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  • Ultrastructure  (410)
  • Drosophila melanogaster  (67)
  • Springer  (477)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1975-1979  (477)
  • 1940-1944
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  • Springer  (477)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 185 (1979), S. 333-346 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Limb bud ; Ultrastructure ; Cell death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural changes in the wing bud afterapical ectodermal ridge (A.E.R.) removal was studied to re-examine the issue of distal mesenchymal cell death. The A.E.R. of the right wing bud was removed microsurgically from chick embryos of stages 18 to 22 (HH 1951). The wing buds were examined at three hour intervals up to twelve hours after the operation with light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The main findings were: (1) Immediate and temporary shrinkage of the mesenchymal extracellular space 100 to 150 μm and chromatin condensation in the cells 50 to 75 μm from the wound. (2) Death of ectodermal and mesenchymal cells in the immediate vicinity of the wound. (3) Formation of a single squamous-like layer of mesenchymal cells to cover the wound. (4) Occasional evidence of cell death in the distal mesenchyme at later times after the operation. The pattern of cell death observed suggests only a traumatic etiology, and gives little evidence for the postulated developmental significance of cell death following A.E.R. removal.
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  • 2
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    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 151-165 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Embryogenesis ; Two-dimensional gels ; Protein synthesis ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Protein synthesis in egg follicles and blastoderm embryos ofDrosophila melanogaster has been studied by means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Up to 400 polypeptide spots have been resolved on autoradiographs. Stage 10 follicles (for stages see King, 1970) were labelled in vitro for 10 to 60 min with35S-methionine and cut with tungsten needles into an anterior fragment containing the nurse cells and a posterior fragment containing the oocyte and follicle cells. The nurse cells were found to synthesize a complex pattern of proteins. At least two proteins were detected only in nurse cells but not in the oocyte even after a one hour labelling period. Nurse cells isolated from stages 9, 10 and 12 follicles were shown to synthesize stage specific patterns of proteins. Several proteins are synthesized in posterior fragments of stage 10 follicles but not in anterior fragments. These proteins are only found in follicle cells. No oocyte specific proteins have been detected. Striking differences between the protein patterns of anterior and posterior fragments persist until the nurse cells degenerate. In mature stage 14 follicles, labelled in vivo, no significant differences in the protein patterns of isolated anterior and posterior fragments could be detected; this may be due to technical limitations. At the blastoderm stage localized synthesis of specific proteins becomes detectable again. When blastoderm embryos, labelled in vivo, are cut with tungsten needles and the cells are isolated from anterior and posterior halves, differences become apparent. The pole cells located at the posterior pole are highly active in protein synthesis and contribute several specific proteins which are found exclusively in the posterior region of the embryo. In this study synthesis of specific proteins could only be demonstrated at those developmental stages which are characterized by the presence of different cell types within the egg chamber, while no differences were detected when stage 14 follicles were cut and anterior and posterior fragments analyzed separately. The differences in the pattern of protein synthesis by pole cells and blastoderm cells indicate that even the earliest stages of determination are reflected by marked changes at the biochemical level.
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  • 3
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    Development genes and evolution 187 (1979), S. 167-177 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pyrimidine biosynthesis ; rudimentary mutants ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The X-linkedrudimentary (r) mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster are pyrimidine auxotrophs and require exogenous pyrimidines (Nørby, 1970; Falk, 1976). We have established a set ofrudimentary cell lines that are derived from embryos, homozygous for eitherr 1 orr 36. The enzymatic activities of the pyrimidine synthesizing enzymes were measured in the mutant lines. We have further investigated the nutritional requirements of the mutant cells in vitro by using a pyrimidine free culture medium. Ther 1 cell lines were found to express 3–7%dihydroorotase (DHOase) activity as compared to a wildtype cell line. Reducedaspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) activity was measured in somer 1 cell lines whereas wildtypecarbamylphosphate synthetase (CPSase) activity is expressed in allr 1 cell lines. Ther 36 cell line expresses wildtype activity ofDHOase andCPSase. ATCase activity was found to be reduced to 10% of the wildtype activity. The mutant cell lines do not proliferate in pyrimidine free minimal medium and cell proliferation is obtained by the addition of crude RNA. Proliferation of ther 1 cells is restored by the supplementation of the minimal medium withdihydroorotate whereas proliferation of ther 36 cells is restored by supplementation with eitherdihydroorotate orcarbamylaspartate. The results demonstrate that therudimentary phenotypesr 1 andr 36 are expressed at the cellular level and that the two mutant cell types behave as cellular pyrimidine auxotrophs in vitro.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone resorption ; Osteogenesis ; Fish bone ; Osteocytes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The comparative ultrastructure of fish bone osteogenesis and resorption induced by scale removal was described in the osteocytic (cellular-boned)Carassius auratus and the anosteocytic (acellular-boned)Tilapia macrocephala. Osteocytes, present in osteocytic bone, were lacking in anosteocytic bone. In osteocytic bone the osteoblast secreted a collagenous preosseous matrix in which it became enmeshed and then was termed a preosteocyte. When the preosseous matrix mineralized, the preosteocyte was termed an osteocyte and was completely surrounded by bone. In anosteocytic bone the osteoblasts receded from the mineralizing front and never became trapped as osteocytes. During resorption, types A and B resorptive cells, present in both bone types, invaded the matrix and demineralized the osseous zone. These cells were characterized by large amounts of granular endoplasmic reticulum and intracellular inclusions containing crystal-like material. Although functionally similar to mammalian osteoclasts, these cells lacked a characteristic ruffled border and were not multinucleated. The osteocytes of cellular bone did not appear to be involved during demineralization.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanogenium cariaci ; Methanogenium marisnigri ; Marine methanogenic bacteria ; Ultrastructure ; TaxonomyMethanogenium gen. nov.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new genus of marine methanogenic bacteria and two species within this genus are described.Methanogenium is the proposed genus andMethanogenium cariaci the type species. Cells of the type species are Gram-negative, peritrichously flagellated, irregular cocci with a periodic wall surface pattern. Colonies formed by these bacteria are yellow, circular and umbonate with entire edges. The DNA base composition is 52 mol% guanine plus cytosine. Formate or hydrogen and carbon dioxide serve as substrates for growth. Cells ofMethanogenium marisnigri are of similar shape but smaller diameter thanM. cariaci. The colonies ofM. marisnigri are convex, and the DNA base composition is 61 mol % G+C. Formate or hydrogen and carbon dioxide are growth substrates. Sodium chloride is required for growth of both methanogens.
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  • 6
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    Archives of microbiology 122 (1979), S. 17-27 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Gliding bacteria ; CO2-requiring ; Periodontal disease ; Gram-negative ; Ultrastructure ; Capnocytophaga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gram-negative, anaerobic gliding bacteria were isolated from normal supragingival plaque and from periodontal lesions. Isolates could be divided into two size classes: small 2.4–4.2 μm×0.38–0.5 μm and large 4.8–5.8 μm×0.42–0.6 μm cells. The outer membrane was either loose-fitting and wavy, or taut, and of variable thickness. An electron-dense fuzz was discernible on several of the isolates. The periplasmic region was of variable electron-density. The genus Capnocytophaga has been proposed for these organisms based on morphological and cultural characteristics.
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  • 7
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    Archives of microbiology 121 (1979), S. 53-59 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces ; Kluyveromyces ; Ultrastructure ; Ascospore wall ; Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three types of structure of the ascospore wall were found among the haploid Saccharomyces species examined: a warty wall (S. rouxii), a smooth wall with a single electron-light inner layer (S. bailii) and a smooth wall with a double light inner layer (S. montanus, S. florentinus). The latter type also occurred in Kluyveromyces thermotolerans and K. waltii. In K. fragilis spores the wall had a single light inner layer. The taxonomic implications of these findings were discussed.
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  • 8
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    Development genes and evolution 186 (1979), S. 65-70 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Sea urchin ; Embryo ; Collagen ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Collagen fibrils with a main period banding of 610 Å and 220 Å in width were observed in the blastocoel of 72-h embryos of the sea urchin,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Non-striated fibrils of 50 Å diameter were also observed. The collagen is seen in highest concentration in the vicinity of mesenchyme cells which are richly endowed with endoplasmic reticulum and secretory vesicles. A role for collagen in cell attachment, orientation and spicule formation is discussed.
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  • 9
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 55 (1979), S. 231-238 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Scute locus ; Maps ; Operon-like model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The functional expression of 12 scute alleles in homozygotes and compounds of Drosophila melanogaster at 14°, 22°, 30°C is analysed. Based on the data obtained, linear maps for bristles and mutations are built. The basic features of the maps, clustering and polarity, are invariable with respect to temperature, scute gene dosage and cross direction. In addition local dominance of the norm over bristle reduction was produced by the scute mutation; different types of complementation reactions were established for each bristle. The gene scute is treated as an operon-like system, composed of 3–4 cistrons with each controlling the formation of bristles on a particular region of the fly's body. This model argues well with the structure of maps constructed and implies a post-translational level of initial events of bristle-formation process.
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  • 10
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    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; esterase 6 ; allozymes ; biochemical properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Biochemical properties of esterase 6 in Drosophila melanogaster were investigated using partially purified preparations from three genotypes, 1/1, 1/2, and 2/2. The molecular weight of the enzyme is estimated to be about 90,000, and treatment with sodium dodecylsulfate cleaves the enzyme into four units with a molecular weight of about 22,000. The activity toward 28 naturally occurring esters was assayed and shown to vary considerably with substrate, the 1/1 preparation having in general higher activity than 1/2 and 2/2, which were very similar. Heat sensitivity, the effect of metal ions, and the effects of the presence or absence of an end product were also studied. The differences demonstrated between allozymes would allow considerable scope, under appropriate conditions, for differential selection to operate between genotypes.
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  • 11
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    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 97-104 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; form II RNA polymerase initiation sites ; chromomeres
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The in vitro incorporation of γ-32P-labeled nucleoside triphosphates into RNA by Drosophila melanogaster form II RNA polymerase from template sites which afford protection from the initiation inhibitor, polyriboinosinic acid (poly [I]), is used as a method for enumerating a specific class of transcription initiation sites on D. melanogaster DNA. Such sites number about 4000 per haploid genome for D. melanogaster. This value is in good agreement with the number of functional genetic units in the D. melanogaster genome as determined by classical cytogenetics.
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  • 12
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    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 149-158 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: xanthommatin synthesis ; scarlet mutants ; Drosophila melanogaster ; temperature-sensitive mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Six new EMS-induced scarlet mutants were selected. Four of these were partially pigmented, with xanthommatin levels ranging from 12% to 45% of normal. In one (st 754ts), pigment production was temperature sensitive; the level of xanthommatin changed from less than 10% of normal at 29 C to more than 70% at 18 C. In all of the new mutants tested, the level of early pupal 3-hydroxykynurenine was as low as low as that in st 1. Thus reduced larval accumulation of this metabolite also appears to be a characteristic feature of scarlet mutants. Temperature-pulse and temperature-shift experiments were carried out with st 754ts to determine the temperature-sensitive period for the scarlet gene during development. The major sensitive period commenced prior to the onset of pigmentation and was over before adult emergence. Thus the initiation of xanthommatin synthesis is not brought about by the activation of the scarlet gene. In similar experiments carried out with a temperature-sensitive white mutant (w bl), a similar temperature-sensitive period was obtained.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: sepiapterin synthase ; variegation ; purple ; Drosophila melanogaster ; pteridine eye pigments ; drosopterin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A variegated position effect on the autonomous gene, purple, has been studied enzymologically in Drosophila melanogaster. Sepiapterin synthase, the enzyme system associated with pr +, was examined for activity in different developmental stages of the fly. The results indicate that T(Y:2) pr c5, cn/prc4 cn flies (flies in which pr + has been translocated and which exhibit variegation) have a reduced amount of enzyme activity as compared with both Oregon-R and pr 1 flies. This reduction in activity was not found in larval stages, which suggests that the inactivation process probably occurs in late larval or early pupal stages. The phenotype of the variegated adult has white eyes with red-colored spots and patches where drosopterins occur. The phenotype of the fly carrying the translocation is modified by the presence of additional Y chromosomes. This extends the observation from other systems that extra heterochromatin acts to suppress the variegated position effect. The advantages of studying the variegation by measuring enzyme activity, as well as the phenotypic expression, are several; for example, the developmental time at which variegation occurs may be estimated even though drosopterin synthesis is not occurring.
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  • 14
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    Biochemical genetics 17 (1979), S. 1131-1144 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; enzyme polymorphism ; G6PD ; 6PGD ; enzyme activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The electrophoretic variants of G6PD and 6PGD isolated from the Bogota Drosophila melanogaster population were characterized developmentally and biochemically. Changes in in vitro enzyme activity during development were comparable to those found for other dehydrogenases: an increase in the larval and adult stage and a decrease in the pupal stage. During the whole life cycle the “S” enzyme of both loci showed a higher activity than the “F” enzyme. MgCl2 had a stimulating effect on the activity of both enzymes whereas their heat stability was decreased. The allozymes of 6PGD had different Vmax's but were comparable with respect to Km values, pH optimum, and stability at 45 C. the allozymes of G6PD showed different Vmax's and differed in stability at 35 C, but had similar Km values and pH optima. As the difference in stability was probably due to differences in molecular structure of the allozymes, the differences in activity found at high pH and high MgCl2 concentration were most probably due to this difference in stability.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; biopterin synthesis ; oxidation of dihydropterins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An enzyme which has been named “biopterin synthase” has been discovered in Drosophila melanogaster. This enzyme, which has been purified 200-fold from extracts of Drosophila, catalyzes the conversion of sepiapterin to dihydrobiopterin, or oxidized sepiapterin to biopterin. The K m values for the two substrates are 63 µm for sepiapterin and 10 µm for oxidized sepiapterin. NADPH is required in this enzymatic reaction. An analysis of enzyme activity during development in Drosophila indicates a correlation between enzyme activity and biopterin content at various development stages. Another enzyme, called “dihydropterin oxidase,” was also discovered and partially purified. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of dihydropterin compounds to the corresponding pterin compounds. For example, sepiapterin (a dihydropterin) is oxidized to oxidized sepiapterin in the presence of this enzyme. The only dihydropterin that has been tested that is not a substrate for this enzyme is dihydroneopterin triphosphate, the compound thought to be a precursor for all naturally occurring pterins and dihydropterins. Since the action of dihydropterin oxidase is reduced significantly when the concentration of oxygen is very low, it is likely that this enzyme uses molecular oxygen as the oxidizing agent during the oxidation of dihydropterins. Neither NAD+ or NADP+ is required. In the presence of the two enzymes dihydropterin oxidase and biopterin synthase, sepiapterin is converted to biopterin. However, in the presence of biopterin synthase alone, sepiapterin is converted to dihydrobiopterin.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; phosphoglucomutase ; polymorphism ; enzyme kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) of adult stage in Drosophila melanogaster has been characterized by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, and isoelectric focusing. The two common electrophoretic variants, PGMA and PGMB, differ with respect to their kinetic and stability parameters. PGMA is more thermostable than PGMB but shows the same pH optimum, equal dependence on Mg2+, and identical molecular weight. There is no significant kinetic difference between the two allozymes at the optimum pH value, but at pH 6.0 the K m value for glucose-1,6-diphosphate of PGMB is significantly higher than that of PGMA. This difference might explain the observed selective advantage of the Pgm A allele in population studies.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Malpighian tubules ; purine transport ; eye color mutants ; riboflavin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Uptakes of guanine into Malpighian tubules of wild-type Drosophila and the eye color mutants white (w), brown (bw), and pink-peach (p p) have been compared. Tubules for each of these mutants are unable to concentrate guanine intracellularly. The transport of xanthine and riboflavin is also deficient in w tubules. The transport of guanosine, adenine, hypoxanthine, and guanosine monophosphate is similar in wild-type and white Malpighian tubules. These data and other information about these mutants make it likely that these pteridine-deficient eye color mutants do not produce pigments because of the inability to transport a pteridine precursor. This view supports the hypothesis that mutants which lack both pteridine and ommochromes do so because precursors to both classes of pigments share a common transport system.
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  • 18
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    Behavior genetics 9 (1979), S. 425-429 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: random mating ; Drosophila pseudoobscura ; pheromones ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Inbreeding, up to 12 generations of single-pair matings, did not cause significant deviation from random mating among two sets of strains inDrosophila pseudoobscura. This contrasts with reports that inbreedingD. melanogaster induces negative assortative mating among lines.
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  • 19
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    Behavior genetics 9 (1979), S. 543-553 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; divergent selection ; locomotor activity ; heritability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Selection for high and low locomotor activity has been applied in two base populations ofDrosophila melanogaster of distinct geographical origin. From each base population a high and a low line were selected, in which anesthesia was performed with ether. In addition, from one of the base populations a high line and a low line were selected under CO2 narcosis. Locomotor activity was measured in an apparatus consisting of rows of 20 tubes in a line. Heritabilitities in the base populations determined in progeny tests were approximately 10%. Divergent directional selection was successful with realized heritabilities of similar value.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; locomotor activity ; mating preference ; sexual isolation ; fertility ; selected lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Tests for reproductive isolation between lines selected for locomotor activity were performed. Three sets of selection lines were used, each consisting of lines selected for low and high locomotor activity from the same base population. Females preferred high-activity males in almost every case. However, in one of the sets temporary sexual isolation was found between flies of the high and low lines. This was accompanied in the low-activity females with a higher fertility when they were mated with their own males. After further selection the partial isolation disappeared.
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  • 21
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    Behavior genetics 9 (1979), S. 563-570 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; locomotor activity ; genetic analysis ; X chromosome ; selected lines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Divergent directional selection produced three pairs of lines each consisting of a line with high and a line with low locomotor activity. Reciprocal crosses between the high and low lines of one of these pairs showed that a considerable part of the activity differences was contributed by differences between the X chromosomes. This was confirmed by a substitution of the three large chromosomes, between the low and the high lines. The two large autosomal chromosomes had only minor effects. Interactions between chromosomes were sometimes significant. Low-activity alleles tended to be dominant over alleles for high activity.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Amoeba proteus ; Anaerobiosis ; Metabolic inhibitors ; Mitochondria ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Anaerobiosis or exposure to the metabolic inhibitors potassium cyanide and Antimycin A produced changes in the form of living amoebae. These were accompanied by mitochondrial changes in fixed cells. Increasing the anaerobic period increased the percentage of mitochondria affected and resulted in a gradual reduction and eventual loss of the condensed Type I mitochondria ofAmoeba proteus. The rounder Type II mitochondria were not lost but underwent varying degrees of disruption, vesiculation of the cristae being evident after 5 hours exposures and matrical inclusions after 18 hours exposures. Similar cristal vesiculation was seen after 30 minutes treatments with potassium cyanide. Providing treatments were terminated before cell viability was lost, all mitochondrial abnormalities were reversible on return to normal culturing conditions. The longer the period of anaerobiosis the longer was the recovery time required for the return of normal mitochondrial structure and the re-equilibration of control Type I to Type II mitochondrial frequencies. The relationship between mitochondrial conformation and functional integrity is discussed in the light of these findings.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 145-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Secretory granules ; Endosalpinx ; Sheep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of granules in the secretory cells of the endosalpinx of 20 Merino ewes was examined on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 post coitum. Based on the different frequency of granules of different size and structure on days one to four post coitum, one can assume that the ovoid, membrane bounded secretory granules mature in five successive stages. In stage I small, electron-lucent vesicles with a finely granulated and filamentous content become apparent, initially in the neighbourhood of the Golgi complex. In stage II the granules become larger and progressively more eletron-dense by an increase of the granulated material. In stage III, the primarily granulated content forms membranes, that lie in characteristic stacks at different angles to one another, separated by electron-dense areas. This structure fragments when the granule comes to lie beneath the surface of the cell (stage IV) and opens into the lumen of the oviduct, where its content is discharged in membrane fragments or vesicles (stage V). This discharge is mainly observed shortly before the egg is transported into the uterus.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 305-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cockroach ; Muscle heterogeneity ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies have been performed upon the posterior coxal depressor muscle (136) and a coxal branch of the main depressor group (135d′) from the mesocoxa of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The quantitative stereometric analyses performed have shown the latter muscle to consist of a dorsal band of fibers having 25.5% mitochondria and 13.6% sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and T-tubules (TTS), and a ventral group of fibers with only 4.4% mitochondria and 26.6% SR/TTS. The volume fractions characteristic of the ventral fibers of muscle 135 d′ are also typical of muscle 136.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 369-376 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Filaments ; Golden hamster ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A unique cytoplasmic structure has been observed in Leydig cells of the golden hamster. It consists of a laminar core made up of electron dense material surrounded by a filamentous matrix of lower density, and is tentatively called a dense-cored filamentous body (DCFB). DCFBs vary in overall size and in configuration of the centrally disposed dense lamina. They are typically located in the vicinity of the centrosome and the Golgi complex. The body has no limiting membrane, and may be in contact with virtually every type of organelle. The DCFB is well developed in active Leydig cells, whereas it is small in the quiescent stage of the secretory cell. It is likely that the DCFB is a constant organelle in the hamster Leydig cell and may be involved in the physiological function of the Leydig cell, which remains to be specified.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 133-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Yolk formation ; Nurse cells ; Ultrastructure ; Diplura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The egg chamber of Campodea consists of a group of nurse cells and an oocyte, and is surrounded by a simple, markedly flattened follicular epithelium. Three types of yolk occur in the oocytes: type I appears within elements of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; type II is produced by specific complexes of endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes; type III is incorporated by micropinocytosis. Histochemical tests show that mature yolk spheres contain proteins and polysaccharides. The main function of the nurse cells is to synthesize RNA, but they also produce small amounts of type I yolk. Phylogenetic conclusions are drawn from this and other studies of oogenesis in apterygote insects.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 145-153 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Yolk formation ; Ultrastructure ; Symphyla
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The paired ovaries of Symphyla are sac-shaped. Their interior is filled with synchronously developing oocytes surrounded by a simple follicular epithelium. Previtellogenic oocytes have spherical or oval nuclei, the latter containing a large number of small nucleoli. Part of the nuclear surface is covered by a thick “coat” made up of a granular substance of medium electron density. The “coat” is penetrated by cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Micropinocytosis is the principal source of yolk in Symphyla; a small amount of yolk material arises within the mitochondrial cristae. Vitellogenic oocytes are characterized by a highly active rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizing a material, probably lipoprotein in nature, which is incorporated into lipid droplets.
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 203-212 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mineralization processes ; Scales ; Teleost fish ; Matrix vesicles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In Teleost fish scales, growth and mineralization are continuous. Different mineralization processes can be distinguished. The external layer of the scale is the first to be mineralized and may be classified as the initial calcifying structure of the scale. The initial calcification loci are matrix vesicles of cellular origin always observed during the formation of this layer. This mineralization process takes place progressively, closely following the elaboration of the organic matrix in the scale periphery. The outer limiting and internal layers of the scale are developed after the external layer has been formed. A mineral substance is deposited without the mediation of matrix vesicles, but in contact with the previously mineralized external layer. This type of mineralization is called subsequential. However, the mineralization of the outer limiting layer closely follows the secretion of a collagen-free organic matrix and is thus different from the mineralization of the internal layer in which the calcification front remains remote from the collagen matrix surface and corresponds to a delayed mineralization process. The isolated calcifications (Mandl's corpuscles) which develop in the unmineralized laminae of the internal layer are mineralized in the absence of matrix vesicles and without making contact with a pre-existing calcified tissue, probably by a heterogeneous nucleation of the collagen fibrils.
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 479-491 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Ultrastructure ; Posterior tela choroidea ; Rhombencephalon ; Rana catesbeiana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The posterior rhombencephalic tela choroidea of the bullfrog was examined by electron microscopy. This membrane, the pia-ependymal roof of the caudal hindbrain, contains a large central region characterized by cuboidal ependymal cells which surround sizable microscopic apertures — the interependymal pores. Ultrastructurally ependymal cells of this area are characterized by infrequent apical microvilli and cilia. They contain irregularly shaped nuclei and few cytoplasmic organelles that are largely apical in position. The most striking feature is an abundance of cytoplasmic filaments forming an extensive cytoskeleton. Laterally these cells are joined by numerous elaborate desmosomes. The majority of the ependymal cells have a basal lamina consisting of single, double, or triple laminae lying parallel to the basal plasma membrane. Several unusual specializations are seen at the margins of the interependymal pores. The ependymal cells have lateral cytoplasmic processes that form the actual border of each pore. These processes originate from the apical surface of the cell and partially enclose an elaborate network of basal lamina associated with the interependymal pores. These findings demonstrate microscopic apertures in the roof of the fourth ventricle in the bullfrog that are associated with an unusual form of supportive ependyma.
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 393-401 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Guinea pig ; Hypothalamus ; Differentiation ; Organ culture ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of neurophysin-oxytocin and neurophysinvasopressin containing neurons of the guinea pig was studied in vitro. Supraoptic (SO) and paraventricular (PV) nuclei were explanted from guinea pig foetuses at the 40th day of gestation and cultured in Maximov slides for nearly fifty days. The cultures were observed daily under a phase-contrast microscope. Explants were fixed every five days for observation with the electron microscope. At the time of explantation, magnocellular neurons were still immature. They acquired the morphologic characteristics of mature neurons, with axosomatic synapses, after about 10 days in vitro. After 15–20 days in vitro, they contained in addition neurosecretory granules (NSG), first in the Golgi region, then also dispersed in the cytoplasm. In the oldest culture (45–50 days), signs of granulolysis were regularly found. It appears that magnocellular neurosecretory neurons are able to differentiate in vitro from a primitive state in the absence of specific stimulation.
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohemal organ ; Neurosecretion ; Moulting gland ; Ultrastructure ; Crustaceans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez Sphaeroma serratum, la mue de puberté est suivie d'une dégénérescence de l'organe Y (glands de mue). Le plexus nerveux céphalique latéral, organe neurohémal accolé à cette glande a été l'objet de la présente étude ultrastructurale. Cet organe représente un centre de stockage de neurosécrétions qui proviennent d'une part, de deux cellules autochtones (cellules plexales) situées au sein même de ce plexus, d'autre part, de cellules neurosécrétrices situées dans le “ganglion mandibulaire” (cellules de type A). Chez les individus pubères, les cellules plexales et les cellules A du ganglion sous-oesophagien synthétisent des granules de neurosécrétion dont la taille est respectivement 1550±50Å et 1570±40Å. Il a été reconnu au sein du plexus 5 catégories de terminaisons dont les granules proviendraient pour deux d'entre elles des cellules plexales et des cellules A du “ganglion mandibulaire”. Chez les animaux pubères on observe un arrêt de la synthèse des granules de neurosécrétion au sein des cellules plexales et des cellules A du “ganglion mandibulaire”. Simultanément on enregistre dans le plexus la raréfaction puis la disparition des divers types de granules. Ce processus atteint en premier les terminaisons correspondant aux cellules plexales et aux cellules A du “ganglion mandibulaire”. La dégénérescence de la glande de mue chez les mâles pourrait être en relation avec l'arrêt de synthèse de ces cellules.
    Notes: Summary The present ultrastructural study deals with the lateral cephalic nerve plexus of Sphaeroma serratum, a neurohemal organ joined to the Y organ (ecdysial gland). This plexus acts as a storage centre for neurosecretory products from two sources: the two autochtonous cells (plexus cells) within the plexus itself, and the neurosecretory cells in various parts of the central nervous system, particulary the “mandibular ganglion” (A-cells). In prepuberal animals, plexus cells and subesophageal A-cells produce neurosecretory granules of two types measuring 1550±50Å and 1570±40Å respectively. Five categories of axon terminals were distinguished in the plexus. The granules found in two of these terminal types are believed to come from the plexus cells and from the “mandibular ganglion” A-cells. Cessation of production of neurosecretory granules in these A cells and plexus cells was observed in puberal animals, in the plexus with concomitant depletion and disappearance of different granule categories. The first axon terminals affected by this process are the two categories containing granules originating in the plexus and “mandibular ganglion” A-cells. Degeneration of the ecdysial gland in male Sphaeroma serratum might be connected with the cessation of granule formation in these two types of cell.
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 427-442 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aphids ; Sensilla ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopical study was made of the coeloconic and placoid sensilla on the antennae of the aphids Aphis pomi, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Nasonovia ribis-nigri, and Pemphigus bursarius. Scanning electron microscopy revealed some variation in morphology which may be functionally important but is more likely to reflect the evolution of these species. The placoid sensilla were shown by transmission electron microscopy to have the same basic structural pattern. Each group of two or three neurons is surrounded by two ensheathing cells. The ciliary regions of the dendrites pass through a vacuole into a cavity between an outer and an inner cuticle where they may be connected to the dendritic branches although such connections were not seen. Small pores (8 nm diameter) partially penetrate the cuticle implying that these sensilla have an olfactory function. They are suggested to be important in host selection by alate aphids. The coeloconic sensilla are poreless pegs with nonsensory cuticular projections at their tips. The distal portions of their dendrites contain densely packed microtubules and the cellular arrangement of the sensilla is similar to that of the placoid sensilla. It is suggested that they may function as thermoreceptors.
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 503-506 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle ; Disuse atrophy ; Insects ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The changes which occur in the ultrastructure of the mesothoracic retractor unguis muscle of the cockroach Periplaneta americana as a result of disuse are described. Breakdown of myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria are all marked, this degeneration only being apparent 9 weeks after the operation.
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 499-502 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Special vesicles ; Membrane transport ; Gastropoda ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adventitial cells surrounding the spermatheca of the reproductive system of Sonorella santaritana (Mollusca: Gastropoda) appear to have an unusual system of vesicles. Electron micrographs of the membranes forming these vesicles show that they have multiple openings to the cell's exterior and that each opening has a “pore complex”. In addition, secondary vesicles appear to be generated by the primary vesicles. Evidence is presented suggesting that these vesicles represent a previously unreported membrane transport system.
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    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 95-109 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Gerbil ; Pinealocytes ; Morphometric analysis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of morphometric analytical procedures, a diurnal rhythm in the cellular volume of gerbil pinealocytes was determined. This rhythm has been attributed primarily to a change in the cytoplasmic volume of the pinealocytes which is low during the daylight hours and increases to reach a peak during the middle of the dark period. At the ultrastructural level, six cytoplasmic components of the pinealocytes were found to exhibit a rhythm: free cytoplasm, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and ribosomes, secretory vesicles, microtubules, and mitochondria. The presumptive secretory vesicles and the microtubules reached a peak in volume one hour before lights-off. It is suggested that lights-on and lights-off both signal a decrease in size and/or number of the secretory vesicles. The SER and RER/ribosomes reached their peak volume one hour after lights-off which is interpreted as indicating a peak in indoleamine synthesis and protein synthesis, respectively. The volume of free cytoplasm exhibits two peaks; one occurs one hour before lights-off while the second peak occurs in the middle of the dark phase. It is suggested that, although part of the secretory product of the pinealocyte may be present in dense-cored vesicles, other locations could include the free cytoplasm and clear secretory vesicles.
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    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 233-241 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Merkel cell ; Sensory receptors ; Epidermis ; Frog tadpoles ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy of larval tentacles of Xenopus laevis tadpoles revealed that they are richly innervated structures containing a high concentration of neurite complexes with epidermal Merkel cells. Myelinated sensory nerve fibres supplying each tentacle are abundant. Prior to penetrating the epidermis, they gradually shed their myelin sheaths and Schwann-cell coverings, and subsequently end as naked axon terminals within the epidermis. Many of these intra-epidermal neurites terminate in intimate synaptic contact with granulated Merkel cells. Groups of dense-cored vesicles characterize the Merkel cell, while clusters of clear synaptic vesicles occupy the adjacent sensory nerve terminals. At sites of synaptic contact, the two cells often exhibit an increased thickening of their apposing membranes. Such Merkel cell — sensory neurite complexes occur as isolated units and are profusely scattered throughout the extent of each tentacle. Their ultrastructure is, in most respects, similar to that described previously in specialized regions of other vertebrate and amphibian species. It is suggested that they represent the morphological basis for tactile sensitivity and impart a mechanoreceptive function to the larval tentacle prior to metamorphosis. The larval tentacle in this anuran species may represent a new and convenient research model for future developmental and experimental studies of trophic interactions between sensory nerve fibres and Merkel cells.
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Ultrastructure ; Cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)
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    Notes: Summary Fine structural features of pinealocytes of cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) were examined. Golgi complexes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and polysomes are usual organelles seen in the perikaryonal cytoplasm of pinealocytes. Many non-granulated vesicles (40 to 80 nm in diameter) and a few granulated vesicles (about 100 nm in diameter) are associated with the Golgi cisternae. Occasionally, the cisternae contain granular materials. The perikaryonal cytoplasm of pinealocytes is characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies. These bodies are usually round in shape, not bounded by a limiting membrane and composed of fine granular or filamentous materials of high electron-opacity, which are similar in appearance to the substance seen in the nucleolonema. Pinealocyte processes, filled with abundant non-granulated vesicles and some granulated vesicles, are mainly found within the parenchyma and occasionally in perivascular spaces.
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 105-117 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Swim bladder ; Physostome ; Cyprinid ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The swim bladder of the cyprinid Carassius auratus (goldfish) is a two-chambered organ connected to the esophagus by a pneumatic duct. The anterior chamber is lined by a single type of squamous epithelial cell. Two types of epithelial cells are present in the posterior chamber. Flattened cells with differences in the electron density of the cytoplasm line most of the chamber. Darker cells generally contain large amounts of glycogen. Cuboidal epithelial cells also occur in the posterior chamber. A glandular layer external to the muscularis in the posterior chamber is composed of large cells containing little glycogen, an extensive Golgi apparatus, and numerous mitochondria with single large granules. Capillaries and nerves are present in large numbers in this layer. Blood vessels form micro-retia mirabilia in the submuscular layer external to the glandular layer. Vessels are of two distinct types with wide lumina and flattened endothelium characterizing the venous vessels. Arterial vessels have smaller lumina, thick endothelial cells with prominent pinocytotic vesicles, and surrounding pericytes. Collagen is present in three forms in this swim bladder — large tactoids in the tunica externa of the anterior chamber, smaller tactoids in the lamina propria of the posterior chamber, and small fibrils in all other areas.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 191-199 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatogonia ; Man ; Stem cells ; Morphology ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present investigation is concerned with establishing morphological criteria of spermatogonial stem cells in man. Testicular biopsies from patients having undergone semicastration for malignant tumors and radioand chemotherapy for one year following the operation were studied light and electron microscopically. Those spermatogonial types that survived the treatment were regarded as stem cells in view of the fact that the stem cells, in contrast to the more differentiated spermatogonia, are radiation resistant and less sensitive to various noxious agents. In 7 out of 28 cases examined, a small number of spermatogonia was found adjacent to the basement membrane. The majority of these cells show the characteristic features of pale type A spermatogonia, while a few cells may represent variants of this cell type. The dark type A spermatogonia are almost completely eliminated from the seminiferous tubules. A concept is proposed that the stem cells of the human testis may be derived from the pale type A spermatogonia or the variants of this cell type.
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 411-426 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intermediate lobe ; Hypophysis ; Ultrastructure ; Colour change ; Control mechanisms ; Anolis carolinensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis was studied in Anolis carolinensis with the use of a threefold aldehyde fixative. Lizards with a brown skin were selected. The possibility of two types of secretory cells is discussed; neither cell type is innervated. Type I cells are rarely found and contain dense granules approximately 0.3 μm in diameter; Type II cells vary widely in secretory activity. Most of the Type II cells contain a large number of dense secretory granules (up to about 1.3 μm in diameter) almost filling the cytoplasm. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), Golgi apparatus and mitochondria are poorly developed. Only some of these cells show signs suggesting a high secretory activity, namely a well developed RER, Golgi apparatus and numerous mitochondria. In these cells the RER sometimes forms large intracisternal droplets (up to 7 μm in diameter). Two of the animals exhibited a more uniform, high secretory activity. Large (about 2 μm in diameter), pale vacuoles, probably of extracellular character, were found mostly in the vicinity of the perivascular septum. Their role in the release of MSH is discussed. The present data, which are discussed with reference to earlier findings (Forbes, 1972), form the morphological basis for an experimental study on regulation of MSH release (Larsson et al., 1979).
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 455-463 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromuscular synapses ; Presynaptic density ; Ultrastructure ; Serial sections ; Crustaceans
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Representative examples of lowand high-output neuromuscular synapses between motoneuron and distal accessory flexor muscle of the lobster were selected on the basis of their mean quantal content, and subsequently analysed by serial section electron microscopy. The high-output terminal has twice as many synapses as the low-output terminal. However, since the mean surface area of synapses is significantly smaller in the high-output terminal than in the low-output one, the total synaptic surface area between the two types of terminals is similar. Also, though the high-output terminal possesses a greater number of presynaptic dense bodies than its low-output counterpart, the mean number per synapse is similar for the two terminals. The terminals, however, differ significantly in the size of their dense bodies. Thus both the mean and total surface area of these bodies is greater in the high-output terminal than in the low-output one. Moreover, the mean ratio of dense body area to synaptic area is significantly greater for the high-output terminal than for its low-output counterpart. This difference in dense body area parallels the difference in quantal content of synaptic transmission between the lowand high-output terminals and supports the hypothesis that presynaptic densities represent the ultrastructural correlates of transmitter mobilization and/or release.
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 1-23 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuro-intermediate lobe ; Hypophysis ; Disconnection ; Ultrastructure ; Colour change ; Control mechanisms ; Anolis carolinensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological changes in the disconnected neuro-intermediate lobe were studied in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis from the 2nd to the 14th post-operative day using a threefold aldehyde fixative (Rodríguez, 1969). Two phases of colour change capacity were exhibited: Phase I started immediately after the transection, lasted for 6 days (mean) and was characterised by an excessive MSH release (brown skin). This phase proceeded gradually into Phase II, designated by an interruption of the MSH release (green skin). The degenerative processes and final elimination of neurons in the disconnected neural lobe propagate in a rostro-caudal direction from the transected area. The aminergic fibres (Type II) disappear within 2 days postoperatively, whereas the degeneration continues for more than 10 days in the peptidergic fibres (Type III, IV and V). The glia cells (ependyma and pituicytes) serve as very active macrophages, engulfing fragments of axons already affected by autolysis and transferring them into glial lysosomes. No apparent morphological changes occur in the shift from Phase I to II. The great majority of the secretory cells of the intermediate lobe are not affected by degenerative processes and appear to be markedly activated by the stalk transection. They exhibit numerous mitochondria, well-developed Golgi complexes forming numerous Golgi vesicles and extensive parallel cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, sometimes forming large intracisternal droplets (7 μm in diameter). Numerous pale vacuoles are seen, especially toward the intact capillaries, suggesting their coupling to the MSH release by extension of the active membrane area toward the perivascular septum. The number of these vacuoles is very markedly reduced in Phase II (no release), whereas the formation of new granules seems to proceed in early stages. The interruption of the MSH release implies a successive refilling of gradually growing secretory granules and a concomitant reduction in the development of the synthetic apparatus. Mechanisms probably involved in the control of the synthesis and release of MSH are discussed.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 37-61 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Avian thymus ; Ultrastructure ; Erythropoiesis
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thymus lobes from three species of birds, Quelea quelea, Passer domesticus and Sturnus vulgaris, have been examined ultrastructurally. The component cell types are compared with their counterparts in mammalian thymus glands, and found to be similar. Greater differences exist between small, intermediate and enlarged lobes of one species than exist between species. Developing erythroid cells are present in most enlarging and some enlarged glands. They appear to be developing at the expense of lymphoid cells in some birds. The origin of these cells is discussed. Cells that are possible candidates for the production of some thymic hormones are also described.
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  • 44
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    Keywords: Haemocytes ; Phagocytosis ; Lysosomes ; Acid phosphatase ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasmatocytes are the major phagocytic blood-cell type in the haemolymph of the wax-moth, Galleria mellonella. In the present study, these cells were allowed to attach to tissue culture dishes for 1 h, rinsed and then incubated with latex beads for up to 72 h. These cells were then fixed for routine transmission electron microscopy and acid phosphatase cytochemistry. Intracellular latex particles were found in tight, ill-defined phagosomes, which were often clearly associated with the Golgi complexes of the plasmatocytes. Fusion of both primary lysosomes and multivesicular bodies with the phagosomes occasionally occurred and this resulted in the accumulation of an acid phosphatase positive reaction product around the test particles. Subsequent experiments showed that this acid phosphatase activity was mainly associated with the primary lysosomes. The results of the lysosome/latex interactions are compared with those obtained from similar studies on the digestive mechanisms in other phagocytes.
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 257-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Bile duct ligation ; Tight junctions ; Gap junctions ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-fracturing ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphometric analysis of the alterations in interhepatocyte junctions induced by bile duct ligation revealed that after 48 h, during which time the serum bilirubin increased 6 to 8 fold, the membrane area occupied by gap junctions on the apico-lateral and medio-lateral sides decreased from 3.6% in controls to 0.02% in the ligated group. The strands of the zonulae occludentes were reduced in number and showed increased discontinuities. Within 45 min of recanalization of the common bile duct, clusters of particles appeared within and adjacent to the tight junctional areas or in the lateral hepatocyte membrane. Subsequently, the particle aggregations localized in the apico-lateral membrane areas increased in number and size becoming finally indistinguishable from those of controls within 96 h after the onset of recanalization. The zonulae occludentes also rearranged and reestablished their original structure during this period. The serum bilirubin fell to normal within 24 h of recanalization. It is concluded that metabolic and ultrastructural restitution associated with the recanalization of the ligated bile duct have no strict temporal correlation to one another. These studies provide further evidence that alterations in gap and tight junctions induced by pathological processes, e.g. during bile duct ligation, are completely reversible when regeneration occurs.
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 413-419 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Luteal cells ; Secretory granules ; Sheep ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the corpus luteum of the sheep has been examined at the mid-stage of the estrous cycle when progesterone secretion is active. Secretory granules are associated with the secretion of this hormone, and the evidence indicates that the granule membrane becomes incorporated into the plasma membrane during exocytosis. Further evidence of this process has been obtained from studies on the uptake of horseradish peroxidase by the luteal cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 373-386 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypogastric ganglion (rat) ; Vacuolated neurons ; Catecholamine fluorophore ; Ultrastructure ; Testosterone ; Castration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vacuolated neurons (VN) of the main hypogastric ganglion of the male rat were studied using the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) method for the histochemical demonstration of catecholamines. Microspectrofluorimetry was performed to identify the fluorophores and to quantify the FIF. The thiocholine method (Koelle-Gomori) was used to demonstrate acetylcholinesterase activity. The fine structure of the VN was studied using glutaraldehyde/OsO4 fixation. (1) In the untreated adult male rat VN represent only a small population of the total number of hypogastric neurons (0.8–1.2%). The vacuoles are similar to those of the VN from the corresponding female ganglion. (2) The VN are considered to be adrenergic due to the nature of their fluorophore, indicating a primary catecholamine. (3) The first VN appear in the hypogastric ganglia at the age of 7 weeks. After testosterone administration to young rats, VN are found at the age of 4 weeks. (4) The basic fine structure of the VN is similar to that of other ordinary neurons of the hypogastric ganglia. (5) The content of the vacuoles could not be identified. (6) Indications of degeneration were not observed in the VN. (7) The VN are interpreted as being a functional stage of the “short” adrenergic neurons, which are under the control of steroid hormones. (8) Fifteen months after castration, no VN could be found in the hypogastric ganglia, while their number was normal in the corresponding control animals.
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 519-528 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Filum terminale ; Spinal cord ; Glial cells ; Ultrastructure ; Frog (Rana pipiens)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The filum terminale, or terminal portion of the spinal cord, was studied in normal adult frogs (Rana pipiens) by means of light and electron microscopy. Astroglial cells are the predominant elements in this region. The rostral portion of the filum terminale consists mainly of (1) a peripheral dense ring of myelinated and some unmyelinated nerve fibers, and processes of astrocytes terminating at the subpial space; (2) an intermediate zone, in which astrocytes are the main cellular elements in addition to a few degenerated neurons; and (3) a central region where the central canal is lined by dark and light ependymal cells. In the caudal portion of the filum terminale, the amount of neuropil is greatly reduced. This region is formed mainly by astrocytic glial cells and very few neuronal elements. The central canal in the caudal portion is located ventrally and contains a lining consisting almost exclusively of dark ependymal cells.
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars distalis ; Graft ; Ultrastructure ; Prolactin ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary Intact female rats received transplants of two hypophysial partes distales under the kidney capsule. The plasma levels of prolactin were determined, and the ultrastructure of the grafted gland was studied 15, 45 and 90 days after the operation. Although prolactin levels in the three experimental groups were significantly higher than those in control rats, a decrease in prolactin level was detected in the 45-day samples. Parallel ultrastructural changes suggest that between the 45th and 90th postoperative day a process is initiated leading to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of prolactotrophs.
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  • 50
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    Behavior genetics 9 (1979), S. 123-128 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; phototaxis ; X chromosome
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Strains ofDrosophila melanogaster differ in their phototactic responses to red light (654 nm). Genes located on all three major chromosomes are involved in influencing the response, but the X chromosome and third chromosome account for most of the variation in phototaxis.
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  • 51
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    Behavior genetics 9 (1979), S. 129-134 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; D. simulans ; larval feeding behavior ; egg-to-adult viability ; isofemale line
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Larval feeding behavior of isofemale lines of the sibling speciesDrosophila melanogaster andD. simulans was investigated. This behavior was measured as the number of cephalopharyngeal retractions of individual larvae per 30 sec period (CPR score) in different generations (G0, G1, and G14). In addition, egg-to-adult viability was estimated in each isofemale line. The results were as follows: (1) In either species, there was variation of CPR score among individuals and among isofemale lines. Although no differences of CPR score were found among experimental groups (generations) and between species, there was a significant difference among isofemale lines. (2) The behavioral trait was stable through generations in each isofemale line. (3) This behavior was correlated with egg-to-adult viability, showing that it is important for the development of the fly.
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    Behavior genetics 9 (1979), S. 209-217 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; D. simulans ; D. pseudoobscura ; pupation height ; geotaxis ; species differences ; selection for pupation height
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Pupation heights of various natural and laboratory populations ofDrosophila melanogaster, D. simulans, andD. pseudoobscura were observed in the laboratory under conditions of continuous darkness or continuous light. Generally higher mean pupation heights were observed under conditions of darkness.D. melanogaster tended to pupate higher than theD. pseudoobscura populations, andD. pseudoobscura tended to pupate higher thanD. simulans. The order of these species differences was similar whether pupation was measured in light or in darkness. Results of selection for pupation height inD. melanogaster suggest the presence of genetic variation for this character. The possibility that a relationship exists between adult and larval behaviors was explored by measuring the pupation heights of larvae from strains selected for geotactic behavior as adults, and also by measuring geotaxis of adults from strains selected for pupation height.
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    Behavior genetics 9 (1979), S. 257-275 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: sexual behavior ; Drosophila melanogaster ; genetic mosaics ; ontogeny of behavior ; wing vibration
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The sex appeal of aDrosophila melanogaster female is defined here as the stimulus (or set of stimuli) which induces wing vibration in courting males. A quantitative measure of sex appeal is the cumulative duration of wing vibration induced by a given female averaged over several consecutive test intervals using different standardized male testers (sex appeal parameter, SAP). By use of SAP, both males and females are found to have the same amount of sex appeal on the first day after eclosion. However, males rapidly lose it by the next day, so that mature males become distinct from females. We report the ontogeny of the male's response to sex appeal. By the SAP method, we also demonstrate that the male's response is dependent on his previous encounter with females. The sex appeal of 287 gynandromorphs was examined in order to localize the sex appeal focus by means of blastoderm fate mapping. Most mosaic flies were classified as either positive (femalelike, with high SAPs) or negative (malelike, with SAPs of zero). Sixteen percent of the gynandromorphs had intermediate levels of SAP, inducing only short vibrations, a response which males rarely give to normal females. Assuming that the gynanders with such intermediate sex appeal must have both female and male foci, distances to the foci from external landmarks were calculated. The center of the focus seems to be an internal structure mapping to the ventroposterior region of the blastoderm fate map, close to the primordia of the anterior sternites. The focus might include a large mesodermal area, but only part of it must have a female genotype for the sex appeal to be expressed. A possible involvement of the fat bodies in production of the sex appeal stimulus is discussed in relation to these findings. Consistent with this conclusion is the fact that females whose abdomens were amputated still retain enough sex appeal to induce male wing vibrations.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: aristal morphology ; Drosophila melanogaster ; artificial selection ; geotaxis ; mating behavior
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    Notes: Abstract The aristae ofDrosophila have been shown to play a role in mating behavior and geotaxis. Two populations ofD. melanogaster were selected for increased and decreased numbers of major aristal branches. Selection was successful and resulted in two lines differing by an average of six aristal branches. Hybridization analyses of selected lines revealed that genes influencing aristal branching are located on both the X chromosome and the autosomes. Polygenic control of aristal morphology is indicated by a gradual response to selection and low realized heritabilities. When selection was relaxed for 19 generations, the number of aristal branches did not revert to the number in the control line. Changes in aristal branching did not appear to have a consistent influence on geotaxis, although there was a tendency for flies with fewer aristal branches to be geonegative. Neither mating speed nor ethological isolation between the two populations was affected by selection. It is concluded that the number of aristal branches inDrosophila is a neutral trait (i.e., not subject to natural selection) under laboratory conditions. Correlations between aristal morphology and behavior found in other selection experiments by previous investigators were likely due to linkage disequilibria.
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    Behavior genetics 9 (1979), S. 407-412 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; oviposition site preference ; substrate temperature ; heritability
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    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster females from a multifemale stock (SC-1) showed strong oviposition site preference (OSP) in a continuous gradient of substrate temperatures (18–31°C). Flies reared at 25°C had an OSP ( $$\bar X$$ ±SE) of 25.2±0.2°C, whereas flies reared at 18°C had an OSP of 23.5±.2°C. Flies reared from egg to adult at one temperature and exposed as adults for 4 days to another temperature had OSPs intermediate between these extremes. This second 4-day exposure seemed to have a greater effect on OSP than the first rearing temperature. Selection experiments failed to produce significant change in mean OSP in eight generations, indicating a low heritability of temperature OSP in this stock.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid follicular cells ; Basal lamina, biosynthesis ; Cellular interaction ; Cell culture ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary Porcine thyroid cells were cultured alone or in mixed cultures with mesenchymal cells. The formation of a basal lamina in vitro was investigated ultrastructurally. Follicular reassociation of thyroid cells occurred in both types of culture; however, it was followed by formation of the basal lamina only when mesenchymal cells were present. The present findings suggest an epithelial origin of the basal lamina resulting from an interaction with mesenchymal cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 257-271 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anococcygeus muscle ; Innervation ; P-type nerves ; Purinergic nerves ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary The innervation of the rat anococcygeus muscle has been investigated ultrastructurally following fixation with a modified chromaffin reaction for the demonstration of biogenic amines (Tranzer and Richards, 1976). Three types of nerve profiles were revealed: (1) 60–70 % of the profiles are adrenergic; (2) less than 5% of the profiles appear to be cholinergic; (3) up to 40% of the profiles are distinguished by the presence of a characteristically high proportion of electron-opaque, chromaffin-negative vesicles, 85–110nm in diameter. This third type of profile was not affected by 6-OHDA, and is considered to represent the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory innervation of this tissue. Because of the morphological similarity of this nerve type, apart from the smaller vesicle size, to classical peptidergic nerve endings, they have been termed “small p-type” (sp-type). These results are discussed in relation to a previous report describing only two types of nerve profiles in this tissue (Gillespie and Lüllmann-Rauch, 1974).
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 299-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Germ-free mice ; Inflammation ; Macrophages ; Peritoneum ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peritoneal macrophage ultrastructure was analysed stereologically in germ-free mice given a single intraperitoneal injection of sterile, pyrogen-free saline. Thus the stimulant was non-particulate, non-antigenic and inorganic, and effects of immune reactions were minimal. Macrophages were recovered 1, 6, 24 and 72 h after stimulation. A sequence of structural alterations is reported which may be fundamental to macrophage activation. The plasma membrane and nuclear envelope increased in area within only 1 h of saline injection. During the next 5 h loss of plasma membrane, probably by pinocytosis, caused cellular “rounding” and clear-cut alteration in surface configuration. At the same time lysosome-like granules enlarged but decreased in number. By 24 h most cellular structures and compartments (including the plasma membrane) were enlarged. Morphological evidence of nuclear activation accompanied a rather modest enlargement of the nucleus at this stage. The RER hypertrophied last and must, therefore, be judged sufficient in resident macrophages to support the initial growth response which results after stimulation. Thus hypertrophy was observed eventually in every structure examined. Even the minimally activated macrophages resident in the peritoneum of germ-free mice respond readily to stimulation.
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 193-203 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mosquitoes ; Midgut ; Ultrastructure ; Stereology ; Function
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Morphometrische Untersuchungen des Magenepithels von A. aegypti weisen darauf hin, daß die Verdauung des ersten Blutmahls in eine Reihe von Phasen gegliedert werden kann, die sich mit physiologischen Daten aus der Literatur korrelieren lassen. In einer Phase Ia (0–10 h nach Blutmahl [BM]) entfalten sich die “whorls” des rauhen endoplasmatischen Retikulums, die Golgi-Zonen werden größer, und das basale Labyrinth wird erweitert. Dies stimmt mit Synthese- und Sekretionsprozessen (z.B. peritrophische Membran, Esterasen, Lipasen) und mit Transportvorgängen durch das Magenepithel überein. In Phase Ib (10–20 h nach BM) nehmen die gemessenen zellulären Parameter weiter zu und weisen damit auf hohe Synthese- und Sekretionsaktivitäten (z.B. Verdauungsenzyme) hin. In Phase Ic (20–30 h nach BM) zeigen die an Synthese und Sekretion beteiligten Zellstrukturen, in Übereinstimmung mit der maximalen Proteasenaktivität im Darm, immer noch hohe Werte. Vergrößerte Mikrovillioberfläche, auffallende Lipideinschlüsse und Auftreten von Glykogendepots im Magenepithel deuten auf erhöhte Resorptions-, Speicher- und Transportfunktionen der Zellen hin. In Phase II (30–36 h nach BM) läßt sich anhand der strukturellen Veränderungen der Wechsel von Synthese- und Sekretionvorgängen zu Resorption, teilweiser Speicherung und Transport von Verdauungsprodukten erkennen. In Phase III (36–72 h nach BM) wird der Zellapparat in Übereinstimmung mit dem Ende der Verdauung reduziert. Lipid- und Glykogendepots werden mobilisiert und verschwinden fast vollständig aus den Magenepithelzellen.
    Notes: Summary Morphometric analysis of the epithelial lining of the stomach of A. aegypti suggests that digestion of the first blood meal in the stomach of this species can be viewed as a series of phases that can be correlated with physiological data from the literature. In phase Ia (0–10 h after blood meal [abm]) the whorls of the rough endoplasmic reticulum unfold, the Golgi zones increase, and the basal labyrinth is enlarged. This coincides with processes of synthesis and secretion (e.g., peritrophic membrane, esterases and lipases) and transport by the stomach epithelium. In phase Ib (10–20 habm) the cellular parameters measured further increase, indicating high synthetic and secretory activities (e.g., digestive enzymes). In phase Ic (20–30 habm) cell structures involved in synthesis and secretion still exhibit high values coinciding with maximal activity of proteases in the gut. Enhanced surface area of microvilli, prominent lipid inclusions, and appearance of glycogen deposits in the gut epithelium suggest increased absorption, storage, and transport functions of the stomach cells. In phase II (30–36 habm) structural alteration points to a gradual shift from synthesis and secretion to absorption, partial storage, and transport of nutrients. In phase III (36–72 habm) the cellular apparatus is reduced concomitant with the ending of the digestive cycle. Lipid inclusions and glycogen deposits disappear from the stomach epithelum.
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 291-298 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Excitatory synapse ; Lateral line-canal organ ; Synaptic body ; Ultrastructure ; Lota lota (Teleostei)
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    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the afferent synapse in hair cells of the lateral line-canal organ was studied using different fixation and staining techniques. Glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue without post-osmication, contrasted by section staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, was compared with (a) osmium tetroxide-fixed tissue followed by the same staining procedure, and with (b) glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue, block-impregnated with phosphotungstic acid (PTA). The results reveal a pronounced heterogeneity in the composition of the synaptic body, reflecting regional differences in chemical affinity to the fixatives and staining agents. It is proposed that the “intracleft substance”, the synaptic structure defined by the PTA staining technique, is actually due to the glutaraldehyde fixation procedure and is apparently the outer leaflet of the postsynaptic membrane. A special technique that allows alternate sections of a series to be differentially stained for electron microscopy is proposed.
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    Protoplasma 100 (1979), S. 73-83 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Bivalve ; Fertilization ; Laternula limicola ; Sperm-egg interaction ; Temporary-acrosome ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies on sperm-egg interaction at the time of fertilization inLaternula limicola were performed. The “temporary-acrosome” did not change morphologically while the sperm passed through the egg investments. At the onset of sperm entrance into the egg, however, the temporary-acrosome and mitochondria were eliminated from the sperm. Afterwards the sperm was engulfed by the egg surface without membrane fusion of the gametes. After entry the sperm nucleus was surrounded by four membranes: the plasma membranes of the egg and of the sperm, and the membranes of the sperm nuclear envelope. As the sperm nucleus differentiated into the male pronucleus, the plasma membranes of both the sperm and egg were initially vesiculated, then dispersed into the egg cytoplasm. Finally, the sperm nuclear envelope changed into the male pronuclear membrane accompanying sperm chromatin dispersion.
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 39-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Midgut (Collembola) ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry ; Renewal ; Ageing
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The midgut cells of Tomocerus minor (Insecta, Collembola) were examined with the electron microscope and cytochemically. The midgut epithelium consists of a series of cells characterised by numerous mineral concretions scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are abundant; microvilli are well developed at the apical surface of the cell. A zonula continua (continuous junction) characterises the apical contact region of these cells. Polysaccharides, glycoproteins and carbohydrate components have been demonstrated on the surface of microvilli. Peritrophic membranes surround the food bolus and preserve midgut cells from mechanical abrasion. Lysosomes are present during the alimentary period and show strong acid phosphatase activity. During an intermoulting cycle, two stages can be observed: (1) the postexuvial feeding period during which cytoplasmic extrusions appear at the apical part of the cell: lysosomes increase in number and autophagic vacuoles appear. (2) The preexuvial fasting period; a new epithelium grows beneath the old one and pushes it into the lumen. Degeneration processes can be observed in the old epithelium. This excretory reactivity of the midgut epithelium has been compared to the cycle of the cuticle.
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  • 63
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    Keywords: Liver ; Goldfish ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A re-examination of goldfish liver was made through the use of SEM of fractured samples and TEM of ultrathin-sections and freeze-etch replicas. Several new hepatic fine structures described in the present study are morphologically similar to those reported previously in many higher vertebrates including mammals. Hepatic sinusoids of goldfish contain fenestrations which are arranged into sieve plates. Although the hepatic plates are made up of two layers of hepatocytes, the parenchymal cells of goldfish liver are morphologically similar to mammalian hepatocytes, particularly with respect to the sinusoidal surfaces which are studded with numerous microvilli. The intercellular surfaces of hepatocytes have both nexus and desmosomal junctions, similar to those found in various epithelial cells of higher vertebrates, as cell attachments and communication foci. Tight junctions are found mainly between the openings of the intracellular bile canaliculi and the intralobular bile ductules which are situated in the center of the bicellular hepatic plate.
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 385-395 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Uterus ; Endometrium ; Smooth muscle ; Culture ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Primary cultures initiated from normal human uterine endometrium after total enzymatic dissociation contained epithelioid cells and smooth muscle cells. The smooth muscle cells were subsequently isolated by differential trypsinization and grown in culture for 36 ± 4 generations. Ultrastructural examination of log and post-confluent cultures of cells at low and high population doubling levels revealed characteristics similar to those of published reports on other smooth muscle cells studied in vivo and in vitro. Among the common features present were: (a) abundant bundles of 60–70 Å myofilaments; (b) branched mitochondria; (c) stacks of cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum; (d) caveolae intracellulares; (e) nexuses. Other features included ovoid nuclei, a well developed Golgi apparatus and abundant free ribosomes. The subcultured cells exhibited features of dedifferentiation in the log phase of growth and at post-confluency. However, the post-confluent cells showed characteristics indicating redifferentiation back towards their in vivo morphology. Smooth muscle cells isolated from endometrial curettings may provide a useful model for biochemical and pharmacological studies of a cell type derived from a hormonal target tissue as the cells “age” in culture.
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 449-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastric epithelium (Rat) ; Phagocytosis ; Cell loss ; Aspirin ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gastric surface epithelial cells (SEC) from fed rats, from rats fasted for 16 h and from mucosae exposed in an ex-vivo chamber to 16 mM aspirin for 5 min were examined by transmission electron microscopy. SEC have the capability to phagocytose adjacent epithelial cells and parietal cells. Phagocytosis is rare in mucosae from fasted animals but common in fed animals or after brief exposure to aspirin. Phagocytic capabilities are not restricted to the progenitor zone but exist throughout the surface epithelium. Phagocytosis may provide a mechanism for the removal of damaged or senescent cells from the surface epithelium.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Interrenal tissue (birds) ; Ultrastructure ; Corticotropin ; Adenohypophysectomy ; Morphometry
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    Notes: Summary Adrenal glands from ACTH-treated intact ducks and chronically adenohypophysectomized ducks showed clear zonation into a subcapsular zone (SCZ) and an inner zone (IZ). Adenohypophysectomy caused ultrastructural changes in the IZ but not in the SCZ cells. These included increases in lipid droplets, changes in mitochondrial cristae from tubular to shelf-like, and changes in the shape of the nuclei from spherical to crenated. These changes were reversed by treatment with ACTH. Also, cells of the IZ, but not the SCZ, of adrenals from intact birds given ACTH showed more SER, more dense bodies, fewer lipid droplets and more prominent Golgi complexes. IZ cells incubated in buffer containing no ACTH developed mitochondria with shelf-like cristae and numerous opaque granules in the matrix. Exposure to buffer containing ACTH caused the mitochondrial cristae to become tubular and the matrix granules either decreased in number or disappeared. The granules could be extracted by incubating sections with chelating agents. The mitochondria in SCZ cells did not respond structurally to the presence of ACTH in the incubation medium but the matrix granules, like those in IZ cells, responded to the presence of chelating agents.
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 511-518 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rabbit ; Aortic body ; Chemoreceptors ; Stereology ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The chief cells of the aortic body (subclavian body) of adult New Zealand white rabbits were examined by ultrastructural stereological analysis. The chief cell nuclei occupy 26.5% of the total volume. Dense-core vesicles account for 16.5% of the cytoplasmic volume, followed by mitochondria (11.6%), endoplasmic reticulum (3.3%), and Golgi apparatus (0.6%). The dense-core vesicles measure approximately 131.6nm in diameter (corrected) and exhibit a heterogeneous size distribution. Both perivascular adrenergic nerve terminals and presumptive afferent terminals presynaptic to the chief cells are observed. The mean synaptic vesicle size of the terminals adjacent to chief cells is 54 nm. The heterogeneous size distribution of the dense-core vesicles of chief cells may indicate the storage of different biogenic amines and/or different secretion or maturation states within the chief cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 479-486 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cercaria ; Striated tail muscle
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic study of the tail of Cercaria chackai reveals that it contains four sets of striated muscle bundles located central to the nonstriated circular and longitudinal muscles. The striated muscle consists of longitudinally oriented lamellar myofibres. Each myofibre contains a single “U” shaped myofibril. The banding pattern is analogous to that of vertebrate striated muscle. The sarcolemma is a simple surface membrane. There are no transverse tubular extensions of sarcolemma. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is very well developed with cisternae, tubules, and vesicles. SR cisternae form dyadic couplings with the sarcolemma. There is a set of flattened tubules of SR origin traversing the myofibril exactly at the Z region. These tubules are unique to the striated muscle of the cercarian tail and may have functional significance. A diagrammatic reconstruction of the myofibre is presented.
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 33-39 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gregarina ; Ultrastructure ; Gram negative bacteria
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An investigation of bacteria-like structures, which are found in large numbers in the endoplasm of the eugregarine, Gregarina garnhami, was carried out using light and electron microscopy. Gram staining indicates that these structures are gram negative; they show orange fluorescence when stained with acridine orange. Ultrastructural observations show that they resemble the endosymbiotic bacteria found in other protozoan species. Some of these structures appear to be dividing, and the possibility that these structures are in fact bacteria is discussed.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic endocrine cells ; Enteroendocrine cells ; Ultrastructure ; Cyprinidae
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pancreatic endocrine cells of Barbus conchonius are concentrated in a large (principal) islet, located near the gall bladder, and in a number of smaller islets. Five types of endocrine cells can be distinguished in these pancreatic islets: B cells, A1 (or D cells), 2 types of A2 cells (A2r cells with round granules; and A2fl cells with flocculent granules) and a scarce 5th cell type. The hormones produced by B and A2fl cells are probably insulin and glucagon respectively. The A2r cell contains granules with the same diameter as the granules of the enteroendocrine type III cell of the gut. Both cell types may resemble the enteroglucagon-producing EG cell of mammals. The function of the A1 cells, which are frequently found without secretory granules, and of the 5th cell type, will be discussed. The pancreatic islets of B. conchonius are strongly innervated, which suggests the presence of a direct nervous control system. Some intermediate or mixed cells containing exocrine and endocrine A2r granules are found contiguous with the principal islet. The origin of pancreatic endocrine cells is also the subject of discussion.
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 453-460 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagen ; Nerves ; Ganglia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerves and ganglia from a variety of fish, amphibian, reptilian and mammalian species were studied by optical and electron microscopy. Observations using the Picrosirius-polarization method strongly suggest that two different types of collagen fibers are present in the connective tissues of nerves and ganglia. Electron microscopy of nerves and ganglia showed the presence of two different collagen fibril populations, distinguishable on the basis of diameter, located in different compartments of these structures. Thicker fibrils are present in nerve and ganglionic epineurium. Thinner fibrils are present in the endoneurium, surrounding nerve fibers and ganglionic cells, and between the concentric layers of perineurial cells. These results were consistently observed in all species studied and very probably represent a general phenomenon in vertebrates.
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 519-524 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Y-organ ; Moulting gland ; Astacus ; Steroid production ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopical investigation of Y-organs of Astacus astacus revealed that during intermoult (stage C) the cytoplasm is poorly developed and that it increases at premoult (stage D). It then shows the typical signs of steroid production, namely agranular endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of the tubular type. Furthermore, a larger type of mitochondria with a regular pattern of internal structure is described.
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 531-539 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fiber types ; Red muscle ; Semitendinosus muscle ; Ultrastructure ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The semitendinosus muscle of the rabbit is composed of a homogeneous fiber population. Fiber typing was carried out by means of light and electron microscopy according to which this muscle exhibits structural features that are either characteristic for both ‘red’ and ‘white’ fibers, or that do not allow for any classification according to the A-, B-, C-fiber system. Hence the long-held assumption that the semitendinosus muscle of the rabbit represents a classical paradigm of a ‘red’ muscle should be revised in light of the present results.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 39-59 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lamina ganglionaris ; First, second order neurons ; Neuroanatomy ; Ultrastructure ; Hemipterans (Notonecta glauca, Corixa punctata, Gerris lacustris)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal elements, i.e. first and second order neurons, of the first optic ganglion of three waterbugs, N. glauca, C. punctata and G. lacustris, are analyzed on the basis of light and electron microscopy. Eight retinula cell axons, leaving each ommatidium, disperse to different cartridges as they enter the laminar outer plexiform layer. Such a pattern of divergence is one of the conditions for neuronal superposition; it is observed for all three species of waterbugs. The manner in which the receptors of a single bundle of ommatidia split of within the lamina, whereby information from receptors up to three or five horizontal rows away can converge upon the same cartridge, differs among the species. Six of the eight axons of retinula cells R1-6, the short visual fibers end at different levels within the bilayered lamina, whereas the central pair of retinula cells R7/8, the long visual fibers, run directly through the lamina to a corresponding unit of the medulla. Four types of monopolar cells L1–L4 are classified; their branching patterns seem to be correlated to the splitting and termination of retinula cell axons. The topographical relationship and synaptic organization between retinula cell terminals and monopolar cells in the two laminar layers are identified by examination of serial ultrathin sections of single Golgi-stained neurons. An attempt is made to correlate some anatomical findings, especially the neuronal superposition, to results from physiological investigations on the hemipteran retina.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Myoid cells ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histochemical and ultrastructural properties of myoid cells in the thymus of the frog were investigated and compared with properties of skeletal muscle fibres. The histochemical reactions of phospholipids, phosphorylase, succinic dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase activities in myoid cells were characterized by considerable variability. Individual myoid cells apparently possess different enzyme activities which correspond to different stages of development, maturity and degeneration of these cells. The mature mononucleated myoid cells have similar enzymatic properties to the fast muscle fibres of the frog. This finding has been extended by ultrastructural observations. Features, typical of fast muscle fibres of the frog, e.g. the presence of the M-line, straight and narrow Z-line and well developed triads were found in the majority of mature myoid cells.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 165-167 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Chick embryo ; Muscular dystrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary New Hampshire chickens, homozygous for inherited muscular dystrophy, display clinical manifestations at an early age. A fine structural examination of embryos from this strain shows marked degenerative changes four days prior to hatching. The Z bands appear to dissolve progressively to the point where finally the myofibrils become uniformly dense with no detectable banding patterns.
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  • 77
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    Cell & tissue research 197 (1979), S. 113-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Domestic fowl ; Ultimobranchial gland ; Parathyroid gland ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the polymorphic vesicular component of the ultimobranchial gland of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) has been described in detail, together with the structure of the cell strands interconnecting the vesicles and the parathyroid nodules lying within the ultimobranchial stroma. The vesicles frequently appear to arise from the nodules by way of the cell strands. The strands show a structure of their component cells intermediate between that of the parathyroid and the vesicular cells, although the position at which the strand changes from an essentially parathyroid structure to an essentially vesicular structure is very variable. The degree and kind of secretory activity within different cell types has been described. A review of the structure of ultimobranchial glands throughout the vertebrates shows that similar tissue with a similar secretory potential has been observed in all vertebrate classes, suggesting a functional significance for this part of the gland.
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  • 78
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    Cell & tissue research 203 (1979), S. 311-320 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Acipenseridae ; Ultrastructure ; Quantitative analysis ; Spawning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The percentage of peptidergic (A1 and A2) and adrenergic (B) neurosecretory terminals was studied in the neurohypophysis of sexually mature female sturgeons. Neurosecretory terminals of the A2 type prevail in the neurohypophysis, whereas A1 and B terminals are rare. The activity of these types of terminals was established (1) during upstream migration, (2) shortly after spawning, and (3) three to six weeks after spawning. Terminals of B type are the most active elements during all the periods studied. These elements become strongly activated in sturgeons during upstream migration, i.e., earlier than the peptidergic neurosecretory terminals. Peptidergic terminals, especially elements of type A2, become synchronously and strongly activated in fish shortly after spawning. In the late postspawning period neurosecretory terminals of all three types become synchronously inactive, persisting in a quiescent state in comparison to the two previous periods. The appearance of neurosecretory material discharged into the intercellular clefts by exocytosis correlates on the whole with the activity level of the A1 and A2 terminals in each individual studied. A functional correlation exists between the activity of the peptidergic and adrenergic neurosecretory terminals in the neurohypophysis. The data obtained are discussed with reference to a concept regarding spawning in some fish species as a physiological stress (Polenov et al., 1976). A possible dual control (peptide and monoamine neurohormones) over the function of visceral organs and glandular cells of the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis is also suggested (Polenov, 1970, 1975, 1978; Polenov and Belenky, 1973).
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  • 79
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 373-380 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ventral cochlear nucleus ; Calyceal processes ; Flattened synaptic vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometric study
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    Notes: Summary In this paper we report the appearance of flat vesicle-containing endings in aldehyde-fixed ventral cochlear nucleus of rats with qualitative and quantitative properties suggesting they should be identified as calyceal processes. Their synaptic vesicles are elongate and significantly smaller than the vesicles in the calyces of Lenn and Reese (1966). Therefore these endings are flat vesicular calyceal processes, possibly of inhibitory function.
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  • 80
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 249-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hepatocytes ; Birds ; Ultrastructure ; Estrogen
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Administration of estradiol-17-β induces the synthesis of vitellogenin in primary cultures of chick embryo liver. The ultrastructural changes accompanying steroid induced vitellogenin synthesis were investigated in hepatocytes cultures incubated for 0, 12 and 24 h following hormonal treatment. Both electron microscopy and immuno-chemical techniques were used. The immuno-fluorescence data indicate that the cultures contain a cell population of 90–95% hepatocytes, both in control and estradiol-treated groups. Ultrastructurally, cultured hepatocytes are similar to in vivo ones, except for a reduced accumulation of storage materials, glycogen and lipids. In the estradiol-treated cultures hepatocytes show an accumulation of free ribosomes, enlargement of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and development of the Golgi apparatus. The data are discussed in relation to previous biochemical findings.
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  • 81
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 483-492 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Rat ; Luteotroph cells ; Pimozide ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of pimozide, a dopamine receptor-blocking agent, were studied in the pars distalis of the rat. The animals received 100μg/100 g pimozide daily for 5, 10, 15, and 20 days. Pimozide induces striking ultrastructural changes after 5 days of treatment. The number of luteotroph (LTH) cells is significantly increased; they display characteristics of stimulation. The extrusion of granules into the intercellular space via exocytosis is frequently observed. The intercellular spaces are highly dilated, forming a lacunar system filled with an amorphous material, erythrocytes and involuted LTH cells. Transitional stages in the process of involution are observed in LTH cells. Luteotroph cells also form a syncytium. Twenty days after treatment the abovedescribed changes decrease in magnitude. The present findings suggest that pimozide stimulates the mechanism of synthesis and release in the luteotroph cells, an effect that is less evident with longer treatment.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Ciliata ; Crystals ; Euplotes ; Lithosomes ; Microanalysis ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the cytoplasm of the marine ciliateEuplotes vannus, there exist two conspicuous types of membrane bound inclusions: 1. irregularly shaped crystals which are highly anisotropic; 2. globular lithosomes characterized by concentrically arranged layers of deposits which exhibit only faint birefringence. Normally, both structures form distinct accumulations. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of these accumulations reveals a high content of calcium and phosphorus, besides magnesium, sulphur and chlorine. Analysis of cell areas devoid of the inclusions show significantly lower calcium- and phosphorus-peaks.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Mating ; Sporidia ; Tilletia ; Ultrastructure ; Wheat bunt
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Primary sporidia ofTilletia caries (DC.) Tul. are borne on denticles at the tips of promycelia. The promycelia contain many small vacuoles and mitochondria and numerous lipid bodies. As the primary sporidia develop, the promycelial cytoplasm passes into the nascent cells. Septa develop between the bases of mature sporidia and the tips of the denticles. Sporidia that abscise from the denticles commonly have prominent birth scars at their bases. The sporidia have very thin walls, few vacuoles, attenuated mitochondria, and numerous lipid bodies. Conjugation pegs are generally produced by both members of a conjugating pair of sporidia and there are bud scars where they emerge from the sporidia. The sporidial walls are apparently hydrolyzed during emergence of the pegs. Vesicles are sometimes present at the tips of the conjugation pegs and, before fusion, electron-dense accumulations are sometimes observed between the tips of adjacent pegs. The approaching conjugation pegs are precisely aligned prior to fusion, suggesting polar communication. The walls of the conjugation pegs fuse and then are hydrolyzed. Fused sporidia are relatively homogeneous in content. The nucleus in a sporidum is often close to the conjugation tube and occasionally is partly within the fusion tube.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 196 (1979), S. 289-306 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen ; Carp ; Sheathed capillaries ; Macrophages ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the spleen of the carp arterial capillaries of a highly differentiated structure have been studied by light and electron microscopy. These capillaries share various structural characteristics with the sheathed capillaries (ellipsoids of Schweigger-Seidel) of higher vertebrates. The long arterial capillaries of the carp spleen are provided with cuboidal endothelial cells containing filaments approximately 7 nm in diameter. There is no basal lamina. The endothelial cells form various types of cell junctions, but there are also extensive areas without any junctions. Here, a free passage is possible between the capillary lumen and the subendothelial space. The capillaries possess a single-layered sheath of macrophages. Characteristically, the sheath macrophages possess long and slender cell processes forming a loose framework, the meshes of which are filled with lymphocytes and spindle cells. The sheath macrophages show a zone of ectoplasm rich in filaments. They also contain numerous phagolysosomes rich in hydrolytic enzymes, as identified histochemically. The sheath is sharply limited against the pulp by a thick layer of collagen fibers.
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  • 85
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    Keywords: Adrenal medulla (rat) ; Vinblastine ; Ultrastructure ; Catecholamines ; Enzymes
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    Notes: Summary The effects of a single high dose (10mg/kg) of vinblastine (vb) sulfate (“Velbe”, Lilly) on the ultrastructure, catecholamine (CA) content and activity of CA-synthesizing enzymes of the rat adrenal medulla were studied for up to 120h after intravenous injection of the drug. By 1 h, microtubules were virtually absent from chromaffin cells and preganglionic cholinergic axons, and typical paracrystals had appeared inside the nerve fibers. By 16h microtubules were completely reconstituted and paracrystals had disappeared. From 16h onwards, there was an increasing depletion of storage granules from adrenaline (A) — producing cells, which coincided with biochemical determinations showing a reduction of adrenal A to about 40 % of control levels by 48 h, with noradrenaline (NA) remaining in the range of controls. Both A- and NA-storing cells showed an extensive proliferation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Vb caused a marked increase in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; +113%) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH; +82%) activities after 48 h. Splanchnicotomy completely abolished the vb-mediated increase in TH and DBH activities. A smaller increase (+ 47 %) in enzyme activity was observed with phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT). Vb (10−5M) had no apparent effect on granule content and the amount of rough ER in chromaffin cells, which were cultured for 48 h. The results demonstrate that a single high dose of vb has relatively little short-term effects on the rat adrenal medulla, but causes drastic long-term changes in CA-content and enzyme activities that are mediated by the preganglionic nerves. These changes could be interpreted as an effort to compensate for a loss of CA-stores in peripheral adrenergic nerves (cf. Cheney et al., 1973). The differential long-term effect of vb on adrenal NA and A might be due to the lower induction of PNMT as compared to TH and DBH activities and/or to a preferential release of A versus NA, which may occur at high frequencies of stimulation of the splanchnic nerves.
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  • 86
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    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Zona fasciculata ; Ultrastructure ; Stereology ; β 1–24-corticotropin
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    Notes: Summary Adult rats were given 15 daily subcutaneous injections either of synthetic β 1–24-corticotropin or of the corresponding placebo (controls) and were sacrificed 1 h after the final injection. In stimulated animals, the adrenal glands were increased in weight as compared to those of controls. Stereological analysis at light microscopic level of the outer zona fasciculata cells showed moderate volumetric increases of nuclei, cytoplasm and capillaries and a marked volumetric increase of lipid droplets in stimulated animals. Stereologic analysis of electron micrographs confirmed the marked increase in relative volume and surface density of lipid droplets, while volume fractions alone were increased for the Golgi apparatus and decreased for the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Biochemical analysis of the whole adrenal gland showed that the corticotropin injections produced a moderate increase in protein concentration, a marked increase in triglycerides and no appreciable changes in either phospholipid or cholesterol concentrations. The synthetic polypeptide therefore appears to have stimulating trophic effects on adrenal cortical cells, as shown by the increase in protein and cell size. However, it depresses the activity of the two types of organelle, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, which have a major functional role in steroid synthesis. The increase of lipid droplets was interpreted as being primarily due to neutral fat accumulation, and secondarily to a diminished utilization of cholesterol for steroid synthesis. These findings suggest that, using this regime of administration, synthetic β 1–24 corticotropin, unlike native ACTH, inhibits steroid synthesis.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: HRP injection ; Lymnaea Stagnalis ; Neurohaemal areas ; Neurosecretory cell ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The paired, electrotonically coupled neurosecretory Canopy Cells (CC) of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis were microiontophoretically injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Whole mount preparations and ultrathin sections of injected CC were studied to describe in detail the morphology of the CC, their axon tracts and neurohaemal areas. The CC release their secretory product at three different sites, viz. from the soma and from axon terminals in the intercerebral commissure and in the median lip nerve. Neural control over the CC occurs by few synapses found exclusively on the CC axon, not on the cell body. One type of “en passant” synapse was identified. Two morphologically distinct types of synapselike structures (SLS) are numerous. The site of electrotonic coupling between the two CC is most probably located in the cerebral commissure. Serial sectioning showed that the axons contact each other over more than 130 μm. The contact is very intimate and the axon membranes interdigitate in a complex manner. Gap junctions, which are often described as the sites of electrotonic coupling, were not found.
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    Cell & tissue research 202 (1979), S. 431-438 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sturgeon ; Heart ; Ultrastructure ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Granules
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of atrial and ventricular myocardial cells from Acipenser stellatus is described. The cells of the atrium are more loosely connected than those of the ventricle. Cell contact is by simple intercalated discs and by desmosomes. The cells are flattened, with peripheral myofibrils and a central region of mitochondria and the nucleus. The sarcoplasmic reticulum consists of subsarcolemmal tubules, that frequently extend towards the central mitochondria. Dyads are small and positioned at any sarcomeric level. No T-tubules are present. Specific granules are restricted to the atrial cell, and are sometimes present within the SR tubules.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Shell formation ; Free nerve endings ; Ultrastructure ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Biomphalaria pfeifferi
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The mantle edge of the freshwater pulmonate snailsLymnaea stagnalis andBiomphalaria pfeifferi was investigated with histochemical and ultrastructural methods. The mantle edge gland, which is involved in shell formation, consists of the periostracal groove and the belt. This belt appears to be composed of various regions. In the area of the periostracal groove a number of subepithelial gland cell types occur; these release their products into the groove. Between the groove cells ciliated free nerve endings terminate; the corresponding perikarya occur in the subepidermal connective tissue. Also in the posterior belt region free nerve endings were observed between the epithelial cells; in addition, a particular type of subepithelial gland cell was found in this area. The epithelial cells of this part of the belt have the ultrastructural characteristics of ion and water transporting cells; they are probably involved in calcium deposition and resorption. The possible role of the free nerve endings and of the subepithelial gland cells is discussed.
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  • 90
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    Development genes and evolution 184 (1978), S. 41-56 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Female germ line ; Mosaics ; Stem cell divisions ; Metafemale ; Sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Our report presents an analysis of the development and dynamics of the female germ line inDrosophila. Females were produced that were mosaic either for attached-X chromosomes $$(\widehat{XX})$$ and a ring-X (triplo-X-diplo-X), or for $$\widehat{XX}$$ and a marked Y-chromosome $$(\widehat{XX}/Y - \widehat{XX}/O)$$ . The germ-line and genitalia of these females were analysed by direct microscopic observation or by examination of the progeny. Eggs derived from triplo-X germ cells were hardly capable of supporting development, with most of the zygotes dying during embryonic development. The analysis of the germ line was therefore carried out mainly by direct observation of histochemically stained developing oocytes in the ovaries of mosaic females. The total germ cell population of both ovaries of a female was mosaic in 22–29% of the tested animals. From this frequency of mosaicism we estimated the number of functional primordial germ cells to be betwen 3 and 6 cells at the blastoderm stage. At this stage the cell lineages for the left and right ovary are not yet separated. The germ cell population of individual ovarioles was frequently mosaic which shows that the few stem cells in an ovariole are recruited as a group and are not clonal descendants of a single ancestor cell per ovariole. An analysis of the sequential pattern of oocyte-nurse cell cysts in mosaic ovarioles revealed that neighbouring cysts tend to be of the same genotype. This suggests that the stem cells of the adult ovaries preferentially divide in bursts, one of them giving rise to two, three and sometimes even more cystocytes in a row. In addition, the foci for lethality and sterility of the triplo-X condition were determined. Non-mosaic triplo-X females (metafemales) are hardly viable and invariably sterile. Using our mosaics, the focus forlethality could be mapped to a region very near the ventral prothoracic discs. The focus forsterility resides in the genitalia, since flies with triplo-X genitalia never laid any eggs, regardless of the genotype of their ovaries.
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 235-248 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Liver ; Primary culture ; Ultrastructure ; Albumin synthesis ; Xenopus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic analysis of primary cultures derived from larvalXenopus liver has shown that these cells, although they form only two-dimensional aggregates, retain and presumably also develop structural characteristics typical of liver parenchyma cells, such as bile canaliculi with microvilli and epithelial junctional complexes. As judged from structural criteria, primary cultures contain 80–90% hepatocytes. In contrast to the intact tissue, primary cultures showed excessive development of microfilaments, however. Incorporation of labeled amino acids has revealed further that the capacity for protein synthesis is maintained in culture and that synthesis of liverspecific protein albumin is maintained in vitro, even in liver cultures derived from thyrostatic tadpoles. This latter result suggests that initiation of albumin synthesis in the larval liver is probably not dependent upon thyroid hormones but rather reflects the protodifferentiated state of this tissue.
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    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 145-159 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bird egg shell ; Ultrastructure ; Calcification ; Electron diffraction ; Microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The egg-shell of Japanese quail was studied by several techniques. Semithin sections (1μm thick) of non-decalcified shell were observed by normal and polarized light microscopy. Thin sections of non-decalcified shell, examined by transmission electron microscopy, permitted us to observe the forms and dimensions of crystals of calcite within different layers of the shell: mammilary layer, layer of cones, palissade layer and surface crystal layer. There appears to be two distinct zones in the layer of cones as well as in the superficial crystal layer. Electron microdiffraction revealed the orientation of calcite crystals in the columns. Some crystal defects (twins?) were described and the possibility of their artefactual formation during ultramicrotomy is discussed. Localization of Ca, Mg, P and S were made by X-ray microanalysis of semithin sections. This technique shows that shell membranes, and chiefly the true cuticle, are also mineralized but, in these layers, minerals are not crystallized. Otherwise the distribution of Mg is not uniform throughout the shell thickness; it is less concentrated in the external zone of the layer of cones. These results together with observation of developing shells by scanning electron microscopy allowed us to propose a scheme for shell organization of the quail egg. This organization was related with decalcification which occurs during hatching.
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    Archives of microbiology 117 (1978), S. 293-295 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ; Intracytoplasmic membranes ; Membranes ; Ultrastructure ; Bacteriochlorophyll ; Chromatophores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic bacterium,Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, can be grown phototrophically (light, anaerobiosis), of chemotrophically (dark, aerobiosis). In the first case, it contains intracytoplasmic membranes with photosynthetic pigments. When shifted from phototrophy to chemotrophy these membranes disappear in an unknown fashion. In the present experiment, samples were taken for electron microscopy, cell density and bacteriochlorophyll determinations after shift from phototrophy to chemotrophy. The density of intracytoplasmic vesicles was measured on micrographs. During the first 2h growth is very slow and the ultrastructure remains unaltered. As growth resumes, the vesicles disappear at a rate which implies that they are not incorportated into the cytoplasmic membrane, nor actively digested, but remain intact and become increasingly diluted in the cytoplasm as the culture grows. The size of the vesicles was estimated to about 500 Å. The number of vesicles in phototrophically grown cells was calculated to about 575 per cell, and after 6h chemotrophic growth to about 100. The areas of the cytoplasmic and intracytoplasmic membranes are roughly calculated.
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    Archives of microbiology 118 (1978), S. 309-316 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Streptomyces melanochromogenes ; Sporogenesis ; Formation of sporulation septum ; Delimitation, separation, and release of spores ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mode of spore differentiation in a strain of Streptomyces melanochromogenes was followed by analysis of ultrathin sections of sporulating aerial hyphae at various stages of sporogenesis. A special accent was laid on the formation of the sporulation septum and its alterations in the course of spore delimitation and separation. Distinct differences in formation and substructure have been observed between the cross walls of vegetative hyphae and the sporulation septa. Cross walls of vegetative hyphae are formed in a way typical for Gram-positive bacteria by a centripetal annular ingrowth of cytoplasmic membrane, on which wall material immediately is deposited. The development of the sporulation septa is characterized by the accumulation of amorphous material in addition to the newly synthesized wall layer inside the invaginating cytoplasmic membrane. This amorphous septal material will later be decomposed presumably by two lytic systems which cause the separation of the spores. The central region of the finished sporulation septum is perforated by microplasmodesmata. Spores are released by a break down of the surface sheath. The complete spores are enveloped by a twolayered cell wall and the spiny surface sheath.
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    Archives of microbiology 116 (1978), S. 279-288 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Neurospora crassa ; Macroconidia ; Microcycle ; Heat ; Ultrastructure ; Nucleolus ; Proconidia ; Septa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Heat-shock of macroconidia of Neurospora crassa at 46°C followed by shift-down to 25°C determines premature conidiogenesis. The nuclei and cytoplasm of heat-treated, swollen conidia contain spots of a dense material especially concentrated around the nucleolus in short time treated ones. In the first proconidium apically budding on the enlarged tip of the premature conidiophore, small vesicles are peripherally spread. A few such vesicles are later seen lining the initially simple septum separating the proconidial units into conidia. The doubling of this interconidial septum is surface viewn as a thick annulus. Disarticulation of the conidial units intervenes along a septal furrow of electroluscent material. Interconidial continuity through the septal pores is transiently insured by a connective which is ruptured for final liberation of the conidia.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Scanning cytophotometry ; Chromatin ; Chondrocytes ; Regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules cartilagineuses des membres postérieurs deTriturus cristatus en régénération après amputation, ont été étudiées en microscopie électronique et par cytophotométrie à balayage. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la structure et à la distribution de la chromatine mais aussi à différents organites cytoplasmiques. Dans l'étude de cytophotométrie à balayage, la chromatine a été considérée à travers son constituant majeur, l'ADN, coloré par la réaction de Feulgen. Au cours de la régénération du membre, l'hétérochromatine initialement condensée, essentiellement accolée à la membrane nucléaire se décondense. Les vacuoles du cytoplasme, caractéristiques des animaux âgés par rapport aux animaux jeunes, disparaissent, les mitochondries et le reticulum endoplasmique rugueux deviennent plus abondants. Les caractéristiques nucléaires de l'activation cellulaire apparaissent précocement, précédent les modifications cytoplasmiques et conduisent à des cellules en tous points identiques aux cellules d'animaux jeunes en dehors de tout processus régénératif. Cette phase d'euchromatisation et de restructuration cytoplasmique est peut-être nécessaire à l'accroissement d'activité métabolique et à la division cellulaire qui suivent. Son déroulement peut expliquer tout au moins le ralentissement de la régénération observé chez les animaux âgés par rapport aux animaux jeunes.
    Notes: Summary Cartilaginous cells of aged newts (Triturus cristatus) were studied during hind limb regeneration. The electron microscope was used to study the structure and distribution of chromatin in the cell nuclei, while the DNA content of the chromatin was measured by means of a scanning cytophotometer. Changes in the ultrastructure of the cytoplasm during regeneration were also studied. It was observed that the structure and distribution of chromatin in the activated cell is greatly modified. In the non-activated cell of the aged newt, the chromatin is found highly condensed and distributed peripherally close to the nuclear membrane. In contrast, in the activated cells, the chromatin is much less condensed and is distributed throughout the nucleus. Moreover, cytoplasmic vacuoles, found only in the non-activated aged cells, disappear and an increase in the mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum is also observed. Changes in the nuclear structure are observed prior to the cytoplasmic modifications. It is interesting to note that the process of activation induces structural changes in the aged cells which make these cells appear to be structurally identical to the young cells. This process of rejuvenation takes 3–5 days in the newt. We suggest that these structural changes of the chromatin and cytoplasm in the aged cells are necessary to increase the metabolic activity which precedes cell division. It may also explain why regeneration takes a longer time in the aged animals than in the young ones.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 16 (1978), S. 855-865 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: kynurenine hydroxylase ; cinnabar locus ; EMS mutagenesis ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken to isolate mutations affecting the temporal appearance of kynurenine hydroxylase in Drosophila melanogaster. Such mutations, lacking or having reduced enzyme activity at the larval or pupal stage only, could represent changes in regulatory functions. Mutagenesis was carried out using EMS. Potential mutations were isolated from mass F1 cultures. The screening of large numbers of individuals was made possible by the use of the mutant red, which allowed visual classification for the presence or absence of the enzyme at both stages. From a series of six mutagenesis experiments 111,561 chromosomes were tested, and 122 phenotypically mutant F1 individuals were found. From these, 38 inheritable mutations were isolated which, by phenotypic observation, lacked or had reduced enzyme activity at the larval and pupal stages. Assay of enzyme activity levels in several of the mutants confirmed the phenotypic data. All of the 27 mutations that could be tested further are recessive and behave as cinnabar alleles. Complementation tests were performed between these 27 mutant stocks, and no complementation in the production of eye color has been seen between the mutants examined. When extended collection periods were used, a significantly higher percentage of inheritable mutations was isolated from the first 3 days of the screen. Over 80% of the F1 phenotypic mutants could be classified as mosaics, which indicates that cinnabar can be autonomous under certain conditions. The failure to isolate mutations in possible regulatory function is discussed.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; 6-phosphogluconolactonase ; hexose monophosphate shunt ; Pgd n Zw n mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Using a double mutant strain, Pgd n Zw n , we have developed an assay for 6-phosphogluconolactonase activity and have demonstrated its occurrence in adult Drosophila melanogaster.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase ; Pgd n lethal alleles ; rescue by dietary supplements ; hexose monophosphate shunt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic rescue of Pgd n lethal alleles, accomplished by combining them with mutations lacking glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, has led to the hypothesis that Pgd n lethality may be due to the accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate. In this article we report the rescue of Pgd n /Y males by dietary supplements (fructose and linolenate) designed to minimize 6-phosphogluconate production.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; GTP cyclohydrolase ; development ; pteridine biosynthesis ; mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The reaction catalyzed by GTP cyclohydrolase is the first unique step of pteridine biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster and is therefore likely to be an important control point. GTP cyclohydrolase activity varies during development, showing two distinct peaks of activity—one at pupariation and a much larger peak at emergence. Most of the early pupal enzyme is located in the body region, whereas in late pupal and early adult life most of the activity is found in the head. Mixing experiments indicate that developmental changes in activity are not due to changes in the level of a direct effector of GTP cyclohydrolase. The mutants raspberry and prune show an increased GTP cyclohydrolase activity at pupariation relative to wild type, but a decreased enzyme activity at emergence. The changes in GTP cyclohydrolase activity are reflected in changes in pteridine levels in these mutants. Several lines of evidence suggest that neither locus is the structural gene for GTP cyclohydrolase. The raspberry and prune gene products may play a specific role in regulating GTP cyclohydrolase activity during development.
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