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  • Other Sources  (11,018)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (6,242)
  • FLUID MECHANICS  (1,814)
  • COMMUNICATIONS  (1,685)
  • AUXILIARY SYSTEMS  (1,277)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering
  • General Chemistry
  • 1970-1974  (9,592)
  • 1960-1964  (1,426)
Collection
Source
Keywords
Years
Year
  • 101
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    Some analytical results for radiative transfer in thick atmospheres (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Singular eigenmode expansions are a convenient analytical tool with which to study problems of monochromatic radiative transfer in thick or semi-infinite atmospheres. Some closed-form solutions are presented for anisotropic scattering, with the neglect of polarization effects. A basic ingredient for applications to the semi-infinite medium is Chandrasekhar's H-function, which is best defined through the Wiener-Hopf factorization. The solutions of the Milne and albedo problems are discussed in order that the method of matched asymptotic approximations may be used to describe the solution for a thick atmosphere adjacent to a diffusely reflecting ground. Expressions for the emerging distributions are quoted. A possible extension of the general scheme to problems involving polarization is indicated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Calif. Univ. Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 196-226
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  • 102
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    Scattering and absorption from poly-dispersed aerosols (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results from numerical computations of the diffuse sky radiances and degree of polarization are given. These results were obtained by solving the equation of radiative transfer in the formulation of Eschelbach. In these computations, multiple scattering and absorption by aerosol particles were considered. In addition, results from experimental measurements of the complex refractive index of aerosol samples at different relative humidities are presented. From the radiation flux divergences which were computed based on the determined properties of atmospheric aerosol particles, atmospheric heating rates were derived which were found to be comparable to the heating rates by water vapor.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Calif. Univ. Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 135-161
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  • 103
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    Radiative transfer of visible radiation in turbid atmosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Methods are presented for solving radiative transfer problems; they include the doubling method and the closely related matrix method, iterative method, Chandrasekhar's method of discrete ordinates, and Monte Carlo method. To consider radiation transport through turbid atmosphere, an atmospheric model was developed characterizing aerosols by parameters. Intensity and polarization of radiation in turbid atmospheres is discussed, as well as lower atmospheric heating due to solar radiation absorption by aerosols.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Calif. Univ. Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 74-134
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  • 104
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    Solution of the radiative transfer theory problems by the Monte Carlo method (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Monte Carlo method is used for two types of problems. First, there are interpretation problems of optical observations from meteorological satellites in the short wave part of the spectrum. The sphericity of the atmosphere, the propagation function, and light polarization are considered. Second, problems dealt with the theory of spreading narrow light beams. Direct simulation of light scattering and the mathematical form of medium radiation model representation are discussed, and general integral transfer equations are calculated. The dependent tests method, derivative estimates, and solution to the inverse problem are also considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Calif. Univ. Proc. of the UCLA Intern. Conf. on Radiation and Remote Probing of the Atmosphere; p 58-73
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  • 105
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    Integrated laser/radar satellite ranging and tracking system (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A laser satellite ranging system that is mounted upon and integrated with a microwave tracking radar is reported. The 1-pulse/sec ruby laser transmitter is attached directly to the radar's elevation axis and radiates through a new opening in the radar's parabolic dish. The laser photomultiplier tube receiver utilizes the radar's existing 20-cm diam f/11 boresight telescope and observes through a similar symmetrically located opening in the dish. The laser system possesses separate ranging system electronics but shares the radar's timing, computer, and data handling/recording systems. The basic concept of the laser/radar is outlined together with a listing of the numerous advantages over present singular laser range-finding systems. The developmental laser hardware is described along with preliminary range-finding results and expectations.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 106
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    Stimulation of the Harris instability in the ionosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations made with a sweep frequency rf sounder on the satellite ISIS 1 in the topside ionosphere are reported, and the interpretation of diffuse signals at the lower harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency is discussed. These signals are attributed to the stimulation of Harris instabilities of longitudinal plasma waves at multiples of the cyclotron frequency in a single electron distribution. The Harris instability is excited most readily when the frequency is near the midpoint between the harmonics of the cyclotron frequency. The cause of these instabilities is the large electron velocity anisotropy which results from collisionless cyclotron damping of the energy from the high power sounder pulse.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 17; May 1974
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  • 107
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    Dependence of field-aligned electron precipitation occurrence on season and altitude (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An examination of factors affecting the occurrence of field-aligned 2.3-keV electron precipitation has been performed by using data from more than 7500 orbits of the polar-orbiting satellite Ogo 4. Both season and altitude were found to be parameters that are directly related to the probability of occurrence. The highest probabilities occurred when the measurements were made at altitudes from 800 km to apogee (914 km), except during summer. In this altitude interval, the electron precipitation was more likely to be field-aligned during winter than during any other season. The analysis suggests the establishment by electrostatic charge layers of localized electric fields parallel to the magnetic field. The resulting potential distribution focuses the electron beam along the field lines in the region between the charge layers but destroys the focused beam below the lower layer, and thus an altitude dependence is created.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 108
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    The day side mid-latitude plasma trough (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Above 2500 km the electrostatic probe experiment aboard the Isis 1 satellite detects a persistent dayside midlatitude plasma trough. The superposition of measurements taken over two-week intervals at noon is used to illustrate the form and location of the quiet time trough within each season. These measurement results contrast with those observations of a less prominent dayside trough at altitudes below 2500 km. Associated with the trough above 2500 km is an electron temperature maximum of about 6000 K that is sharp at midnight and broad at noon. In spring and summer a second noontime temperature maximum often appears poleward of 70-deg invariant latitude accompanied by an enhancement in the ionization. When it is assumed that the geophysical processes producing a plasmasphere act most directly upon the light ions, one factor contributing to the distinction between the plasma trough and the equatorial plasmapause is the increasing influence of O(+) on total plasma behavior at lower altitudes. Other factors are the local processes, such as dayside F region photoionization by energetic cusp particles that produce enhancements in plasma density and electron temperature.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 109
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    Remarks on the decay of homogeneous turbulence from a given state (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A previous theory which did not require a usual closure assumption required three or more initial spectra. By allowing a simple physical assumption (a modification of Kovasznay's (1948) hypothesis), the required number of spectra is reduced to two. Agreement with experiment is good.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 17; Mar. 197
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  • 110
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    Ion composition and drift observations in the nighttime equatorial ionosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The first in situ measurements of ion composition in the nighttime equatorial E- and F-region ionospheres are presented and discussed. These profiles were obtained by two rocket-borne ion mass spectrometers launched from Thumba, India, on March 9-10, 1970. Ionosonde data established that the composition was measured at times bounding a period of F-region downward drift. During this period, the ions O(+) and N(+) were enhanced by 1-3 orders of magnitude between 220 and 300 km. Below the drift region, O(+) ceased to be the major ionic constituent, but the concentrations of O(+) and N(+) remained larger than predicted from known radiation sources and loss processes. Here also, both the O2(+) and the NO(+) profiles retained nearly the same shape and magnitude throughout the night in agreement with theories assuming scattered UV radiation to be the maintaining source.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; June 1
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  • 111
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    On the breakup of tectonic plates by polar wandering (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The equations for the stresses in a homogeneous shell of uniform thickness caused by a shift of the axis of rotation are derived. The magnitude of these stresses reaches a maximum value of the order of 10 to the 9th power dyn/sq cm, which is sufficient for explaining a tectonic breakup. In order to deduce the fracture pattern according to which the breakup of tectonic plates can be expected the theory of plastic deformation of shells is applied. The analysis of this pattern gives an explanation of the existing boundary systems of the major tectonic plates as described by Morgan (1968), LePichon (1968) and Isacks et al. (1968).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; June 10
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  • 112
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    On the generation of the sequence of diffuse resonances observed on top side ionograms (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two different plasma wave instabilities have been invoked in earlier models for the generation of top side ionogram diffuse resonances. Arguments are presented that support the model based on the Harris instability, i.e., the instability resulting from a sounder-stimulated anisotropic electron velocity distribution. Two modifications to this model are also presented. First, it is only necessary for the instability mechanism to operate for a period of the order of milliseconds (rather than tens of milliseconds) in order to explain the observations. Second, the wave associated with the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency, which enters into the nonlinear wave-wave interaction process included in the model, comes from the side bands of the transmitted sounder pulse rather than from the turbulent state of the plasma caused by the pulse. The second modification provides an explanation for the variation of the time duration observed among the members of the sequence of diffuse resonances.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; July 1
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  • 113
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    Thermospheric 'temperatures' (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present work attempts to illustrate some of the differences one would expect to find between inferred thermospheric temperatures (i.e., inferred from satellite drag observation of mass density or from molecular nitrogen in situ mass spectrometer measurements) and direct gas temperature measurements (as have been made on board the San Marco satellite). The various temperatures are simulated with theoretical models for the diurnal and annual variations in the thermosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; July 1
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  • 114
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    Shortwave telemetric system (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The application of frequency modulation when constructing a telemetric system in the shortwave band. The operating principles, the construction of the system and the decision making device are described and experimental data are presented. The equipment can be used on sounding balloons.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: Technol. for the Production of Space Equipment (NASA-TT-F-15766); p 59-65
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  • 115
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    Interpretation techniques (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The image enhancement and geometric correction and registration techniques developed and/or demonstrated on ERTS data are relatively mature and greatly enhance the utility of the data for a large variety of users. Pattern recognition was improved by the use of signature extension, feature extension, and other classification techniques. Many of these techniques need to be developed and generalized to become operationally useful. Advancements in the mass precision processing of ERTS were demonstrated, providing the hope for future earth resources data to be provided in a more readily usable state. Also in evidence is an increasing and healthy interaction between the techniques developers and the user/applications investigators.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 123-143
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  • 116
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    Environment surveys (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Environment applications are concerned with the quality, protection, and improvement of water, land, and air resources and, in particular, with the pollution of these resources caused by man and his works, as well as changes to the resources due to natural phenomena (for example, drought and floods). The broad NASA objectives related to the environment are directed toward the development and demonstration of the capability to monitor remotely and assess environmental conditions related to water quality, land and vegetation quality, wildlife resources, and general environment. The contributions of ERTS-1 to these subdiscipline areas are broadly summarized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 107-122
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  • 117
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    Marine resources (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Techniques have been developed for defining coastal circulation patterns using sediment as a natural tracer, allowing the formulation of new circulation concepts in some geographical areas and, in general, a better capability for defining the seasonal characteristics of coastal circulation. An analytical technique for measurement of absolute water depth based upon the ratios of two MSS channels has been developed. Suspended sediment has found wide use as a tracer, but a few investigators have reported limited success in measuring the type and amount of sediment quantitatively from ERTS-1 digital data. Significant progress has been made in developing techniques for using ERTS-1 data to locate, identify, and monitor sea and lake ice. Ice features greater than 70 meters in width can be detected, and both arctic and antarctic icebergs have been identified. In the application area of living marine resources, the use of ERTS-1 image-density patterns as a potential indicator of fish school location has been demonstrated for one coastal commercial resource, menhaden. ERTS-1 data have been used to locate ocean current boundaries using ERTS-1 image-density enhancement, and some techniques are under development for measurement of suspended particle concentration and chlorophyll concentration. The interrelationship of water color and surface characteristics (sea state) are also being studied to improve spectral and spatial interpretive techniques.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 83-106
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  • 118
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    Water resources (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Substantial progress has been made in applying ERTS-1 data to water resources problems, nevertheless, more time and effort still appear necessary for further quantification of results, including the specification of thematic measurement accuracies. More modeling can be done very profitably. In particular, more strategy models describing the processes wherein ERTS-1 data would be acquired, analyzed, processed, and utilized in operational situations could be profitably accomplished. It is generally observed that the ERTS-1 data applicability is evident in several areas and that the next most general and substantive steps in the implementation of the data in operational situations would be greatly encouraged by the establishment of an operational earth resources satellite organization and capability. Further encouragement of this operational capability would be facilitated by all investigators striving to document their procedures as fully as possible and by providing time and cost comparisons between ERTS-1 and conventional acquisition approaches.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 52-82
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  • 119
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    Mineral resources, geological structure, and landform surveys (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Diagnostic ERTS imagery has been used to pinpoint surface conditions associated with known mining districts. These include enhancements which depict hitherto unrecognized surface alteration and allow analysis of ore-controlling fractures distribution in a regional context. ERTS has likewise provided observational data containing previously unrecognized surface anomalies in large oil-producing basins which correlate closely with known oil fields. These observational data offer promise of providing new and powerful techniques for oil exploration, especially if further work using more sophisticated enhancement-processing proves capable of emphasizing the anomalies. ERTS is showing a better-than-anticipated potential for producing accurate small-scale (large-area) geologic maps, often containing details that were previously not recorded on similar regional maps. The maps produced from ERTS imagery can be prepared more effectively than previously possible, mainly because of the synoptic, multispectral, and repetitive character of ERTS data. ERTS has also provided extensive information on possible geologic hazards. Many new fractures have been identified in several regions of the Pacific Coast seismic belt that have histories of recent earthquakes. This has obvious implications for engineering projects such as dams, aqueducts, and transportation routes. In the mid-continent area, ERTS data have been used to predict zones of rooffall danger in a working coal mine from newly discovered lineations (probably fractures) used as indicators of hazards.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 33-51
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  • 120
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    Land use and mapping (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This summary is divided into two basic sections-one dealing with land use classification and delineation, and the other dealing with mapping. The term land use classification is used in respect to the actual use of land rather than land capability, land suitability, or the potential use of land. The classification of actual use of the land, as defined by man's activities that are related to the land, may be only inferred, rather than directly interpreted, in the case of the identification and classification of some surface features or vegetation cover types. Also, in the case of some surface features or vegetational cover types, the specific activity involving man's use of the land may not be designated in a four-level classification system until level 3 or level 4 is reached. Most investigations employed or implied a hierarchial land use classification scheme with more than two levels, but mainly addressed themselves to classifying and delineating surface features (land use) that would fall in the first two levels of a three- or four-level hierarchial scheme. Although not all investigators used a hierarchial classification scheme or concurred with the idea (computer-implemented classifications with digital data are not conducive to a hierarchial classification approach), the classification system proposed by the U.S. Department of the Interior is used as reference.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 15-32
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  • 121
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    Agriculture, forestry, range resources (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In the area of crop specie identification, it has been found that temporal data analysis, preliminary stratification, and unequal probability analysis were several of the factors that contributed to high identification accuracies. Single data set accuracies on fields of greater than 80,000 sq m (20 acres) are in the 70- to 90-percent range; however, with the use of temporal data, accuracies of 95 percent have been reported. Identification accuracy drops off significantly on areas of less than 80,000 sq m (20 acres) as does measurement accuracy. Forest stratification into coniferous and deciduous areas has been accomplished to a 90- to 95-percent accuracy level. Using multistage sampling techniques, the timber volume of a national forest district has been estimated to a confidence level and standard deviation acceptable to the Forest Service at a very favorable cost-benefit time ratio. Range specie/plant community vegetation mapping has been accomplished at various levels of success (69- to 90-percent accuracy). However, several investigators have obtained encouraging initial results in range biomass (forage production) estimation and range readiness predictions. Soil association map correction and soil association mapping in new area appear to have been proven feasible on large areas; however, testing in a complex soil area should be undertaken.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3rd ERTS Symp., Vol. 3; p 1-14
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  • 122
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    Auroral effects in the D region of the ionosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Physical phenomena associated with the interaction between auroral particles and electromagnetic fields, auroral energy flow, and the propagation of auroral effects to low altitudes are discussed in detail. It is concluded that energy deposition of soft auroral X-rays would be negligible at stratospheric altitudes. New data from incoherent backscatter measurements of neutral winds in the auroral region indicate a lack of correlation between stratospheric winds and winds in the auroral ionosphere. Magnetograms are used to show that sector boundary crossings with a time scale of approximately one hour (as opposed to the sector structure itself with a time scale of several days) do not couple effectively with the magnetosphere and are not significant energy inputs to it.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 340-357
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  • 123
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    High latitude ionospheric winds related to solar-interplanetary conditions (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two recent results imply that the distribution of winds in the polar ionosphere should change as a function of the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field. From the motions of chemically released ion and neutral clouds, it is apparent that neutral winds in the high latitude ionosphere are driven principally by ion drag forces. OGO-6 electric field measurements have demonstrated that there are definite relationships between the time latitude distribution of ionospheric plasma convection and interplanetary magnetic field parameters, and also that the distribution is most sensitive to the azimuthal angle of the interplanetary field. The lower altitude, meteorological effects of these externally driven ionospheric winds are not known. However, observations of infrasonic waves following sudden ionization enhancements indicate the existence of momentum transfer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 266-271
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  • 124
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    Future monitoring of charged particle energy deposition into the upper atmosphere and comments on possible relationships between atmospheric phenomena and solar and/or geomagnetic activity (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The charged particle observations proposed for the new low altitude weather satellites, TIROS-N, are described that will provide the capability of routine monitoring of the instantaneous total energy deposition into the upper atmosphere by the precipitation of charged particles from higher altitudes. Estimates are given to assess the potential importance of this type of energy deposition. Discussion and examples are presented illustrating the importance in distinguishing between solar and geomagnetic activity as possible causative sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 250-257
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  • 125
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    Geomagnetic responses to the solar wind and to solar activity (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A unified overview of present knowledge of the geomagnetic response to the dynamic solar wind is reported. The formation of the magnetosphere and the magnetospheric tail is discussed the importance of electric fields is stressed, and the magnetospheric convection of plasma and frozen-in magnetic field lines under the influence of large scale magnetospheric electric fields is outlined. Ionospheric electric fields and currents are intimately related to electric fields and currents in the magnetosphere and the strong coupling between the two regions is discussed. The energy input of the solar wind to the magnetosphere and upper atmosphere is discussed in terms of the reconnection model where interplanetary magnetic field lines merge or connect with the terrestrial field on the sunward side of the magnetosphere. The merging model emphasizes the importance of the interplanetary magnetic field and especially the north-south component. The solar sector structure with its organized magnetic field and embeeded high speed plasma streams is identified as the source of recurrent geomagnetic disturbances while flare associated interplanetary shock waves are the source of most violet and sporadic geomagnetic storms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 188-230
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  • 126
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    Direct satellite observations on bremsstrahlung radiation as a technique to investigate its role in meteorological processes (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Satellite observations on bremsstrahlung produced in the atmosphere by precipitating energetic electrons are reported. This type of observation affords the possibility of directly monitoring the bremsstrahlung energy input to the lower atmosphere over large segments of the earth and at frequent intervals. From comparison of the ion production rates from cosmic rays with those calculated for bremsstrahlung from precipitating energetic electrons, it is concluded that bremsstrahlung is a negligible contributor to the ionization near the 300-mb level.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 130-140
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  • 127
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    The aurora as a source of planetary-scale waves in the middle atmosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Photographs of global scale auroral forms taken by scanning radiometers onboard weather satellites in 1972 show that auroral bands exhibit well organized wave motion with typical zonal wave number of 5 or so. The scale size of these waves is in agreement with that of well organized neutral wind fields in the 150- to 200-km region during the geomagnetic storm of May 27, 1967. Further, the horizontal scale size revealed by these observations are in agreement with that of high altitude traveling ionospheric disturbances. It is conjectured that the geomagnetic storm is a source of planetary and synoptic scale neutral atmospheric waves in the middle atmosphere. Although there is, at present, no observation of substorm related waves of this scale size at mesospheric and stratospheric altitudes, the possible existence of a new source of waves of the proper scale size to trigger instabilities in middle atmospheric circulation systems may be significant in the study of lower atmospheric response to geomagnetic activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 122-129
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  • 128
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    Certain regularities of geomagnetic and baric fields at high latitudes (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evidence is presented that the atmospheric pressure at the surface of the earth polar regions varies regularly with changes in the polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomana; p 71-80
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  • 129
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    On possible interactions between upper and lower atmosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Comparison of geomagnetic data with data on tropospheric and stratospheric circulation characteristics shows a statistically highly significant shrinking in areal extent of the stratospheric vortex from the third to the eight day following a geomagnetic storm. During the contraction of the polar vortex edge, the mean height of the vortex central contour decreases only slightly. This indicates that a stratospheric warming event is associated with a steepening of the contour gradient rather than a warming over the entire area of the stratospheric polar vortex. The troposphere reacts to these weak, but nevertheless significant stratospheric warming events by a shrinkage of the area of the 500-mb cold air pool. It is shown that the observed warming of the stratosphere that follows a geomagnetically disturbed key day cannot be explained by simple radiation absorption.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 81-101
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  • 130
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    Summary (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 20 p
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  • 131
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    Power law time dependence of river flood decay and its relationship to long term discharge frequency distribution (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Techn.; 11 p
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  • 132
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    Investigation of atmospheric effects in image transfer (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 33 p
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  • 133
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    Activities of the Social Sciences Group, Berkeley campus (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 74 p
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  • 134
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    On the feasibility of benefit-cost analysis applied to remote sensing projects (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 7 p
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  • 135
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    Separation of manmade and natural patterns in high altitude imagery of agricultural areas (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 30 p
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  • 136
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    Multispectral combination and display of ERTS-1 data (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 9 p
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  • 137
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    Water demand studies in southern California (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 41 p
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  • 138
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    Water demand studies in central California (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 48 p
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  • 139
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    Water supply studies (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 113 p
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  • 140
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    Introduction (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Using Remote Sensing Tech.; 7 p
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  • 141
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    Catalog of low frequency oscillations of the earth's magnetic field as observed at ATS-1 during May 1968 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: For abstract, see N74-27815.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Study of Low Freq. Hydromagnetic Waves using ATS-1 Data; 5 p
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  • 142
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    Catalog of low frequency oscillations of the earth's magnetic field as observed at ATS-1 during January 1968 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A catalog of ATS-1 observed magnetic field oscillations is presented. The catalog holds only those events with a duration of at least ten minutes and with a frequency that remains roughly constant. Events are distinguished on the basis of the frequency of oscillations. A comparison was made between ATS-1 data and other ground and satellite magnetometer data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Study of Low Freq. Hydromagnetic Waves using ATS-1 Data; 6 p
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  • 143
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    Study of low frequency hydromagnetic waves using ATS-1 data (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis was made of ATS-1 data to determine at what point in the magnetic storm recovery phase are oscillations most likely to begin. The catalog of hourly values of equatorial Dst was used to determine the time of main phase decrease, and a catalog of oscillations from January to May 1968 to determine onset time as observed by ATS-1. For each oscillation event at ATS-1, the nearest prior main phase decrease with a magnitude of at least -35 gamma was determined, and the time difference between the onset of the event at ATS-1 and the time of main phase decrease was measured. The resulting data indicate that the most probable time to observe onset of transverse oscillations is within 24 hours after the main phase decrease.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Study of Low Freq. Hydromagnetic Waves using ATS-1 Data; 6 p
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  • 144
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    Predicting soil moisture and wheat vegetative growth from ERTS-1 imagery (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Study results indicate: (1) Vegetative growth was best predicted by a linear relationship between leaf area index and the radio of band 4 to band 5. All significant soil moisture effects were cancelled by the ratio. (2) Soil moisture at a depth of 0 to 15 cm, with specific soil factors, was predicted by band 4 and leaf area index with a high regression coefficient. (3) Vegetative growth, measured by leaf area index, was one of the necessary inputs in evaluating the winter wheat crop coefficient from March to maturity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wheat: Its Water Use, Production and Disease Detection and Prediction; 70 p
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  • 145
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    Introduction (1974)
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    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. The objectives of the investigation were: (1) to evaluate the effect of water stress, disease, and leaf area on the reflectance characteristics of wheat; (2) to evaluate disease losses in terms of yield and water use; and (3) to predict disease severity and economic loss.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Wheat: Its Water Use, Production and Disease Detection and Prediction; p 1-69
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  • 146
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    Progress and problems in erosion prediction (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Methods for predicting erosion resulting from repeated localized impulsive loadings, such a impacts from droplets or in cavitation flow from microjets and bubbles, are examined. The parameters which determine the adequacy of a component to resist the loads put upon it are identified. The development of erosion rate models is discussed. The expected accuracy of the prediction and the sources of error are analyzed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failure; p 107-114
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  • 147
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    Effects of viscoelasticity on cavitation in drag reducing fluids (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: To study cavitation inception in polymer solutions, a blow-down water tunnel with short running times was used. Tests were made using 1/4 and 1/2 inch diameter models of hemispherical-nose cylinders. To accurately detect the inception of cavitation, a reliable technique was developed using a continuously operating He-Ne gas laser. The laser beam was adjusted to grazing incidence with the model at the minimum pressure point where cavitation inception was to be expected. A sensitive photocell was placed at ninety degrees to detect the beam. As incipient cavitation occurred, the bubbles caused scattering of the laser beam which was picked up by the photocell. Static pressure near the model in the working section of the tunnel was measured using a solid-state pressure pick-up. The signals from the photocell and the pressure pick-up were recorded on an oscillograph. Velocity field visualization was achieved using one microsecond duration light pulses scattered by small polystryrene latex spheres in the flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 100-106
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  • 148
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    Effect of cavitation on fluid stability in polymer thickened fluids and lubricants (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of cavitating flow on the polymeric additives used in functional fluids are described. A comparison of thermal and mechanical stability tests for these polymer solutions show distinct differences in the machanism of the polymer degradation. The thermal degradation tests appear to cause an unzippering or depolymerization type of reaction in which there is no particular selectivity based on molecular weight. The mechanical degradation of these fluids appears to be based on molecular weight. Measurements of molecular weight distributions during mechanical degradation show that for a given level of intensity only molecules above a certain minimum size are degraded. The effects of ultrasonic radiation on polymer degradation are reported. Tests were conducted to demonstrate the mechanism of mechanical polymer degradiation in an orifice. A more severe test than the orifice test in which two tapered roller bearings loaded against each other produce the mechanical breakdown is discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 88-99
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  • 149
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    Lubricant pressure rippling in dynamic Hertzian contacts induced by surface roughness (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A numerical analysis of the pressure distribution of a lubricant in contact with a rough surface was conducted. The magnitude of the pressures was determined by their root mean square value for the contact of two dimensional cylinders. The pressure was found to vary in the following manner: (1) the location in the contact, (2) the spectrum or frequency content of the surface roughness, (3) the mean plateau film thickness, and (4) the root mean square value of the surface roughness. Mathematical models are developed to show the relationships of the parameters.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 62-73
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  • 150
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    Examples of oil cavitation erosion in positive displacement pumps (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of cavitation flow on piston type, positive displacement, hydraulic pumps are discussed. The operating principles of the pump and the components which are most subject to erosion effects are described. The mechanisms of cavitation phenomena are identified from photographic records. Curves are developed to show the solubility of air in water, oil-water emulsion, and industrial hydraulic oil.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 48-53
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  • 151
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    Some practical examples of cavitation erosion and their prevention (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The problem of failures caused by cavitation erosion are discussed. The concepts of intensity of erosion, erosion strength, and the time dependence of erosion rate are analyzed. The relation of these parameters to system variables such as pressure and velocity, and to the properties of materials are investigated. Using several examples of actual cavitation erosion, methods of prevention and their limitations are examined.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 39-47
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  • 152
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    Recent theories of cavitation damage including non-symmetrical bubble collapse effects (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Theories of cavitation damage mechanisms are discussed. Photographic evidence has shown that the actual collapse of bubbles near a symmetry-destroying feature such as a nearby wall results in a toroidal-like collapse, with the final generation of a liquid microjet oriented toward the wall. Numerical analyses indicate that the shock wave intensity emitted during collapse is not likely to be strong enough to be damaging to most materials. It has been determined that actual damage is usually a result of a combination of impact effect of the microjet and the shock wave pressures generated by bubble rebounds.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 31-35
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  • 153
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    The role of mechanical properties in cavitation erosion resistance (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Methods for determining the correlations of erosion resistance and mechanical properties of materials are discussed. The most common method of testing cavitation erosion resistance of materials is the vibratory cavitation probe. The instrument and its operation are described. The use of the whirling arm device is considered as a second method. Metallographic investigations of the earliest stages of cavitation erosion damage of metallic materials was conducted. The materials show plastic deformation occurring during the incubation period and increasing until cracks form and metal fragments are lost. The parameters of the work done to cause material fractures are identified. The reactions obtained with specific materials are reported.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 23-30
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  • 154
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    Role of physical properties of liquids in cavitation erosion (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The dependence of erosion rates on the ambient temperature of water is discussed. The assumption that the gas inside the bubble is compressed adiabatically during collapse gives better agreement with experiments than the assumption that the gas is isothermally compressed. Acoustic impedance is an important liquid parameter that governs the erosion intensity in vibratory devices. The investigation reveals that the major physical properties of liquids governing the intensity of erosion include density, sound speed, surface tension, vapor pressure, gas content, and nuclei distribution.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 13-22
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  • 155
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    Physics associated with cavitation induced material damage (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The role of cavitation in mechanical failure is discussed. Some of the most common types of material damage associated with the presence of cavitation are surface material removal, delamination and structural vibration. This occurs in external flows such as on propellers, hydrofoils, and high speed non-lifting surfaces. In internal flows, pipe bends, inlets, constructions, pumps and turbines are typical. Nominally nonflowing liquids are also susceptible in, for example, strong acoustic fields and high energy particle detectors. For flowing systems, Bernoulli's equation shows how a local pressure is reduced as the fluid's velocity is increased. At sufficiently high velocities, a tension can actually develop and this has, in fact, been demonstrated experimentally. Once the pressure is reduced below the fluid vapor pressure a vapor cavity can be nucleated. Various aspects of this process are simply shown by considering the flow over a lifting surface.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NBS The Role of Cavitation in Mech. Failures; p 3-12
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  • 156
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    Improvement of electric characteristics of lead accumulators under the action of ultrasounds (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results are given of experiments conducted in order to improve the electric characteristics of lead accumulators by ultrasonic irradiation of their electrolytes. The experimental results discussed complete the research conducted on static Le2, Le3 and D. Quaiser cells whose solutions were irradiated beforehand with ultrasounds of the frequency of 1 MHz. It is demonstrated that the discharge currents and capacitances of the investigated cells keep to higher values even 1 year after ultrasonic irradiation of the electrolyte. The experimental results are discussed.
    Keywords: AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
    Type: The 4th Natl. Conf. on Acoustics, Vol. 2, B (NASA-TT-F-15663); p 204-209
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  • 157
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    Scientific value of Seasat for geodesy (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: SEASAT altimetry data which relate directly to geoid heights provide the means to obtain information on the geoid on a global scale which is not attenuated by height or by high frequency averaging. The most important geodetic application of these data is to provide a standard reference surface for oceans.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 50-53
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  • 158
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    Investigation of electron dynamics in the magnetosphere with electron beams injected from sounding rockets (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper describes an empirical study of the basic mechanisms by which electrons precipitate from the geomagnetic field to produce 'auroral X rays' during periods of geomagnetic activity. The study was based on data obtained by the Echo satellites. Echo I, launched in 1970, injected 40 keV, 0.1 amp electron pulses at low latitude (L ? 2.6) and successfully measured the returning pulses from the conjugate region. Electric fields and multiple Coulomb scattering were studied. Echo II, launched in 1972 from high latitude (L ? 8) studied the interaction of the beams with background radiation and the detailed motion of the beams near the rocket. Evidence for a beam plasma instability was obtained. Echo III launched in April 1974, (L ? 5.5) detected a series of conjugate echoes during the presence of a strong convective field in the magnetosphere. It was shown that the electric field measurement in the ionosphere using the incoherent backscatter radar and detectors on the rocket was transferred to the equatorial plane as though field lines were equipotentials.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Zeitschrift fuer Geophysik; 40; 6, 19; 1974
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  • 159
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    Rocket observation of soft energetic particles at the magnetic equator (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Dec. 1
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  • 160
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    Deformation of the night side plasmasphere and ionosphere during the August 1972 geomagnetic storm (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Dec. 1
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  • 161
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    Nimbus 4 observations of changes in total ozone and stratospheric temperatures during a sudden warming (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 31; Nov. 197
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  • 162
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    Distant bow shock observations by Explorer 33 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Locations, orientations and magnetic field changes are given for 135 bow shock crossings at distances downstream from earth between 84 and 117 earth radii. The shock locations bracket those calculated for the hypersonic analogue by Dryer and Heckman (1967) for a Mach number of 3.8. The shock normal vectors have been calculated using magnetic coplanarity. The average normal vectors have a greater inclination by about 17 plus or minus 5 deg from the symmetry axis than the Dryer and Heckman shock orientations for a 3.8 Mach number. Over a range of downstream distances from 60 to 115 earth radii, the median magnetic field magnitude jump across the shock changes from 1.90 to 1.70 times.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 30; Oct. 197
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  • 163
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    Observations of interactions between interplanetary and geomagnetic fields (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Magnetospheric effects associated with variations of the north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) are examined in light of recent experimental and theoretical results. Although the occurrence of magnetospheric substorms is statistically related to periods of southward IMF, the details of the interaction are not understood. In particular, attempts to separate effects resulting directly from the interaction between interplanetary and geomagnetic fields from those associated with substorms have produced conflicting results. It is possible, however, to say with some assurance that the transfer of magnetic flux from the dayside to the nightside magnetosphere, as evidenced by equatorward motion of the polar cusp and increases of the magnetic energy density in the lobes of the geomagnetic tail, is a direct consequence of the southward IMF. On the other hand, the formation of a macroscopic X-type neutral line at tail distances less than 35 earth radii appears to be a substorm phenomenon.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 12; Aug. 197
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  • 164
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    Is the zodiacal light intensity steady (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is pointed out that conclusions reported by Sparrow and Ney (1972, 1973) could be confirmed in an investigation involving the refinement of OSO-5 data on zodiacal light. It had been found by Sparrow and Ney that the absolute value of both the surface brightness and polarization of the zodiacal cloud varied by less than 10% over the 4-yr period from January 1969 to January 1973.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 249; June 14
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  • 165
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    Diffraction theory techniques applied to aperture antennas on finite circular and square ground planes (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Expressions which represent the elevation-plane patterns of a large TEM mode coax aperture and a TM-01 mode circular aperture on finite circular and square ground planes have been derived using geometrical theory of diffraction; design curves for the coax case are presented. The expressions for the field pattern were obtained by superposing the infinite ground plane solutions, the first-order diffracted field solutions, and the axial caustic solutions in their respective regions of validity. The pattern analyses for the coax and circular apertures are verified experimentally.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-22; May 1974
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  • 166
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    Secular-invariant relationships among internal geomagnetic field coefficients (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Some features of the secular variation of the geomagnetic field are examined. Contours encircling constant magnetic flux (third adiabatic invariant), corresponding to a shell of field lines in secular motion, reveal a general westward drift that is longitude and latitude dependent (with minima in the north Pacific and south Atlantic areas). Some invariant relationships appear among the field coefficients in the tilted, centered dipole (geomagnetic) coordinate system.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; Dec. 197
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  • 167
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    Wall shear in strongly retarded and separated compressible turbulent boundary layers (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 12; Oct. 197
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  • 168
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    Experimental study of the shock-induced unsteady laminar boundary layer on a flat plate (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The behavior of the unsteady laminar boundary layer induced by the incident shock wave passing over a flat plate mounted in a shock tube has been experimentally studied for shock speeds ranging from 2.35 to 7.34 km/sec by measuring unsteady heat transfer rates to the plate using thin-film heat-flux gages. Theoretical heat-transfer rates were predicted from analytical solutions in the literature which describe the unsteady flat plate boundary layer development for equilibrium real-gas flows. Experimental results obtained for both air and nitrogen were found to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 17; May 1974
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  • 169
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    Diffused optical waveguides (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Diffused optical waveguides are studied using the modal and the ray tracing approach, with an emphasis on the case of a hollow waveguide with diffuse cladding. The properties of the guided modes are investigated in detail. The applications of these structures to optical circuits, integrated optics lasers and capillary gas lasers are discussed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: vol. 43; July 197
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  • 170
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    Ocean color spectrum calculations (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: There is obvious value in developing the means for measuring a number of subsurface oceanographic parameters using remotely sensed ocean color data. The first step in this effort should be the development of adequate theoretical models relating the desired oceanographic parameters to the upwelling radiances to be observed. A portion of a contributory theoretical model can be described by a modified single scattering approach based on a simple treatment of multiple scattering. The resulting quasisingle scattering model can be used to predict the upwelling distribution of spectral radiance emerging from the sea. The shape of the radiance spectrum predicted by this model for clear ocean water shows encouraging agreement with measurements made at the edge of the Sargasso Sea off Cape Hatteras.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Oct. 197
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  • 171
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    Plasma tail interpretations of pronounced detached plasma regions measured by Ogo 5 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the light ion thermal plasma distribution in the magnetosphere frequently show apparent isolated patches of enhanced plasma density in the trough region beyond the main plasmasphere. These patches of light ions viewed along a satellite orbit appear detached from the main plasmasphere. By using a simple time-dependent convection model to determine the length of time a magnetic flux tube has been closed and in daylight (a rough indicator of the expected equatorial plasma density variation), the most prominent 'detached' regions measured by the mass spectrometer on Ogo 5 in the noon-dusk quadrant are seen on a global scale to be readily interpreted as filamentary extensions of the plasmasphere, called plasma tails. Hence on a global scale the pronounced detached regions may be attached to the main plasmasphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 172
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    Finding the earth in ERTS (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Itek's Optical System Division recently completed an investigation funded by NASA to develop interpretation methods and algorithms suitable for recognition of earth resources by machines using multispectral data from ERTS. Through the algorithms developed (and described here) it is now possible to automatically recognize terrain types. The clustering algorithm guarantees high accuracy in the recognition process with almost complete automation. Interestingly, the machine recognition seems to be more accurate than a human photointerpreter who has been restricted to using only ERTS-1 color composites. That is, machine recognition appears to be more sensitive, it can operate much closer, to the resolution limit of the ERTS-1 imagery than the human photointerpreter.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Optical Spectra; 8; Aug. 197
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  • 173
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    Temporal variations in the dawn and dusk midlatitude trough and plasmapause position (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The temporal development of the latitudinal position of a 600-km midlatitude electron density trough at dawn and dusk during the period 25-27 May 1967, which encompassed a large magnetic storm, was measured by the RF capacitive probe on the polar orbiting Ariel 3 satellite. The substorm-related changes in the L coordinate of the trough minimum and the point of most rapid change of density gradient on the low latitude side of the trough are similar. Oscillations of the trough position at dusk are in phase with substorm activity whereas movement of the trough at dawn is only apparent with the onset of the large storm. Detailed model calculations of the plasmasphere dynamics assuming a spatially invariant equatorial convection E-field which varies in step with the K sub p index produces a plasmapause motion which parallels the observed trough behaviour.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 22; July 197
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  • 174
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    The Apollo Lunar Sounder radar system (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The objectives of the Apollo 17 Lunar Sounder Experiment (ALSE) were to detect subsurface geologic structures, to generate a continuous lunar profile, and to image the moon at radar wavelengths. A three-wavelength synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) operating at 60, 20, and 2 m wavelengths was designed to attain these objectives. The design choices reflected a balance of scientific requirements versus Apollo mission and hardware constraints. The radar data from the lunar mission were recorded on photographic film in a conventional SAR format, and were returned to earth for processing. A combination of optical and digital processing and exploitation techniques was applied to the scientific interpretation of the data. Some preliminary results from the lunar mission have been obtained.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE; vol. 62
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  • 175
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    Observation of a two-temperature ion energy distribution in regions of polar wind flow (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Study of deviations from thermal equilibrium among the ions in the ionosphere by considering that the 'light' ions H(+) and He(+) may be at a different temperature from the 'heavy' ion O(+). In particular, the case in which thermal protons are observed to be flowing relative to the assumed static ambient oxygen ions is considered. The proton flow is assumed to be along the direction of the magnetic field. Of the cases tested, it is found that the measured proton temperature is from one to ten times the measured oxygen ion temperature. Such temperature enhancements may be expected both because of the energy transfer associated with the ion flow and as a consequence of the preferential energy coupling from the light-ion distribution in the exosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; June 1
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  • 176
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    Microwave radiometer measurements of the Cape Cod Canal (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Microwave radiometer measurements were conducted from a railroad bridge which spans the Cape Cod Canal in Massachusetts. Data were collected as a function of viewing angle and polarization at frequencies of 1.4, 4.0, and 7.5 GHz. The results compare differences in the microwave emmissivity of a smooth vs rough water surface. Results are also given which show the effects of roughness on the bistatic scattering of sunlight.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 9; July 197
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  • 177
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    Some new aspects on the superrotation of the thermosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The motion of the thermosphere with a rotational velocity between 10 and 20 per cent in excess of the earth's rotational velocity has been deduced by King-Hele and his co-workers from the change of the inclination of satellite orbits. To date, no completely satisfactory explanation of the observations has been presented. In this paper, it is shown that in the thermosphere there exists a small diurnal mean driving force in the eastward direction. This force has not previously been considered in analyses of superrotation. A critical review of the observations and a theoretical analysis that takes account of both equinox and solstice conditions is presented. In the lower height region, where the great majority of observations were made, it is possible to achieve agreement between observations and a dynamical model. Additional observational data are needed in the isothermal region for a more complete analysis.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 178
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    Remote sensing and lake eutrophication (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An infrared photograph of part of Clear Lake, Cal., shows complex patterns of blue-green algal blooms which were not observed by conventional limnological techniques. Repeated observations of patterns such as these can be used to chart the surface movement of these buoyant algae and can also be used to help control algal scums in eutrophic lakes. Although it is believed that most of the observed patterns resulted from Aphanizomenon (a few were also observed which resulted from suspended sediment), spectral signatures of the algal patterns varied.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 250; July 19
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  • 179
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    Atmospheric radon and continental dust near the Antarctic and their correlation with air mass trajectories computed from Nimbus 5 satellite photographs (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 13; June 197
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  • 180
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    Mutual coupling in a finite planar array of circular apertures (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Equations are presented for the calculation of the interelement mutual coupling in a finite size planar array of wave-guide-fed apertures in an infinite flat conductor. The general mutual admittance expression is evaluated for circular apertures and the mutual coupling calculations are verified experimentally for two TE11 mode excited apertures. Qualitative agreement between calculations for a 183 element array and an infinite array establishes the validity of the finite array theoretical model.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-22; Mar. 197
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  • 181
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    Coordinated analysis of airborne spectrophotometric measurements from the mid-day auroras (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurements made in the midday auroras are analyzed and compared to measurements from the nighttime auroras. The auroral emission features in the UV spectrum, the N2(+)ING, the N22PG, and N2VK bands, are discussed. Spectral profiles of different bands are presented, and intensity distributions are obtained. Three mechanisms are suggested which can account for the marked differences between the intensity distributions of the N2(+)ING bands of the high altitude midday auroras and the low altitude nighttime auroras: (1) differences in vibrational, rotational, and transitional temperatures; (2) resonant scattering of solar radiation; and (3) excitation of slow ions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Mea. of Opt. and Midday Auroras; p 1-18
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  • 182
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    Use of Skylab data to assess and monitor change in the southern California environment; the California desert program - resource inventory and analysis (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of Calif. Based on Skylab and Supporting Aircraft Data; 4 p
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  • 183
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    Skylab data as an aid to resource management in northern California (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: An Integrated Study of Earth Resources in the State of the Calif. Based on Skylab and Supporting Aircraft Data; 3 p
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  • 184
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    Conservation equations of gasdynamics in curvilinear coordinate systems (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of a new method of writing the conservation equations of gasdynamics in curvilinear coordinates which eliminates undifferentiated terms. It is thus possible to readily apply difference schemes derived for Cartesian coordinates which conserve mass, momentum, and energy in the total flow field. The method is derived for orthogonal coordinates, and then extended to cover the most general class of coordinate transformations, using general tensor analysis. Several special features of the equations are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics; 14; Feb. 197
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  • 185
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    Some new results on electron transport in the atmosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The penetration, diffusion and slowing down of electrons in a semiinfinite air medium has been studied by the Monte Carlo method. The results are applicable in the atmosphere at altitudes up to 300 km. Most of the results pertain to monoenergetic electron beams, with energies between 2 keV and 2 MeV, injected into the atmosphere at a height of 300 km, either vertically downwards or with a pitch-angle distribution isotropic over the downward hemisphere. Some results were also obtained for various initial pitch angles between 0 and 90 deg. Information has been generated concerning the backscattering of electrons from the atmosphere, the altitude dependence of energy deposition by electrons and by secondary bremsstrahlung, and the evolution of electron flux spectra as function of the atmospheric depth.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 36; Apr. 197
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  • 186
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    Diurnal variations of HOx and NOx in the stratosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The diurnal variations of odd hydrogen (OH, HO2, H2O2) and odd nitrogen compounds (NO, NO2, HNO3) are investigated by using a one-dimensional time-dependent model containing both chemistry and eddy transport. These variations are discussed in terms of relevant processes.-
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Mar. 20
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  • 187
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    On the relationship between shock wave and magnetic bottle associated with the solar flare of 4 November 1968 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The shock wave and magnetic bottle that were associated with the solar flare of Nov. 4, 1968, are considered in terms of their relations. This event is shown to provide an opportunity for studying the formation and development in the magnetic phase of the flare of the shock wave and magnetic bottle and the subsequent release of both into outer space.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 22; Mar. 197
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  • 188
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    Widening ERTS applications (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In less than two years of operation ERTS-1 is shown to have successfully completed its experimental mission and to be delivering an ever-increasing roster of benefits. The widening ERTS applications reviewed include air quality and weather modification, aid to oil exploration, ore-deposit exploration, short-lived event observation, flood area assessment and flood-plain mapping, land and water quality assessment, soil association mapping, crop production measurements, wildlife resources, drought and desertification studies, ground-water exploration, watershed surveys, snow and ice monitoring, surface water mapping, and iceberg surveys. Future projects and developments are also briefly reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 12; May 1974
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  • 189
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    The Nimbus 4 infrared spectroscopy experiment. II - Comparison of observed and theoretical radiances from 425-1450 wavelengths/cm (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Nimbus 4 infrared interferometer spectrometer (IRIS) measured the thermal emission of the earth's atmosphere and surface from 400-1600 wavelengths/cm with an apodized spectral resolution of 2.8 wavelengths/cm. A comparison of theoretical radiances, computed from in situ measurements and using a direct integration slant path atmospheric transmittance model, with the observed IRIS radiances has been made to verify the radiometric and spectral performance of the instrument and to assess the accuracy of the atmospheric transmittances. The radiance comparison has indicated a relatively constant difference of less than 5% in the water vapor continuum in the 425 to 550 wavelengths/cm and 750 to 1200 wavelengths/cm atmospheric 'window' regions, whereas in the 667 wavelengths/cm CO2 band the difference was 5-10%.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Feb. 20
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  • 190
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    Comments on Crocco's solution and the independence principle for compressible turbulent boundary layers (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The purpose of the present note is to show that on a flat plate where both the wall temperature and mean wall pressure are constant, neither of the limitations of parallel flow or of unity for the turbulent Prandtl number are required in order for the Crocco solution to apply to the turbulent boundary-layer flow. It is shown herein that this result is subject to restrictions on the magnitude of pressure fluctuations. The same analysis is generalized to show that the compressible turbulent boundary layer on an isothermal swept flat plate is independent of the spanwise flow if the molecular Prandtl number is unity.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 12; Feb. 197
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  • 191
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    Remote sensing of soil moisture with microwave radiometers (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Microwave radiometry has been used for the remote sensing of soil moisture in a series of aircraft flights over an agricultural test area in the vicinity of Phoenix, Arizona. The radiometers covered the wavelength range 0.8-21 cm. Ground truth in the form of gravimetric measurements of the soil moisture in the top 15 cm were obtained for 200 fields at this site. The results indicate that it is possible to monitor moisture variations with airborne radiometers. The emission is a function of the radiometer wavelength and the distribution of the moisture in the soil. At a wavelength of 1.55 cm there is little or no variation in the emission for soil moisture values below 10 or 15% moisture content by weight. Above this value, there is a linear decrease in the emission with a slope of approximately 3 K for each percentage point increase in soil moisture.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Jan. 10
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  • 192
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    Observations of enhanced ion line frequency spectrum during Arecibo ionospheric modification experiment (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-22
    Description: The Arecibo 430 MHz incoherent scatter radar (ISR) was used to monitor the effects of modifying the ionosphere by a high power HF transmitter feeding the 305 m reflector antenna. When in the ordinary magnetoionic mode parametric instabilities develop in the ionosphere near the reflection level. Manifestations of these instabilities are the strong enhancement of Langmuir oscillations in the direction of the ISR beam at a wavelength of 35 cm and the simultaneous much weaker enhancement of ion oscillations in that direction. The spectral analysis of the enhanced peak with a height resolution of 2.4 km shows that the ionic mode enhancement most often has a double humped frequency spectrum corresponding to up- and down-going ion acoustic waves. The shape of the frequency spectrum is interpreted in terms of a stable oscillation which is driven by a secondary electrostatic field caused by nonlinear interaction of Langmuir waves within a cone centered on the magnetic field and by the scattering of the pump field on stable Langmuir waves travelling along the direction of the ISR.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AGARD Nonlinear Effects in Electromagnetic Wave Propagation; 13 p
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  • 193
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    Canadian ERTS program progress report (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Progress of the Canadian ERTS program is provided along with statistics on the production and role of ERTS images both from the CCRS in Ottawa and from the Prince Albert Saskatchewan satellite station. The types of products, difficulties of production and some of the main applications in Canada are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. A; p 13-19
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  • 194
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    ERTS-1 system performance overview (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The ERTS-1 spacecraft had a life of one year as a design goal. At the end of one year, the spacecraft was still providing about 130 scenes per day in multispectral images having resolution and radiometric accuracy better than prelaunch predictions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. A; p 1-12
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  • 195
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    Applications of PTTI to new techniques for determining crustal movements, polar motion, and the rotation of the earth (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: New extra-terrestrial techniques are discussed for geodesy and geodynamics include laser range measurements to the moon or to artificial satellites, Doppler measurements with the Transit satellite system, and both independent-clock and linked-antenna microwave interferometry. The ways in which PTTI measurements are used in these techniques will be reviewed, and the accuracies expected during the latter half of the 1970's will be discussed. At least 3 of the techniques appear capable of giving accuracies of 5 cm or better in each coordinate for many points on the earth's surface, and comparable accuracies for the earth's rotation and polar motion. For fixed stations or for sites a few hundred km apart, baseline lengths accurate to 1 cm may be achieved. Ways in which the complementary aspects of the different techniques can be exploited will be discussed, as well as how they tie in with improved ground techniques for determining crustal movements. Some recent results from the extra-terrestrial methods will be mentioned.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Sixth Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Planning Meeting; p 39-57
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  • 196
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    Magnetotail variations near 60 R(E) associated with geomagnetic activity along the auroral zone (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in The Space Sci., Vol. 1, No. 2; 39 p
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  • 197
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    Studies of liquid floating zones on SL-IV, the third Skylab mission (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The behavior of liquid floating zones in a zero-gravity environment was studied by Dr. E. Gibson on SL-4. These experiments were designed from the results of previous work on floating zones in a simulated zero-gravity model. Molten floating zones are used on earth for the crystal growth and zone refining of reactive materials. The Skylab studies give some insight into the problems associated with the development of the technique for the future space processing of materials. Preliminary results are presented on the stability of the liquid zone surface under static, rotational and vibrational conditions without gravitational constraints.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc. of the 3d Space Processing Symp. on Skylab Results, Vol. 2; p 837-856
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  • 198
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    Fluid motions in a low-G environment (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The importance of natural convection and other fluid motions in low-g space processing is now well recognized. Recent space experiments in the areas of natural convection and material processing, as well as results of theoretical studies, have yielded much needed information on fluid behavior in low-g environments. The state of knowledge of fluid motions in low-g environments is reviewed and the dimensional analysis approach used to assess the relative importances of various driving forces for fluid flow in four of the Skylab material processing experiments outlined. Results of dimensional analyses for the Skylab experiments, subsequently confirmed by actual space data, are presented. Finally, the limits of dimensional analysis in assessment studies are indicated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc. of the 3d Space Processing Symp. on Skylab Results, Vol. 2; p 691-727
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  • 199
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    On the source of flare-ejecta responsible for geomagnetic storms (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is shown that magnetic bottles as the sources of moving metric type 4 bursts are not responsible for the development of geomagnetic storms, despite the fact that shock waves producing type 2 bursts are the sources of the interplanetary shock waves, which produce SSC's on the geomagnetic field. These magnetic bottles, in general, tend to move in the solar envelope with the speed of several hundred Km/sec at most, which is much slower than that of the motion of type 2 radio sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70567 , X-693-74-1
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  • 200
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    Simulation study of communication link for Pioneer Saturn/Uranus atmospheric entry probe (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A digital simulation is presented for a candidate modem in a modeled atmospheric scintillation environment with Doppler, Doppler rate, and signal attenuation typical of the radio link conditions for an outer planets atmospheric entry probe. The results indicate that the signal acquisition characteristics and the channel error rate are acceptable for the system requirements of the radio link. The simulation also outputs data for calculating other error statistics and a quantized symbol stream from which error correction decoding can be analyzed.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS
    Type: NASA-CR-114739
    Format: application/pdf
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