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  • SPACE SCIENCES  (6,789)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (4,171)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (2,685)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (2,446)
  • Weizen
  • 1975-1979  (5,848)
  • 1970-1974  (10,246)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Beziehung zwischen dem Bodenfeuchtegehalt und den Erträgen wichtiger landwirtschaftlicher Fruchtarten auf zwei unterschiedlichen Schwarzerdestandorten (1979)
    In:  Arch. Acker- und Pflanzenbau und Bodenkunde 23 (7):429-439
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Description: Versuche mit Kartoffeln, Weidelgras, Zuckerrüben und Winterweizen zur Bodenfeuchtestaffelung sowie Ableitung von günstigen Bodenfeuchtespannen aus den Ergebnissen; Auswertung von Versuchen mit Kartoffeln, Weidelgras, Zuckerrüben und Winterweizen zeigen Zusammenhang zwischen Bodenfeuchte und Ertragsrückgang KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Bodenfeuchte auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Bodenfeuchte (Löß-Braunschwarzerde 0-50 cm) = 50 - 70 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Zuckerrüben zur Fütterung) +; Delta Bodenfeuchte (Löß-Braunschwarzerde 0-50 cm) = 50 - 60/65 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Zuckerrüben zur zuckergewinnung) +; Delta Bodenfeuchte (Löß-Braunschwarzerde 0-50 cm) = 40 - 55/60 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Kartoffeln - einschl. Stärke) +; Delta Bodenfeuchte (Löß-Braunschwarzerde 0-50 cm) = 55/60 - 75/80 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Welsches Weidelgras bis Mitte August) +; Delta Bodenfeuchte (Löß-Braunschwarzerde 0-50 cm) = 50 - 70 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Welsches Weidelgras nach Mitte August) +; Delta Bodenfeuchte (Löß-Braunschwarzerde 0-50 cm) = 50 - 65/70 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Winterweizen) +; Delta Bodenfeuchte (Ton-Schwarzerde 0-40 cm) = 45/50 - 60/65 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Zuckerrüben) +; Delta Bodenfeuchte (Ton-Schwarzerde 0-40 cm) = 50 - 70 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Welsches Weidelgras) +; Delta Bodenfeuchte (Ton-Schwarzerde 0-40 cm) = 50 - 70/75 % nFÄ, dann Ertrag (Kartoffeln - einschl. Stärke) +;
    Keywords: Thüringen ; 1968-1972 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Trockenheit ; Verdunstung ; Wassermangel ; Weizen ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 2
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    Prediction of energetic particle disturbances (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The prediction of fluxes of energetic particles of solar or magnetospheric origin is addressed. Topics include the prediction of the properties of the particle populations generated by magnetospheric storms and substorms, and the prediction of long term variations in the populations of magnetospheric particles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 415-432
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  • 3
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    Source position loci for the gamma-ray bursts recorded October 20 and November 10, 1977 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Further constraints are imposed on the sites of the gamma-ray bursts recorded Oct. 20 and Nov. 10, 1977 with the Prognoz 6 satellite and the Helios 2 spacecraft. The loci of the burst sources are 1.7-arcmin-wide bands in which no X-ray sources, pulsars, supernova remnants, or galaxies brighter than 13m occur.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 4
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    Visual observations over oceans (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Important factors in locating, identifying, describing, and photographing ocean features from space are presented. On the basis of crew comments and other findings, the following recommendations can be made for Earth observations on Space Shuttle missions: (1) flyover exercises must include observations and photography of both temperate and tropical/subtropical waters; (2) sunglint must be included during some observations of ocean features; (3) imaging remote sensors should be used together with conventional photographic systems to document visual observations; (4) greater consideration must be given to scheduling earth observation targets likely to be obscured by clouds; and (5) an annotated photographic compilation of ocean features can be used as a training aid before the mission and as a reference book during space flight.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, Vol. 2; p 385-407
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
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    Equivalence of airborne and ground-acquired wheat canopy temperatures (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The relationship between airborne and ground-based measurements of soil and crop canopy temperatures is investigated for a partial crop canopy. Daily ground-based measurements using a wide-field-of-view radiometer oriented towards the nadir at a height of 1.5 m and airborne thermal imagery at two-week intervals were obtained throughout the entire growing season of a stand of wheat. When corrected for atmospheric effects, the airborne measurements were found to be virtually identical to ground-based measurements, with a regression line slope of 0.985, a standard deviation of 1.8 C and a correlation coefficient of 0.97.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 8; Aug. 197
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  • 6
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    Temporal spectral measurements of corn and soybean crops (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A ground-based, hand-held radiometer, configured to measure red and photographic infrared spectral radiances, was successfully used to collect in situ temporal spectral measurements of corn and soybean crops. Significant relationships were found between the radiance data and the biomass, plant height, percentage crop cover, percentage crop chlorosis, and percentage leaf loss. The results of this experiment show conclusively that hand-held radiometers can be used to collect spectral data that are highly correlated to several agronomic variables. These findings suggest approaches for agronomic research, and confirm the value of remote sensing of agricultural targets.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 45; May 1979
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  • 7
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    Diffuse fluxes of cosmic high-energy neutrinos (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Production spectra of high-energy neutrinos from galactic cosmic-ray interactions with interstellar gas and extragalactic ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray interactions with microwave blackbody photons are presented and discussed. These production processes involve the decay of charged pions and are thus related to the production of cosmic gamma rays from the decay of neutral pions. Estimates of the neutrino fluxes from various diffuse cosmic sources are then made, and the reasons for significant differences with previous estimates are discussed. Small predicted event rates for a DUMAND (deep underwater muon and neutrino detector) type detection system, combined with a possible significant flux of prompt neutrinos from the atmosphere above 50 TeV, may make the study of diffuse extraterrestrial neutrinos more difficult than previously thought.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 228
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  • 8
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    Modeling of electron time variations in the radiation belts (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A review of the temporal variation in the trapped electron population of the inner and outer radiation zones is presented. Techniques presently used for modeling these zones are discussed and their deficiencies identified. An intermediate region is indicated between the zones in which the present modeling techniques are inadequate due to the magnitude and frequency of magnetic storms. Future trends are examined, and it is suggested that modeling of individual magnetic storms may be required in certain L bands. An analysis of seven magnetic storms is presented, establishing the independence of the depletion time of the storm flux and the storm magnitude. Provisional correlation between the storm magnitude and the Dst index is demonstrated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 9
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    A possible closure relation for heat transport in the solar wind (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The objective of the present paper is to search for an empirical closure relation for solar wind heat transport that applies to a microscopic scale. This task is approached by using the quasi-linear wave-particle formalism proposed by Perkins (1973) as a guide to derive an equation relating the relative drift speed between core-electron and proton populations to local bulk flow conditions. The resulting relationship, containing one free parameter, is found to provide a good characterization of Los Alamos Imp electron data measuring during the period from March 1971 through August 1974. An empirical closure relation is implied by this result because of the observed proportionality between heat flux and relative drift speed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Nov. 1
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  • 10
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    A search for low energy gamma rays from CG 195+4 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A 13-deg-wide region of sky containing the high-energy gamma-ray source CG 195+4 was searched for X-ray and gamma-ray emission in the energy interval from 0.035 to 8.737 MeV. The balloon-altitude measurements were undertaken on October 4, 1977, at Palestine, Texas, and used an actively collimated scintillation counter. As a result of the measurements, low upper limits have been found for the spectrum from the source. Combined with the positive detections made with satellites at high energies, the measurements show that the photon number spectrum must have a spectral index harder than 2.0. The data appear inconsistent with models of the source in which the presumed neutron star is surrounded by a cloud thick to X-rays. Negative results of the search for periodicity are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 79; 1-2,; Oct. 197
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  • 11
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    Remote sensing of snow and ice (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper reviews remote sensing of snow and ice, techniques for improved monitoring, and incorporation of the new data into forecasting and management systems. The snowcover interpretation of visible and infrared data from satellites, automated digital methods, radiative transfer modeling to calculate the solar reflectance of snow, and models using snowcover input data and elevation zones for calculating snowmelt are discussed. The use of visible and near infrared techniques for inferring snow properties, microwave monitoring of snowpack characteristics, use of Landsat images for collecting glacier data, monitoring of river ice with visible imagery from NOAA satellites, use of sequential imagery for tracking ice flow movement, and microwave studies of sea ice are described. Applications of snow and ice research to commercial use are examined, and it is concluded that a major problem to be solved is characterization of snow and ice in nature, since assigning of the correct properties to a real system to be modeled has been difficult.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 12
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    Effect of surface roughness on the microwave emission from soils (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of surface roughness on the brightness temperature of a moist terrain has been studied through the modification of Fresnel reflection coefficient and using the radiative transfer equation. The modification involves introduction of a single parameter to characterize the roughness. It is shown that this parameter depends on both the surface height variance and the horizontal scale of the roughness. Model calculations are in good quantitative agreement with the observed dependence of the brightness temperature on the moisture content in the surface layer. Data from truck mounted and airborne radiometers are presented for comparison. The results indicate that the roughness effects are great for wet soils where the difference between smooth and rough surfaces can be as great as 50 K.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Sept. 20
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  • 13
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    X-ray emission from gamma-ray sources in the galactic anticentre region (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An X-ray survey of three high energy gamma-ray sources in the galactic anticenter region conducted using the large area sky survey instrument on HEAO 1 is presented. The sensitivity of this survey is highest reported, and two, and possibly three, X-ray sources were detected in the vicinity of gamma 195+5. Three new X-ray sources have been discovered within a few degrees of CG176-7, but none overlaps the gamma-ray error box. These results demonstrate that gamma-ray sources like CG195+4 and CG176-7 have emission characteristics different from the Crab pulsar, but may be similar to the Vela pulsar. Alternatively, the lack of detectable X-ray flux suggests that the gamma-ray emission arises from cosmic-ray interactions in dense interstellar clouds. An interesting feature of the new X-ray sources is that four of them may be associated with early-type stars which exhibit emission lines.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 282; Dec. 13
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  • 14
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    The mean intensity of radiation at 2 microns in the solar neighborhood (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Consideration is given to the value of the mean intensity at 2 microns in the solar neighborhood, and it is found that it is likely to be a factor of four greater than previously estimated on theoretical grounds. It is noted however, that the estimate does agree with a reasonable extrapolation of the results of the survey of the Galactic plane by the Japanese group. It is concluded that the mean intensity in the solar neighborhood therefore probably peaks somewhat longward of 1 micron, and that this result is important for understanding the temperature of interstellar dust and the intensity of the far infrared background. This means specifically that dark clouds probably emit significantly more far infrared radiation than previously predicted.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Letters; 20; 3, 19; 1979
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  • 15
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    Solar potential inventory and modeling (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Image processing procedures for calculating the energy that roof-mounted solar collectors can potentially supply in a metropolitan area are presented. Satellite multispectral imagery from which land cover types can be determined digitally was sampled in order to estimate the percentage of land area occupied by flat or south-facing roof tops in residential and commercial/industrial areas. Procedures were applied to the various power subdistricts of the western San Fernando valley of California, and it was found that on the average 120% of the existing power demand could be met if only half the useable rooftop area were utilized, amounting to 385 MW of peak power and indicating the applicability of solar cells to power generation in urban areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing Quarterly; 1; Apr. 197
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  • 16
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    Using population statistics for a first look at the utility of Landsat data for urban areas (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reviews the Image Based Information System (IBIS), developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) which provided the city of Los Angeles with Landsat land use data in a format compatible with the city's land use and population files. Landsat data are compared to other land use files and the comparisons are discussed as an attempt to establish a level of validity. Relationships between population and Landsat data are investigated and reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the use of such data for urban areas. Finally, it is noted that the project verified the flexibility of IBIS for reducing and delivering Landsat data to users lacking the ability to process raw satellite data tapes and points to the system as a model for a potential national census of land use.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing Quarterly; 1; Jan. 197
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  • 17
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    The detection of urban expansion from Landsat imagery (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two methodologies for detecting and mapping land cover changes in and around growing urban regions are being studied at Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Both approaches, primarily based on digital image processing techniques, have been developed to supplement data stored in an Image Based Information System (IBIS). The structure of this information system enables the depiction of land cover changes in image format concurrently with statistical reports in tabular form. To date the expansion of two urban areas, Houston, Texas and Orlando, Florida, has been monitored.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing Quarterly; 1; Jan. 197
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  • 18
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    Two-stream theory of reflectance of snow (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Spectral reflectance of snow under diffuse illumination is studied using the two-stream approximation of the radiative transfer equation. The scattering and absorption parameters of the radiative transfer equation - the single scattering albedo, the optical depth, and the integrated phase function are obtained from the grain size and density of snow. Analytical expressions for the intensity within the snowpack, the reflectance, and the asymptotic flux extinction coefficient, are given. Good agreement is shown between the theory and available experimental data on visible and near-infrared reflectance, and the asymptotic flux extinction coefficient. The theory may also be used to explain the observed effect of aging on the snow reflectance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Electronics; GE-17; July 197
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  • 19
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    Galactic plane gamma-radiation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Analysis of the SAS 2 data together with the COS B results shows that the distribution of galactic gamma-radiation has several similarities to that of other large-scale tracers of galactic structure. The radiation is primarily confined to a thin disc which exhibits offsets from b = 0 degrees similar to warping at radio frequencies. The principal distinction of the gamma-radiation is a stronger contrast in intensity between the region from 310 to 45 degrees in longitude and the regions away from the center that can be attributed to a variation in cosmic-ray density as a function of position in Galaxy. The diffuse galactic gamma-ray energy spectrum shows no significant variation in direction, and the spectrum seen along the plane is the same as that for the galactic component of the gamma-radiation at high altitudes. The uniformity of the galactic gamma-ray spectrum, the smooth decrease in intensity as a function of altitude, and the absence of any galactic gamma-ray sources at high altitudes indicate a diffuse origin for bulk of the galactic gamma-radiation rather than a collection of localized sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 230
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  • 20
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    The annihilation of galactic positrons (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The annihilation of galactic positrons is studied in order to evaluate the probabilities of various channels of annihilation and to calculate the spectrum of the resulting radiation. The narrow width (FWHM less than 3.2 keV) of the 0.511-MeV line observed from the galactic center by Leventhal, McCallum, and Stang (1978) implies that a large fraction of positrons should annihilate in a medium of temperature less than 100,000 K and ionization fraction greater than 0.05. H II regions at the galactic center could be possible sites of annihilation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 228
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  • 21
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    Using Landsat digital data to detect moisture stress (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A technique utilizing transformed Landsat digital data for detection of agricultural drought was empirically defined during the 1976 South Dakota drought. During 1977, the procedure was expanded to the Great Plains for evaluation as a technique for detecting and monitoring vegetative water stress over large areas. The technique, Green Index Number (GIN), uses Landsat digital data from 5 by 6 nautical mile sampling frames (segments) to indicate when the vegetation within the segment is undergoing drought. At known growth stages for wheat, segments were classified as drought or non-drought areas. The remote-sensing-based information was compared to a weekly ground-based index (Crop Moisture Index) provided by the United States Department of Commerce. This comparison demonstrated a high degree of agreement between the 18-day remote sensing technique and the ground-based weekly data. Maps based on GIN of parts of the USSR and Australia were produced with a two-week lag and later compared with other crop assessments of crop conditions in these areas. These maps were judged to be in general agreement with the other data sources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 45; Feb. 197
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  • 22
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    Comparison of 2.8- and 21-cm microwave radiometer observations over soils with emission model calculations (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An airborne experiment was conducted under NASA auspices to test the feasibility of detecting soil moisture by microwave remote sensing techniques over agricultural fields near Phoenix, Arizona at midday of April 5, 1974 and at dawn of the following day. Extensive ground data were obtained from 96 bare, sixteen hectare fields. Observations made using a scanning (2.8 cm) and a nonscanning (21 cm) radiometer were compared with the predictions of a radiative transfer emission model. It is shown that (1) the emitted intensity at both wavelengths correlates best with the near surface moisture, (2) surface roughness is found to more strongly affect the degree of polarization than the emitted intensity, (3) the slope of the intensity-moisture curves decreases in going from day to dawn, and (4) increased near surface moisture at dawn is characterized by increased polarization of emissions. The results of the experiment indicate that microwave techniques can be used to observe the history of the near surface moisture. The subsurface history must be inferred from soil physics models which use microwave results as boundary conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 84; Jan. 20
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  • 23
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    Monitoring corn and soybean crop development with hand-held radiometer spectral data (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 8; Aug. 197
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  • 24
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    Landsat analysis of lake quality (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The trophic status of a number of inland lakes in Wisconsin has been assessed. The feasibility of using both photographic and digital representations of Landsat imagery was investigated during the lake classification project. The result of the investigation has been a semi-automatic data acquisition and handling system which, in conjunction with an analytical categorization scheme, can be used to classify all the significant lakes in the state.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 45; May 1979
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  • 25
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    Charge equilibrium and radiation of low-energy cosmic rays passing through interstellar medium (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The charge equilibrium and radiation of an oxygen and an iron beam in the MeV per nucleon energy range, representing a typical beam of low-energy cosmic rays passing through the interstellar medium, are considered. Electron loss of the beam has been taken into account by means of the first Born approximation, allowing for the target atom to remain unexcited or to be excited to all possible states. Electron-capture cross sections have been calculated by means of the scaled Oppenheimer-Brinkman-Kramers approximation, taking into account all atomic shells of the target atoms and capture into all excited states of the projectile. The capture and loss cross sections are found to be within 20%-30% of the existing experimental values for most of the cases considered. Radiation of the beam due to electron capture into the excited states of the ion, collisional excitation, and collisional inner-shell ionization, taking into account the fluorescence yield of the ions, has been considered. Effective X-ray production cross sections and multiplicities for the most energetic X-ray lines emitted by the Fe and O beams have been calculated, and error estimates made for the results.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 229
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  • 26
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    Helios 2-Vela-Ariel 5 gamma-ray burst source position (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The gamma-ray burst of January 28, 1976, one of 18 events thus far detected in interplanetary space with Helios 2, was also observed with the Vela 5A and 6A and the Ariel 5 satellites. A small source field is obtained from the intersection of the region derived from the observed time delays between Helios 2 and Vela 5A and 6A, with the source region independently found with the Ariel 5 X-ray detector. This area contains neither any steady X-ray source as scanned by HEAO 1 nor any previously cataloged X-ray, radio, or infrared sources, X-ray transients, quasars, Seyferts, globular clusters, flare stars, pulsars, white dwarfs, or high enery gamma-ray sources. The region is, however, within the source field of a gamma-ray transient observed in 1974 by Jacobson et al. (1978) which exhibited nuclear gamma-ray line structure.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 229
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  • 27
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    The dynamical halo and the variation of cosmic-ray path length with energy (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is shown that the dynamical halo model offers a natural explanation for the form of the variation of the cosmic-ray path length with energy. The variation above about 1 GeV per nucleon can be understood as due to the variation of the diffusion coefficient, and hence the resident time, with energy. The flattening of the curve below 1 GeV per nucleon is seen to mark a transition to a convection-dominated regime where the diffusion coefficient is no longer the determining parameter. A fit to the observations yields a halo outflow velocity of 8 km/s. An attempt is made to determine the overall scale of the halo and the diffusion coefficient using recent Be-10 flux measurements, but the data do not agree well enough to pin down these variables to within less than four or five orders of magnitude.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 229
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  • 28
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    Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The relationships between various linear combinations of red and photographic infrared radiances and vegetation parameters are investigated. In situ spectrometers are used to measure the relationships between linear combinations of red and IR radiances, their ratios and square roots, and biomass, leaf water content and chlorophyll content of a grass canopy in June, September and October. Regression analysis shows red-IR combinations to be more significant than green-red combinations. The IR/red ratio, the square root of the IR/red ratio, the vegetation index (IR-red difference divided by their sum) and the transformed vegetation index (the square root of the vegetation index + 0.5) are found to be sensitive to the amount of photosynthetically active vegetation. The accumulation of dead vegetation over the year is found to have a linearizing effect on the various vegetation measures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 8; May 1979
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    LS47: A DSN station location set compatible with JPL development ephemeris DE108 (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An updated Deep Space Network station location set, LS47, is presented which is compatible with JPL Development Ephemeris DE108. Analytic procedures for linearly correcting station spin axis and longitude estimates for an ephemeris update based on Brouwer-Clemence Set III parameters are briefly discussed. The validity of this technique is demonstrated by a comparison of a linearly corrected solution with one explicitly determined by reprocessing the data. A mission data base, including Viking 1 and 2 encounter data, is first used to obtain an updated DE96 compatible station location solution, LS46, which in turn is adjusted to form the DE108 solution, LS47. Improved station Z-heights are estimated by using available very long baseline interferometry data. Spin axis differences between LS46 and LS47 are relatively insignificant; however, the ephemeris change introduces a -0.8 x 10 to the -5 power degree rotation in the DE96 longitude ephemeris.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 86-98
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    Recommendations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Significant progress was made in the development of remote sensing techniques for estimating soil moisture, and some useful applications for soil moisture information was demonstrated. However, there is an array of questions that must be answered before an operational program is appropriate. A substantial research-oriented program is justified. A summary of recommendations made by participants in the workshop concerning future research and development is presented. These recommendations represent a consensus of opinions from the Workshop participants, but are not necessarily unanimous views.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Soil Moisture Workshop; 5 p
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    Proceedings of summary and recommendations session (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Discussion by discipline scientist and information users throughout the Workshop showed the diversity of opinion on the actual use of soil moisture information and the approaches which may lead to successful remote sensing measurements of soil moisture. Soil moisture has varying definitions and information needs depending on perspective of discipline and defined use. With these differences of need and definition, the summary panel provides summaries of the activities and recommendations with interaction from all participants of the Workshop.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Soil Moisture Workshop; 53 p
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    Microwave and gamma radiation observations of soil moisture (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The unique dielectric properties of water at microwave wavelengths afford the possibility for remotely sensing the moisture content in the surface layer of the soil. The surface emissivity and reflectivity for the soils at these wavelengths are strong functions of its moisture content. The changes in emissivity can be observed by passive microwave techniques (radiometry) and the change in reflectivity can be observed by active microwave techniques (radar). The difference in the natural terrestrial gamma ray flux measured for wet and dry soil may be used to determine soil moisture. The presence of water moisture in the soil causes an effective increase in soil density, resulting in an increased attenuation of the gamma flux for wet soil and a corresponding lower flux above the ground surface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Soil Moisture Workshop; 37 p
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  • 33
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    Correlated ground based observations in support of the HEAO-1 X-ray observatory (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Using X-ray and optical photometry of UBVRI fluxes, energetic compact extragalactic sources were studied, such as BL Lacerta (Lac) and BL Lac objects-Markarian (Mrk) 421, Mrk 501, and B2 1308+32. BL Lac and BL Lac objects were found to have predominantly nonthermal spectrums. Photometric and spectroscopic properties of X Persei, an unusual Be star associated with an intrinsically weak X-ray source, were also studied. Both its X-ray and optical emission show complex variability on many different time scales.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 214-222
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    Optical identification and spectroscopy of X-ray sources precisely positioned with A-3 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Using a scanning modulation collimator, the optical identification of X-ray sources by means of precise positioning was carried out. Two galactic identifications (4U2129+47 and 2A0311-227) and two extragalactic identifications (NGC 526a and Parkes H2155-304) are described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 251-260
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  • 35
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    Diffuse X-ray emission from Abell clusters (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Abell clusters of galaxies, specifically Abell 401 and Abell 399 regions, are discussed. Two sets of satellite observations were made. One was a lunar occultation pointed observation where there were two orbits in which to look at the regions while the moon scanned over it. The other was a scanning observation through the area. Two diffuse models of the X-ray emission were developed. Also, during the investigation three binary cluster systems were found where at least one member was an X-ray source. They were Abell 508, 509, 2177, 2178, 2204, and 2210.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 209-213
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  • 36
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    X-ray emission from the region of gamma 195+5 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: X-ray observations of nineteen unidentified discrete celestial gamma ray sources are discussed. Results show some indication of X-rays from the gamma ray source region. On the assumption that the results are valid, it is concluded that the source error box is smaller than what it was.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 201-208
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  • 37
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    Einstein observations of extended galactic X-ray sources (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Features of the X-ray pictures taken aboard the space observatory are presented. Imaging proportional counter pictures in three broad X-ray energy ranges were obtained. The X-ray spectrum of supernova remnants is described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 368-389
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  • 38
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    X-ray iron-line emission from the SN 185 remnant (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Radio and optical research was carried out in order to show that the supernova remnant RCW86 is a remnant of the earliest supernova event ever recorded in history (185 AD). The results are as follows: (1) an iron-line emission was found at 6.7 keV; (2) the temperature measured from HEAO-1 was approximately 6 keV; and (3) the equivalent width was consistent within the uncertainties with a cosmic iron abundance. These results support the identification of the supernova remnant RCW86 (it's X-ray source) with the historic supernova event.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 244-250
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  • 39
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    The application test system: Experiences to date and future plans (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The ATS analysis component is presented focusing on methods by which the varied data sources are used by the ATS analyst. Analyst training and initial processing of data is discussed along with short and long plans for the ATS.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Session, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1121-1125
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  • 40
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    Resource modeling: A reality for program cost analysis (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The approach, implementation, operation, and utilization of a model to establish capital investment and operational costs for the Program is presented. These are based on their interrelationships, dependencies, and alternative actions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1103-1120
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    The application test system: Technical approach and system design (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: An insight is provided of the technical approach which was applied to the system design of the USDA Applications Test Program. Included are: identification of requirements, assessment of remote sensing contributions, evaluations of existing techniques, and cost effective development of a system design which utilizes techniques and procedures consistent with requirements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1097-1101
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  • 42
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    Data base design for a worldwide multicrop information system (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: A description of the USDA Application Test System data base design approach and resources is presented. The data is described in detail by category, with emphasis on those characteristics which influenced the design most. It was concluded that the use of a generalized data base in support of crop assessment is a sound concept. The IDMS11 minicomputer base system is recommended for this purpose.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2 (; p 1085-1096
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    Functional definition and design of a USDA system (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The fundamental definition and design of a U.S.D.A. system utilizing the LACIE technology avaliable as of June 1976, is discussed. The organization and methods described are focused on LACIE technology in terms of its transfer for use applications. The simulation of a feasible system design provided timely answers to system design questions, such as the ability of a minicomputer to handle the proposed geometrical correction of MSS data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1075-1084
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    The application test system: An approach to technology transfer (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The latest satellite and computer processing and analysis technologies were tested and evaluated in terms of their application feasibility. Technologies evaluated include those developed, tested, and evaluated by the LACIE, as well as candidate technologies developed by the research community and private industry. The implementation of the applications test system and the technology transfer experience between the LACIE and the applications test system is discussed highlighting the approach, the achievements, and the shortcomings.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1069-1074
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  • 45
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    Design, implementation, and results of LACIE field research (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The capability to acquire, process, and interpret remotely sensed multispectral measurements of the energy reflected and emitted from crops, soils, and other Earth surface features is considered. The LACIE Field Measurements Project is described including project objectives, the experimental approach, the data acquisition program, and selected results based on field data. The key accomplishments and results of the experiment and recommendations for future field research are summarized.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1037-1066
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  • 46
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    Weighted aggregation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The use of a weighted aggregation technique to improve the precision of the overall LACIE estimate is considered. The manner in which a weighted aggregation technique is implemented given a set of weights is described. The problem of variance estimation is discussed and the question of how to obtain the weights in an operational environment is addressed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1029-1036
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  • 47
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    Multiyear estimates for the LACIE sampling plans (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: An approach that may be useful in improving the estimates of the wheat acreages for the LACIE countries for each year by using the short-time series of estimates made in the sequence of consecutive years is presented. A simple 'synthesis' based method of variance component estimation is described. A general theorem concerning weighted least squares, referred to as the Aiken method, is proved.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 1015-1028
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  • 48
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    Prediction of wheat phenological development: A state-of-the-art review (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The merits and shortcomings of LACIE wheat development models are described. The effects of planting dates, spatial errors in the variables, and model forms on accuracy are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 981-989
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    New developments in sampling and aggregation for remotely sensed surveys (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Sampling techniques used to construct large area crop estimates are briefly reviewed. Problem areas in sampling and aggregation are covered. The natural sampling strategy, two phase sampling, weighted aggregation, and multiyear estimation are among the topics discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 991-993
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    Natural sampling strategy (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: A natural stratum-based sampling scheme and the aggregation procedures for estimating wheat area, yield, and production and their associated prediction error estimates are described. The methodology utilizes LANDSAT imagery and agrophysical data to permit an improved stratification in foreign areas by ignoring political boundaries and restratifying along boundaries that are more homogeneous with respect to the distribution of agricultural density, soil characteristics, and average climatic conditions. A summary of test results is given including a discussion of the various problems encountered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2 995-1013 (SEE N80-15448 06-43)
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    The law of the minimum and an application to wheat yield estimation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The adaptation of the law of the minimum (LOM) to wheat yield estimation is discussed. It is demonstrated through a trial application that the LOM concept is a valuable tool for model building when regression tools are inadequate.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 961-969
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    Status of yield estimation technology: A review of second-generation model development and evaluation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Multiple regression models were studied in order to determine their yield estimation capability for any arbitrary unit area and to obtain greater responsiveness and accuracy through the use of additional data sources applied at smaller spatial and temporal scales. It was concluded that data base inadequacy was the factor limiting performance in the models studied and that each of the models has more yield predicting capability than was reached during LACIE.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 937-950
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    Image and numerical display aids for manual interpretation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Four color image display techniques, developed to aid in interpreting LANDSAT imagery, are described. These are the cluster image, the principal component transformation, the principal component greenness transformation, and the color-coded spectral plot. Experimental results show that the four techniques are useful in selecting and/or identifying representative samples of signatures in a given LANDSAT scene.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 911-921
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    A programmed labeling approach to image interpretation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Manual labeling techniques require the analyst-interpreter to use not only production film converter products but also agricultural and meteorological data and spectral aids in an integrated, judgmental fashion. To control an anticipated high variance in these techniques, a semiautomatic labeling technology was developed. The product of this technology is label identification from statistical tabulation (LIST) which operates from a discriminant basis and has the ability to measure the reliability of the label and to introduce an arbitrary bias. The development of LIST and its properties are described. Numerical results of an application are included and the evaluation of LIST is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 923-935
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    Generation of uniform chromaticity scale imagery from LANDSAT data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: An algorithm is presented for generating uniform chromaticity scale (UCS) imagery from multispectral data. A computer program was written to implement the algorithm, and UCS film products were generated. The colors in the film and their temporal change are consistent with those expected for the particular scaling of Krauth components into the (lab) color space. The film product was not subjected to the practical test of competing with previous transformations. Preliminary examination indicates that the product offers the following possibilities: (1) a single film product that will supplant two film products in current use; (2) improved visibility of data differences in regions in data space that are critical to crop identification; and (3) an analytic route to the determination of data-space transformations that will be optimal for particular discrimination problems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 899-910
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    Colorimetric consideration of transparencies for a typical LACIE scene (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The production film converter used to produce LACIE imagery is described as well as schemes designed to provide the analyst with operational film products. Two of these products are discussed from the standpoint of color theory. Colorimetric terminology is defined and the mathematical calculations are given. Topics covered include (1) history of product 1 and 3 algorithm development; (2) colorimetric assumptions for product 1 and 3 algorithms; (3) qualitative results from a colorimetric analysis of a typical LACIE scene; and (4) image-to-image color stability.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 887-897
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    Manual LANDSAT data analysis for crop type identification (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The process of manual identification of crop type by human analysts and problems associated in LACIE that were associated with manual crop identification measurement procedures are described. Research undertaken in cooperation with LACIE operations by the supporting research community to effect solutions to, or obtain greater understanding of the problems is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 857-866
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    LACIE analyst interpretation keys (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Two interpretation aids, 'The Image Analysis Guide for Wheat/Small Grains Inventories' and 'The United States and Canadian Great Plains Regional Keys', were developed during LACIE phase 2 and implemented during phase 3 in order to provide analysts with a better understanding of the expected ranges in color variation of signatures for individual biostages and of the temporal sequences of LANDSAT signatures. The keys were tested using operational LACIE data, and the results demonstrate that their use provides improved labeling accuracy in all analyst experience groupings, in all geographic areas within the U.S. Great Plains, and during all periods of crop development.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 867-886
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    The vegetative index number and crop identification (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: A vegetative index number of numerical value was calculated from the digital values of the LANDSAT system to provide some measure of green growing vegetation. The usefulness of the green numbers for schemes in crop identification and acreage estimation is investigated and the Ashburn vegetation index (AVI) is compared with the Kauth-Thomas vegetation index (KVI) for crop identification schemes. Results of wheat acreage estimation using LACIE Procedure 1 and the AVI for eight sample segments are given. Tables show comparisons between the AVI and the KVI as well as visual results of the AVI.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 843-855
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    An evaluation of procedure 1 (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: LACIE Procedure 1 has undergone continuous testing and evaluation, starting with analytical and experimental studies even before it was implemented in ERIPS software and continuing to the present with performance evaluations using blind-site data. The strengths and weaknesses of the procedure are indicated and some areas for possible improvement are identified. Results from three of the experiments performed and an evaluation of LACIE Procedure 1 proportion estimates for some blind-site segments are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 825-842
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    Signature extension methods in crop area estimation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The Procedure B multispectral processing system is both multisegment and multistratum. It uses data from several LACIE-sized segments together and makes a proportion estimate for the entire group of segments as well as for the individual segments. In the clustering of data features, Procedure B produces multiple classes or strata rather than just two strata (as in Procedure 1), and performs stratified sampling on each of these mutliple strata in order to make a proportion estimate. Tests results for the components and for the overall performance of Procedure B are presented, and conclusions that can be drawn from these tests are discussed. The rationale for signature extension for crop area estimation is summarized.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 801-823
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    Methods of extending crop signatures from one area to another (1979)
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    Description: Efforts to develop a technology for signature extension during LACIE phases 1 and 2 are described. A number of haze and Sun angle correction procedures were developed and tested. These included the ROOSTER and OSCAR cluster-matching algorithms and their modifications, the MLEST and UHMLE maximum likelihood estimation procedures, and the ATCOR procedure. All these algorithms were tested on simulated data and consecutive-day LANDSAT imagery. The ATCOR, OSCAR, and MLEST algorithms were also tested for their capability to geographically extend signatures using LANDSAT imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 757-800
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    Compensation for atmospheric effects in LANDSAT data (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Preprocessing algorithms were developed to remove or reduce the variations in multispectral data caused by variations in Sun angle and by changes in the atmospheric aerosol and water vapor levels. The two most significant algorithms developed by using mathematical models to define interrelations between the required multiplicative and additive correction factors so that just a few statistical characteristics of a LANDSAT distribution model would be sufficient to drive the mathematical model and to calculate the preprocessing corrections are examined. These are the atmospheric correction (ATCOR) computer program and the XSTAR haze correction algorithm. Neither the ATCOR nor the XSTAR algorithm provides an explicit compensation for the effects of changing LANDSAT view angle. Development efforts are underway to address this aspect of the preprocessing problem.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 723-738
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  • 64
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    Feature extraction applied to agricultural crops as seen by LANDSAT (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The physical interpretation of the spectral-temporal structure of LANDSAT data can be conveniently described in terms of a graphic descriptive model called the Tassled Cap. This model has been a source of development not only in crop-related feature extraction, but also for data screening and for haze effects correction. Following its qualitative description and an indication of its applications, the model is used to analyze several feature extraction algorithms.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 705-721
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  • 65
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    Estimating crop proportions from remotely sensed data (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The classification/pixel-count method for estimating the proportion of wheat in each segment is theoretically biased even if all distributional assumptions are met. Alternative ways to estimate crop proportions are examined and their performance testing is considered. Topics covered include general linear functional estimates, the method of moments, and maximum likelihood estimators.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 633-646
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  • 66
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    Economic evaluation: Concepts, selected studies, system costs, and a proposed program (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The more usual approaches to valuing crop information are reviewed and an integrated approach is recommended. Problems associated with implementation are examined. What has already been accomplished in the economic evaluation of LACIE-type information is reported including various studies of benefits. The costs of the existing and proposed systems are considered. A method and approach is proposed for further studies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 605-616
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  • 67
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    Methods for segment wheat area estimation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The major research conducted during the three years of LACIE to solve problems associated with segment wheat area estimation is reviewed. Topics covered include proportion estimation, clustering, feature extraction, and signature extension. It would appear that LANDSAT-1 and LANDSAT-2 data do not contain enough information to discriminate between crop types perfectly all the time and, therefore, a basic problem arises when no ground truth data on crop types in the area are available. New approaches are needed to reduce labeling error. Perhaps better use of multiyear LANDSAT data, a more detailed understanding of the cropping practices in the area, better crop calendar prediction, and a better understanding of the limiting sources of error in LANDSAT data related to crop discrimination may provide the insight required to develop improved designs.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 621-632
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  • 68
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    Accuracy and performance of LACIE crop development models (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Of the three principal phenological crop calendar models evaluated for LACIE, Robertson's triquadratic model which predicts the rate of progression of wheat through its biological development, was selected. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures and day length are the input variables, and the principal output is a daily increment of development through six physiological growth stages. Because wheat corresponds differently to the environment during each growth stage, five different equations are required. The estimated and observed crop development data were compared in order to establish a measure of confidence in the model and to identify consistent discrepancies that would adversely affect LACIE operation. Although the model provided reliable estimates for various wheat growing regions of the world, it was found that there are still areas in need of further model improvement or development.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 589-604
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  • 69
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    Accuracy and performance of LACIE area estimates (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Results for the three crop years between 1974 and 1977 are presented in 25 tables for four regions of the U.S. Great Plains. Topics covered include error source analyses and special studies during each phase. Abnormal signature and boundary problems still under investigation are examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 527-573
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  • 70
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    LACIE area, yield, and production estimate characteristics: Canada (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Sampling segment allocation for Canada placed 283 segments within three provinces: Saskatchewan (170), Alberta (75), and Manitoba (38). The data base was comprised of five data sets: allocation, historical, ratio, LANDSAT, and yield. In-season area, yield, and production estimates were generated only during phase 2. These data are presented and analyzed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 513-526
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  • 71
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    Accuracy and performance of LACIE yield estimates in major wheat producing regions of the world (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The LACIE yield models developed, implemented, and tested during the three phases of the experiment represent the first generation of models designed for the large-scale prediction of wheat production. The models are capable of supporting the stated project goal of being within 10 percent of the actual wheat production 90 percent of the time. The limitations of the models are inherent in their nature. The temporal resolution limits their ability to handle the erratic weather occurring in critical situations. The relatively large spatial resolution of the individual models limits the capture of localized but important episodic events.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 575-587
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  • 72
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    LACIE area, yield, and production estimate characteristics: U.S. Great Plains (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The accuracy and reliability of the LACIE design was tested using the nine states of the U.S. Great Plains where comparison data was available. The three phases of LACIE are discussed with respect to the scope; sampling; LANDSAT data; estimates of area, yield, and production; accuracy of the estimates; and technical issues related to each phase.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 439-479
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  • 73
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    LACIE area, yield, and production estimate characteristics: U.S.S.R. (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: No estimates were generated for the U.S.S.R. during LACIE phase 1. Phase 2 effort was limited to two indicator regions: winter wheat areas where 385 segments were allocated, and spring wheat areas with 362 allocated segments. The level of activity for phase 3 was extended to the entire country which automatically increased the segment workload from 747 to 1947 segments. Production, area, and yield estimates, and their accuracy are discussed for phases 2 and 3 with emphasis on scope, sampling strategy, data base, LANDSAT data, yield analysis for winter and spring wheat, area and production analysis for winter and spring wheat, and technical issues and problems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 481-512
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  • 74
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    Application of LANDSAT digital data for monitoring drought (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: A technique utilizing transformed LANDSAT digital data for detection of agricultural vegetative water stress was developed during the 1976 South Dakota drought, and expanded to the U.S. Great Plains the following year to evaluate its effectiveness in detecting and monitoring vegetative stress water stress over large areas. This technique, the green index number (GIN), indicated when the vegetation within a segment was undergoing stress. Segments were classified as either moisture-stressed or normal using remote sensing techniques combined with a knowledge of crop condition. The remote sensing-based information was compared to a weekly ground-based index (the crop moisture index) provided by the U.S. Dept. of Commerce. The approaches used and the results from the GIN monitoring program are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 431-438
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  • 75
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    The LACIE crop years: An assessment of the crop conditions experienced in the three years of LACIE (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Meteorological data and LANDSAT spectral data from growing regions in the U.S. Great Plains, the U.S.S.R., and Canada were used to assess growing conditions and to document where anomalies such as drought, floods, and freezes were impacting the crop yield and appearance of spring and winter wheat. In the United States, the weekly rainfall and temperature data were used to estimate soil moisture, which was then related to crop needs by a crop moisture index. The transformation of LANDSAT digital data into a green index number provided a procedure whereby data from a LACIE segment could be classified as drought affected or not. The growing seasons encountered in each LACIE country during the three phases are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 411-429
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  • 76
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    Cost and performance characteristics of data system configurations for processing remotely sensed data (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Some alternative approaches to constructing a large remote-sensing data system are explored. The cost and performance implications of using a collection of 'small' computers versus using one large computer are examined. Several architectures and associated costs for the large data system supporting a single data center are presented. Recurring cost factors (maintenance and operations) currently slightly favor the single large-machine architecture, but other factors may dictate the choice of one of the two multimachine architectures discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 397-408
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  • 77
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    Very high speed processing: Applicability of peripheral devices to pixel-dependent tasks (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Early options studied in the satisfaction of LACIE implementation computational demands are described as well as the ultimate selection and development of an array processing solution to the problem. The economic justification, as a function of required LANDSAT analysis, is provided. The suitability of such processors for LACIE and other applications is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 345-354
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  • 78
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    A look at computer system selection criteria (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: There is no difficulty in identifying the criteria involved in the computer selection process; complexity arises in objectively evaluating various candidate configurations against the criteria, based on the user's specific needs. A model for formalizing the selection process consists of two major steps: verifying that the candidate configuration is adequate to the user's programming requirements, and determining an overall system evaluation rating based on cost, usability, adaptability, and availability. A 36 step instruction for computer sizing evaluation is included in the appendix along with a sample application of the configuration adequacy model. Selection criteria and the weighting process are also discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 355-396
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  • 79
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    Considerations for design of future research and development interactive image analysis systems (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Future interactive image analysis systems must provide for the increased processing requirements imposed by a thermal channel to LANDSAT-3 and the increased number of spectral channels with significantly higher spatial resolution provided by the LANDSAT-D thematic mapper. Other design considerations must include the rapidly changing technology in memories and special purpose processors, as well as the analyst-machine interface and the human factors involved. The centralized and distributed system approaches are examined in relation to the optimum design configuration of future systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 333-344
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  • 80
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    LACIE/ERIPS software system summary (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The Earth resources interactive processing system (ERIPS) supports LACIE by classifying LANDSAT sensed data on the basis of the statistical similarity to those portions which were identified by analysts. The development and capabilities of the ERIPS software system are described with emphasis on (1) system requirements; (2) LACIE/ERIPS hardware; (3) system functions; (4) pattern recognition concept; and (5) LACIE/ERIPS data bases. Algorithms used in LACIE/ERIPS for statistics, divergence, feature selection, classification, registration, adaptive clustering, iterative clustering, clustering report functions, Sun angle correction, mean level adjustment, and bias correction are appended.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 317-332
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    Man-machine interfaces in LACIE/ERIPS (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: One of the most important aspects of the interactive portion of the LACIE/ERIPS software system is the way in which the analysis and decision-making capabilities of a human being are integrated with the speed and accuracy of a computer to produce a powerful analysis system. The three major man-machine interfaces in the system are (1) the use of menus for communications between the software and the interactive user; (2) the checkpoint/restart facility to recreate in one job the internal environment achieved in an earlier one; and (3) the error recovery capability which would normally cause job termination. This interactive system, which executes on an IBM 360/75 mainframe, was adapted for use in noninteractive (batch) mode. A case study is presented to show how the interfaces work in practice by defining some fields based on an image screen display, noting the field definitions, and obtaining a film product of the classification map.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 307-315
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  • 82
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    The LACIE data bases: Design considerations (1979)
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    Description: The implementation of direct access storage devices for LACIE is discussed with emphasis on the storage and retrieval of image data. Topics covered include the definition of the problem, the solution methodology (design decisions), the initial operational structure, and the modifications which were incorporated. Some conclusions and projections of future problems to be solved are also presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 297-306
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  • 83
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    Cartography: LACIE's spatial processor (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The spatial processing needs of LACIE include the location of agricultural test sites, and the registration of ground truth to LANDSAT imagery. The technological aspects of LACIE cartographic support, the need for cartography in satellite crop surveys, and proposed improvements which would enhance support of future programs are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 291-296
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  • 84
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    LACIE applications evaluation system efficiency report (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The scope of the three LACIE phases is discussed as well as the system efficiencies which had to be implemented to cope with the resulting LANDSAT data load. The methodologies used in system analysis, some of the specific data collected, and the inferences of these data and their implication on future systems are also discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 281-288
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  • 85
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    LACIE quality assurance (1979)
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    Description: Topics covered include (1) development of the LACIE quality assurance program; (2) LACIE quality assurance responsibilities of all organizational elements; (3) internal quality assurance support; and (4) accomplishments.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 249-255
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  • 86
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    Accuracy assessment system and operation (1979)
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    Description: The accuracy and reliability of LACIE estimates of wheat production, area, and yield is determined at regular intervals throughout the year by the accuracy assessment subsystem which also investigates the various LACIE error sources, quantifies the errors, and relates then to their causes. Timely feedback of these error evaluations to the LACIE project was the only mechanism by which improvements in the crop estimation system could be made during the short 3 year experiment.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 265-288
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  • 87
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    LACIE status and tracking (1979)
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    Description: The operational requirements and development of a system designed to meet LACIE needs for data to be available at given stations simultaneously, to measure throughput rates, and perform efficiency analyses are described. The final automated status and tracking system (ASATS) is defined and problems encountered during its evolutionary process are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 243-248
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    The crop assessment subsystem: System implementation and approaches used for the generation of crop production reports (1979)
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    Description: The primary responsibility of the crop assessment subsystem (CAS) during the three phases of LACIE was to produce crop reports that included estimates of wheat area, yield, and production, as well as a specified set of associated statistical descriptors. The operations of CAS are described with emphasis on sampling strategy, input/output data, evolution of aggregation/reporting system capabilities, and CAS aggregation procedures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 227-241
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  • 89
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    Operation of the yield estimation subsystem (1979)
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    Description: The organization and products of the yield estimation subsystem (YES) are described with particular emphasis on meteorological data acquisition, yield estimation, crop calendars, weekly weather summaries, and project reports. During the three phases of LACIE, YES demonstrated that it is possible to use the flow of global meteorological data and provide valuable information regarding global wheat production. It was able to establish a capability to collect, in a timely manner, detailed weather data from all regions of the world, and to evaluate and convert that data into information appropriate to the project's needs.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 217-225
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    USDA analyst review of the LACIE IMAGE-100 hybrid system test (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Fifty operational segments from the U.S.S.R., 40 test segments from Canada, and 24 test segments from the United States were used to provide a wide range of geographic conditions for USDA analysts during a test to determine the effectiveness of labeling single pixel training fields (dots) using Procedure 1 on the 1-100 hybrid system, and clustering and classifying on the Earth Resources Interactive Processing System. The analysts had additional on-line capabilities such as interactive dot labeling, class or cluster map overlay flickers, and flashing of all dots of equal spectral value. Results on the 1-100 hybrid system are described and analyst problems and recommendations are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 211-215
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    Concepts leading to the IMAGE-100 hybrid interactive system (1979)
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    Description: As LACIE Procedure 1 evolved from the Classification and Mensuration Subsystem smallfields procedures, it became evident that two computational systems would have merit-the LACIE/Earth Resources Interactive Processing System based on a large IBM-360 computer oriented for operational use with high computational throughput, and a smaller, highly interactive system based on a PDP 11-45 minicomputer and its display system, the IMAGE-100. The latter had advantages for certain phases; notably, interactive spectral aids could be implemented quite rapidly. This would allow testing and development of Procedure 1 before its implementation on the LACIE/Earth Resources Interactive Processing System. The resulting minicomputer system, called the Classification and Mensuration Subsystem IMAGE-100 Hybrid System, allowed Procedure-1 operations to be performed interactively, except for clustering, classification, and automatic selection of best acquisitions, which were offloaded to the LACIE/Earth Resources Interactive Processing System.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 203-209
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  • 92
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    The classification and mensuration subsystem (1979)
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    Description: From an operational standpoint, the most significant item the classification and mensuration subsystem (CAMS) had to overcome in providing the acreage component of the wheat production estimates for LACIE was the scope (segment volume processing required). Peak processing requirements per day increased from 16 to 20 for phase 1 with 700 total segments, to 35 to 40 per day for phase 2 with 1700 total segments, to 75 to 80 per day for phase 3 with 3000 total segments. Key issues regarding interrelationships between man and machines were identified during phase 1 using first generation technology. Procedure 1, tested and evaluated during phase 2 and continued through the initial phase 3 processing period for winter wheat, showed the need for software modification, procedures development, and analyst training. CAMS operations are described with emphasis on the training backgrounds of the analysts, the available data, and the labeling logic.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 179-201
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    The acquisition, storage, and dissemination of LANDSAT and other LACIE support data (1979)
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    Description: Activities performed at the LACIE physical data library are described. These include the researching, acquisition, indexing, maintenance, distribution, tracking, and control of LACIE operational data and documents. Much of the data available can be incorporated into an Earth resources data base. Elements of the data collection that can support future remote sensing programs include: (1) the LANDSAT full-frame image files; (2) the microfilm file of aerial and space photographic and multispectral maps and charts that encompasses a large portion of the Earth's surface; (3) the map/chart collection that includes various scale maps and charts for a good portion of the U.S. and the LACIE area in foreign countries; (4) computer-compatible tapes of good quality LANDSAT scenes; (5) basic remote sensing data, project data, reference material, and associated publications; (6) visual aids to support presentation on remote sensing projects; and (7) research acquisition and handling procedures for managing data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 169-177
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    LACIE data-handling techniques (1979)
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    Description: Techniques implemented to facilitate processing of LANDSAT multispectral data between 1975 and 1978 are described. The data that were handled during the large area crop inventory experiment and the storage mechanisms used for the various types of data are defined. The overall data flow, from the placing of the LANDSAT orders through the actual analysis of the data set, is discussed. An overview is provided of the status and tracking system that was developed and of the data base maintenance and operational task. The archiving of the LACIE data is explained.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 163-167
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  • 95
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    Ancillary data acquisition for LACIE (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The design, implementation, and operational functions of the three phases of LACIE supported the data needs of all other elements of the project and required several types of data in addition to LANDSAT multispectral digital data. The nonelectronic data base consisted of statistical data, printed reports, periodicals, ground observed data received from intensive test sites and operational segments, and full-frame multispectral scanner CIR photographs. The following data were collected for the test sites in the United States and Canada: land use inventories, periodic crop observations, solar radiometer measurements, rainfall, and wheat yield for selected fields.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 157-162
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  • 96
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    Acquisition and preprocessing of LANDSAT data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The original configuration of the GSFC data acquisition, preprocessing, and transmission subsystem, designed to provide LANDSAT data inputs to the LACIE system at JSC, is described. Enhancements made to support LANDSAT -2, and modifications for LANDSAT -3 are discussed. Registration performance throughout the 3 year period of LACIE operations satisfied the 1 pixel root-mean-square requirements established in 1974, with more than two of every three attempts at data registration proving successful, notwithstanding cosmetic faults or content inadequacies to which the process is inherently susceptible. The cloud/snow rejection rate experienced throughout the last 3 years has approached 50%, as expected in most LANDSAT data use situations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 147-155
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  • 97
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    Manual interpretation of LANDSAT data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The task of the analyst throughout LACIE phases 1 and 2 consisted of outlining representative areas (fields) for all spectral classes within a segment on the basis of their appearance on the LANDSAT image products, and then labeling the crop type (wheat/nonwheat) within the selected training areas. For LACIE phase 3, a procedure was developed and implemented which incorporated clustering for spectral class definition and training statistics generation. The only analyst's task was crop type identification. The logical processes involved in interpretation are described, rather than a step-by-step description of analyst procedures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 131-146
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  • 98
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    Accuracy assessment: The statistical approach to performance evaluation in LACIE (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: A statistical methodology was developed to check the accuracy of the products of the experimental operations throughout crop growth and to determine whether the procedures are adequate to accomplish the desired accuracy and reliability goals. It has allowed the identification and isolation of key problems in wheat area yield estimation, some of which have been corrected and some of which remain to be resolved. The major unresolved problem in accuracy assessment is that of precisely estimating the bias of the LACIE production estimator. Topics covered include: (1) evaluation techniques; (2) variance and bias estimation for the wheat production estimate; (3) the 90/90 evaluation; (4) comparison of the LACIE estimate with reference standards; and (5) first and second order error source investigations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 115-130
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  • 99
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    Development of LACIE CCEA-1 weather/wheat yield models (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: The advantages and disadvantages of the casual (phenological, dynamic, physiological), statistical regression, and analog approaches to modeling for grain yield are examined. Given LACIE's primary goal of estimating wheat production for the large areas of eight major wheat-growing regions, the statistical regression approach of correlating historical yield and climate data offered the Center for Climatic and Environmental Assessment the greatest potential return within the constraints of time and data sources. The basic equation for the first generation wheat-yield model is given. Topics discussed include truncation, trend variable, selection of weather variables, episodic events, strata selection, operational data flow, weighting, and model results.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 99-108
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  • 100
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    Growth stage estimation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-08
    Description: Of the three candidate approaches to adjustment of the crop calendar to account for year-to-year weather differences, the Robertson triquadratic unit, a function of a nonlinear function of maximum and minimum temperature and day length, best described the rate of phenological development of wheat. The adjustable crop calendar (ACC) as implemented for LACIE is used to calculate the daily increment of development through six physiological stages of growth. Topics covered include dormancy modeling, the spring restart model, spring wheat starter model, winter starter model, winter wheat starter model, inclusion of the moisture variable, and display of crop stage estimation results. Assessment of the ACC accuracy over the period of LACIE operation indicates that the adjustable crop calendars used provided more accurate information than would have been available using historical norms. The models performed best under the conditions from which they were derived (Canadian spring wheat) and most poorly for the dwarf varieties and Southern Hemisphere applications.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of Tech. Sessions, Vol. 1 and 2; p 109-114
    Format: text
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