: For abstract, see N74-27815.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Study of Low Freq. Hydromagnetic Waves using ATS-1 Data; 5 p
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  • 128
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    Catalog of low frequency oscillations of the earth's magnetic field as observed at ATS-1 during January 1968 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A catalog of ATS-1 observed magnetic field oscillations is presented. The catalog holds only those events with a duration of at least ten minutes and with a frequency that remains roughly constant. Events are distinguished on the basis of the frequency of oscillations. A comparison was made between ATS-1 data and other ground and satellite magnetometer data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Study of Low Freq. Hydromagnetic Waves using ATS-1 Data; 6 p
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  • 129
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    Study of low frequency hydromagnetic waves using ATS-1 data (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis was made of ATS-1 data to determine at what point in the magnetic storm recovery phase are oscillations most likely to begin. The catalog of hourly values of equatorial Dst was used to determine the time of main phase decrease, and a catalog of oscillations from January to May 1968 to determine onset time as observed by ATS-1. For each oscillation event at ATS-1, the nearest prior main phase decrease with a magnitude of at least -35 gamma was determined, and the time difference between the onset of the event at ATS-1 and the time of main phase decrease was measured. The resulting data indicate that the most probable time to observe onset of transverse oscillations is within 24 hours after the main phase decrease.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Study of Low Freq. Hydromagnetic Waves using ATS-1 Data; 6 p
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  • 130
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    Predicting soil moisture and wheat vegetative growth from ERTS-1 imagery (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Study results indicate: (1) Vegetative growth was best predicted by a linear relationship between leaf area index and the radio of band 4 to band 5. All significant soil moisture effects were cancelled by the ratio. (2) Soil moisture at a depth of 0 to 15 cm, with specific soil factors, was predicted by band 4 and leaf area index with a high regression coefficient. (3) Vegetative growth, measured by leaf area index, was one of the necessary inputs in evaluating the winter wheat crop coefficient from March to maturity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wheat: Its Water Use, Production and Disease Detection and Prediction; 70 p
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  • 131
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    Introduction (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. The objectives of the investigation were: (1) to evaluate the effect of water stress, disease, and leaf area on the reflectance characteristics of wheat; (2) to evaluate disease losses in terms of yield and water use; and (3) to predict disease severity and economic loss.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wheat: Its Water Use, Production and Disease Detection and Prediction; p 1-69
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  • 132
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    Progress and problems in erosion prediction (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Methods for predicting erosion resulting from repeated localized impulsive loadings, such a impacts from droplets or in cavitation flow from microjets and bubbles, are examined. The parameters which determine the adequacy of a component to resist the loads put upon it are identified. The development of erosion rate models is discussed. The expected accuracy of the prediction and the sources of error are analyzed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failure; p 107-114
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  • 133
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    Effects of viscoelasticity on cavitation in drag reducing fluids (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: To study cavitation inception in polymer solutions, a blow-down water tunnel with short running times was used. Tests were made using 1/4 and 1/2 inch diameter models of hemispherical-nose cylinders. To accurately detect the inception of cavitation, a reliable technique was developed using a continuously operating He-Ne gas laser. The laser beam was adjusted to grazing incidence with the model at the minimum pressure point where cavitation inception was to be expected. A sensitive photocell was placed at ninety degrees to detect the beam. As incipient cavitation occurred, the bubbles caused scattering of the laser beam which was picked up by the photocell. Static pressure near the model in the working section of the tunnel was measured using a solid-state pressure pick-up. The signals from the photocell and the pressure pick-up were recorded on an oscillograph. Velocity field visualization was achieved using one microsecond duration light pulses scattered by small polystryrene latex spheres in the flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 100-106
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  • 134
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    Effect of cavitation on fluid stability in polymer thickened fluids and lubricants (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of cavitating flow on the polymeric additives used in functional fluids are described. A comparison of thermal and mechanical stability tests for these polymer solutions show distinct differences in the machanism of the polymer degradation. The thermal degradation tests appear to cause an unzippering or depolymerization type of reaction in which there is no particular selectivity based on molecular weight. The mechanical degradation of these fluids appears to be based on molecular weight. Measurements of molecular weight distributions during mechanical degradation show that for a given level of intensity only molecules above a certain minimum size are degraded. The effects of ultrasonic radiation on polymer degradation are reported. Tests were conducted to demonstrate the mechanism of mechanical polymer degradiation in an orifice. A more severe test than the orifice test in which two tapered roller bearings loaded against each other produce the mechanical breakdown is discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 88-99
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  • 135
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    Lubricant pressure rippling in dynamic Hertzian contacts induced by surface roughness (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A numerical analysis of the pressure distribution of a lubricant in contact with a rough surface was conducted. The magnitude of the pressures was determined by their root mean square value for the contact of two dimensional cylinders. The pressure was found to vary in the following manner: (1) the location in the contact, (2) the spectrum or frequency content of the surface roughness, (3) the mean plateau film thickness, and (4) the root mean square value of the surface roughness. Mathematical models are developed to show the relationships of the parameters.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 62-73
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  • 136
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    Examples of oil cavitation erosion in positive displacement pumps (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of cavitation flow on piston type, positive displacement, hydraulic pumps are discussed. The operating principles of the pump and the components which are most subject to erosion effects are described. The mechanisms of cavitation phenomena are identified from photographic records. Curves are developed to show the solubility of air in water, oil-water emulsion, and industrial hydraulic oil.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 48-53
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  • 137
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    Some practical examples of cavitation erosion and their prevention (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The problem of failures caused by cavitation erosion are discussed. The concepts of intensity of erosion, erosion strength, and the time dependence of erosion rate are analyzed. The relation of these parameters to system variables such as pressure and velocity, and to the properties of materials are investigated. Using several examples of actual cavitation erosion, methods of prevention and their limitations are examined.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 39-47
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  • 138
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    Recent theories of cavitation damage including non-symmetrical bubble collapse effects (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Theories of cavitation damage mechanisms are discussed. Photographic evidence has shown that the actual collapse of bubbles near a symmetry-destroying feature such as a nearby wall results in a toroidal-like collapse, with the final generation of a liquid microjet oriented toward the wall. Numerical analyses indicate that the shock wave intensity emitted during collapse is not likely to be strong enough to be damaging to most materials. It has been determined that actual damage is usually a result of a combination of impact effect of the microjet and the shock wave pressures generated by bubble rebounds.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 31-35
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  • 139
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    The role of mechanical properties in cavitation erosion resistance (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Methods for determining the correlations of erosion resistance and mechanical properties of materials are discussed. The most common method of testing cavitation erosion resistance of materials is the vibratory cavitation probe. The instrument and its operation are described. The use of the whirling arm device is considered as a second method. Metallographic investigations of the earliest stages of cavitation erosion damage of metallic materials was conducted. The materials show plastic deformation occurring during the incubation period and increasing until cracks form and metal fragments are lost. The parameters of the work done to cause material fractures are identified. The reactions obtained with specific materials are reported.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 23-30
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  • 140
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    Role of physical properties of liquids in cavitation erosion (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The dependence of erosion rates on the ambient temperature of water is discussed. The assumption that the gas inside the bubble is compressed adiabatically during collapse gives better agreement with experiments than the assumption that the gas is isothermally compressed. Acoustic impedance is an important liquid parameter that governs the erosion intensity in vibratory devices. The investigation reveals that the major physical properties of liquids governing the intensity of erosion include density, sound speed, surface tension, vapor pressure, gas content, and nuclei distribution.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 13-22
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  • 141
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    Physics associated with cavitation induced material damage (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The role of cavitation in mechanical failure is discussed. Some of the most common types of material damage associated with the presence of cavitation are surface material removal, delamination and structural vibration. This occurs in external flows such as on propellers, hydrofoils, and high speed non-lifting surfaces. In internal flows, pipe bends, inlets, constructions, pumps and turbines are typical. Nominally nonflowing liquids are also susceptible in, for example, strong acoustic fields and high energy particle detectors. For flowing systems, Bernoulli's equation shows how a local pressure is reduced as the fluid's velocity is increased. At sufficiently high velocities, a tension can actually develop and this has, in fact, been demonstrated experimentally. Once the pressure is reduced below the fluid vapor pressure a vapor cavity can be nucleated. Various aspects of this process are simply shown by considering the flow over a lifting surface.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 3-12
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  • 142
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    Improvement of electric characteristics of lead accumulators under the action of ultrasounds (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results are given of experiments conducted in order to improve the electric characteristics of lead accumulators by ultrasonic irradiation of their electrolytes. The experimental results discussed complete the research conducted on static Le2, Le3 and D. Quaiser cells whose solutions were irradiated beforehand with ultrasounds of the frequency of 1 MHz. It is demonstrated that the discharge currents and capacitances of the investigated cells keep to higher values even 1 year after ultrasonic irradiation of the electrolyte. The experimental results are discussed.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 2, B (NASA-TT-F-15663); p 204-209
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  • 143
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    Scientific value of Seasat for geodesy (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: SEASAT altimetry data which relate directly to geoid heights provide the means to obtain information on the geoid on a global scale which is not attenuated by height or by high frequency averaging. The most important geodetic application of these data is to provide a standard reference surface for oceans.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 50-53
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  • 144
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    Investigation of electron dynamics in the magnetosphere with electron beams injected from sounding rockets (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper describes an empirical study of the basic mechanisms by which electrons precipitate from the geomagnetic field to produce 'auroral X rays' during periods of geomagnetic activity. The study was based on data obtained by the Echo satellites. Echo I, launched in 1970, injected 40 keV, 0.1 amp electron pulses at low latitude (L ? 2.6) and successfully measured the returning pulses from the conjugate region. Electric fields and multiple Coulomb scattering were studied. Echo II, launched in 1972 from high latitude (L ? 8) studied the interaction of the beams with background radiation and the detailed motion of the beams near the rocket. Evidence for a beam plasma instability was obtained. Echo III launched in April 1974, (L ? 5.5) detected a series of conjugate echoes during the presence of a strong convective field in the magnetosphere. It was shown that the electric field measurement in the ionosphere using the incoherent backscatter radar and detectors on the rocket was transferred to the equatorial plane as though field lines were equipotentials.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Zeitschrift fuer Geophysik; 40; 6, 19; 1974
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  • 145
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    Rocket observation of soft energetic particles at the magnetic equator (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Dec. 1
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  • 146
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    Deformation of the night side plasmasphere and ionosphere during the August 1972 geomagnetic storm (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Dec. 1
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  • 147
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    Nimbus 4 observations of changes in total ozone and stratospheric temperatures during a sudden warming (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 31; Nov. 197
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  • 148
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    Distant bow shock observations by Explorer 33 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Locations, orientations and magnetic field changes are given for 135 bow shock crossings at distances downstream from earth between 84 and 117 earth radii. The shock locations bracket those calculated for the hypersonic analogue by Dryer and Heckman (1967) for a Mach number of 3.8. The shock normal vectors have been calculated using magnetic coplanarity. The average normal vectors have a greater inclination by about 17 plus or minus 5 deg from the symmetry axis than the Dryer and Heckman shock orientations for a 3.8 Mach number. Over a range of downstream distances from 60 to 115 earth radii, the median magnetic field magnitude jump across the shock changes from 1.90 to 1.70 times.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 30; Oct. 197
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  • 149
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    Observations of interactions between interplanetary and geomagnetic fields (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Magnetospheric effects associated with variations of the north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) are examined in light of recent experimental and theoretical results. Although the occurrence of magnetospheric substorms is statistically related to periods of southward IMF, the details of the interaction are not understood. In particular, attempts to separate effects resulting directly from the interaction between interplanetary and geomagnetic fields from those associated with substorms have produced conflicting results. It is possible, however, to say with some assurance that the transfer of magnetic flux from the dayside to the nightside magnetosphere, as evidenced by equatorward motion of the polar cusp and increases of the magnetic energy density in the lobes of the geomagnetic tail, is a direct consequence of the southward IMF. On the other hand, the formation of a macroscopic X-type neutral line at tail distances less than 35 earth radii appears to be a substorm phenomenon.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 12; Aug. 197
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  • 150
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    Is the zodiacal light intensity steady (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is pointed out that conclusions reported by Sparrow and Ney (1972, 1973) could be confirmed in an investigation involving the refinement of OSO-5 data on zodiacal light. It had been found by Sparrow and Ney that the absolute value of both the surface brightness and polarization of the zodiacal cloud varied by less than 10% over the 4-yr period from January 1969 to January 1973.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 249; June 14
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  • 151
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    Secular-invariant relationships among internal geomagnetic field coefficients (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Some features of the secular variation of the geomagnetic field are examined. Contours encircling constant magnetic flux (third adiabatic invariant), corresponding to a shell of field lines in secular motion, reveal a general westward drift that is longitude and latitude dependent (with minima in the north Pacific and south Atlantic areas). Some invariant relationships appear among the field coefficients in the tilted, centered dipole (geomagnetic) coordinate system.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Dec. 197
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  • 152
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    Wall shear in strongly retarded and separated compressible turbulent boundary layers (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 12; Oct. 197
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  • 153
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    Experimental study of the shock-induced unsteady laminar boundary layer on a flat plate (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The behavior of the unsteady laminar boundary layer induced by the incident shock wave passing over a flat plate mounted in a shock tube has been experimentally studied for shock speeds ranging from 2.35 to 7.34 km/sec by measuring unsteady heat transfer rates to the plate using thin-film heat-flux gages. Theoretical heat-transfer rates were predicted from analytical solutions in the literature which describe the unsteady flat plate boundary layer development for equilibrium real-gas flows. Experimental results obtained for both air and nitrogen were found to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 17; May 1974
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  • 154
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    Ocean color spectrum calculations (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: There is obvious value in developing the means for measuring a number of subsurface oceanographic parameters using remotely sensed ocean color data. The first step in this effort should be the development of adequate theoretical models relating the desired oceanographic parameters to the upwelling radiances to be observed. A portion of a contributory theoretical model can be described by a modified single scattering approach based on a simple treatment of multiple scattering. The resulting quasisingle scattering model can be used to predict the upwelling distribution of spectral radiance emerging from the sea. The shape of the radiance spectrum predicted by this model for clear ocean water shows encouraging agreement with measurements made at the edge of the Sargasso Sea off Cape Hatteras.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 155
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    Plasma tail interpretations of pronounced detached plasma regions measured by Ogo 5 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the light ion thermal plasma distribution in the magnetosphere frequently show apparent isolated patches of enhanced plasma density in the trough region beyond the main plasmasphere. These patches of light ions viewed along a satellite orbit appear detached from the main plasmasphere. By using a simple time-dependent convection model to determine the length of time a magnetic flux tube has been closed and in daylight (a rough indicator of the expected equatorial plasma density variation), the most prominent 'detached' regions measured by the mass spectrometer on Ogo 5 in the noon-dusk quadrant are seen on a global scale to be readily interpreted as filamentary extensions of the plasmasphere, called plasma tails. Hence on a global scale the pronounced detached regions may be attached to the main plasmasphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 156
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    Finding the earth in ERTS (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Itek's Optical System Division recently completed an investigation funded by NASA to develop interpretation methods and algorithms suitable for recognition of earth resources by machines using multispectral data from ERTS. Through the algorithms developed (and described here) it is now possible to automatically recognize terrain types. The clustering algorithm guarantees high accuracy in the recognition process with almost complete automation. Interestingly, the machine recognition seems to be more accurate than a human photointerpreter who has been restricted to using only ERTS-1 color composites. That is, machine recognition appears to be more sensitive, it can operate much closer, to the resolution limit of the ERTS-1 imagery than the human photointerpreter.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Optical Spectra; 8; Aug. 197
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  • 157
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    Temporal variations in the dawn and dusk midlatitude trough and plasmapause position (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The temporal development of the latitudinal position of a 600-km midlatitude electron density trough at dawn and dusk during the period 25-27 May 1967, which encompassed a large magnetic storm, was measured by the RF capacitive probe on the polar orbiting Ariel 3 satellite. The substorm-related changes in the L coordinate of the trough minimum and the point of most rapid change of density gradient on the low latitude side of the trough are similar. Oscillations of the trough position at dusk are in phase with substorm activity whereas movement of the trough at dawn is only apparent with the onset of the large storm. Detailed model calculations of the plasmasphere dynamics assuming a spatially invariant equatorial convection E-field which varies in step with the K sub p index produces a plasmapause motion which parallels the observed trough behaviour.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 22; July 197
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  • 158
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    Observation of a two-temperature ion energy distribution in regions of polar wind flow (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Study of deviations from thermal equilibrium among the ions in the ionosphere by considering that the 'light' ions H(+) and He(+) may be at a different temperature from the 'heavy' ion O(+). In particular, the case in which thermal protons are observed to be flowing relative to the assumed static ambient oxygen ions is considered. The proton flow is assumed to be along the direction of the magnetic field. Of the cases tested, it is found that the measured proton temperature is from one to ten times the measured oxygen ion temperature. Such temperature enhancements may be expected both because of the energy transfer associated with the ion flow and as a consequence of the preferential energy coupling from the light-ion distribution in the exosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; June 1
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  • 159
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    Microwave radiometer measurements of the Cape Cod Canal (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Microwave radiometer measurements were conducted from a railroad bridge which spans the Cape Cod Canal in Massachusetts. Data were collected as a function of viewing angle and polarization at frequencies of 1.4, 4.0, and 7.5 GHz. The results compare differences in the microwave emmissivity of a smooth vs rough water surface. Results are also given which show the effects of roughness on the bistatic scattering of sunlight.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 9; July 197
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  • 160
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    Some new aspects on the superrotation of the thermosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The motion of the thermosphere with a rotational velocity between 10 and 20 per cent in excess of the earth's rotational velocity has been deduced by King-Hele and his co-workers from the change of the inclination of satellite orbits. To date, no completely satisfactory explanation of the observations has been presented. In this paper, it is shown that in the thermosphere there exists a small diurnal mean driving force in the eastward direction. This force has not previously been considered in analyses of superrotation. A critical review of the observations and a theoretical analysis that takes account of both equinox and solstice conditions is presented. In the lower height region, where the great majority of observations were made, it is possible to achieve agreement between observations and a dynamical model. Additional observational data are needed in the isothermal region for a more complete analysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 161
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    Remote sensing and lake eutrophication (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An infrared photograph of part of Clear Lake, Cal., shows complex patterns of blue-green algal blooms which were not observed by conventional limnological techniques. Repeated observations of patterns such as these can be used to chart the surface movement of these buoyant algae and can also be used to help control algal scums in eutrophic lakes. Although it is believed that most of the observed patterns resulted from Aphanizomenon (a few were also observed which resulted from suspended sediment), spectral signatures of the algal patterns varied.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 250; July 19
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  • 162
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    Atmospheric radon and continental dust near the Antarctic and their correlation with air mass trajectories computed from Nimbus 5 satellite photographs (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 13; June 197
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  • 163
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    Coordinated analysis of airborne spectrophotometric measurements from the mid-day auroras (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements made in the midday auroras are analyzed and compared to measurements from the nighttime auroras. The auroral emission features in the UV spectrum, the N2(+)ING, the N22PG, and N2VK bands, are discussed. Spectral profiles of different bands are presented, and intensity distributions are obtained. Three mechanisms are suggested which can account for the marked differences between the intensity distributions of the N2(+)ING bands of the high altitude midday auroras and the low altitude nighttime auroras: (1) differences in vibrational, rotational, and transitional temperatures; (2) resonant scattering of solar radiation; and (3) excitation of slow ions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Mea. of Opt. and Midday Auroras; p 1-18
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  • 164
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    Use of Skylab data to assess and monitor change in the southern California environment; the California desert program - resource inventory and analysis (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Based on Skylab and Supporting Aircraft Data; 4 p
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  • 165
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    Skylab data as an aid to resource management in northern California (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of the Calif. Based on Skylab and Supporting Aircraft Data; 3 p
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  • 166
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    Conservation equations of gasdynamics in curvilinear coordinate systems (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a new method of writing the conservation equations of gasdynamics in curvilinear coordinates which eliminates undifferentiated terms. It is thus possible to readily apply difference schemes derived for Cartesian coordinates which conserve mass, momentum, and energy in the total flow field. The method is derived for orthogonal coordinates, and then extended to cover the most general class of coordinate transformations, using general tensor analysis. Several special features of the equations are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics; 14; Feb. 197
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  • 167
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    Some new results on electron transport in the atmosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The penetration, diffusion and slowing down of electrons in a semiinfinite air medium has been studied by the Monte Carlo method. The results are applicable in the atmosphere at altitudes up to 300 km. Most of the results pertain to monoenergetic electron beams, with energies between 2 keV and 2 MeV, injected into the atmosphere at a height of 300 km, either vertically downwards or with a pitch-angle distribution isotropic over the downward hemisphere. Some results were also obtained for various initial pitch angles between 0 and 90 deg. Information has been generated concerning the backscattering of electrons from the atmosphere, the altitude dependence of energy deposition by electrons and by secondary bremsstrahlung, and the evolution of electron flux spectra as function of the atmospheric depth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 36; Apr. 197
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  • 168
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    Diurnal variations of HOx and NOx in the stratosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The diurnal variations of odd hydrogen (OH, HO2, H2O2) and odd nitrogen compounds (NO, NO2, HNO3) are investigated by using a one-dimensional time-dependent model containing both chemistry and eddy transport. These variations are discussed in terms of relevant processes.-
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Mar. 20
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  • 169
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    On the relationship between shock wave and magnetic bottle associated with the solar flare of 4 November 1968 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The shock wave and magnetic bottle that were associated with the solar flare of Nov. 4, 1968, are considered in terms of their relations. This event is shown to provide an opportunity for studying the formation and development in the magnetic phase of the flare of the shock wave and magnetic bottle and the subsequent release of both into outer space.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 22; Mar. 197
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  • 170
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    Widening ERTS applications (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In less than two years of operation ERTS-1 is shown to have successfully completed its experimental mission and to be delivering an ever-increasing roster of benefits. The widening ERTS applications reviewed include air quality and weather modification, aid to oil exploration, ore-deposit exploration, short-lived event observation, flood area assessment and flood-plain mapping, land and water quality assessment, soil association mapping, crop production measurements, wildlife resources, drought and desertification studies, ground-water exploration, watershed surveys, snow and ice monitoring, surface water mapping, and iceberg surveys. Future projects and developments are also briefly reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 12; May 1974
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  • 171
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    The Nimbus 4 infrared spectroscopy experiment. II - Comparison of observed and theoretical radiances from 425-1450 wavelengths/cm (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Nimbus 4 infrared interferometer spectrometer (IRIS) measured the thermal emission of the earth's atmosphere and surface from 400-1600 wavelengths/cm with an apodized spectral resolution of 2.8 wavelengths/cm. A comparison of theoretical radiances, computed from in situ measurements and using a direct integration slant path atmospheric transmittance model, with the observed IRIS radiances has been made to verify the radiometric and spectral performance of the instrument and to assess the accuracy of the atmospheric transmittances. The radiance comparison has indicated a relatively constant difference of less than 5% in the water vapor continuum in the 425 to 550 wavelengths/cm and 750 to 1200 wavelengths/cm atmospheric 'window' regions, whereas in the 667 wavelengths/cm CO2 band the difference was 5-10%.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Feb. 20
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  • 172
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    Comments on Crocco's solution and the independence principle for compressible turbulent boundary layers (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The purpose of the present note is to show that on a flat plate where both the wall temperature and mean wall pressure are constant, neither of the limitations of parallel flow or of unity for the turbulent Prandtl number are required in order for the Crocco solution to apply to the turbulent boundary-layer flow. It is shown herein that this result is subject to restrictions on the magnitude of pressure fluctuations. The same analysis is generalized to show that the compressible turbulent boundary layer on an isothermal swept flat plate is independent of the spanwise flow if the molecular Prandtl number is unity.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 12; Feb. 197
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  • 173
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    Remote sensing of soil moisture with microwave radiometers (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Microwave radiometry has been used for the remote sensing of soil moisture in a series of aircraft flights over an agricultural test area in the vicinity of Phoenix, Arizona. The radiometers covered the wavelength range 0.8-21 cm. Ground truth in the form of gravimetric measurements of the soil moisture in the top 15 cm were obtained for 200 fields at this site. The results indicate that it is possible to monitor moisture variations with airborne radiometers. The emission is a function of the radiometer wavelength and the distribution of the moisture in the soil. At a wavelength of 1.55 cm there is little or no variation in the emission for soil moisture values below 10 or 15% moisture content by weight. Above this value, there is a linear decrease in the emission with a slope of approximately 3 K for each percentage point increase in soil moisture.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Jan. 10
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  • 174
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    Observations of enhanced ion line frequency spectrum during Arecibo ionospheric modification experiment (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-22
    Description: The Arecibo 430 MHz incoherent scatter radar (ISR) was used to monitor the effects of modifying the ionosphere by a high power HF transmitter feeding the 305 m reflector antenna. When in the ordinary magnetoionic mode parametric instabilities develop in the ionosphere near the reflection level. Manifestations of these instabilities are the strong enhancement of Langmuir oscillations in the direction of the ISR beam at a wavelength of 35 cm and the simultaneous much weaker enhancement of ion oscillations in that direction. The spectral analysis of the enhanced peak with a height resolution of 2.4 km shows that the ionic mode enhancement most often has a double humped frequency spectrum corresponding to up- and down-going ion acoustic waves. The shape of the frequency spectrum is interpreted in terms of a stable oscillation which is driven by a secondary electrostatic field caused by nonlinear interaction of Langmuir waves within a cone centered on the magnetic field and by the scattering of the pump field on stable Langmuir waves travelling along the direction of the ISR.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AGARD Nonlinear Effects in Electromagnetic Wave Propagation; 13 p
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  • 175
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    Canadian ERTS program progress report (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Progress of the Canadian ERTS program is provided along with statistics on the production and role of ERTS images both from the CCRS in Ottawa and from the Prince Albert Saskatchewan satellite station. The types of products, difficulties of production and some of the main applications in Canada are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. A; p 13-19
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  • 176
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    ERTS-1 system performance overview (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The ERTS-1 spacecraft had a life of one year as a design goal. At the end of one year, the spacecraft was still providing about 130 scenes per day in multispectral images having resolution and radiometric accuracy better than prelaunch predictions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. A; p 1-12
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  • 177
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    Applications of PTTI to new techniques for determining crustal movements, polar motion, and the rotation of the earth (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: New extra-terrestrial techniques are discussed for geodesy and geodynamics include laser range measurements to the moon or to artificial satellites, Doppler measurements with the Transit satellite system, and both independent-clock and linked-antenna microwave interferometry. The ways in which PTTI measurements are used in these techniques will be reviewed, and the accuracies expected during the latter half of the 1970's will be discussed. At least 3 of the techniques appear capable of giving accuracies of 5 cm or better in each coordinate for many points on the earth's surface, and comparable accuracies for the earth's rotation and polar motion. For fixed stations or for sites a few hundred km apart, baseline lengths accurate to 1 cm may be achieved. Ways in which the complementary aspects of the different techniques can be exploited will be discussed, as well as how they tie in with improved ground techniques for determining crustal movements. Some recent results from the extra-terrestrial methods will be mentioned.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Sixth Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Planning Meeting; p 39-57
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  • 178
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    Magnetotail variations near 60 R(E) associated with geomagnetic activity along the auroral zone (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in The Space Sci., Vol. 1, No. 2; 39 p
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  • 179
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    Studies of liquid floating zones on SL-IV, the third Skylab mission (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The behavior of liquid floating zones in a zero-gravity environment was studied by Dr. E. Gibson on SL-4. These experiments were designed from the results of previous work on floating zones in a simulated zero-gravity model. Molten floating zones are used on earth for the crystal growth and zone refining of reactive materials. The Skylab studies give some insight into the problems associated with the development of the technique for the future space processing of materials. Preliminary results are presented on the stability of the liquid zone surface under static, rotational and vibrational conditions without gravitational constraints.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc. of the 3d Space Processing Symp. on Skylab Results, Vol. 2; p 837-856
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  • 180
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    Fluid motions in a low-G environment (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The importance of natural convection and other fluid motions in low-g space processing is now well recognized. Recent space experiments in the areas of natural convection and material processing, as well as results of theoretical studies, have yielded much needed information on fluid behavior in low-g environments. The state of knowledge of fluid motions in low-g environments is reviewed and the dimensional analysis approach used to assess the relative importances of various driving forces for fluid flow in four of the Skylab material processing experiments outlined. Results of dimensional analyses for the Skylab experiments, subsequently confirmed by actual space data, are presented. Finally, the limits of dimensional analysis in assessment studies are indicated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc. of the 3d Space Processing Symp. on Skylab Results, Vol. 2; p 691-727
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  • 181
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    On the source of flare-ejecta responsible for geomagnetic storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is shown that magnetic bottles as the sources of moving metric type 4 bursts are not responsible for the development of geomagnetic storms, despite the fact that shock waves producing type 2 bursts are the sources of the interplanetary shock waves, which produce SSC's on the geomagnetic field. These magnetic bottles, in general, tend to move in the solar envelope with the speed of several hundred Km/sec at most, which is much slower than that of the motion of type 2 radio sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70567 , X-693-74-1
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  • 182
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    Fault pattern at the northern end of the Death Valley - Furnace Creek fault zone, California and Nevada (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. The pattern of faulting associated with the termination of the Death Valley-Furnace Creek Fault Zone in northern Fish Lake Valley, Nevada was studied in ERTS-1 MSS color composite imagery and color IR U-2 photography. Imagery analysis was supported by field reconnaissance and low altitude aerial photography. The northwest-trending right-lateral Death Valley-Furnace Creek Fault Zone changes northward to a complex pattern of discontinuous dip slip and strike slip faults. This fault pattern terminates to the north against an east-northeast trending zone herein called the Montgomery Fault Zone. No evidence for continuation of the Death Valley-Furnace Creek Fault Zone is recognized north of the Montgomery Fault Zone. Penecontemporaneous displacement in the Death Valley-Furnace Creek Fault Zone, the complex transitional zone, and the Montgomery Fault Zone suggests that the systems are genetically related. Mercury mineralization appears to have been localized along faults recognizable in ERTS-1 imagery within the transitional zone and the Montgomery Fault Zone.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10205 , NASA-CR-136387
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  • 183
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    Notes for the improvement of the spatial and spectral data classification method (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This report examines the spatial and spectral clustering technique for the unsupervised automatic classification and mapping of earth resources satellite data, and makes theoretical analysis of the decision rules and tests in order to suggest how the method might best be applied to other flight data such as Skylab and Spacelab.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64801
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  • 184
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    Intensity and energy spectrum of electrons accelerated in the earth's bow shock (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Shock waves accelerate charged particles in the solar atmosphere, in interplanetary space and around the earth's magnetosphere. Acceleration of both electrons and protons occurs in the earth's bow-shock. The acceleration of protons up to 100 keV appears to be a steady state process and may even occur upstream from the bow shock due to waves generated by reflected solar wind protons. The electrons, on the other hand, are known to be accelerated in or near the shock. The intensity of these electrons ranges from about 100 to 2,000 per sr-sq cm-sec-keV at 14 keV. The energy spectrum is not a simple power low and is highly variable. If segments of the spectra are fitted to a power low, slopes ranging from -2 to -4.5 result over the energy range 0.5 to 100 keV.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Zeitschrift fuer Geophysik; 40; 6, 19; 1974
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  • 185
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    On the cause of northward magnetic field along the negative X axis during magnetospheric substorms (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The magnetic fields produced by a three-dimensional current system, consisting of a flow into the morning part of the auroral oval along tail-like field lines, along the auroral oval, and out from the evening part of the oval along tail-like field lines, are computed. It is demonstrated that the major parts of the well-known 'positive bay' in low latitudes on the earth's surface, the positive H variation at the synchronous distance, and the positive Bz variation along the magnetotail during magnetospheric substorms can be caused by the proposed current system.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 22; Aug. 197
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  • 186
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    Dielectric properties of soils as a function of moisture content (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Soil dielectric constant measurements are reviewed and the dependence of the dielectric constant on various soil parameters is determined. Moisture content is given special attention because of its practical significance in remote sensing and because it represents the single most influential parameter as far as soil dielectric properties are concerned. Relative complex dielectric constant curves are derived as a function of volumetric soil water content at three frequencies (1.3 GHz, 4.0 GHz, and 10.0 GHz) for each of three soil textures (sand, loam, and clay). These curves, presented in both tabular and graphical form, were chosen as representative of the reported experimental data. Calculations based on these curves showed that the power reflection coefficient and emissivity, unlike skin depth, vary only slightly as a function of frequency and soil texture.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-141868 , RSL-TR-177-47
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  • 187
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    Experiments on confined turbulent jets in cross flow (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are reported of experiments on the effects of an opposite wall on the characteristics of turbulent jets injected into a cross flow, for unheated and heated jets. Longitudinal and transverse distributions of velocity and temperature are presented for single and multiple circular jets, and trajectories are presented for two-dimensional jets. The opposite wall has relatively little effect on a single jet unless the ratio of jet to cross flow momentum flux is large enough for the jet to impinge on the opposite wall. For a row of jets aligned perpendicularly to the cross flow, the opposite wall exerts progressively larger influence as the spacing between jets decreases. Much of the effect of jet and wall proximity can be understood by considering the interaction of the vortex flow which is the major feature of the structure of a single jet in a cross flow. Smoke photographs are shown to elucidate some of the interaction patterns.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NASA-CR-2392
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  • 188
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    Remote detection of ocean features in the Lesser Antilles using ERTS-1 data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Photographic data received from the ERTS-1 satellite over the Lesser Antilles Islands shows distinct ocean features on the leeward side of each island. Attempts to relate these features to ocean eddy formations with the aid of ground truth data proved unsuccessful. However, analysis of surface and upper air wind data correlate extremely well with the size, shape, and downwind extent of the ocean features. Studies to date indicate strongly that these features result from horizontal differences in sea surface roughness due to the wind shadow effect of the islands. The results suggest that horizontal variations in the reflectance of the sea surface will make remote sensing of the ocean mixed layer more difficult than previously anticipated. The surface reflection seems to be large enough to mask the smaller variations in backscattered energy from the mixed layer. Efforts to limit the effect of surface reflectance by photographic differencing of two MSS bands were unsuccessful. A supplementary study to enhance the energy reflected from the mixed layer through numerical differencing of ERTS-1 digital data is planned.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10240 , NASA-CR-136538
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  • 189
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    Study of atmospheric effects in Skylab data (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10239 , NASA-CR-136537 , ERIM-101700-11-L , QPR-3
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  • 190
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    Decay of far flow field in trailing vortices (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A finite difference machine code is used in the wake vortex problems in the quasi-cylindrical boundary layer approximation. A turbulent energy model containing new features is developed that accounts for the major effects disclosed by more advanced models in which the parameters are not yet established. Several puzzles that arose in previous theoretical investigations of wake vortices are resolved.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7568 , A-5181
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  • 191
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    Pahranagat Shear System, Lincoln County, Nevada (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. A structural model which relates strike-slip deformation to Basin Range extensional tectonics was formulated on the basis of analysis and interpreatation of ERTS-1 MSS imagery over southern Lincoln County, Nevada. Study of published geologic data and field reconnaissance of key areas has been conducted to support the ERTS-1 data interpretation. The structural model suggests that a left-lateral strike-slip fault zone, called the Pahranagat Shear System, formed as a transform fault separating two areas of east-west structural extension.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10206 , NASA-CR-136388
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  • 192
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    Results of the US contribution to the joint US/USSR Bering Sea experiment (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The atmospheric circulation which occurred during the Bering Sea Experiment, 15 February to 10 March 1973, in and around the experiment area is analyzed and related to the macroscale morphology and dynamics of the sea ice cover. The ice cover was very complex in structure, being made up of five ice types, and underwent strong dynamic activity. Synoptic analyses show that an optimum variety of weather situations occurred during the experiment: an initial strong anticyclonic period (6 days), followed by a period of strong cyclonic activity (6 days), followed by weak anticyclonic activity (3 days), and finally a period of weak cyclonic activity (4 days). The data of the mesoscale test areas observed on the four sea ice option flights, and ship weather, and drift data give a detailed description of mesoscale ice dynamics which correlates well with the macroscale view: anticyclonic activity advects the ice southward with strong ice divergence and a regular lead and polynya pattern; cyclonic activity advects the ice northward with ice convergence, or slight divergence, and a random lead and polynya pattern.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70648 , X-910-74-141
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  • 193
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    Rocket observation of soft energetic particles at the magnetic equator (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results from a rocket-borne ion mass spectrometer flown near the magnetic equator at 0108 LMT, March 10, 1970, exhibit an unusual background current above 200 km. This current is observed to increase 3.5 orders of magnitude between 200 and 260 km before maximizing to a fixed value from 260 km to the 295 km apogee of the flight. Properties of the background combined with laboratory measurements have permitted probable identification of the background source as 2-20 keV electrons or protons. Maximum electron fluxes have been estimated to be of the order 10 to the 10th power particles/sq cm-sec-ster in accord with ISIS-1 satellite measurements at higher altitudes. The background was not observed on an earlier flight at 1938 LMT, suggesting the particles to be trapped in a blet which drifted below 300 km between the two flights. The low altitude penetration of these fluxes may have been related to the great magnetic storm of March 8. Simultaneous measurements of the thermal ion distribution are compared with these results and qualitatively suggest that the soft energetic particles are responsible for an observed O2(+) and NO(+) enhancement.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70646 , X-912-74-128
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  • 194
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    Explorer 45 (S 3-A) observations of the magnetosphere and magnetopause during the 4-5 August 1972, magnetic storm period (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Explorer 45 satellite performed extensive field and particle measurements in the heart of the magnetosphere during the double magnetic storm period of August 4-5, 1972. Both ground level magnetic records and the magnetic field deformations measured along the orbit by the satellite indicated the existence of only a moderate ring current. This was confirmed by the measurements of the total proton energy density less than those observed during the December 1971 and June 1972 magnetic storms. The plasmapause in the noon quadrant was eroded continuously from the onset of the first storm at the beginning of August 4 to an altitude below L = 2.07 at about 18 hours on August 5. During the orbit containing the second sudden commencement a large amount of low frequency electric and magnetic field noise was encountered throughout the entire orbit. A noteworthy observation during this orbit was the contraction of the magnetopause to distances inside the satellite at L = 5.2.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70644 , X-621-74-114
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  • 195
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    Application of ERTS-1 data to the harvest model of the US menhaden fishery (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. The project was conducted in Mississippi Sound in the north-central Gulf of Mexico. It utilized conventional surface data, obtained from fishing and other vessels, as well as aircraft and spacecraft remote data. A relationship was established between surface measured water transparency, temperature and salinity, and commercial fish-stock availability. Numerical models of the relationships were derived. A multiple regression was performed relating ERTS-1 MSS Band 5 image density to measured transparency and water depth. It is concluded that remotely acquired data can play a role in harvest decisions of commercial fisheries.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10504 , NASA-CR-138090
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  • 196
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    Effects of a transient sea surface temperature anomaly on the energetics of the Mintz-Arakawa model atmosphere (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The possible response of the atmosphere, as simulated by the two level Mintz-Arakawa global general circulation model, to a transient North Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly is investigated in terms of the energetics both in the spatial and wave number domains. Results indicate that the transient SST variations of reasonable magnitude in the North Pacific Ocean can induce a disturbing effect on the global energetics both in the spatial and wave number domains. The ability of the two level Mintz-Arakawa model to simulate the atmospheric energetics is also examined. Except in the tropics, the model exhibits a reasonable and realistic energy budget.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-137991
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  • 197
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    Range vegetation type mapping and above-ground green biomass estimations using multispectral imagery (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Range vegetation types have been successfully mapped on a portion of the 68,000 acre study site located west of Baggs, Wyoming, using ERTS-1 imagery. These types have been ascertained from field transects over a five year period. Comparable studies will be made with EREP imagery. Above-ground biomass estimation studies are being conducted utilizing double sampling techniques on two similar study sites. Information obtained will be correlated with percent relative reflectance measurements obtained on the ground which will be related to image brightness levels. This will provide an estimate of above-ground green biomass with multispectral imagery.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10493 , NASA-CR-136894
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  • 198
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    A technique for correcting ERTS data for solar and atmospheric effects (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Based on processing ERTS CCTs and ground truth measurements collected on Michigan test site for January through June 1973 the following results are reported: (1) atmospheric transmittance varies from: 70 to 85% in band 4, 77 to 90% in band 5, 80 to 94% in band 6, and 84 to 97% in band 7 for one air mass; (2) a simple technique was established to determine atmospheric scattering seen by ERTS-1 from ground-based measurements of sky radiance. For March this scattering was found to be equivalent to that produced by a target having a reflectance of 11% in band 4, 5% in band 5, 3% in band 6, and 1% in band 7; (3) computer ability to classify targets under various atmospheric conditions was determined. Classification accuracy on some targets (i.e. bare soil, tended grass, etc.) hold up even under the most severe atmospheres encountered, while performance on other targets (trees, urban, rangeland, etc.) degrades rapidly when atmospheric conditions change by the smallest amount.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10489 , NASA-CR-136890
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 199
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    Unknown
    Remote sensing as an aid for marsh management: Lafouche parish, Louisiana (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: NASA aerial photography, primarily color infrared and color positive transparencies, was used in a study of marsh management practices and in comparing managed and unmanaged marsh areas. Weir locations for tidal control are recommended.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-138775 , DER-RM-2
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 200
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    Unknown
    Preliminary report on sand-streaming in Agadez and Tahoua Departments, Republic of Niger (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: E74-10442 , NASA-CR-137425
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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