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  • Articles  (97)
  • 07.65
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • Springer  (97)
  • 1980-1984  (97)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1159-1161 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 5-trifluoromethyl-6-àzauracil ; yeast cell cultures ; cell division ; inhibition of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell division, as studied in asynchronous cultures of yeast cells, is sensitive to 5-trifluoromethyl-6-azauracil (F3CAzU). Under defined conditions (10 mmoles l−1 F3CAzU) this compound blocks immediately and completely the process of cell division. Using synchronized cells, the time-point at which division process of yeast cell can be inhibited by F3CAzU has been determined. The inhibitor effect of this compound is completely reversed by thymine, thymidine and uracil.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The application of laser deceleration and monochromatization of atoms in the schemes of single atom fluorescent detection is examined. The analysis performed shows that the use of resonant-light pressure in experiments with atomic beams enables one to obtain an ultimate value of detection selectivity that ranges from 1013 to 1016.
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  • 3
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    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 559-566 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA repair ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three overlapping plasmids were isolated from a YEp24 library, which restore Rad+ functions to rad6-1 and rad6-3 mutants. Different subclones were made and shown to integrate by homologous recombination at the RAD6 site on chromosome VII, thus verifying the cloned DNA segments to be the RAD6 gene and not a suppressor. The gene resides in a 1.15 kb fragment, which restores Rad+ levels of resistance to U.V., MMS and γ-rays to both rad6-1 and rad6-3 strains. It also restores sporulation ability to rad6-1 diploids. Integrative deletion of the RAD6 gene was shown not to be completely lethal to the yeast. Our results suggest that the RAD6 gene has some cell cycle-specific function(s), probably during late S phase.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: α-Pheromone-inactivating glycoproteins ; bar1-1 ; Barrier proteins ; Purification ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two kinds of a-mating-type-specific proteins inactivating α pheromone (α factor) were purified from heat shock extract of MATa cells. Their molecular weights were estimated to be 400,000 and 200,000 by gel filtration. Both proteins were detected in MATa SST1 cells but not in MATα SST1, MATa sst1-1 and MATa/MATα SST1/SST1 cells. In addition, the proteins were detected in matα2-1 SST1 cells but not in matα1-2 SST1 cells. From these results, it is concluded that these proteins are synthesized under the control of the SST1 gene and responsible for the Barrier action of MATa cells. The relationship of these proteins to the secreted Barrier protein having a higher molecular weight is discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TRP3 gene ; Deletion analysis ; Enzyme function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two sets of deletions, entering the TRP3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from the 3′- and the 5′-end were constructed. Complementation analysis with chromosomal trp3A, trp3B and trp3C mutations was done by introducing the 3′- and 5′-truncated gene on a multicopy 2 μm-vector. The N-terminal glutamine amido transferase function is encoded by a DNA fragment of 600–700 bp, and the C-terminal indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase function by a DNA fragment of about 900 bp, whereas both functions together are encoded by a contiguous DNA fragment of about 1,500 bp. The bi functional TRP3-peptide thus could be dissected into two catalytically independent peptides in vivo. For the indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase activity, independent catalytic activity was also demonstrated in vitro: deletions entering the TRP3 gene from the 5′-end, and lacking large parts of the sequence coding for the glutamine amidotransferase function, still are able to ex press a peptide exhibiting functional indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase activity in vitro. Deletion plasmids pME505·De1C102·2μm and DelC10·2μm exhibited shorter TRP3 transcripts according to the deleted DNA-fragments (150 and 426 by respectively) but yielded peptides of invariable Mr of 35,000 d. Transcription and translation of these peptides, which probably represent the independently folding indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase core are discussed.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cephalosporium acremonium ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Autonomous replication sequence ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A fragment of DNA which functions as an autonomous replication sequence in yeast was cloned from Cephalosporium acremonium. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was isolated from an industrial strain of C. acremonium (08G-250-21) highly developed for the production of the antibiotic, cephalosporin C. Size, 27 kb, and restriction pattern indicated this DNA was identical to mtDNA previously isolated (Minuth et al. 1982) from an ancestral strain (ATTC 14553) which produces very low amounts of cephalosporin C. A 1.9 kb Pst1 fragment of the Cephalosporium mtDNA was inserted into a Pst1 site of the yeast integrative plasmid, Ylp5, to produce a 7.5 kb plasmid, designated pPS1. The structure of pPS1 was verified by restriction analysis and hybridization. PS1 transformed Saccharomyces cerevisiae (DBY-746) to uracil prototrophy at a frequency of 272 transformants/μg DNA. Transformation frequencies of 715 transformants/μg DNA and zero were obtained for the replicative plasmid, YRp7, and the integrative plasmid YIp5, respectively. Southern hybridization and transformation of E. coli by DNA from yeast transformed by pPS1 verified that pPS1 replicates autonomously in yeast. The uracil-independent pPS1-yeast transformants were mitotically unstable. The average retention of pPS1 after three days growth in selective and non-selective medium was 4.5% and 0.4%, respectively, compared to retentions of 4.6% and 0.5% for YRp7. The properties of pPS1 were compared to those of a related plasmid, pCP2. pCP2 was constructed (Tudzynski et al. 1982) by inserting the C. acremonium 1.9 kb Pst1 fragment into the yeast integrative plasmid, pDAM1.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 5-aminolevulinate synthase ; Cloned gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have cloned the structural gene HEM1 for 5-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by transformation and complementation of a yeast hem1–5 mutant which was previously shown to lack ALA synthase activity (Urban-Grimal and Labbe Bois 1981) and had no immunodetectable ALA synthase protein when tested with yeast ALA synthase antiserum. The gene was selected from a recombinant cosmid pool which contained wild-type yeast genomic DNA fragments of an average size of 40 kb. The cloned gene was identified by the restauration.of growth on a non fermentable carbon source without addition of exogenous ALA. Sub cloning of partial Sau3A digests and functional analysis by transformation allowed us to isolate three independent plasmids, each carrying a 6 kb yeast DNA fragment inserted in either orientation into the single BamHI site of the vector pHCG3 and able to complement hem1–5 mutation. Analysis of the three plasmids by restriction endonucleases showed that HEM1 is contained within a 2.9 kb fragment. The three corresponding yeast trans formants present a 1, 2.5 and 16 fold increase in ALA synthase activity as compared to the wild-type strain. The gene product immunodetected in the transformant yeast cells has identical size as the wild-type yeast ALA synthase and its amount correlates well with the increase in ALA synthase activity.
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  • 8
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    Current genetics 9 (1984), S. 107-111 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 2 μm minichromosomes ; Metrizamide gradients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two micrometer minichromosomes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated without detergent using metrizamide gradients. 2 μm minichromosomes showed a lower density in metrizamide gradients relative to genomic chromatin. Our results suggest a lower ratio of proteins to DNA in 2-μm minichromosomes as compared with genomic chromatin. The procedure described herein yields minichromosomes free of cellular chromatin and ribosomal protein contamination. This method may be useful for the isolation and characterization of other yeast minichromosomes.
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  • 9
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    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondrial genes ; Vegetative segregation ; Uniparental inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Zygotes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are heteroplasmic for mitochondrial alleles produce diploid progeny that are homoplasmic for one allele or the other, judged by the criterion that upon further subcloning they produce daughter cells of only one phenotype or the other. Here we show that when such cells are subjected to strong selection for the missing allele, it cannot be detected, so that it is probably not present in even a single copy.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Iso-1-cytochrome c ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Heme ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant (hem1 cycl-1) was transformed with plasmids bearing a chromosomal centromer (CEN3) and a 2 μm DNA replication origin. In one of the plasmids a functional CYC1 gene was present, in a second plasmid an XhoI fragment located between bases -245 and -678 upstream from the translation initiation codon had been deleted, in a third plasmid this region had been inverted. Results of hybridization experiments carried out with mRNA isolated from heme-deficient and heme-containing transformants indicated that heme controls transcription of the CYC1 gene and that DNA sequences located within the upstream XhoI fragment are involved in activation of the gene by heme.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TRP3 gene ; Sequence analysis ; Enzyme function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The structure and function of the TRP3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were analyzed. Subcloning of an original 4.8 kb BamHI DNA fragment, carrying the yeast TRP3 gene, allowed for a localization of the gene on a 2.5 kb ClaI/BamHI fragment. Transcription was found to proceed from the ClaI site towards the BamHI site. Three major transcription start sites were determined at positions −92, −87, and −81 by S1-mapping. The synthesis of the TRP3 gene is regulated by the general control, and was found to take place- at the transcriptional level. The sequence of the 5′-noncoding region up to position −400 and part of the coding region to position 840 were determined. The 5′-noncoding region contains sequences common to most amino acid biosynthetic genes known so far, namely a presumptive ribosome binding site, “Goldberg-Hogness boxes”, and a consensus sequence, possibly involved in the general control. For the coding region a single open reading frame was found. The deduced amino acid sequence was aligned with homologous amino acid sequences of Neurospora crassa, Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli. The exceptionally high homology (40–60%) between these sequences led us to postulate that the TRP3 gene product is of the structure NH2-glutamine amidotransferase-indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase-COOH.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cloning ; Suppressor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A plasmid, pYsup1-1, containing a DNA fragment able to suppress the recessive mutant phenotype of the suppressor locus sup1 (allele sup1-ts36) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated from a bank of yeast chromosomal DNA cloned in cosmid p3030. The complementing gene was localized on a 2.6 kb DNA fragment by further subcloning. Evidence is presented that the cloned DNA segment codes for the sup1 structural gene (chromosome IIR).
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  • 13
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    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 575-580 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Candida utilis ; Protoplast fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Auxotrophic mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis were hybridized through protoplast fusion. Spontaneous, UV- and FPA-induced mitotic segregation indicated that after cell fusion, exclusion of the S. cerevisiae nucleus or nuclear fusion followed by preferential loss of S. cerevisiae chromosomes can take place. Some of the hybrids were stable. One of them, expressed mating and sporulation functions of the S. cerevisiae parent. Thus, markers from both parents could be recovered as mitotic and meiotic segregants.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Agglutination substance ; α Pheromone ; Cell cycle ; Ethyl N-phenylcarbamate ; Mating reaction ; Microtubules ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of ethyl N-phenylcarbamate (EPC) on the mating reaction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied, with special attention on the effect on the α pheromone action. EPC inhibited zygote formation at a concentration which promoted induction of sexual agglutinability. EPC enhanced agglutinability induction by α pheromone, but inhibited α-pheromone-induced formation of large pearshaped cells in a mating type. The enhancement of agglutinability induction was accompanied with increased production of a agglutination substance and inhibition of α pheromone inactivation. EPC arrested the cell cycle of a cells probably in the step controlled by CDC19, CDC35, cAMP etc., just before the step controlled by CDC28, α pheromone etc.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Glucan synthetase ; EDTA ; Magnesium ; Sucrose ; Fluoride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Yeast β(1–3) glucan synthetase is stimulated and stabilized by EDTA. Sucrose protects the enzyme from selfinactivaton. Preincubation of cell free extracts at low sucrose concentrations indicates a slow transition of the enzyme towards dissociation. Transition kinetics at 30° C and 0° C in the presence and in the absence of sucrose are interpreted assuming that a subunit is thermolabile in the free state and that sucrose increases its stability. Magnesium is deletereous for glucan synthetase in cell-free extracts. Chaotropic agents inactivate glucan synthetase according to their capacity to solubilize and depolymerize biological compounds. Fluoride plays a special role in the activation of glucan synthetase. Its action appears to be dependent on the presence of GTP (or other nucleotides). The role of all these agents on the activity and stability of the enzyme is interpreted in a unified scheme.
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  • 16
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    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 357-361 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Killer toxin ; Extracellular glycoprotein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A total of 13 killer toxin producing strains belonging to the genera Saccharomyces, Candida and Pichia were tested against each other and against a sensitive yeast strain. Based on the activity of the toxins 4 different toxins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 2 different toxins of Pichia and one toxin of Candida were recognized. The culture filtrate of Pichia and Candida showed a much smaller activity than the strains of Saccharomyces. Extracellular killer toxins of 3 types of Saccharomyces were concentrated and partially purified. The pH optimum and the isoelectric point were determined. The killer toxins of S. cerevisiae strain NCYC 738, strain 399 and strain 28 were glycoproteins and had a molecular weight of Mr=16,000. The amino acid composition of the toxin type K2 of S. cerevisiae strain 399 was determined and compared with the composition of two other toxins.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Agglutination substance ; Cell-cell recognition ; Glycoprotein ; Mating ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sexual agglutinability ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An a-mating-type-specific substance responsible for sexual agglutination was purified to 397-times in specific activity (units/mg protein) from the cytoplasm of a-mating type cells. The purified substance gave a single band stained with PAS reagent but not with both Coomassie brilliant blue and silver staining reagent by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 8 M urea. However, incorporation of [35S]methionine and Lowry reaction clearly indicate that the substance is a glycoprotein. The substance specifically masked sexual agglutinability of cells of the opposite mating type α, indicating univalent action. The substance is a glycoprotein with a carbohydrate content of 90%, a pI of 4.5, and a molecular weight of 130,000. The substance was inactivated by 2-mercaptoethanol and proteolytic enzymes but not by glycolytic enzymes. The substance formed a complementary complex having no biological activity when mixed with α-agglutination substance from the wall or cytoplasm of α-cells in vitro.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Glycoprotein ; Inducible strains ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sexual agglutinability ; Tunicamycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of tunicamycin (TM) on the sexual agglutinability and zygote formation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied using the two kinds of haploid strains, inducible and constitutive for sexual agglutinability. Induction of sexual agglutinability by opposite mating type sex pheromone of inducible strains was inhibited by TM in α mating type but not in a mating type. The recovery by temperature-shift-down from the temperature-suppressed sexual agglutinability of constitutive strains was enhanced by TM in a mating type but rather inhibited in α mating type. Pretreatment with TM of constitutive strains enhanced sexual agglutinability in a mating type but not in α mating type. The above-mentioned a-mating-type-specific agglutinability-enhancing actions of TM were discussed in relation to the action mechanism of α pheromone which induces or enhances the sexual agglutinability of a cells. Zygote formation was inhibited by TM in both constitutive and inducible strains at concentrations which showed only partially inhibitory effect on sexual agglutinability.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Leptopilinaheterotoma ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; host-habitat searching ; chemoreception ; fermentation products ; ethanol ; ethyl acetate ; acetaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical stimuli play an important role in the process of searching for a host habitat by parasitic wasps. Volatile compounds originating from host habitats and/or hosts are the cues that enable such a location.Leptopilina heterotoma, a larval parasite ofDrosophila, is attracted to the food of its host, baker's yeast. Analysis of the fermentation products of baker's yeast, using a mass spectrometer, and olfactometer studies indicate that three fermentation products of this yeast, the main component of the host habitat in our laboratory, attractL. heterotoma: ethanol (5%), ethyl acetate (10−2, 10−3%), and acetaldehyde (1%). A combination of these three compounds, however, cannot compete with baker's yeast in attracting the parasites. Thus other factors, such as different compounds, concentrations, and/or combinations, also, play a role and remain to be tested.Leptopilina heterotoma does not use host-related olfactory cues in long-distance habitat location as it cannot distinguish between host habitat and host habitat with hosts.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: H+-ATPase complex ; assembly defect ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mitochondrial biogenesis ; membrane association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the extent to which the assembly of the cytoplasmically synthesized subunits of the H+-ATPase can proceed in a mtDNA-less (rho°) strain of yeast, which is not capable of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Three of the membrane sector proteins of the yeast H+-ATPase are synthesized in the mitochondria, and it is important to determine whether the presence of these subunits is essential for the assembly of the imported subunits to the inner mitochondrial membrane. A monoclonal antibody against the cytoplasmically synthesized β-subunit of the H+-ATPase was used to immunoprecipitate the assembled subunits of the enzyme complex. Our results indicate that the imported subunits of the H+-ATPase can be assembled in this mutant, into a defective complex which could be shown to be associated with the mitochondrial membrane by the analysis of the Arrhenius kinetics of the mutant mitochondrial ATPase activity.
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  • 21
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 205-212 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Schwermetallwirkung ; Malatdehydrogenase ; Glutamatdehydrogenase ; Glycerinaldehyd-3-phosphatdehydrogenase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The difference between cadmium, zinc, lead, and mercury in regard of their effects on the activity of the enzymes tested is very slight. Concentrations higher than 10−5 M reduce significantly the activity of the enzymes, and concentrations of approximately 10−3 M inhibit it completely. An increase of the activity cannot be detected. The addition of combinations of cadmium, zinc, and lead results in a summing up of the toxic effects, whereas the interaction between mercury and the other three heavy metals shows a cumulative effect, which is appointed nearly completely by the heavy metal more toxic. The findings suggest that under in-vitro conditions there exists a direct interaction between the heavy metals and the enzymes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vier Schwermetalle Cadmium, Zink, Blei und Quecksilber unterscheiden sich in ihrer Wirkung auf die Aktivität der untersuchten Enzyme nur sehr wenig. Konzentrationen über 10−5 M vermindern die Enzymaktivität signifikant, und Konzentrationen von etwa 10−3 M unterbinden sie völlig. Eine Steigerung der Enzymaktivität läßt sich nicht feststellen. Die Zugabe von Cadmium-, Zink- und Bleikombinationen führt zu einer Addition der toxischen Effekte, während bei der Interaktion zwischen Quecksilber und den anderen drei Schwermetallen die Gesamtwirkung fast ausschließlich durch das stärker hemmende Schwermetall allein bestimmt wird. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, daß es unter Invitro-Bedingungen zu einer direkten Wechselwirkung zwischen den Schwermetallen und den Enzymen kommt.
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  • 22
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    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 83-86 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 34 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The sensitivity of laser spectroscopy on barium ions stored in a radio frequency quadrupole trap was drastically increased by using hydrogen for quenching the optically pumped metastable states. The attained fluorescence intensity per ion permits the detection of single ions. The method will be applied to environmental studies on actinides.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 06 ; 07.60 ; 07.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe a new and highly effective optical frequency discriminator and laser stabilization system based on signals reflected from a stable Fabry-Perot reference interferometer. High sensitivity for detection of resonance information is achieved by optical heterodyne detection with sidebands produced by rf phase modulation. Physical, optical, and electronic aspects of this discriminator/laser frequency stabilization system are considered in detail. We show that a high-speed domain exists in which the system responds to the phase (rather than frequency) change of the laser; thus with suitable design the servo loop bandwidth is not limited by the cavity response time. We report diagnostic experiments in which a dye laser and gas laser were independently locked to one stable cavity. Because of the precautions employed, the observed sub-100 Hz beat line width shows that the lasers were this stable. Applications of this system of laser stabilization include precision laser spectroscopy and interferometric gravity-wave detectors.
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  • 24
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    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Frequency modulation (FM) spectroscopy is a new method of optical heterodyne spectroscopy capable of sensitive and rapid measurement of the absorption or dispersion associated with narrow spectral features. The absorption or dispersion is measured by detecting the heterodyne beat signal that occurs when the FM optical spectrum of the probe wave is distorted by the spectral feature of interest. A short historical perspective and survey of the FM spectroscopy work performed to date is presented. Expressions describing the nature of the beat signal are derived. Theoretical lineshapes for a variety of experimental conditions are given. A signal-to-noise analysis is carried out to determine the ultimate sensitivity limits.
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  • 25
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    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 15-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 35 ; 07.65 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An absorption method which permits time-selective measurements at different wavelengths has been developed in order to explore magnetic field effects on photoinduced electron transfer reactions in linked and unlinked donor-acceptor systems.
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  • 26
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    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 99-104 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 07.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Some new experimental data on the time development of ultrashort superfluorescence (SF) in the dye solution are presented. The correlation between temporal behaviour change and the change of the spectral and spatial intensity distribution gives direct evidence of the important role of the selffocusing phenomenon in the formation of the ultrashort SF pulse synchronized with the pumping one. The oriental relaxation of solvent molecules in the dye solution not only influences the duration of the dye SF via the selffocusing mechanism but also causes a temporal change of spontaneous emission spectrum. At least two different relaxation times were found in the fluorescence spectrum of the dye in several polar solutions.
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  • 27
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    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 93-95 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 42.40 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new experimental method for measuring the optical anisotropy induced at photochemical reactions is proposed. The method is based on polarization holography and is a zero-background high sensitive technique. It is used to measure the molecular dichroism of fluorescein and the birefrigence induced at the additional photopolymerization of PMMA.
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  • 28
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 165-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cephalosporium acremonium ; Mitochondrial hybrid vector ; Nuclear association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hybrid vector pCP2, consisting of the bacterial plasmid pBR325, the nuclear gene Leu-2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a fragment of mitochondrial DNA from Cephalosporium acremonium, was found to associate with the nucleus in a transformed strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This was inducted by (1) efficient expression of the Leu-2 gene as evidenced by a short generation time on selective medium; (2) independence of Leu-2 gene expression from mitochondrial protein synthesis, since pCP2 was shown to replicate and to be expressed in petite mutants; (3) association of pCP2 with isolated DNA from nuclei as proved by transformation experiments with E. coli.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; G1 cdc mutants ; tα-factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants in four G1 cdc strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated which failed to show division arrest in the presence of α-factor. The cell cycle properties, terminal arrest morphology and mating competence of these mutants at the restrictive temperature were examined. The G1 specific arrest of the cdc 36 and cdc39 mutants is dependent upon the availability of an intact mating factor response system in Mat a cells. Cdc28 and cdc37 mutants exert their cell cycle blocks independently of the mating factor pathway. It is likely that the nature of the primary growth defect in cdc36 and cdc39 mutants is such that the α-factor pathway is activated in the absence of the pheromone at the restrictive temperature and that G1 arrest is a secondary consequence of a non-cycle specific event in such mutants.
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  • 30
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 235-237 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA replication ; Shuttle vectors ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitotic segregation of three 2 μm-pBR322 chimaeric plasmids (YEp6, YEp21, and YEp24) was studied in yeast. Each displayed a characteristic rate of loss: YEp6 was lost at approximately twice the rate of YEp21 and YEp24. The loss rates were not significantly increased when two chimaeric plasmids were coresident, nor was the endogenous 2 μm plasmid itself displaced. Therefore these plasmids appear to be compatible in yeast.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DEL1 ; rad ; ste7
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In DEL1 strains of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the iso-1-cytochrome c (CYC1) region is flanked on either side by Tyl elements in direct orientation which promote cyc1 deletions of the bracketed DNA in the haploid cell. In this study, we asked which genes might control this event by testing the possibility that the DEL1 mutation mechanism requires an enzyme (or enzymes) that is also utilized in the repair of damaged DNA. To this end, we independently coupled eight repair mutations, rad3–2, rad4–4, rad6–1, rad6–3, rad9–1, rev3–1, rad50–1, and rad51-1, toDEL1 and asked whether DEL1 was still functional. We found that none of these rad mutations significantly affects the mutation frequency of 10−6-10−5 established in DEL1 strains for the CYC1 locus. Furthermore, we determined that ste7, a temperature-sensitive sterile allele known to alter gene regulation in Ty-mediated mutations, is not required for DEL1 function. Finally, DEL1 is not temperature-sensitive at 23° or 37 °C.
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  • 32
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 369-377 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Isoenzymes ; Induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Tetrad analysis indicates that α-isopropylmalate synthase activity of yeast is determined by two separate genes, designated LEU4 and LEU5. LEU4 is identified as a structural gene. LEU5 either encodes another α-isopropylmalate synthase activity by itself or provides some function needed for the expression of a second structural gene. The properties of mutants affecting the biosynthesis of leucine and its regulation suggest that the expression of LEU1 and LEU2 (structural genes encoding isopropylmalate isomerase and β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, respectively) is controlled by a complex of a-isopropylmalate and a regulatory element (the LEU3 gene product). Similarities and differences between yeast and Neurospora crassa with respect to leucine biosynthesis are discussed.
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  • 33
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 393-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Trehalose ; Glycogen ; Sporulation ; Germination ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants with specific lesions were used to differentiate between the functions of glycogen and trehalose in S. cerevisiae. Diploids which harbor the glc1/glc1 mutation depend upon the phosphorylated, less active form of glycogen synthase and show a more active, phosphorylated form, of the enzyme trehalase. These conditions are due to a lesion in the regulating subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Such cells are unable to sporulate. Diploids which contain the sst1/sst1 mutation have normal glycogen metabolism but their trehalose-6-phosphate synthase is not active. Such strains sporulate but germination is poor and only one-spore tetrads are formed. These results confirm that glycogen is needed to trigger sporulation while trehalose plays a role in the germination process. Different systems, I and II, of trehalose accumulation were proposed. System I would require the UDPG-linked trehalose synthase, whereas system II would constitute an alternative pathway, specifically induced or activated by the expression of a MAL gene. The presence of system II in its constitutive form in the constructed diploids would favour trehalose synthesis during growth on glucose, however, it did not overcome the glycogen deficiency during sporulation nor the lack of trehalose for germination. It seems that only system I, namely trehalose 6-P-synthase, plays a role in the germination process.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Oversecretion mutants ; Protease defect ; Wall glucan defect ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two chromosomal mutations in yeast that result in oversecretion of the K1 killer toxin protein were examined. A recessive mutation in gene ski5 appears to lead to toxin oversecretion through a defect in a cell surface, PMSF-inhibited protease. A wild type killer strain degraded toxin following synthesis, and degradation could be partially prevented by addition of PMSF to the growth medium. The ski5 mutation caused an approximate ten fold oversecretion of toxin, similar to that seen in a PMSF-treated wild type culture, and no increased oversecretion in the presence of PMSF. The ski5 mutation caused oversecretion of other low molecular weight secreted proteins and appeared to oversecrete the α-factor pheromone, as judged by activity tests. The ski5 mutation was complemented by mutations in ski genes 1–4, and the mutant was not supersensitive to mating pheromones or K2 killer toxin. We also examined killer strains with a mutation in the nuclear gene krel which results in a defective (1→6)-β-D-glucan cell wall receptor for killer toxin. Such strains oversecrete toxin into the growth medium, but also, unexpectedly, oversecrete most other secreted proteins. The defect in (1→6)-β-D-glucan in these mutants appears to perturb the partitioning of secreted proteins between the cell wall and the medium.
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  • 35
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 427-431 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DNA ; Alkaline elution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The method of analysis of DNA in mammalian cells by alkaline elution from filters (Kohn et al. 1974) was adapted for studies on yeast DNA. By this technique spheroplasts obtained from yeast cells are lysed on filters and single-stranded DNA fragments selectively eluted by alkaline solutions. The procedure was applied to monitor the occurrence of replication intermediates and production of DNA single-strand breakage by MMS, and its repair in growth medium.
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  • 36
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 433-438 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast transformation ; Yeast autonomously replicating sequences ; Ribosomal RNA genes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have previously demonstrated that the loss of Rcp-CEN3, a centromeric plasmid containing yeast rDNA autonomously replicating sequences (ARS) is as high as around 50% per generation for most yeast strains. In this study we have attempted to elucidate mechanisms underlying the high mitotic instability of Rcp-CEN3. For this purpose a tandem duplication of a rDNA ARS was constructed in Rcp-CEN3. The new plasmid having two ARSs possesses a markedly higher mitotic stability as compared to a monoARS Rcp-CEN3. The mitotic stability of this centromere-containing plasmid which has two replicators corresponds to the calculated value for the mitotic stability of two monoARS plasmids Rcp-CEN3 in given cells. Genetic analysis has demonstrated that both plasmids having one or two ARSs are maintained in the single copy state. These results demonstrate that the mitotic instability of centromeric plasmid Rcp-CEN3 carrying a rDNA ARS is associated with the absence of stringent control of replication from the rDNA ARS. A possible mechanism of replication of the chromosomal rDNA repeats in yeast is discussed in the light of this data.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: α Pheromone ; Cell cycle ; G1 arrest ; Hansenula wingei ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Shmoo
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cell cycle of a (5) mating type cells of Hansenula wingei was arrested in the G1 phase by α pheromone of Saccharomyces cerevisiae but not by α(21) pheromone of H. wingei, although both the α pheromones are known to induce sexual agglutination ability of a mating type cells of H. wingei. Cells of α mating type of H. wingei became shmooed or arrested in the G1 phase in response to neither a pheromone of H. wingei nor α pheromone of S. cerevisiae.
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  • 38
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    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 64-67 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Anaerobic growth ; Hungate technique ; Tween 80 ; Ergosterol
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Nontrachet strain 522 was successfully grown anaerobically on various glucose concentrations in Yeast Nitrogen Base (YNB) medium (pH 3.5) prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide (CO2). This growth occurred in the absence of Tween 80 and ergosterol. The medium, prepared using the Hungate technique for cultivation of strictly anaerobic bacteria, contained the reducing agent cysteine·HCl·H2O (0.03%). Anaerobic growth was stimulated by the addition of Tween 80 and ergosterol to the anaerobic medium.
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  • 39
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    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acetate growth medium ; Anti-microtubule agent ; Bud initiation ; Ethyl N-phenylcarbamate ; Meiosis ; Mitotic cell cycle ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sporulation induction
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were incubated in acetate growth media containing 2.5 mM ethyl N-phenylcarbamate (EPC), bud initiation was inhibited preferentially, and eventually overgrown, unbudded cells accumulated. During subsequent incubation, meiosis and ascospore formation occurred at high frequencies. The behavior of EPC-treated cells was essentially the same as that of cells transferred to a starvation sporulation medium. EPC thus has a pronounced effect on the mitotic growth of yeast cells, which leads to meiotic development. Our observations indicate that EPC has a decisive function in the initiation of meiosis in rich growth media.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nucleotide pools ; Continuous cultivation ; Synchronized growth ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract High pressure liquidd chromatography has been used to study the acid soluble nucleotide pool of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under different conditions of growth. ATP, ADP, AMP, NAD, GTP, UTP, UDP, CTP, CDP, and UDP-sugars plus UMP could be separated and were found in concentrations higher than 0.1 μmol per g yeast cell dry weight (=detection limit). During glucose-limited continuous culture the levels of individual nucleotides depended on the growth rate, which was most pronounced with pyrimidine (uridine, cytidine) nucleotides. The energy charge (E.C.) remained high (0.9) at all growth rates (0.07–0.3 h-1). During synchronized growth at a constant growth rate (0.11 h-1) almost all nucleotide levels and the E.C. remained at constant values with the only exception of UDP-sugars and UMP of which increased levels were found during the phase of budding. Under conditions of metabolic stress (addition of antimycin A, deoxyglucose plus iodoacetate) pronounced changes in the levels of purine (adenine and guanine) nucleotides and the E.C. were observed. All other nucleotides were less influenced by these conditions. Only under these conditions IMP accumulation was observed. The results strongly argue against the significance of purine nucleotide or E.C. measurements under viable conditions. In contrast, changes in the levels of pyrimidine nucleotides seem to be indicative of changes in the flux through the metabolic pathways where they act as coenzymes.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: electron probe X-ray microanalysis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; ethidium ; brontophenol blue ; cationic dye ; cytolysis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary K+ efflux provoked by ethidium proceeds partially as an all-or-none effect by which the diffusion barrier for K+ is disrupted and partially from still intact cells, presumably by exchange against ethidium. This is shown by the application of an electron probe microanalysis X-ray technique by which the K+ content of a number of individual cells is analyzed.
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  • 42
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 39-42 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 35
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract To use the sensitivity and the measurement accuracy of the optothermal detector (OT) better for linear absorption detection, a theory of the signal behaviour, worth for the most important range of application, is developed and compared with experimental data. By means of the example of CO2-laser light absorption by ammonia, containing two different nitrogen isotopes, the possibility of correcting measured values to get more exact information of the absorption behaviour is shown. The limits of error, as well as the reproducibility of the measurments could be kept in a range of about 1%.
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 83-91 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 06 ; 35 ; 07.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The space-time properties of the correlator of the light intensities scattered from resonant atoms are studied. It is shown that in measuring such a correlator by the method of optical shifts, an appreciable contribution appears from the anomalous correlator of the scattered field amplitudes. It is simple to observe this correlator in the field of a standing wave by measuring the correlation of oppositely scattered rays. The spectral and polarization properties of such a correlator are studied. Its investigation is of interest for high-resolution spectroscopy because it allows information to be obtained on the natural width of a line in conditions of strong Doppler broadening. It is important to stress that this is possible in a linear approximation with respect to the strength of the external field in contrast to the methods of laser spectroscopy based on nonlinear effects.
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  • 44
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    Keywords: 42.60 ; 07.65
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  • 45
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    Keywords: 36 ; 07.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A supersonic molecular beam, pulsed laser and time-of-flight mass spectrometer are arranged together in order to study photo- and auto-ionization, two-photon-ionization and fragmentation processes of alkali clusters as a function of the laser wavelength. In spite of an unfavourable duty cycle, however, the apparatus reaches a considerably higher sensitivity than cw experiments. Alkali clustersM n (n≲21) have been observed and investigated. The well resolved TOF mass spectra are commonly accompanied by significant and broad signals of metastable ions, a phenomenon which cannot be observed by quadrupole mass spectrometry. ParticlesM n (n≲4) have been investigated by twophoton ionization using two different laser wavelengths. Several new electronic transitions for Na3 are found; commonly, however, the excitation and ionization channels are accompanied by strong fragmentation processes. The fragment patterns are very sensitively dependent upon the laser wavelength even when working near the ionization threshold. The results are a strong indication, that the peak intensities of cluster mass spectra cannot easily be related to the intensity distribution of the neutral cluster beam.
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 89-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An attempt is described to confine ions, created externally and accelerated to some energy, in an rf quadrupole trap. 4 keV Ba+ ions were stopped on a Ni foil, placed in an aperture of one trap electrode. The Ba then was evaporated from the heated foil and ionized by electron impact. At background pressure of about 10−5 mbar of various light buffer gases (He, H2, N2), the trap was filled once with 105 ions, at a minimum primary ion number of 1010. The storage time was 10 min. From the data obtained the possibility of spectroseopic experiments on rare isotopes, created with accelerators or nuclear reactors, is discussed.
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 07.65
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 153-156 
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    Keywords: 33 ; 42.80 ; 07.65
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    Notes: Abstract A sub-Doppler spectroscopic technique involving the detection of vibrational energy transfer in excited molecules with selected velocity components at a microphone diaphragm is demonstrated. The technique is applied to the investigation of thev 3 R(16) transition in HCN and the results compared with a previously derived theoretical model.
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 319-326 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.60 ; 07.65 ; 42.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A sync-pumped cw dye laser system has been used to produce subpicosecond pulses. Pulses as short as 0.7 ps, assuming a single-sided exponential pulse shape, were observed. A set of experiments was performed to investigate the origin and effects of noise in the sync-pumped system. A digital and an analog feedback loop have been designed to optimize the pulse width. The noise has been lowered by 10 dB for frequencies up to 10 kHz; long-term drift is also controlled by this method. A four-stage dye laser amplifier, pumped by a Nd:YAG laser which operates at a 10-Hz repetition rate, is synchronized electronically to the dye-laser picosecond pulses. A gain of 3×106 has been achieved.
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 279-285 
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    Keywords: 07.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract The minimum absorption detectable by a tunable diode laser spectrometer utilising harmonic techniques is often limited by interference fringes generated by scattered light. The sensitivity of the spectrometer to absorption can be increased by applying a jitter modulation. In this paper, the theory of harmonic response for single- and two-tone modulation over optical fringes and Lorentzian absorption lines is developed and compared to experimental measurements. A simple analytic expression for the two-tone harmonic line shape is derived. This expression provides a physical understanding of the effects of the second modulation, and a means to unravel the effects of the second modulation on the linewidth and line shape. For a specific choice of the jitter frequency and phase, it is possible to simultaneously minimise the fringe signal and increase the harmonic absorption signal. The results of this investigation are applicable to trace gas detection using tunable diode lasers, and to other areas of spectroscopy and magnetic resonance where harmonic techniques are used.
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 213-218 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 34 ; 35 ; 07.65
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    Notes: Abstract The population lifetimes of the symmetric CH2-stretching mode of several methylene halides were measured after infrared excitation by spontaneous anti-Stokes Raman scattering of delayed picosecond probe pulses. Data ranging from 6.5 to 45 ps are reported. The results give evidence for vibrational energy transfer via anharmonic coupling to neighbouring vibrational combination bands and overtones.
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  • 53
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Keywords: Immobilization of yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ethanol production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was immobilized in gels made of prepolymerized, linear, water soluble polyacrylamide, partially substituted with acylhydrazide groups. Gelation was effected by the addition of controlled amounts of dialdehydes (e.g. glyoxal). The immobilized yeasts retained full glycolytic activity. Moreover, the entrapped cells were able to grow inside the chemically corsslinked gel during continuous alcohol production. Glyoxal was found to be the most favourable crosslinking agent for this system. the system employed allowed for the free exchange of substrate and products. The gel surrounding the entrapped cells had no effect on temperature stability profile. On the other hand, substantial enhancement in survival of cells in presence of high ethanol concentrations was recorded for the entrapped yeast. The capability of the immobilized yeast to carry out continuous conversion of glucose to ethanol was demonstrated.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Multiple mutants of DNA repair ; Sensitivity to nitrogen mustard and to radiation ; Thermoconditional DNA repair
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three haploid yeast mutants (snm) sensitive or thermoconditionally sensitive to the DNA cross-linking agent nitrogen mustard (HN2) were crossed with four rad strains representing mutations in the three pathways of DNA dark repair. The resulting haploid double and triple mutant strains were tested for their sensitivity to UV, HN2 and HN1. From the observed epistatic or synergistic interactions of the combinations of mutant alleles we could derive the relation of the SNM1 and SNM2 genes to the postulated repair pathways. Alleles snm1-1 and snml-2 ts were found epistatic to genes of the rad3 group, whereas snm2-1 ts was epistatic to rad6. The snm1 and snm2 mutant alleles interacted synergistically. From these data it is concluded that the SNM1 gene product plays a cross-link specific role in excision repair while the SNM2 gene product may be involved in a system of error-prone repair.
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    Current genetics 6 (1982), S. 163-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Hybridization ; Polyethylene glycol ; Nuclear transfer ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Viable hybrids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were obtained by transfer of isolated diploid nuclei into haploid protoplasts using a polyethylene glycol (PEG) fusion procedure.
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    Current genetics 6 (1982), S. 159-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transformation ; Gene subcloning
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have developped a procedure to delimit the boundaries of a cloned gene carried on a DNA fragment as large as 4 to 5 kilobases. The method consists in the following. Two series of limit digest products generated with a tetranucleotide recognition sequence endonuclease and originating from either of the two ends of this DNA segment are tested for their complementing capacity by yeast transformation. The gene is then delimited by the overlap of the two shortest complementing fragments.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TRP2 gene ; TRP3 gene ; Cloning in yeast
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the isolation of the TRP2 and the TRP3 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two pools of plasmids consisting of BamHI and Sa1GI yeast DNA inserts into the bifunctional yeast — Escherichia coli vector pLC544 (Kingsman et al. 1979) were constructed in E. coli and used for the isolation of the two genes by selection for functional complementation of trp2 and trp3 mutations, respectively, in yeast. The TRP2 gene was isolated on a 6.2 kb BamHl and a 5.8 kb Sa1GI yeast DNA fragment which shared an identical 4.5 kb BamHI-SaIGI fragment. The TRP3 gene was located on a 5.2 kb BamHl fragment. By physical, genetic and physiological experiments it could be shown that the cloned yeast DNA fragments contained the whole structural sequences as well as the regulatory regions of the TRP2 and the TRP3 genes.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: a Pheromone ; α Pheromone ; Hansenula wingei ; Inducible mutant ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces kluyveri ; Sexual agglutinability ; Shmoo ; Synthetic analogues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three analogues of the peptidyl pheromone, α pheromone of Saccharomyces kluyveri, synthesized based on the amino acid sequence proposed by Sato et al. (Agric Biol Chem 45:1531–1533, 1981) were tested for both shmoo-inducing and agglutinability-inducing actions. Purified natural α pheromone of the yeast showed the highest activity among the peptides tested. When methionine in the peptides was oxidized, the activity decreased significatly. α Pheromone of S. kluyveri induced sexual agglutinability in a cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and shmoo in a cells of S. cerevisiae and S. kluyveri. a Pheromone of S. kluyveri had no agglutinability-inducing action on α cells of S. cerevisiae. a Cells of S. kluyveri inactivated only α pheromone of the same species, but a cells of S. cerevisiae inactivated α pheromones of both S. cerevisiae and S. kluyveri.
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    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 141-143 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase ; Gluconeogenesis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (E.C. 4.1.1.32) was isolated. The mutant did not grow on gluconeogenic sources except glycerol. The mutation was recessive and apparently affected the structural gene of the enzyme. Intracellular levels of metabolites related to the metabolic situation of the enzyme were not significantly affected after transfer of the mutant from a medium with glycerol to a medium with ethanol as carbon source. In these conditions only AMP decreased 3 to 5 times. A search for mutants affected in the other gluconeogenic enzyme, fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase, remained unsuccessful.
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    Archives of microbiology 131 (1982), S. 298-301 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Protoplast ; Compartmentation ; Vacuole ; Trehalose ; Trehalase ; Carbohydrate metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae synthesized and degraded trehalose when they were incubated in a medium containing traces of glucose and acetate. Such protoplasts were gently lyzed by the polybase method and a particulate and soluble fraction was prepared. Trehalose was found in the soluble fraction and the trehalase activity mostly in the particulate fraction which also contained the vacuoles besides other cell organelles. Upon purification of the vacuoles, by density gradient centrifugation, the specific activity of trehalase increased parallel to the specific content of vacuolar markers. This indicates that trehalose is located in the cytosol and trehalase in the vacuole. It is suggested that trehalose, in addition to its role as a reserve may also function as a protective agent to maintain the cytosolic structure under conditions of stress.
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    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 242-248 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Tryptophan degradation to tryptophol ; Degradation-defective mutant strain ; Aromatic aminotransferases ; Tryptophan accumulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tryptophan was found to be degraded in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mainly to tryptophol. Upon chromatography on DEAE-cellulose two aminotransferases were identified: Aromatic aminotransferase I was constitutively synthesized and was active in vitro with tryptophan, phenylalanine or tyrosine as amino donors and pyruvate, phenylpyruvate or 2-oxoglutarate as amino acceptors. The enzyme was six times less active with and had a twenty times lower affinity for tryptophan (K m=6 mM) than phenylalanine or tyrosine. It was postulated thus that aromatic aminotransferase I is involved in vivo in the last step of tyrosine and phenylalanine biosynthesis. Aromatic aminotransferase II was inducible with tryptophan but also with the other two aromatic amino acids either alone or in combinations. With tryptophan as amino donor the enzyme was most active with phenylpyruvate and not active with 2-oxoglutarate as amino acceptor; its affinity for tryptophan was similar as for the other aromatic amino acids (K m=0.2–0.4 mM). Aromatic aminotransferase II was postulated to be involved in vivo mainly in the degradation of tryptophan, but may play also a role in the degradation of the other aromatic amino acids. A mutant strain defective in the aromatic aminotransferase II (aat2) was isolated and its influence on tryptophan accumulation and pool was studied. In combination with mutations trp2 fbr, aro7 and cdr1-1, mutation aat2 led to a threefold increase of the tryptophan pool as compared to a strain with an intact aromatic aminotransferase II.
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  • 62
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    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 236-240 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: α Pheromone ; Cycloheximide ; Inducible a strain ; Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sexual agglutinability ; Temperature-sensitive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When α pheromone-pretreated cells of an inducible a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying the inducible gene saa1 were incubated in a growth medium at 28°C, induction of sexual agglutinability began after a 10 min lag period. If the cells were incubated at 38°C during the lag period, no induction occurred even after incubation at 28°C. Contrary to this, if the cells were incubated at 28°C during the lag period, almost complete induction occurred, even after transfer to 38°C. Temperature shift experiments revealed that 5 min incubation at 28°C was necessary for the initiation of the temperature-sensitive period and further 5 min incubation for the completion of the period. The temperature-sensitive period was sensitive to phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Candida utilis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Zygosaccharomyces bailii ; Compartmentation ; Vacuoles ; Internal pH ; Phosphate ; Glycolysis ; Nuclear magnetic resonance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 31P NMR spectra were obtained from suspensions of Candida utilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces bailii grown aerobically on glucose. Direct introduction of substrate into the cell suspension, without interruption of the measurements, revealed rapid changes in pH upon addition of the energy source. All 31P NMR spectra of the yeasts studied indicated the presence of two major intracellular inorganic phosphate pools at different pH environments. The pool at the higher pH was assigned to cytoplasmic phosphate from its response to glucose addition and iodoacetate inhibition of glycolysis. After addition of substrate the pH in the compartment containing the second phosphate pool decreased. A parallel response was observed for a significant fraction of the terminal and penultimate phosphates of the polyphosphate observed by 31P NMR. This suggested that the inorganic phosphate fraction at the lower pH and the polyphosphates originated from the same intracellular compartment, most probably the vacuole. In this vacuolar compartment, pH is sensitive to metabolic conditions. In the presence of energy source a pH gradient as large as 0.8 to 1.5 units could be generated across the vacuolar membrane. Under certain conditions net transport of inorganic phosphate across the vacuolar membrane was observed during glycolysis: to the cytoplasm when the cytoplasmic phosphate concentration had become very low due to sugar phosphorylation, and into the vacuole when the former concentration had become high again after glucose exhaustion.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Respiratory chain ; ATP synthesis ; mitochondria ; ubiquinone ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; cytochrome oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria, isolated from the ubiquinone-deficient nuclear mutant ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae E3-24, are practically unable to oxidize exogenous substrates. Respiratory activity, coupled to ATP synthesis, can, however, be reconstituted by the simple addition of ethanolic solutions of ubiquinones. A minimal length of the isoprenoid side chain (≥3) was required for the restoration. Saturation of the reconstitution required a large amount of exogeneous ubiquinone, in excess over the normal content present in the mitochondria of the wild type strain. A similar pattern of reconstituted activities could be also obtained using sonicated inverted particles. Mitochondria and sonicated particles are also able to carry out a dye-mediated electron flow coupled to ATP synthesis in the absence of added ubiquinone, using ascorbate or succinate as electron donor. This demonstrates that the energy conserving mechanism at the third coupling site of the respiratory chain is fully independent of the presence of the large mobile pool of ubiquinone in the membrane.
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  • 65
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    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 203-210 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments are carried out by current modulating a tunable diode laser, and slowly ramping the wavelength to scan weak absorption lines in gases at pressures ranging from 2 to 60 Torr. A lock-in amplifier detects the second harmonic (2f) of the modulation frequency, and the experimental 2f signals are compared with theory. Detailed measurements are made on Lorentzian, Voigt, and Gaussian line profiles, over a wide range of modulation amplitudes. Excellent agreement between experiment and calculation is obtained in all cases. This quantitative understanding enables one to derive true lineshapes and linewidths of very weak absorption lines from measurements of 2f lineshapes only. Results are applicable to trace gas detection using tunable diode lasers, and to other areas of spectroscopy and magnetic resonance where harmonic detection techniques are routinely employed to monitor weak signals.
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  • 66
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    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 11-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 07.65 ; 33.90
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Experimental observation of optical Ramsey interference in saturated absorption of methane in a low-pressure gas cell with three spacially separated laser beams at 3.39 μm is reported.
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  • 67
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    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 147-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 42.10
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A recent holographic technique makes it possible to manufacture a new kind of grating, the “Fourier grating”, whose profile is given by a superposition of a fundamental and a finite number of harmonics. A local theoretical optimization shows that this type of grating can have an efficiency better, than that of the echelette, for a broad wavelength range. In this paper, we show the validity of this theoretical prediction by an experimental verification in the microwave region.
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  • 68
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    Applied physics 25 (1981), S. 221-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 43.85
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Photoacoustic cells consisting of two chambers connected by a long narrow tube were studied at room temperature. Amplitude and phase angle of the PA signal were measured as a function of chopping frequency, tube length and buffer gas. Multipleresonance spectra were observed which can be interpreted quantitatively by a modified model of the acoustic Helmholtz resonator. The theoretical description is based on the analogy to the electrical transmission line theory.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Catalase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Heme ; Posttranscriptional control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Compared to wild type cells, strains bearing the pleiotropic regulatory mutations cgr4 or cas1 synthesize apocatalase T at a high rate when grown on high glucose. Like heme-deficient ole3 single mutants, ole3 cgr4 and ole3 cas1 double mutants accumulate no catalase T protein in vivo. This defect introduced by the ole3 mutation is cured by the addition of ALA. By use of the inhibitor actinomycin D we confirm previous findings that ole3 mutants lack catalase T mRNA and show that (i) the ole3 cgr4 and ole3 cas1 double mutants do accumulate catalase T mRNA or mRNA precursor, and (ii) the processing or translation of this RNA or the accumulation of apocatalase T depends on the presence of home.
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  • 70
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    Current genetics 4 (1981), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nuclear isolation ; Percoll ; in vitro Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A procedure has been developed for the rapid isolation of yeast nuclei in high yield using Percoll gradients. The nuclei are substantially free of cytoplasmic contamination as measured by alcohol dehydrogenase activities, have the typical chromatin digestion pattern when digested with nucleases, are useful for isolation of nuclear proteins and for in vitro transcription experiments.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast vectors ; Cosmids ; nif genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two vectors, termed pG63.11 (7.6 Kb) and pHCG3 (9.6 Kb), suitable for yeast transformation have been constructed. The pHCG3 vector has cosmid properties. Both vectors contain a single 3.3 Kb EcoRI-HindIII fragment of yeast origin which carries the yeast URA3 gene (1.1 Kb) and the origin of replication of the 2 µm plasmid (2.2 Kb). They confer ampicillin resistance and they contain 5 unique EcoRI,HpaI,HindIII,BamHI and SalI restriction sites. Cosmid pHCG3 was used to clone the nitrogen fixation (nif) gene cluster of Klebsiella pneumoniae carried by twoHindIII fragments of 17 and 26 Kb, respectively. The resulting cosmid, termed pGPC875 (53 Kb) which conferred a Nif+ phenotype to Escherichia coli, was introduced in yeast by transformation. No acetylene reduction activity was detectable in the transformants. However it was shown that the entire information for nitrogen fixation can be replicated and maintained intact in yeast for more than 50 generations of growth.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Suppressors-tRNA ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nucleotide modification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have examined the tRNAs of two related strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ψ + and ψ −, which differ with respect to an extrachromosomal genetic element that modulates the expression of genotypic and phenotypic suppression. Both the pattern of tRNAs synthesized and the level of nucleotide modification of several selected tRNA species were found to be the same in the ψ + and ψ − strains.
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  • 73
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    Current genetics 4 (1981), S. 135-143 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondria ; Gene cloning ; Transfer RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have studied the organization and expression of a group of tRNA genes located on a 2,700 base pair portion of the yeast mitochondrial genome between the genetic markers cap (chloramphenicol resistance) and oxil (cytochrome oxidase subunit II). This region is spanned by mitochondrial DNA inserts of two recombinant plasmids, pYm162 and pYm267, which have been extensively mapped and sequenced. This tRNA group is composed of six tRNA genes, coding for tRNA AAR Lys , tRNA AGR Arg , tRNA GGN Gly , tRNA GAY Asp , tRNA AGY Ser , and tRNA CGN Arg . We report the sequence for the majority of the 2,700 base pair region including the genes for all six tRNAs. All six genes are oriented in the same direction and are, therefore, transcribed from the same DNA strand. Further, a comparison of the organization of this region with the analogous region of a related wild type strain shows that the tRNA gene order in the two strains is the same. Five of the six tRNA genes have corresponding transcripts in wild type RNA. Although a potential structural gene for tRNA CGN Arg is present, we do not detect a tRNA CGN Arg gene transcript.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Borrelidin ; Aspartokinase ; Feedback regulation ; Threonine pool ; Homoserine pool ; S-Adenosylmethionine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Borrelidin is a specific inhibitor of the threonyl-tRNA-synthethase. A class of dominant borrelidin resistant mutants (BOR1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was biochemically characterized. The mutants possess an altered aspartokinase which is insensitive to threonine inhibition. The threonine and homoserine pools in these mutants are 22 times larger than in the wild type. By feeding aspartate under a variety of conditions the homoserine pool is increased even 57 times whilst the threonine pool is reduced.
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  • 75
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    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 146-149 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Inhibition of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase ; Mode of action of tryptophan analogues ; Tryptophan analogue degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the tryptophan analogue 4-methyltryptophan in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been investigated. 4-Methyltryptophan inhibits the aminoacylation of tryptophan specific transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNATrp). The mode of inhibition is competitive and the analogue is not charged onto tRNATrp. Thus 4-methyltryptophan application depletes the cells from charged tRNATrp. As a consequence cell growth and protein synthesis are strongly reduced. 4-Methyltryptophan is degraded efficiently in culture media inoculated with the wild type strain; the effects of 4-methyltryptophan were therefore found to be transient.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase ; Phosphofructokinase ; Antagonistic enzymes ; Glycolytic intermediates ; ATP ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The intracellular levels of adenosine triphosphate and several glycolytic intermediates were determined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in relation to the presence of the metabolically antagonistic enzymes phosphofructokinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Phosphofructokinase is synthesized constitutively in cells grown in the presence of glucose and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase derepression occurs upon the exhaustion of glucose from the growth medium. Transcriptional regulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase was suggested based on experiments with wild type cells using 8-hydroxyquinoline, a known inhibitor of nuclear transcription, and with the S. cerevisiae mutant strain A364A (ts-136) blocked in the transport of nuclear RNA at non-permissive temperature. The level of phosphofructokinase was reduced more than 25-fold under conditions of high citrate accumulation in an aconitaseless, glutamate requiring mutant strain, MO-1-9B. There was a rapid decrease in the levels of adenosine triphosphate and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate at the end of log-phase of culture growth when both fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and phosphofructokinase were present in the cells simultaneously. The changes in the levels of key glycolytic intermediates, but not the changes in adenosine triphosphate, during the simultaneous presence of these two enzymes, can be explained without involving any futile cycling.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Hansenula wingei ; Induction ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces kluyveri ; Sex pheromone ; Sexual agglutinability ; Sexual agglutination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The yeast, Hansenula wingei has two mating types designated 5 and 21. Cells of each mating type were found to produce mating type-specific sex pheromone which induces sexual agglutinability of the opposite mating type. Crude fractions of these pheromones were prepared by using an Amberlite CG 50 (H+ type) column. The agglutinability-inducing action of the pheromones required glucose as carbon source, but no external nitrogen source. The action of the pheromones was inhibited by 5 μg/ml cycloheximide. The optimum pH for the pheromone action was 4.0. α Pheromones of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces kluyveri induced sexual agglutinability of 5 mating type cells but did not that of 21 mating type cells. a Pheromones of the Saccharomyces yeasts had no effect on both 5 and 21 mating type cells. The sex pheromones of H. wingei had no effect on the sexual agglutinability of inducible a cells of S. cerevisiae. From the experimental results obtained so far, we propose to call 5 and 21 mating types in H. wingei a and α mating types, respectively.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Bud scar ; Scar ring ; Glucan ; Chitin ; Mannan ; Cytology ; Electron and X-ray diffractions ; Physico-chemical characterization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Scar rings (SR) from scarless cells at the early stages of budding and mature bud scars from Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated by both chemical and enzymic treatment of cell walls were observed by selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy with simultaneous physico-chemical characterization (including molar mass, intrinsic viscosity and crystallite size) of α-chitin and glucan. The SR, composed of glucan with strong 0.608; 0.397 and 0.293 nm X-ray reflections, was formed at the start of budding. The SAED patterns of α-chitin both in the adjacent circular zone and in the parts of newly formed primary septum (PS), observed when the development of the PS started, did not differ from those of α-chitin in the single mature bud scar. The bud scar consisted of α-chitin, glucan and mannan and their content, as well as the crystallite size of chitin, depended on the mode of preparation.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Gene cloning ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have carried out experiments aimed at explaining the observed variations in transformation frequencies when Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces carlbergensis are transformed with chimeric plasmids that contain one of 4 possible EcoRI fragments of the yeast 2-μm circle. These plasmids fall into 2 classes when used to transform 2 different yeast his3 auxotrophs, one (strain LL20) harbours indigenous 2-μm circle, and the other (strain YF233) is devoid of this plasmid. Hybrid plasmids containing either the 2.4 mega-dalton (mD) R-form EcoRI fragment (pYF88) or the l.4 mD L-form EcoRI fragment (pYF177) of 2-μm circle transform either of the two hosts at a high frequency (50,000 colonies per Mg in LL20 and 10,000 colonies per μg in YF233). Hybrid plasmids containing the 1.5 mD R-form EcoRI fragment (pYF87) or the 2.5 mD L-form EcoRI fragment (pYF178) of the 2-μm circle transform LL20 at a reduced frequency (6,000–16,000 colonies per μg) and YF233 at extremely low frequencies (1–5 colonies per μg). All plasmids retrieved from strain YF233 that had been transformed with pYF88 or pYF177 were identical to the original transforming plasmid. Of the plasmids retrieved from strain LL20 that had been transformed with pYF87 and pYF178, approximately half had acquired an extra copy of the 2-μm circle. Of the plasmids retrieved from strain LL20 that had been transformed with pYF88 and pYF177, an average of only approximately 13% had acquired an extra copy of 2-μm circle. Taken together, these observations indicate that the transformation of yeast by a plasmid lacking the ability to replicate (pYF87 and pYF1780) occurs by the recombinational acquisition of 1 copy of the host 2-μm circle, which serves to supply the incoming plasmid with missing essential sequences. A comparison of 2-μm circle DNA fragments carried by pYF88 and pYF177 indicates that the region of 2-μm circle required for high frequency transformation is a 1.2 mD segment that is common to the 2.4 mD R-form and 1.4 ml) L-form EcoRI fragments. This region extends from the EcoRI cut site adjacent to the PstI site, through to the end of the inverted repeat. However, the inverted repeat sequence alone is not sufficient to bestow high frequency transformation of yeast.
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  • 80
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    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Galactose fermentation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Regulatory mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A novel type of regulatory mutation for galactose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is described. The mutation named gal11 was recessive, non-allelic to GAL4, GAL80, GAL2, or GAL3, and unlinked to the gene cluster of GAL1, GAL10, and GAL7. It caused a ‘coordinate’ reduction of galactokinase, galactose-1-P uridylyl transferase, and UDP-glucose 4-epimerase by a factor of more than 5, rendering the mutant cells galactose-nonfermenting. The effect of the mutation was manifested not only in cells grown on galactose but also in cells constitutively synthesizing the galactose-metabolizing enzymes.
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  • 81
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    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 223-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Transcriptional Units ; GAL Genes ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; UV mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The size of the transcriptional unit of the structural genes for three galactose-metabolizing enzymes which form a cluster on chromosome II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied by the ultraviolet light (UV)-mapping technique. Thus the size of the primary transcripts of GAL7 for galactose-1-phosphate uridylyl transferase, GAL10 for uridine diphosphoglucose 4-epimerase, or GAL1 for galactokinase were estimated to be 0.81 x 106, 1.1 x 106, or 1.3 x 106 respectively. In the light of these data together with the known directions of transcription of the genes, we concluded that each of three genes was transcribed from its own promoter.
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  • 82
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    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 407-409 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 82.50
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report about possibilities of application of the optothermal detector (OT) for sub-Doppler spectroscopy experiments. Investigating transitions of SF6 in the 10 μm region we demonstrate two variants of obtaining high-frequency resolution-using a standing or a travelling wave.
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  • 83
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    Applied physics 21 (1980), S. 173-180 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 07.65
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    Notes: Abstract Recent developments of tunable IR compressed-H2 and liquid-N2 Raman Lasers as well as resonantly pumped NH3 lasers are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on research carried out at the Quantum Radiophysics Laboratory of the Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 42.55 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract The application of the high-pressure chamber with a pressure transmitting medium (liquid at room temperature) to diode-laser tuning was found to be a useful method for high-resolution spectroscopy. Ammonia absorbtion spectra in the 10 μm region were recorded with a resolution approaching the Doppler limit.
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  • 85
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 245-250 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 32
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    Notes: Abstract The results of fluorescence detection of single Na atoms in atomic beams have been presented. It has been shown that, in recording single atoms via the fluorescence signal from the photoelectron of thek〉1 atom, it is possible to achieve extremely high selectivity (S≃1020) of detection of these atoms against a great number of other atoms. The probability of recording the atom is slightly decreased.
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  • 86
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 251-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 06.50 ; 07.65
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The input format of fast digital correlators, such as used in photon correlation or recurrence rate correlation, is often exceeded by input signals, if high count rates coincide with sample times of the order of several hundred nanoseconds or more. Clipping, random clipping, and scaling are well known methods to reduce such signals appropriately. We discuss these procedures with special attention to noise performance possible errors introduced into the correlogram. Generalizations from single to multi-bit correlators are presented with a thorough discussion of random preset scaling, a new process suitable for multi-bit correlation of signals with arbitrary statistics. Furthermore we describe a new additional preprocessor which offers significant decrease of quantization noise, if constant background contributions are present in the signal. Though demonstrated on optical measurements, the methods treated in this paper generally apply, whenever the format of digital data has to be reduced prior to correlation.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 42.80 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The noise characteristic of available laser sources limits the sensitivity of saturated absorption spectroscopy. Time averaging is one method to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. A computer controlled dye-laser spectrometer is described which has the capability to scan several times any selected frequency range with an absolute accuracy of ±200 kHz. The sensitivity of this system is demonstrated by measuring the isotope shift of the low abundant38Ar and by detecting a weak83Kr-hyperfine component.
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  • 88
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    Applied physics 21 (1980), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65
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    Notes: Abstract Refined values for molecular constants of14NH3 and less precise values for those of15NH3 and14NH2D were obtained with laser Stark spectroscopy.
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  • 89
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 07.65 ; 33.90
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the optical Ramsey resonance signal of two-level molecules in three separated fields consisting of one standing wave and two traveling waves of opposite directions with each other. Their separations and phase differences are given by a corner reflector. The transition probability of a molecule that traverses the three interaction regions is calculated by using an optical Bloch vector formalism. It is then integrated over distributions of molecular velocities and positions to evaluate the signal observed with a gas cell. The result is applied to compute the optical Ramsey resonance signal in the absorption line of CH4 at 3.39 μm. Variations of the Ramsey resonance lineshape and the intensity with the gas pressure and the field intensity are obtained.
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 433-437 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Generation of backward photon echoes and proposed backward optical free induction decays is discussed in detail. Separation of the signals from excitation pulses by propagation and polarization directions suggests a new field of picosecond experiments.
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  • 91
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    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 319-326 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 06 ; 07.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report a new design for an acoustically resonant spectrophone well suited for intracavity operation with widely tunable lasers. Operation with Brewster angle windows or in a windowless mode is possible, and high quality factors (560 and 509, respectively) are achieved. Windowless operation permits continuous monitoring of ambient air. We discuss factors limiting the sensitivity, ∼10−7 cm−1, and present a double chopping scheme capable of significantly reducing the acoustical background encountered in windowless operation. The sensitivity of the spectrophone's performance to misalignment is also examined.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 34
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Novel techniques to observe coherent transients are successfully demonstrated on microwave transitions of NH3, H2O, OCS, and O2. The relaxation rate constants in thev 2 excited state of NH3 are obtained by infrared experiments.
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  • 93
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    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 157-161 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Lactobacillus brevis ; Streptococcus lactis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Concanavalin A ; Symbiosis ; Tibi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tibi grains consist of a unique and very stable symbiotic association of Lactobacillus brevis, Streptococcus lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae embedded in a dextran matrix. The structural organization of the grain was examined by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The grain was constituted of an outer compact layer and an inner spongy structure. The outer layer was more densely populated by the microorganisms than the inner layer but dextran, stained on frozen thin sections with fluorescein-conjugated concanavalin A, was more abundant in the inner layer.
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  • 94
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    Archives of microbiology 125 (1980), S. 89-95 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Sulfur dioxide ; Sulfite ; Air polluting substances ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Active agent of irreversible cell inactivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract After a short period of tolerance, living cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were irreversibly damaged by low concentrations of sulfite. The length of the period of tolerance and the rate of the damaging effect depended on the concentration on sulfite, pH-value, temperature, the physiological state of the cells, and incubation time. Inhibitors of protein synthesis and mitochondrial ATP synthesis did not alter the deleterious effect of sulfite on living cells. Furthermore, cell damage leading to inhibition of colony formation occured under aerobic as well as under anaerobic conditions. Prior to cell inactivation sulfite induced the formation of respiratory deficient cells. The active agent was shown to be SO2.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Catabolite repression and inactivation ; Inhibition of protease B
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Catabolite inactivation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, isocitrate lyase, phosphoenolpruvate carboxykinase and malate dehydrogenase in intact cells could be prevented by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride added 40 min prior to the addition of glucose. Protein synthesis, fermentative and respiratory activity and catabolite repression were not affected. Elimination of catabolite inactivation by the addition of PMSF revealed that catabolite repression started at different times for different enzyme.
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  • 96
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    Archives of microbiology 124 (1980), S. 285-287 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Heat killing ; Membrane damage ; Genetic damage ; Growth temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The resistance of exponentially growing yeast cells to killing by exposure to 52°C increased markedly as the growth temperature was increased. Identical killing curves were obtained for cells suspended in growth medium or in 0.9% saline. Cells resistant to killing at 52°C were quite sensitive to killing at slightly higher temperatures. These results suggest a primary role for membrane damage in the mechanism of heat killing.
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  • 97
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    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 41-47 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Nucleic acid bases ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Vitamins ; Yeast autolyzate ; Yield stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effect of yeast autolyzate on the growth of vineless pea plant was investigated. The yield was increased remarkably when yeast autolyzate was added, as compared with the control area in which the plants received only mineral fertilizer solution. The yield stimulation was the highest where 0.1 ppm of the autolyzate was added, the yield increasing by more than 80%. The reason why the yields were lower in the areas where the amount of yeast autolyzate added was incrased to 1 ppm and to 10 ppm, was presumed to be due to the fact that the substances may have been absorbed, decomposed, and utilized by soil microorganisms.
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