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  • Lepidoptera  (146)
  • evolution
  • wheat
  • Springer  (233)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Oxford, UK
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 1980-1984  (233)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (233)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Oxford, UK
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (5)
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex attractants for the fruit-attacking noctuids Orthosia incerta and Orthosia cruda (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 15-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sex attractants ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Orthosia incerta ; Orthosia cruda ; fruit pest ; Z9-14:Ac ; Z9-14:Ald ; Z11-16:Ac ; Z11-16:Ald
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345198
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting the dispersive behaviour of larvae of an Australian geometrid moth (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 159-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Ectropis excursaria ; larval dispersal ; colour polymorphism ; phototaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Acht Experimente wurden durchgeführt, um einige der Faktoren zu studieren, die das Wanderverhalten der Larven (Raupen) eines polyphagen Geometriden (Ectropis excursaria (Guenée)) beein-flussen. 1. Larven sind positiv phototaktisch. Die positive Phototaxis ist negativ mit Fasten, Alter und Populationsdichte korreliert. Bei hohen Temperaturen ist sie nicht mehr nachweisbar. 2. Das Wanderverhalten der Larven wird durch die Populationsdichte beeinflußt, wodurch annähernd eine konstante Dichte erhalten bleibt. Das Verhalten der individuellen Larven is dabei nicht statistisch homogen. Es gibt ‘Wanderer’ und ‘Nicht-Wanderer’. 3. Diese Verhaltensunderschiede stehen möglicherweise im Zusammenhang mit physiologischen und morphologischen Faktoren, die den individuellen Fortpflanzungserfolg und das überleben beeinflussen können; ‘Wanderer’ sind dunkler, entwickeln sich schneller und das Gewicht ihrer Puppen ist niedriger als das der ‘Nicht-Wanderer’. 4. Eine der larvalen Farbvarianten zeigte eine Präferenz für einen von zwei angebotenen Hintergründen.
    Notes: Abstract The dispersive behaviour of larvae of a polyphagous, wide-spread geometrid (Ectropis excursaria (Guenée)) was studied by examining responses to environmental and endogenous variables. It was found that differences in behaviour can be affected by environmental factors such as light, temperature, density, and plant background as well as some physiological and morphological features. The implications of these relationships are discussed as adaptative strategies to a varying environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217535
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foodplant selection and induction of feeding preference among host and non-host plants in larvae of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 177-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: induction of feeding preference ; host plants ; non-host plants ; Manduca sexta ; Sphingidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Vingt-deux espèces de plantes, dont 10 planteshôtes (Solanées), ont été testés comme plantes alimentaires pour des chenilles de ler stade de Manduca sexta. Sur cet ensemble, seulement 12 plantes (dont 9 plantes hôtes) induisaient la prise de nourriture et permettaient la croissance jusqu'au 5ème stade. La diversité des résultats suggère que les plantes pouvaient être classées en hôtes, non-hôtes acceptables et non-hôtes refusés. En utilisant le test du choix alimentaire préférentiel entre deux rondelles de feuilles, les chenilles néonates de ler stade ont préféré nettement les plantes-hôtes aux autres. Cette préférence initiale pour les plantes-hôtes était préservée quand les cheniles étaient élevées sur plantes-hôtes, mais devenait moins nette ou disparaissait pour des chenilles élevées sur d'autres plantes acceptées. Ainsi l'oligophagie ches M. sexta n'est pas induite, mais doit être héritée. Les chenilles néonates, aussi bien que celles de 5ème stade, présentent des préférences hiérarchisées parmi les plantes hôtes ou non. La seule frontiere nette observée était entre espèces de plantes acceptables ou non. Les hiérarchies préférentielles des chenilles du 5ème stade différaient légèrement lors-qu'elles avaient été élevées sur deux plantes-hôtes différentes. La différence essentielle était l'observation d'une préférence accrue pour l'espèce ayant servi à l'élevage, mais deux autres plantes-hôtes changaient aussi de position hiérarchique. La cause de ces changements de préférence a été approfondie, les chenilles étant élevées sur des feuilles de chaque espèce acceptable (hôte ou non). Leurs préférences alimentaires ont été définies en utilisant des combinaisons diverses (hôte x hôte, hôte x non-hôte acceptable, non-hôte acceptable x non-hôte acceptable). L'induction de la préférence alimentaires a été obtenue dans ces trois associations. Ceci montre que l'induction des choix alimentaires chez M. sexta n'est pas limitée aux plantes-hôtes. Le degré d'induction de la préférence alimentaire variait de très fort à indécelable; il dépendait de l'association examinée. La source de la variabilité de cette induction a été examinée en fonction de la relation entre la force de l'induction et les rapports taxonomiques des plantes associées. La relation obervée était inversée pour M. sexta. L'examen des données de la littérature ont révélé une relation du même type pour les autres espèces de Lépidoptères.
    Notes: Abstract Ten host plant (Solanaceae) and twelve non-host plant species were tested as foodplants for first instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Only nine host and three non-host plant species elicited feeding and supported growth up to fifth instar. The range of acceptability suggested that plants be divided into hosts, acceptable non-hosts, and unacceptable non-hosts. Using the two-choice feeding preference test we found that the initial preference for hosts was preserved when larvae were reared on hosts, but was less strong or absent for larvae reared on acceptable non-hosts. Thus oligophagy in the tobacco hornworm is not induced, but must be inherited. Newly-hatched first instar larvae and fifth instar larvae showed a preference hierarchy among both hosts and non-hosts. Fifth instar larvae reared separately on two different host species showed slightly different preference hierarchies among hosts. The preference for the rearing plant was increased and also two other host species changed positions in hierarchies. Feeding preferences of larvae reared on hosts or acceptable non-hosts were determined using plant combinations of host vs. host, host vs. acceptable non-host, and acceptable non-host vs. acceptable non-host. Induction of feeding preference was found in all three of these categories. This shows that induction of feeding preference in the tobacco hornworm is not restricted to host plant species. The degree to which feeding preferences were induced ranged from very strong to undetectable and dependend on the plant species paired. The strength of induction in the tobacco hornworm was found to correlate inversely with taxonomic relatedness of the plant species paired. Analysis of induction data from the literature revealed a similar correlation for other lepidopteran species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217537
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of gravimetry and planimetry in determining dry matter budgets for three species of phytophagous lepidopteran larvae (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 255-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: method ; dry matter ; budget ; Lepidoptera ; phytophagous ; gravimetry ; area ; accuracy ; precision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les budgets en matière sèche consommée par des lépidoptères ont été comparés par les méthodes gravimétrique et planimétrique. La méthode gravimétrique est basée sur le rapport poids sec/poids frais de feuilles consommées par les chenilles. Avec la méthode planimétrique, la quantité d'aliment proposée aux chenilles est déterminée par les tracés de la surface des feuilles et le contenu de matière sèche par unité de surface des feuilles. La méthode de planimétrie permet l'utilisation de plus grands rameaux de feuilles et de cages d'élevage extérieures en gaze. Il n'y avait pas de différence appréciable dans les éléments du budget (croissance, ingestion et déjection), ni aucune différence dans la variabilité observée des données attribuable à la méthode utilisée. Cependant, la variabilité attendue d'après la précision des mesures avec la méthode gravimétrique est inférieure à celle de la méthode planimétrique. est inférieure à celle de la méthode planimétrique. Des éléments expérimentaux, inhérents à la méthode gravimétrique, introduisent une variabilité dans les mesures que l'on n'a pas avec la méthode planimétrique. 30–60% de la variabilité dans la consommation ont été attribués à des paramètres internes à la chenille, même quand elles provenaient toutes de la même ooplaque.
    Notes: Abstract Gravimetric and a combination areal-gravimetric methods for determining dry matter budgets for leaf eating Lepidoptera were compared. The gravimetric method is based on dry weight/live weight ratios of the leaves fed to the larvae. In the areal-gravimetric method, the quantity of food offered to the larvae is determined from the area of leaf tracings and the dry matter content per unit area of the leaves. The areal-gravimetric method permits the use of larger leaf sprays and an open, gauze enclosed rearing chamber. There were no consistent differences in budget factors (growth, ingestion or egestion), nor were there any differences in the observed variability of the data attributable to the method used. However, the expected variability based on instrument precision for the gravimetric method is less than for the areal-gravimetric method. Experimental factors inherent in the gravimetric method introduce variability to the measurements that are not present in the areal method. Thirty to 60% of the variability in budget factors was attributed to intrinsic properties of the larvae, even though the larvae were taken from the same egg masses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369141
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple model for estimating the nitrogen fertilizer requirement of a cereal crop (1984)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 95-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen fertilizer ; sorghum ; wheat ; soil test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A static model that predicts the nitrogen (N) fertilizer requirement of grain sorghum or wheat crops is described. Inputs required by the model are soil nitrate-N (kg ha−1) in the profile at sowing, total N (%) in the plough layer, available water in the profile at sowing (mm) plus rainfall during the growing season (mm). Output includes fertilizer N required for both maximum yield and optimum economic yield. The model was tested by using published field data from Nebraska and Kansas (U.S.A.), South Australia and Northern Territory (Australia), and Saskatchewan (Canada). The model was accurate when no fertilizer N was required, and when large amounts were required, but quantitative prediction of moderate requirements was only fair. Predictions for grain sorghum were better than for winter wheat, probably because total water use was a better predictor of yield potential for grain sorghum than for winter wheat. Further refinement for specific environments should make the model practical for dryland cereal crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049494
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of iron pyrites as sulphur fertilizer (1984)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 235-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: iron pyrites ; wheat ; chickpea ; mustard ; Egyptian clover ; biomass production ; S uptake ; P mobilization ; P uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted for three consecutive winter crop seasons commencing in 1979–80 on the Typic Ustochrept of Pura to evaluate iron pyrites as S fertilizer. Four crops viz, wheat, chickpea, mustard and Egyptian clover were tested for their responsiveness to added pyrites. All the crops responded significantly to added pyrites. Mustard proved most sensitive to S deficiency in soil and wheat the least. Between the two legumes, Egyptian clover was more sensitive to S stress than chickpea. Average biomass production by Egyptian clover was highest followed by wheat, mustard and chickpea. Mustard and Egyptian clover required more S to achieve maximum biomass production compared with wheat and chickpea but they also recovered from the soil a large proportion of added S than wheat and chickpea. Addition of pyrites increased availability of S in soil. Pyrites enhanced mobilization of soil P and its utilization by the crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051622
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estrogens in insects (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 942-944 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Insect hormones ; estradiol ; estriol ; evolution ; sex hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insects representing 5 different orders contain androgen and estrogen-like substances as determined by radioimmunoassay. Estradiol and estriol have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of these steroids in insects suggests that the vertebrate sex hormones have an ancient evolutionary history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01946450
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attraction of male spruce budworm moths,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), to pheromone-baited traps in small-tree thinnings (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 125-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; small-tree thinnings ; temperature ; precipitation ; wind ; attraction distance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mean catches of spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), moths were not significantly different among four small-tree thinning treatments of young spruce-fir-hemlock regeneration. Significant inverse relationships were found between trap catches and distances to nearby spruce-fir-hemlock overstory. Prevailing wind directions indicated that moths were attracted anemotactically to upwind pheromone sources. No definite trends were detected between catches and temperature or precipitation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987649
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relative kairomonal activities of 2-acylcyclohexane-1,3-diones in eliciting oviposition behavior from parasiteNemeritis canescens (Grav.) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1597-1601 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomone ; 2-acylcyclohexane-1,3-diones ; ovipositionEphestia kuehniella Zeller [syn.Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller)] ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Nemeritis canenscens (Grav.) [syn.Venturia canescens (Grav.)] ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative activities of sixteen 2-acylcyclohexane-1,3-diones from the larval mandibular glands ofEphestia (=Anagasta) kuehniella Zeller in causing the parasiteNemeritis (=Venturia) canescens (Grav.) to make oviposition movements are reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988427
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potential for evolution of resistance to pheromones: Interindividual and interpopulational variation in chemical communication system of pink bollworm moth (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1551-1565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Resistance ; mating disruption ; sex pheromone ; (Z,Z)-7 ; 11-hexadecadienyl acetate ; (Z,E)-7 ; 11-hexadecadienyl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; pink bollworm ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; cotton ; pheromone collection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract After an extensive examination of the release rates and blend ratios of pheromonal components emitted by field-collected femalePectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), we find no evidence of resistance to pheromones applied to cotton fields to disrupt mating. Females from fields with 3–5 years of exposure to disruptant pheromones as well as those from fields with only minimal exposure to disruptant pheromones emitted (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate at a rate of ca. 0.1 ng/min and (Z,E)7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate at ca. 0.06 ng/min. The ratio of pheromonal components was much less variable than the measured emission rate and was centered about a 61:39Z, Z to Z,E ratio. In contrast to the blend ratio emitted by females, the composition of the pheromonal blend used in monitoring populations and disrupting mating is centered about 50:50 Z,Z to Z.E. In general there was a remarkable consistency in the release rate and blend ratio among populations of females throughout southern California and those from a laboratory colony. It would appear that, although resistance to theP. gossypiella pheromone is still a very real possibility when it is used heavily in pest management as a mating disruptant, there are current agricultural practices and conditions which would hinder its development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988424
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure-activity relationships between stimulus molecule and response of a pheromone receptor cell in turnip moth,Agrotis segetum (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1661-1675 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Structure-activity relationships ; single-cell recordings ; turnip moth ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; molecular shape ; dipole moments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of an antennal receptor cell of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, was recorded during stimulation with a series of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate analogs with structural variations of the acetate group. The investigated receptor cell is known to be highly selective to (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate. All parts of the acetate group were found to be of great importance for full biological activity. The results indicate very strict requirements on the shape of the polar functional group, as well as on its electron distribution for a successful interaction with the antennal receptor cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987353
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant-determined variation in the cardenolide content, thin-layer chromatography profiles, and emetic potency of monarch butterflies,Danaus plexippus L. Reared on milkweed plants in California: 2.Asclepias speciosa (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 601-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Danaus plexippus ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; monarch butterflies ; Asdepias speciosa ; Asclepiadaceae ; milkweeds ; ecological chemistry ; plant-insect interactions ; chemical ecology ; chemical defense ; coevolution ; thin-layer chromatography ; cardenolide fingerprints ; cardenolides ; cardiac glycosides ; desglucosyrioside ; labriformin ; labriformidin ; syriogenin ; uzarigenin ; emetic potency ; emesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of variation in gross cardenolide concentration of 111Asclepias speciosa plants collected in six different areas of California is a positively skewed distribution which ranges from 19 to 344 μg of cardenolide per 0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 90 μg per 0.1 g. Butterflies reared individually on these plants in their native habitats ranged from 41 to 547 μg of cardenolide per 0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 179 μg. Total cardenolide per butterfly ranged from 54 to 1279 μg with a mean of 319 μg. Differences in concentrations and total cardenolide contents in the butterflies from the six geographic areas appeared minor, and there were no differences between the males and the females, although the males did weigh significantly more than females. The uptake of cardenolide by the butterflies was found to be a logarithmic function of the plant concentration. This results in regulation: larvae which feed on low-concentration plants produce butterflies with increased cardenolide concentrations relative to those of the plants, and those which feed on high-concentration plants produce butterflies with decreased concentrations. No evidence was adduced that high concentrations of cardenolides in the plants affected the fitness of the butterflies. The mean emetic potencies of the powdered plant and butterfly material were 5.62 and 5.25 blue jay emetic dose fifty units per milligram of cardenolide and the number of ED50 units per butterfly ranged from 0.28 to 6.7 with a mean of 1.67. Monarchs reared onA. speciosa, on average, are only about one tenth as emetic as those reared onA. eriocarpa. UnlikeA. eriocarpa which is limited to California,A. speciosa ranges from California to the Great Plains and is replaced eastwards byA. syriaca L. These two latter milkweed species appear to have a similar array of chemically identical cardenolides, and therefore both must produce butterflies of relatively low emetic potency to birds, with important ecological implications. About 80% of the lower emetic potency of monarchs reared on A. speciosa compared to those reared onA. eriocarpa appears attributable to the higher polarity of the cardenolides inA. speciosa. Thin-layer Chromatographie separation of the cardenolides in two different solvent systems showed that there are 23 cardenolides in theA. speciosa plants of which 20 are stored by the butterflies. There were no differences in the cardenolide spot patterns due either to geographic origin or the sex of the butterflies. As when reared onA. eriocarpa, the butterflies did not store the plant cardenolides withR f values greater than digitoxigenin. However, metabolic transformation of the cardenolides by the larvae appeared minor in comparison to when they were reared onA. eriocarpa. AlthoughA. eriocarpa andA. speciosa contain similar numbers of cardenolides and both contain desglucosyrioside, the cardenolides ofA. speciosa overall are more polar. ThusA. speciosa has no or only small amounts of the nonpolar labriformin and labriformidin, whereas both occur in high concentrations inA. eriocarpa. A. speciosa plants and butterflies also contain uzarigen, syriogenin, and possibly other polar cardenolides withR f values lower than digitoxin. The cardenolide concentration in the leaves is not only considerably less than inA. eriocarpa, but the latex has little to immeasurable cardenolide, whereas that ofA. eriocarpa has very high concentrations of several cardenolides. Quantitative analysis ofR f values of the cardenolide spots, their intensities, and their probabilities of occurrence in the chloroform-methanol-formamide TLC system produced a cardenolide fingerprint pattern very different from that previously established for monarchs reared onA. eriocarpa. This dispels recently published skepticism about the predictibility of chemical fingerprints based upon ingested secondary plant chemicals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994224
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Metabolism of uscharidin, a milkweed cardenolide, by tissue homogenates of monarch butterfly larvae,Danaus plexippus L. (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 945-956 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cardenolide ; uscharidin ; metabolism ; monarch butterfly ; Danaus plexippus ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; milkweed ; Asclepias ; N-demethylation ; mixed function oxidase ; monooxygenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Midgut and fat body homogenates of monarch butterfly larvae,Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera:Danaidae), were examined for microsomal monooxygenase activity usingp-chloro-N-methylanilineN-demethylation and for the ability to metabolize a milkweed (Asclepias spp.) cardenolide (C23 steroid glycoside), uscharidin. All homogenates tested had bothN-demethylation and uscharidin biotransformation activities. Both transformations required NADPH. The monooxygenase inhibitors sesamex, SKF525A, and carbon monoxide inhibitedN-demethylation but not uscharidin biotransformation. Subsequent subcellular fractionation revealed the uscharidin biotransformation occurs in the soluble fraction and not the microsomal fraction, whileN-demethylation occurs in the microsomal fraction and not the soluble fraction. The larval NADPH-dependent microsomal monooxygenase apparently is not involved in the metabolism of uscharidin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987975
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inferred chromosome morphology of the ancestral genome ofTriticum (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 144 (1984), S. 209-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticum ; Elytrigia ; wheat ; Evolution ; genome ; karyotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The lengths of the A, B, and D genomes of common wheat,Triticum aestivum, were measured from the karyotype. Relative to the B genome, standardized as length 1.000, the lengths of the A and D genomes were 0.835 and 0.722, respectively. The lengths of the chromosome arms in the A and D genomes were then multiplied by the appropriate constants so that the total lengths of each genome also equalled 1.000. These calculations revealed that homoeologous chromosomes in wheat, with a few exceptions, have similar sizes and arm ratios. The arm lengths of the three homoeologues in each homoeologous group were then averaged. These average chromosomes turned out to be remarkably similar, in size and arm ratio, to their homoeologues in the E genome ofElytrigia elongata. This evidence and data on cross-compatibility and morphological characteristics suggested that the genusTriticum is a result of adaptive radiation from the perennial genusElytrigia, specifically from the complex of species possessing the E genome or one closely related to it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984134
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  • 15
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    Der cytologische Nachweis von doppelter Restitution beiFragaria (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 146 (1984), S. 171-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rosaceae ; Fragaria ; Restitution ; microsporogenesis ; polyploidy ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Double restitution has been observed cytologically for the first time in microsporogenesis of a F1 hybridFragaria virginiana ×F. chiloensis ♂. Restitution is probably due to irregularities affecting the spindle mechanism. Single or double restitution may depend upon the duration of the effect or upon the stage of meiosis affected. The occurrence of triades is indicative of a possible intracellular diversity. Although the reason which may cause restitution remains to be ascertained, maternal inheritance indicates an extrachromosomal cause.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989544
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    Cytotaxonomy and phylogeny in certain species ofTaxodiaceae (1984)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 29-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gymnosperms ; Cryptomeria ; Cunninghamia ; Metasequoia ; Sciadopitys ; Sequoia ; Sequoiadendron ; Taiwania ; Taxodium ; Marker chromosome ; karyotype ; polyploidy ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Various species ofTaxodiaceae were selected for chromosome studies to indicate cytotaxonomic and phylogenetic relationships. Point dispersal patterns of diagrammatic presentations of the species' karyotypes, rather than marker chromosomes, were found to be the most significant cytotaxonomic characteristic in indicating phylogenetic relationships. Karyotypic evolution inTaxodiaceae appears to occur by unequal reciprocal translocations followed by pericentric and paracentric inversions. Cytotaxonomic relationships among species generally correspond to the phylogenetic relationships withinTaxodiaceae indicated by classical taxonomic classification. Presence and types of marker chromosomes may have the potential to indicate relationships between different coniferous families.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984578
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  • 17
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    Purified Ribulose-P2 carboxylase from wheat with high specific activity and with fast activation (1984)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 5 (1984), S. 47-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: ribulose-P2 ; carboxylase ; wheat ; high specific activity ; fast activation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018374
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    Nutritive value of protein fractions extracted from soybean, rapeseed and wheat flours in the rat (1984)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 34 (1984), S. 243-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: nutritive value ; protein fractions ; rapeseed ; soybean ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The nutritive value of various protein fractions was studied. Fractions 2S and 12S from rapeseed, 2S, 7S and 11S from soybean were obtained by dissolution in ammonium sulfate solutions. Albumin-globulin, gluten, glutenin and gliadin fractions from wheat were obtained by dissolution in salted water (albumin-globulin), acetic acid (glutenin) and alcohol (gliadin). Liveweight gains, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) were used as measures of the nutritive value. The protein fractions had a lower nutritive value than the unfractionated proteins except for the albumin-globulin fraction of wheat which had a nutritive value higher than that of the unfractionated wheat protein. PER obtained with the rapeseed 2S and 12S fractions were 2.49 and 2.21, respectively, as compared to 2.64 for unfractionated rapeseed. With soybean fractions, PER were 0.92 for 2S, — 0.007 for 7S and 1.47 for 11S, as compared to 2.19 for the original protein. The wheat albumin-globulin fraction gave a PER of 2.78, as compared to 1.45 for the unfractionated wheat protein. Gluten, glutenin and gliadin fractions had a lower PER than that of unfractionated wheat protein. ADC of all fractions were higher than those of the original proteins. The difference in liveweight gains and PER observed between protein fractions can be partially explained on the basis of the essential amino acid content.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01126553
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    Resistance of Triticum dicoccoides to infection with Erysiphe graminis tritici (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Truticum dicoccoides ; wild emmer wheat ; Erysiphe graminis tritici ; powdery mildew ; resistance ; Israel ; germplasm ; wheat ; collection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The reactions of 233 Triticum dicoccoides acessions, collected at 10 sites in Israel and elsewhere, to infection with cultures of Erysiphe graminis tritici, were determined. The reactions indicated that the number of sources of resistance to E. graminis tritici which can be obtained from T. dicoccoides plants growing wild in Israel and elsewhere is almost unlimited. One hundred and fourteen or 49% of the accessions were resistant, and 137 or 59% of the accessions were resistant or moderately resistant to infection with four cultures of E. graminis tritici which possess the virulence genes corresponding to most of the identified resistance genes in wheat. Accessions collected at sites with marginal habitats where T. dicoccoides grows poorly and has lower grain weight, were more susceptible than were accessions collected at sites with an optimal habitat for growth of T. dicoccoides. The results agreed with those in a previous study with Hordeum spontaneum, and indicate that to obtain H. spontaneum or T. dicoccoides accessions with the highest level of resistance to the powdery mildew pathogens, plants should be collected at sites in ecological and geographic regions where those two species occupy optimum habitats and are exposed to the powdery mildew pathogens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022748
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    Yield responses by modern wheat genotypes to phosphate fertilizer and their implications for breeding (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; grain yield ; phosphate response ; height ; harvest index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The response to phosphate fertilizer by modern wheat genotypes was examined in the field under natural rainfall in three seasons. Models were developed which show that grain yield was positively correlated with biological yield and harvest index. In one of the seasons, which was relatively dry, shorter statured wheats gave higher yields at each level of applied phosphate. Higher levels of phosphate tended to offset the reduction in yield associated with late heading and the importance of biological yield on grain yield. The genotypes which produced the largest number of grains m-2 produced the highest yields. Implications for plant breeding programs are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022753
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  • 21
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    Genetic and cytogenetic studies with a male sterile mutant of common wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; male sterility ; meiotic analyses ; gene mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genetic and cytogenetic studies were done on a male sterile mutant of the wheat variety ‘Probus’. Association of the 4A chromosome carrying the ms gene was studied in the F1 of the male sterile ‘Probus’ with ‘Chinese Spring’ ditelo 4AS, with ‘Transec’ and with line ‘T4AS-DRS’ respectively. The presumption that the genetic male sterility of the mutant was due to a terminal deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4A could be confirmed. Linkage studies showed that the ms gene was at 17 map units from the dwarfing gene (Rht3) of ‘Minister dwarf’. This allows selection of short male sterile plants at the seedling stage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022756
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  • 22
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    SDS-PAGE of the high-molecular-weight subunits of wheat glutenin and the characterization of 1R (1B) substitution and 1BL/1RS translocation lines (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 3-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; glutenin ; high molecular-weight subunits of glutenin ; SDS-PAGE ; 1R(1B) substitution identification ; 1BL/1RS translocation identification ; bread-making quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The high-molecular-weight subunits of glutenin from wheat 1R(1B) substitution and 1BL/1RS translocation lines were fractionated by SDS-PAGE. Two new subunits denoted R1 and R2 were characterized in 1R(1B) substitution, but not in 1BL/1RS translocation lines. R1 and R2 were proved to be rye proteins by 2d electrophoresis (NEPHGE x SDS-PAGE). In contrast to literature citations it was demonstrated that the cultivar Winnetou is a 1R(1B) substitution line and the cultivars Clement and Mildress both are 1BL/1RS translocation lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022742
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    Resistance to powdery mildew in wild emmer (Triticum dicoccoides Körn.) (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 273-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Erysiphe graminis tritici ; powdery mildew ; Triticum dicoccoides ; wild emmer ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wild emmer from 73 collection sites, including 107 accessions from Israel, two from Lebanon and one from Turkey, were evaluated for resistance to powdery mildew in field nurseries in Israel and the Netherlands. The wild emmer entries displayed a diversity of responses to powdery mildew infection, ranging from high resistance to complete susceptibility. Most entries were resistant in at least one of the nurseries; several entries proved to be resistant in all the tests. Comparing the reactions of 47 wild emmer accessions tested in six nurseries, 11 markedly different patterns were discerned, indicating the probable presence of several different resistance genes. Genes for resistance to powdery mildew appear to be very common in wild emmer indigenous to Israel. Resistance was found in accessions from most collection sites, in all the geographic regions represented in the collection. The common occurrence of resistance and the apparent diversity of genotypes makes wild emmer a rich gene-pool for resistance to powdery mildew. Since genes for resistance to wheat pathogens can be quite readily transferred to cultivated wheat, wild emmer may be utilized as a valuable source of powdery mildew resistance in wheat breeding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021122
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    Plant nitrogen distribution in wild tetraploid (Triticum turgidum dicoccoides) and hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 641-649 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum dicoccoides ; wild emmer ; Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; nitrogen uptake ; plant nitrogen distribution ; translocation efficiency ; harvest index ; domestication ; evolution ; yield components ; grain protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Differences were found in total nitrogen uptake and its pattern of distribution in the main tiller amongst five lines of wild tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum dicoccoides) and between it and two hexaploid wheats (Triticum aestivum) under low (48 ppm) and higher (240 ppm) levels of soil nitrogen. Under the low soil nitrogen level the hexaploids had higher amounts of total nitrogen in the main tiller than the dicoccoides lines, but under the higher soil nitrogen level, three of the dicoccoides lines had significantly (P〈0.01) higher, and the other two lines, similar amounts as the hexaploids. The total amount of grain nitrogen in the hexaploids was significantly (P〈0.01) higher than the five dicoccoides under the low nitrogen soil level but under the higher level, two of the dicoccoides lines had similar amounts as one of the hexaploids (cv. Bencubbin) but significantly (P〈0.01) lower than the other (cv. Argentine IX). The efficiency of nitrogen translocation to the grain was significantly (P〈0.01) lower in a primitive, compared with four cereal forms of dicoccoides under both low and high levels of soil nitrogen. The cereal forms of dicoccoides, while similar in nitrogen translocation efficiency under low soil nitrogen as the lower translocation efficiency hexaploid (cv. Bencubbin), were significantly (P〈0.01) and substantially lower than it under the higher soil nitrogen level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021892
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    Temperature as a component of the expression of developmental responses in wheat (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; near-isogenic lines ; chromosome substitution lines ; vernalization ; photoperiod, ear emergence ; basic development rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies were made of days to ear emergence under the constant temperatures of 9, 14, 19 and 25°C and 16 h photoperiod in three sets of wheat lines each possessing genotypes differing for developmental responses. Days to ear emergence in three near-isogenic lines of the wheat cultivar Triple Dirk, which differed for vernalization response, increased as the strength of the response increased. At the four temperatures Triple Dirk D (Vrn 1 vrn 2) was not significantly different from normal Triple Dirk (Vrn 1 Vrn 2) but Triple Dirk B (vrn 1 Vrn 2) was significantly (P=0.01) later than normal Triple Dirk at each temperature. This indicates that the vrn 1 allele confers stronger vernalization response than vrn 2 over the range of temperatures (9–24°C). However, Triple Dirk C (vrn 1 vrn 2) failed to head after 120 days at each temperature indicating strong interaction between vrn 1 and vrn 2 with each other (and possibly the Triple Dirk back-ground) to give a much stronger vernalization response than predictions from additivity of their individual effects. The second set comprised the four Chinese Spring/Thatcher chromosome substitution lines CS/T 3B, 6B, 7B and 5D, plus Chinese Spring and Thatcher, and were grown in the unvernalized condition. CS/T 5D was similar in days to ear emergence as Chinese Spring at all four temperatures but the other three lines were earlier to ear emergence, particularly as the temperature increased. Days to ear emergence was fastest at 14°C in all lines, except CS/T 3B, in which it decreased progressively from 9 to 24°C. The third set of Chinese Spring and Thatcher and the homoeologous group 2 chromosomes of Thatcher substituted in Chinese Spring, the group which is considered to be involved in the control of photoperiod sensitivity. The three substitution lines responded differently to temperature compared with Chinese Spring and with each other, with chromosome 2D being the least, and chromosome 2B the most, responsive to temperature.
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    Transgressive segregation for resistance to yellow rust in wheat (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 123-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; durable resistance ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust of wheat ; race-specific resistance ; race-non-specific resistance ; trangressive segregation ; stripe rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crosses were made between wheat varieties Joss Cambier, Nord Desprez and Maris Bilbo, all classified as susceptible to yellow rust in field tests, and between Cappelle Desprez and Maris Huntsman, both classified as moderately and durably resistant. Selection for resistance to yellow rust among the progeny was carried out using races of Puccinia striiformis able to overcome all the known race-specific components of resistance in both parents of each cross. Lines with greater resistance than in both parents were obtained from each cross, those with greatest resistance being obtained from the cross between the moderately resistant parents. Three lines selected for resistance from the cross of Joss Cambier with Nord Desprez and one from the cross of Cappelle Desprez with Maris Huntsman, together with the parents, were tested in the field with 12 races of P. striiformis. Nord Desprez possessed a previously undetected race-specific component. The selected lines also displayed race-specific resistance, some of which was clearly related to race-specificity of the parents, and a component of resistance, greater than in both parents, that was effective against all 12 races. The possible origin and potential durability of this transgressive level of resistance is discussed. It is suggested that such transgressive resistance is more likely to be durable if it is derived from parents that have shown durable resistance.
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    Selection for white kernel color in the progeny of red/white wheat crosses (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 227-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; selection ; inbreeding ; maternal inheritance ; kernel color
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Data are presented which support early generation selection for white kernel color in the progeny of red/white kernel wheat crosses which are segregating at 12 or more loci for yield (or any other trait of interest). The optimum generation for selecting white kernels is determined by the frequency of seeds produced with the potential to produce plants having desired quantitative alleles from both parents, and by the frequency of white kernels produced. The F2-produced seed (F3 embryo) is shown to be the optimum generation for selecting white kernels, given that 12 or more loci are segregating for a quantitative character such as yield. When the red parent is a 2 or 3 loci red genotype, selection among F4-produced seed for white kernel color may be desirable when 5 or fewer genes are segregating for the second trait. The results have direct application for all highly heritable, recessive, sporophytic traits.
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    Geographical distribution of the DL1 and DL2 genes causing hybrid dwarfism in Phaseolus vulgaris L., their association with seed size, and their significance to breeding (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 337-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris ; common bean ; hybrid dwartism ; seed size ; growth habit ; crippled development ; sublethal development ; diallel cross ; evolution ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dwarlism in F1 hybrids has been observed in over 100 crosses of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia. In each cross, one parent always had small seeds and the other parent either medium or la ge ones. This apparent incompatibility between the two groups of germplasm was controlled by two complementary, dominant genes: DL1 and DL2. Smallseeded bean lines carried gene DL1 and originated in Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, and Mexico; medium for large-seeded bean lines carried gene DL2 and were from Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Turkey, The United States, and West Germany. Thes two genes have probably played an important role in the evolution of dry bean forms of different seed sizes by serving as a genetic barrier or isolating mechanism, thus limiting free genetic recombination between the two germplasm groups. Apparent differences in the adaptiveness and yielding ability of the two groups of bean germplasm, smallys, medium- and large-seeded, and some breeding implications for manipulation of the genes causing F1 hybrid dwarfism were also discovered.
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    Stability analysis over seasons and locations of multilines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 489-495 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; multilines ; recurrent parents ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three multilines each of Kalyansona and PV 18 varieties of wheat were compared for their stability of yield and agronomic characters and disease resistance against the respective recurrent parents. The experiments were conducted for four years at nine locations. The multilines had more tillers and bolder seeds than the recurrent parents. There were, however, no differences for plant height, ear length and number of spikelets per spike. The genotypes x years x locations interaction was much more important than genotypes x years or genotypes x locations interaction as well as the main effects for genotypes. It is suggested that the number of test locations should be increased while decreasing the number of years. The stability parameters indicated that the multilines had a higher mean yield in the case of Kalyansona multilines whereas the yield of multilines of PV 18 was not significantly inferior to that of the recurrent parent. The regression coefficients were very close to unity except for KSML 3 (b=1.132). The deviations from regression were much larger for the multilines than for the recurrent parents. For rust resistance the multilines were superior over the varieties Kalyansona and PV 18.
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    Origin and variation of gliadin proteins associated with pasta quality in durum wheat (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 289-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum dicoccoides ; wild emmer ; evolution ; B genome ; polymorphism ; wild tetraploid wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Studies were made of the presence and frequency of occurrence of gliadin bands 42 and 45 in three samples of Aegilops sharonensis Eig and 59 samples of wild tetraploid wheat (Triticum dicoccoides Korn.) from natural distributions of these species in Israel. Two samples of Ae. sharonensis possessed a band in position 45 and one possessed no bands corresponding to either band 45 or band 42. In T. dicoccoides, band 45 was either present or not and 42 was always absent. In its ‘grassy’ and intermediate growth habit forms, (believed to be more primitieve than the cercal forms) band 45 appeared to be more frequent than in the cereal form. The presence of band 45 in the Ae. sharonensis, and its relatively high frequency in T. dicoccoides, populations from Mt. Hermon (likely to be relatively free from introgression from cultivated tetraploid wheat) indicate the likelihood of a primary origin of the allele coding for band 45. The absence of band 42 from all Ae. sharonensis and T. dicoccoides populations in this study, indicates a more recent evolutionary origin of the allele coding for this band, possibly arising as a mutation during the domestication of tetraploid wheat. The results have implications for breeding programmes in tetraploid wheat.
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    Development of hard white winter wheats for a hard red winter wheat region (1984)
    Springer
    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 865-874 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; breeding ; grain yield ; grain quality ; preharvest sprouting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Hard white winter wheat (HWWW) occupies a very limited area of the USA, but its purported advantages suggest that its production in the major hard red winter wheat (HRWW) region may be feasible. Objectives of our investigations were to develop experimental HWWW lines that combined desirable attributes-grain yield, functional grain quality, and resistance to preharvest sprouting-in single genotypes for comparison with popular cultivars in the major US RHWW region. Forty-four lines from seven parental combinations were tested in randomized complete block designs at three Kansas locations during the 1981–82 and 1982–83 seasons. Agronomic traits, grain yield, grain quality, and preharvest sprouting were measured. Plant characteristics and grain yield were similar in the HWWW experimental lines and the HRWW check cultivar, Newton. Mean grain SDS-sedimentation value and grain protein content of most experimental lines equaled or exceeded that of the check. Dough mixing times frequently were shorter for the experimental lines than for the check cultivar, whereas loaf volumes were greater. Falling number usually was similar in all geneotypes, but α-amylase was higher in field-harvested grain of white lines than the check; both measures were more favorable than grain trade standards. We concluded that production of high yielding, high quality hard white winter wheat genotypes is feasible in the US ‘breakbasket’.
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    Do Chaoborus larvae migrate in temporary pools? (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 108 (1984), S. 181-185 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chaoborus ; temporary pools ; migration ; evolution ; adaptive zone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A diurnal vertical migration of larvae of Chaoborus punctipennis (Say) was observed in shallow temporary woodland pools in East Texas. In the laboratory, in 153 cm tall columns, the larvae underwent a much greater migration than possible in the shallow pools. We hypothesize that the migratory behavior and transparent body of Chaoborus larvae may have originally evolved in such shallow water habitats. These traits enabled Chaoborus to successfully invade the quite different adaptive zone of predation in the plankton of deep lakes.
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    The position of the Haplotaxidae in the evolution of oligochaete annelids (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 25-36 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; annelids ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Haplotaxidae have all the characteristics to support the hypothesis that they are the living descendents of the stem forms from which all of the Oligochaeta Clitellata (Orders Lumbriculida, Haplotaxida, Lumbricida, Tubificida) can be derived. The Aphanoneura are distinct from the Clitellata and are raised to a separate Class. There is no evidence to support the view that the elaborate setae of many Tubificida are derived from a polychaete ancestry; both are held to be independent modifications to aquatic life derived from a simple burrowing protoannelid with lumbricine setae.
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    The influence of anther cold pretreatments and donor plant genotypes on in vitro androgenesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1984)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 3 (1984), S. 69-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: anther culture ; androgenesis ; cold pretreatment ; microspore ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cold pretreatments applied to excised anthers in liquid ‘potato 2’ medium proved to be unnecessary. Generally, cold pretreatments inhibited anther response and productivity as the duration was lengthened or as the pretreatment temperature was lowered. There were significant differences in response attributed to the anther donor genotype. Green and albino plants as well as ‘roots only’ have been regenerated from the spring wheat cultivars Sinton, Neepawa, Pitic 62 and DW 50. Most plants were haploid.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035922
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    Effect of pheromone concentration on organization of preflight behaviors of the male gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar(L.) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; preflight male behavior ; (+)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane ; (+)-dis-parlure ; wing-fanning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar L.) in a wind tunnel at 24° respond to decreasing dosages (1 μg to 0.1 pg) of (+)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane with a decrease in probability of wing-fanning, an increase in wing-fanning latency, and an increase in the number of behaviors (body jerks, antennal twitches, steps, and wing tremors) preceding fanning. Males initiating any behavior prior to wing-fanning had a 70% probability of wing-fanning and 97% of the males that wing-fanned eventually flew. The sequence of behaviors from quiescence to flight is not organized in a hierarchy, as this concept is used in ethology, nor is it dependent upon the concentration of pheromone. The time-average threshold concentration of pheromone for response of ca. 90% or more quiescent males is ca. 1.9 × 10−17 g/cm3 over 〈 0.3 min.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987639
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    Evaluation of time-average dispersion models for estimating pheromone concentration in a deciduous forest (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1081-1108 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone dispersion ; active space ; Sutton model ; Gaussian plume model ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The Sutton and more recent Gaussian plume models of atmospheric dispersion were used to estimate downwind concentrations of pheromone in a deciduous forest. Wind measurements from two bivane anemometers were recorded every 12 sec and the pheromone was emitted from a point source 1.6 m above ground level at known rates. The wingfanning response of individually caged male gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) at 15 sites situated 20 to 80 m downwind was used to monitor when pheromone levels were above threshold over a 15-min interval. Predicted concentrations from these Gaussian-type models at locations where wing fanning occurred were often several orders of magnitude below the known behavioral thresholds determined from wind tunnel tests. Probit analyses of dose-response relationships with these models showed no relationship between predicted dose and actual response. The disparity between the predictions of concentration from these models and the actual response patterns of the male gypsy moth in the field was not unexpected. These time-average models predict concentrations for a fixed position over 3-min or longer intervals, based upon the dispersion coefficients. Thus the models estimate pheromone concentrations for time intervals appreciably longer than required for behavioral response.
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    Identification of new sex pheromone components inTrichoplusia ni, predicted from biosynthetic precursors (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1309-1323 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni ; pheromone ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; 11-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In addition to the previously identified components (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate and dodecyl acetate, sex pheromone glands ofTrichoplusia ni release (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate, 11-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate. Bioassays in a flight tunnel showed that a synthetic blend of these six compounds elicited complete flights to the source from 95% of the males tested and elicited hairpenciling responses at the end of the flights from 88% of the males tested. This blend was not significantly different from intact pheromone glands, which elicited complete flights to the source from 98% of the males tested and hairpenciling responses from 91% of the males tested. In contrast, the previously identified two-component blend elicited significantly fewer complete flights to the source (33%) and did not elicit hairpenciling responses from any of the males tested. The search for additional sex pheromone components was prompted by our previous identification of unusual fatty acyl moieties in the gland that seemed to be possible biosynthetic intermediates.
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    Role of pheromone components in evoking behavioral responses from male potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 271-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Potato tuberworm moth ; Phthorimaea operculella ; (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl acetate ; (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrienyl acetate ; insect sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Responses of the male potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), to two sex pheromone components and female crude extract were studied. Both in a wind tunnel and the field, males were better able to locate a source consisting of a 1∶1 mixture of (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrien-1-yl acetate than a source consisting of the triene alone. The addition of the diene increased the time spent in the vicinity of the pheromone source, time spent on the source itself, and also increased the average number of visits to the source per individual when compared to the triene alone. The triene elicited high levels of locomotor activity and may play a major role in eliciting earlier (long-range) steps in the behavioral sequence of sexually activated moths. The diene appeared to influence later (short-range) behavior. The behavioral responses of males to a 1∶1 mixture of the diene and triene were similar to those elicited by female crude extract.
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    Host selection byBlepharipa pratensis (Meigen), a tachinid parasite of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar L. (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 311-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; Blepharipa pratensis ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; host selection ; contact chemical ; parasite behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The host selection process ofBlepharipa pratensis (Meigen), a tachinid parasite of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar L., was investigated. Once in the host's habitat, and following contact with a recently damaged leaf edge (cut, torn, eaten), the fly orients perpendicular to the edge and moves back and forth with the front tarsi grasping the damaged edge. Oviposturing (oviposition intention) may occur. Leaf exudates appear to arrest the fly on the leaf and increase tarsal examination (searching). If an edge of a gypsy moth-eaten leaf is contacted, oviposition usually occurs. Significantly more eggs are laid when host-browsed foliage is encountered, compared to mechanically cut or damaged foliage, indicating response to a cue left by the host during feeding. The number of host-damaged leaf clusters in an area significantly enhances oviposition there; in field-cage tests, significantly more eggs (7911) were laid in simulated-crown areas with all clusters browsed, compared to the adjacent areas containing 1/2 browsed (4200 eggs) and undamaged clusters (2209 eggs). A host selection sequence is suggested and discussed.
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    Sex pheromone of the pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 973-982 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pea moth ; Cydia nigricana (F.) ; Laspeyresia nigricana Steph. ; Lepidoptera ; Olethreutidae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; gas chromatography ; mass spectrometry ; single-ion monitoring ; electroantennography ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of the pea moth,Cydia nigricana (F.), was identified as (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ylacetate (E,E8,10–12∶Ac) (approximately 0.1 ng/abdominal tip), in vacuum distillates of virgin female abdominal tips and volatiles emitted by calling females, from its chemical properties and capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry data. SyntheticE,E8,10–12∶Ac and the natural pheromone elicited similar quantitative electrophysiological and behavioral responses from male moths. Other related compounds which also attract male moths in the field,viz., (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, and (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienal, were not detected in the pheromone andE,E8,10–12∶Ac was not found in male moths.
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    Potential uses of kairomones for behavioral manipulation ofCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1377-1384 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Cotesia ; (=Apanteles)marginiventris ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; kairomone ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of kairomone pattern and preconditioning on parasitization rates of fall armyworm larvae,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) byCotesia (=Apanteles)marginiventris (Cresson) were investigated in the laboratory and greenhouse using a hexane extract of frass and actual fall armyworm frass. Parasitization rates increased 55 and 26% in Petri dishes and on corn seedlings, respectively, when the entire experimental area was sprayed with the frass extract. Applying the extract in spots resulted in a 20–30% reduction in parasitization compared to treating the entire area. However, spot application produced significantly better parasitization rates compared to the control treatment. Exposing the parasitoids to actual fall armyworm frass resulted in ca. 50% greater retention in the release area and an increase of ca. 60–75% in the number of parasitoids searching.C. marginiventris parasitized factitious hosts topically treated with an extract of fall armyworm frass.
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    Filbertworm sex pheromone (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 53-61 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Melissopus latiferreanus ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; filbertworm ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; (E,E)-8 ; 10-dodecadien-1-ol acetate ; (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol acetate ; conjugated diene isomerization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (E,E)- and (E,Z)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol acetates were identified in a 1∶4.3 ratio in the extract of abdominal tips of female filbert-worm moths,Melissopus latiferreanus (Walsingham). The identifications were based on electroantennogram (EAG) analysis, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, ozonolysis, and synthesis. TheE,Z isomer produced the stronger EAG response. In the field tests of various ratios ofE,E∶E,Z, the ratio found in the extract captured the most males. The pureE,E isomer initially was not attractive by itself (〈0.1%E,Z) but became attractive after a few days, presumably because of isomerization. TheE, Z isomer (〈0.1%E,E) was attractive initially, but this compound might have isomerized faster than theE,E isomer. A study of the isomerization showed that regardless of the initial mixture of 8,10-dodecadien-1-ol acetate isomers, almost complete equilibration existed after one month. The equilibrium mixture consisted of 9%Z8,E10, 65%E8,E10, 23%E8,Z10, and 3%Z8,Z10. Concentrations in rubber septa (1∶4 ratio ofE,E toE,Z) of 0.03–3.0 mg/septum produced equivalent trap catches.
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    New sex attractants for 35 tortricid and 4 other lepidopterous species, found by systematic field screening in the Netherlands (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 135-144 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex attractants ; field screening ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; dodecen-1-ol ; dodecen-1-ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Most of the known sex attractants and pheromones found for Tortricidae attract species of the subfamily Tortricinae. In order to find more sex attractants for species of the subfamily Olethreutinae, about 60 one- and two-component lures were screened for attractancy in different biotopes in the Netherlands. Most of the chemicals tested were straight-chain dodecen-1-ols and their acetates. The species captured belonged to the following families and subfamilies: Tortricinae (5), Olethreutinae (30), Noctuidae (2), Gelechiidae (1), Gracillariidae (1). Some of the species captured are recorded as pest species in forestry:Epinotia tedella, Gypsonoma aceriana, Cydia strobilella, C. zebeana, Petrova resinella, Blastesthia turionella, andB. posticana.
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    Sex attractant for currant clearwing mothSynanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1371-1376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attractant ; Synanthedon tipuliformis ; Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1 -ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The currant clearwing moth,Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), is a pest in many parts of the world. In field tests it was found that (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate attracts males of this species. The synthesis of this compound and of its geometrical isomer (Z,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate is described.
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    Novel sex pheromone components from the fall cankerworm moth,Alsophila pometaria (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 463-473 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria (Harris) ; fall cankerworm ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; sex pheromone ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene ; (Z,Z,Z,E)-3,6,9,11-nonadecatetraene ; (Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,11-nonadecatetraene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone extract from fall cankerworm moths,Alsophila pometaria, attracted conspecific males in field tests. Four EAG-active components were isolated from the extract and identified by GC-MS, highfield PMR spectroscopy, and microchemical techniques asn-nonadecane (I), (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene (II), (Z,Z,Z,E)-3,6,9,11-nonadecatetraene (III), and (Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,11-nonadecatetrane (IV). Studies of the behavioral responses of male moths in a flight tunnel to the isolated components showed II, III, and IV were the major components of the sex pheromone. No sex pheromone behavioral responses were observed for I.
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    Role of (Z)- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate pheromone components in the sexual behavior of the (Z) strain of the european corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 9-15 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; European corn ; borer ; pheromone ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A glass tube olfactometer bioassay was used to examine pheromone response of males of the (Z)-pheromone strain ofOstrinia nubilalis (Hubner). The presence of (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate at the natural ratio to (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (97∶3; Z∶E) did not consistently elevate wing-fanning, upwind walking, or clasper extrusion over (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate alone. This bioassay did not reveal the behavioral role of (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate.
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    Mate location strategies of gypsy moths in dense populations (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 25-31 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; gypsy moth ; attractant ; pheromone ; population densities ; sexual selection ; location strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In high-density populations, the male gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) “appetitive” flight is primarily vertical and within 1–50 cm of tree boles. Preceding location of a female, males land on trees or occasionally tree foliage and walk while wing-fanning. In high-density populations females may mate before calling, often prior to wing expansion or hardening. Additional matings may occur before any or full deposition of egg masses. Virgin females are not coy, whether their wings are unexpanded, or hardened and held rooflike, or whether they are calling or not. They generally mate with the first willing male and do not exercise sexual selection by an acceptance or rejection reaction. The mating structure in dense populations would seem to reduce selective pressure for female emission of and direct male anemotactic flight to attractant pheromone. A low proportion of males “search” appropriate objects, especially tree trunks, in the walking-wing-fanning state. Such males often are successful in locating virgin females before calling commences. This male strategy presumably would not be successful in low population densities.
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    Plant-determined variation in cardenolide content and thin-layer chromatography profiles of monarch butterflies,Danaus plexippus reared on milkweed plants in California (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1823-1857 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Danaus plexippus ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; monarch butterflies ; Asclepias californica ; Asclepiadaceae ; milkweeds ; ecological chemistry ; plant-insect interactions ; chemical ecology ; chemical defense ; chemotaxonomy ; coevolution ; thin-layer chromatography ; cardenolide fingerprints ; cardenolides ; calotropagenin glycosides ; calactin ; calotropin ; uscharidin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Variation in gross cardenolide concentration of the mature leaves of 85Asclepias californica plants collected in four different areas of California is a positively skewed distribution ranging from 9 to 199 μg of cardenolide per 0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 66 μg/0.1 g. Butterflies reared individually on these plants in their native habitats contained a normal distribution of cardenolide ranging from 59 to 410 μg of cardenolide per 0.1 g dry weight with a mean of 234 μg. Cardenolide uptake by the butterflies was a logarithmic function of plant concentration. Total cardenolide per butterfly ranged from 143 to 823 μg with a mean of 441 μg and also was normally distributed. Populational variation of plant cardenolide concentrations occurs within subspecies, but the northern subspeciesA. c. greenei does not differ significantly from the southernA. c. californica. Generally higher concentrations occur in butterflies from northern populations and in females. No evidence was adduced that cardenolides in the plants adversely affected the butterflies. Low cardenolide concentrations in the leaves and the absence of cardenolides in the latex characterize bothA. californica andA. speciosa, but notA. eriocarpa. Thin-layer chromatography in two solvent systems isolated 24 cardenolide spots in the plants, of which 18 are stored by the butterflies. There was a minor difference in the cardenolide spot patterns due to geographic origin of the plants, but as in our previous studies, none in the sexes of the butterflies. UnlikeA. eriocarpa andA. speciosa, A. californica plants lack cardenolides withRf values greater than digitoxigenin. Overall, the cardenolides of bothA. californica andA. speciosa are more polar than those inA. eriocarpa. A. californica plants contain cardenolides of the calotropagenin series including calotropin, calactin, and uscharidin, and the latter is metabolically transformed by monarch larvae to calactin and calotropin. Cardenolides of this series also occur inA. vestita, andA. cordifolia from California, the neotropicalA. curassavica, and the AfricanCalotropis procera, Gomphocarpus spp., andPergularia extenso; they therefore cross established taxonomic lines.A. californica is the predominant early season milkweed in California and may be important in providing chemical protection to the spring generation of monarchs in the western United States.A. speciosa, A. eriocarpa, andA. californica each imparts distinctive cardenolide fingerprints to the butterflies, so that ecological predictions are amenable to testing.
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    Effects of dodecyl acetate andZ-10-tridecenyl acetate on attraction ofEupoecilia ambiguella males to the main sex pheromone component,Z-9-Dodecenyl acetate (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 253-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Z-9-Dodecenyl acetate ; Z-10-tridecenyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate ; sex pheromone ; synergism ; behavior ; wind tunnel ; field trapping ; European grape moth ; Eupoecilia ambiguella ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Attraction ofE. ambiguella males toZ-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9-12∶Ac), alone and in combination with dodecyl acetate (12∶Ac) orZ-10-tridecenyl acetate (Z10-13∶Ac) was tested in both wind-tunnel and field experiments. In the laboratory, response toZ9-12∶Ac reached a distinct dosage optimum at which attraction was nearly as good as to live females. Addition of 12∶Ac, a minor component of female glands and effluvia, had no effect at low doses ofZ9-12∶Ac and only marginally improved attraction at the optimum. However, inclusion of 12∶Ac with an overdose ofZ9-12∶ Ac fully restored activity. In the field,Z9-12∶Ac alone was not very attractive at any dose; catches markedly increased by adding 12∶Ac and climbed with increasing dose of each compound up to 10 mg. Optimum ratio ofZ9-12∶Ac to 12∶Ac was 1∶1 to 1∶5. Another compound,Z10-13∶Ac, had the same effect as 12∶Ac in the laboratory and the field but was effective at a lower dose. In the field, inclusion of the synergist permits use of high cap loads to attract more males, perhaps from greater distances.
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    Trimerization ofEarias insulana sex pheromone, (E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienal, A phenomenon affecting trapping efficiency (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 421-428 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Earias insulana ; spiny bollworm ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal ; trimerization ; Chromatographic analysis ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone ofEarias insulana, (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal, may trimerize extensively to form a crystalline trioxane derivative. The structure of the trimer was deduced from its CI-MS and NMR spectra. Capillary GC analysis resulted in the thermal decomposition of the trimer to the monomer. This process could be studied on a 2-m packed column under specific conditions. A convenient separation between the pheromone and its trimer was achieved by TLC. The trimer was inactive in the field, and it has a harmful effect on the performance of the polyethylene dispenser. Material which contains large amounts of the trimer is unsuitable for field use, even if applied at high dosage. The pheromone should be analyzed by NMR or TLC in addition to GC in order to detect the presence of its trimer. The trimerization process is catalyzed by acid which should therefore be completely eliminated from the storing vessels.
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    Eucalyptus oils in larvae of gum emperor moth,Antheraea eucalypti (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1489-1496 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Antheraea eucalypti ; Saturniidae ; Lepidoptera ; larval oral ; discharge ; Eucalyptus oils ; monoterpenoids ; sesquiterpenoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ether-soluble portion of the foregut fluid from the larvae ofAntheraea eucalypti (Saturniidae) was found to contain traces (0.1–0.2%) of isoprenoids. The isoprenoids were those that were major components of the oils from the leaves of theEucalyptus species on which the larvae fed and were also soluble in the foregut fluid. This observation demonstrated that these larvae did not sequester the leaf oils in their foregut or use them for defense. The compositions of the oils, which were steam-distilled from the bodies and feces of the larvae, were identical with those of the oils from the leaves of the host trees. This fact implied that the volatile components of the leaf oils had not been metabolized and had no effect on the growth or feeding of the larvae, at least on the twoEucalyptus species examined. In order to explain the coevolution ofA. eucalypti andEucalyptus species, components of the leaf oils were suggested to serve the function of an ovipositional attractant to the female moths.
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    Iridoid glycosides and host-plant specificity in larvae of the buckeye butterfly,Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1567-1577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Iridoid glycoside ; Junonia coenia ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; host-plant specificity ; coevolution ; insect-plant interaction ; Plantago lanceolata ; buckeye ; chemical ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the buckeye,Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae) feed primarily on plants in four families: Scrophulariaceae, Plantaginaceae, Verbenaceae, and Acanthaceae. These plant families have in common the presence of a group of plant secondary compounds, the iridoid glycosides. Larvae were reared on three plant species and two artificial diets, one with and one without iridoid glycosides.Larvae grew poorly and had low survivorship on the artificial diet without iridoid glycosides, while growth and survival on the artificial diet with iridoid glycosides was comparable to that on plants. Choice tests using artificial diets with and without iridoid glycosides showed that larvae: (1) chose diets with iridoid glycosides (in the form of a crude extract or pure compound) over a diet without; (2) showed no preference between the diet with the crude extract and that with pure iridoid glycoside, and (3) preferred the artificial diet with ground leaves of the host plant,Plantago lanceolata, over the diet with pure iridoid glycosides. The artificial diet that larvae had been reared on prior to these tests had no effect on subsequent larval preferences in the choice tests.
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    Redundancy in a chemical signal: Behavioral responses of maleTrichoplusia ni to a 6-Component sex pheromone blend (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1635-1658 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper moth ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; redundancy ; flight tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The flight response of maleTrichoplusia ni was observed in a flight tunnel to a sex pheromone blend composed of six components:Z7–12∶Ac, 12∶Ac,Z5-12∶Ac, 11-12∶Ac,Z7-14∶Ac, and Z9-14∶Ac. The number of males reaching a 3000-μg source of this blend was 〉 95%, equal to that observed to female glands and significantly greater than with the previously identified two-component blend (Z7-12∶Ac + 12∶Ac). In subtraction tests, all five-component blends, with the exception of the blend lacking the primary componentZ7-12∶Ac, and several four-component blends elicited similar peak levels of upwind flight, source contacts, and hairpencil displays to that observed with the six-component blend. We characterize the substitution of certain minor components for one another as a form of redundancy in the chemical signal and suggest that it contributes to response specificity and signal recognition in males. The results also support the concept that the full blend of components acts as a unit to influence male behavior at all phases of the response. Individual minor components were not responsible for eliciting specific behaviors in the sequence.
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    Sex attractant for three species of the genusOncocnemis: O. chandleri (Grt.),O. cibalis (Grt.), andO. mackiei (B. & Benj.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1701-1706 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Oncocnemis chandleri ; Oncocnemis cibalis ; Oncocnemis mackiei ; (5E7Z)-5 ; 7-dodecadienyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; sex attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oncocnemis chandleri, O. cibalis, andO. mackiei were attracted to chemically baited traps in the field. In all three cases, (5E,7Z)-dodecadienyl acetate was a key component for attraction. Attraction ofO. chandleri to traps baited with the (5E,7Z)-dodecadienyl acetate was inhibited by addition of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate.O. cibalis required both (5E,7Z)-dodecadienyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate for attraction. Electroantennogram responses for the three species are also reported.
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    Male wing-gland pheromone ofEphestia elutella (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 667-679 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ephestia elutella ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; male pheromone ; pheromone bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex pheromone extracted from glands on the forewings of maleEphestia elutella (Hübner) elicits a stereotyped courtship response from conspecific females. A bioassay for this sex pheromone was developed based on this behavior. Maximum production and responsiveness for males and females, respectively, occurred in insects more than 24 hr old.E. elutella females were not responsive to extracts made fromE.figulilella Gregson,E. kuehniella Zeller,E. cautella (Walker), orPlodia interpunctella (Hübner) males.
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    Biosynthesis of sex pheromone components and glycerolipid precursors from sodium [1-14C]acetate in redbanded leafroller moth (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 681-691 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone biosynthesis ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; redbanded leafroller moth ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; radiolabel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sodium [1-14C]acetate in water-dimethyl sulfoxide (1∶1) was applied topically to sex pheromone glands ofArgyrolaenia velutinana. Radiolabel was incorporated into the pheromone components (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, and also into triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, ethanolamine phosphatides, and choline phosphatides. In the triacylglycerols, radiolabel appeared in (Z)-11-tetradecenoate, (E)-11-tetradecenoate, tetradecanoate, hexadecanoate, and octadecanoate. In the choline phosphatides, the same acyl moieties incorporated radiolabel but at lower levels. In the diacylglycerols and ethanolamine phosphatides, only the radiolabel in hexadecanoate and octadecanoate was above the limit of detection. At different times following application of sodium [1-14C]acetate, the relative proportions of labeled (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate changed very little, but the relative proportions of labeled fatty acyl moieties in the triacylglycerols and choline phosphatides changed markedly. After 8 min, triacylglycerols had incorporated about equal amounts of radiolabel into (Z)-11-tetradecenoate, (E)-11-tetradecenoate, and tetradecanoate. As the incubation time was increased, triacylglycerols accumulated proportionately more radiolabeled (E)-11-tetradecenoate than (Z)-11-tetradecenoate, and accumulated proportionately less radiolabeled tetradecanoate. In the choline phosphatides, at all times of incubation the amount of radiolabel incorporated into (Z)-11-tetradecenoate was small but above the limit of detection, and the amounts of radiolabel in (E)-11-tetradecenoate and tetradecanoate were smaller and often below the limit of detection. In both the triacylglycerols and the choline phosphatides, the relative proportion of radiolabeled hexadecanoate decreased with time, and that of octadecanoate increased.
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    Diffusion and reaction in random media and models of evolution processes (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 37 (1984), S. 369-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Diffusion ; disordered structures ; evolution ; localization ; random processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A diffusion equation including source terms, representing randomly distributed sources and sinks is considered. For quasilinear growth rates the eigenvalue problem is equivalent to that of the quantum mechanical motion of electrons in random fields. Correspondingly there exist localized and extended density distributions dependent on the statistics of the random field and on the dimension of the space. Besides applications in physics (nonequilibrium processes in pumped disordered solid materials) a new evolution model is discussed which considers evolution as hill climbing in a random landscape.
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    Sex pheromone of a conifer-feeding budworm,Choristoneura retiniana, Walsingham (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura retiniana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; forset insects ; Tortricidae ; insect behavior ; E- andZ-11-tetradecenyl acetates ; E- andZ-11-tetradecenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex pheromone components collected from femaleChristoneura retiniana included 11-tetradecenyl acetates and alcohols. The major component wasE-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11–14∶Ac) with a lesser amount ofZ isomer necessary to induce male response. A 92∶8 ratio ofE,Z11–14∶ Ac appeared optimal. The alcohol component was present at about 10% of the total pheromone mixture, and traps baited with acetates plus alcohol surpassed unmated females in their degree of attractiveness. Chemical analysis indicated a 9∶:1 ratio of theE — Z isomers of 11-tetradecenyl alcohol (11–14∶ol) pheromone components, although bait formulations containing a predominance of either theE orZ isomers were equally successful in field bioassays. Based on male response to traps,E- andZ11–14∶Ac (92∶8E — Z) are essential pheromone components for long-range sex attraction. The 11–14∶ ol enhanced attraction when added at 10% of the total pheromone blend.
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    Role of diet in host selection ofHeliothis virescens by parasitoidCampoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1535-1541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Campoletis sonorensis ; Heliothis virescence ; synomone ; kairomone ; host location ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; parasitoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gas chromatographic analysis revealed that chemicals attractive toCampoletis sonorensis (Cameron), previously identified in cotton, were not present in wheat germ diet-rearedHeliothis virescens (F.) larvae. Diet-reared larvae fed cotton obtained the chemicals from cotton, with the consequence of enhanced kairomonal activity of the larvae and their frass toC. sonorensis. Parasitoids, presented a choice between cotton, cotton plus hosts, hosts alone, and control in an olfactometer, responded non-randomly, with the greatest number of responses to cotton plus hosts, and three times as many responses to cotton alone as to larvae alone. The role of the plant in the parasitoid-host relationship is discussed.
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    Sex pheromone components of fall cankerworm moth,Alsophila pometaria (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1579-1596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria(Harris) ; fall cankerworm ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; sex pheromone ; (Z,Z,Z,E)-3,6,9,11-nonadecatetraene ; (Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,11-nonadecatetraene ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene ; synthesis ; hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z,Z,E)-3,6,9,11-Nonadecatetraene and (Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,11-nonadecatetraene, sex pheromone components ofAlsophila pometaria, were synthesized by stereoselective Wittig reactions and found to be spectroscopically and chromatographically identical to isolated natural material. Flight-tunnel bioassays and field-trapping experiments confirmed that the two tetraenes together with (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene are sex pheromone components. While traps baited with either tetraene individually captured conspecific males in field-trapping experiments, addition of the triene, which captured no males by itself, to either tetraene resulted in synergistic responses.
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    Syntheses of unconjugated (Z,Z)-diolefinic insect pheromones on insoluble polymer supports (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 321-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (Z, Z)-3,13-Octadecadien-1-yl acetate ; (Z, Z)-7,11-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate ; solid phase synthesis ; Synanthedon pictipes ; lesser peachtree borer ; Synanthedon exitiosa ; peachtree borer ; Synanthedon hector ; cherry tree borer ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; pink bollworm moth ; Lepidoptera ; Sessiidae ; Gelechiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A 2% cross-linked styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer containing pendant trityl chloride groups was used as the solid support in the synthesis of (Z, Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate, a component of the sex attractant of the lesser peachtree borer,Synanthedon pictipes, the peachtree borer,Synanthedon exitiosa, and the cherry tree borer,Synanthedon hector. This solid-phase synthesis is compared with a similar synthetic approach in solution. The solid-phase synthesis of (Z, Z)-7,11-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate, a component of the pheromone of the pink bollworm moth,Pectinophora gossypiella is described.
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    Behavioral and biological responses ofCotesia marginiventris to kairomones of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 521-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotesia marginiventris ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; kairomones ; fall armyworm ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Potential kairomone sources of the fall armyworm (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), were bioassayed with females ofCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) in Petri dishes (10 cm diam). MatedC. marginiventris females, ranging in age from 1 to 3 days exhibited the most intense bioassay responses to potential sources of kairomone. Contacting a FAW-damaged corn leaf modified the pattern of movement inC. marginiventris from random to one exhibiting a significant increase in klinokinesis. No significant differences were present in kairomone responses of nonconditioned and conditioned parasitoids and parasitoid response to kairomones did not change throughout the photophase (0800–1800 hr). Removal of one, both, or the first eight antennal segments reduced or eliminated the response of the parasitoid to kairomones. Female parasitoids did not exhibit a preference for corn leaves damaged by a particular fall armyworm instar and parasitization rates were highest in larvae 48 hr old.
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    Variability in accumulation of proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) in needles of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) following long-term budworm defoliation (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1469-1476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Proanthocyanidins ; condensed tannins ; plant-herbivore interactions ; Douglas-fir ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; western spruce budworm ; Choristoneura occidentalis ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; nested ANOVA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Long-term defoliation by budworms was associated with higher levels of soluble proanthocyanidins in the current year needles of Douglas-fir trees. The proanthocyanidin contents of needles from defoliated Douglas-fir trees were considerably more variable than those levels of undefoliated ones. The increased mean and variability of proanthocyanidin levels following defoliation may have interesting ecological consequences for Douglas-fir and its defoliators.
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    Fate of photosensitizing furanocoumarins in tolerant and sensitive insects (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 893-911 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Xanthotoxin ; psoralen ; isopsoralen ; furanocoumarin ; Papilio polyxenes ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Noctuidae ; metabolism ; detoxification ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The fate of [14C]xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) was studied in larvae of insect species that are tolerant (Papilio polyxenes Stoll) or sensitive (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) to the phototoxic effects of photosensitizing psoralens. Both insects metabolize xanthotoxin by oxidative cleavage of the furan ring, but the detoxification occurs at a much more rapid rate inP. polyxenes in which 〉95% of an oral 5 μg/g xanthotoxin dose is metabolized within 1.5 hr after treatment. The detoxification of psoralens byP. polyxenes appears to occur primarily in the midgut tissue prior to absorption, with the result that the intact phototoxin does not reach appreciable levels in body tissues. Studies with an angular furanocoumarin indicated that isopsoralens are metabolized byP. polyxenes at a somewhat slower rate than observed for psoralens; however, a reduced rate of metabolic detoxification of isopsoralens probably does not explain the fact that psoralen tolerance inP. polyxenes does not extend to the isopsoralen series.
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    Sources of fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), kairomones eliciting host-finding behavior inCotesia (=Apanteles) marginivenitris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 1019-1027 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fall armyworm ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; kairomone ; host-finding behavior ; Cotsia (=Apanteles)marginiventris ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; frass attraction ; scales attraction ; pest management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bioassay responses inCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) females to materials derived from fall armyworm (FAW) larvae,Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), were most intense for frass and somewhat less intense for larval and pupal cutical materials, scales, exuviae, silk, and oral secretion, with FAW larval hemolymph eliciting only a slight response. The highest percentage of ovipositor probing was caused by frass (100%) and moth scales (90%). Various types of corn-leaf damage when assayed alone did not produce responses as intense as when assayed in combination with frass, cuticle material, and oral secretion. Parasitoid response was somewhat better to frass derived from FAW larvae feeding on corn and peanut leaves than from larvae feeding on the foliage of soybeans, Bermuda grass, cowpeas, or laboratory diet. Hexane and chloroform were better than methanol and water for extracting active material from FAW frass, and chloroform was the best of these solvents for extracting corn leaves. Serial dilutions of frass extracts resulted in a reduction in parasitoid response.
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    Behavioral responses of maleHeliothis zea moths in sustained-flight tunnel to combinations of 4 compounds identified from female sex pheromone gland (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 193-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Corn earworm ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; flight tunnel ; sex pheromone ; moth behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Each of the four compounds that have been identified from sex pheromone glands ofHeliothis zea female moths was examined for its ability to elicit sexual responses from male moths in a flight tunnel. Males flew upwind to (Z)-11-hexadecenal alone, but greater levels of behavioral activity were evoked with the addition of (Z)-9-hexadecenal to the treatment. Addition of hexadecanal or (Z)-7-hexadecenal to the initial two components had no effect in raising the behavioral response of the males in the flight tunnel whether added singularly at both the normal gland-emission ratio or at varying ratios or in combination at the normal ratio. Live, calling females elicited levels of sexual activity from males not significantly different from that elicited by the mixture of (Z)-11- and (Z)-9-hexadecenal on cotton wicks.
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    Multichemical resistance of the coniferPodocarpus gracilior (Podocarpaceae) to insect attack (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 547-559 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Podocarpus gracilior ; conifer ; resistance ; multichemical defense ; norditerpene dilactones ; phytoecdysone ; biflavones ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; Heliothis zea ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; feeding deterrency ; Bombyx mori
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Podocarpus gracilior is resistant in nature to insect attack. Apparently, the resistance ofP. gracilior is due to a multichemical defense mechanism. Chemicals identified as potential components of the multichemical defense are four norditerpenedilactones, including nagilactones, C, D, and F, which cause insect feeding deterrent activity ultimately coupled to an insecticidal activity, and podolide, an insecticide; two nonlethal growth-inhibiting biflavones, podocarpusflavone A and 7″,4′″-dimethylamentoflavone; and the ecdysis-inhibiting phytoecdysone, ponasterone A.
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    Effect of foliage proximity on attraction ofChoristoneura occidentalis andC. retiniana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to pheromone sources (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 217-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromonetrap placement ; western spruce budworm ; modoc budworm ; Choristoneura occidentalis ; Choristoneura retiniana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone-baited traps located close to both host and nonhost crowns were more attractive than traps located between crowns for bothC. occidentalis Freeman andC. retiniana (Walsingham) at both 10 m and at 1.5 m above the ground. At 10 m height, traps located in host foliage were more attractive than those located in nonhost foliage, but at 1.5m height there was no significant difference. These results were obtained for both dense and sparse populations ofC. occidentalis and sparse populations ofC. retiniana. We conclude that the tree species on which a virgin female is located is not an important factor restricting mating between closely relatedChoristoneura spp. Also, the tree species on which a trap is located may not be an important factor that must be standardized in developing pheromone monitoring systems forC. occidentalis andC. retiniana.
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    Behavioral effects of secondary components of sex pheromone of western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis) free (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 265-270 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura occidentalis ; western spruce budworm ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; pheromones ; behavior ; wind tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory wind tunnel, upwind flight and close-range orientation to a pheromone source by maleC. occidentalis were facilitated by the addition of the secondary componentsE/Z11-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (89∶11) andE/Z11-tetradecen-1-ol (85∶15) to low source concentrations of the primary components,E/Z11-tetradecenal (92∶8). Male responses to the blends tested never equalled their responses to virgin females. The primary components alone, when released at a rate similar to that of a “calling” female, never elicited male upwind flight or source location. However, the addition of the secondary components enhanced these behavioral sequences.
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    Apparency of pulsed and continuous pheromone to male gypsy moths (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 335-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; attractant ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; threshold ; anemotaxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Quiescent male gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) exposed in a wind tunnel to either pulsed (0.5-, 2- or 5-sec on, followed by a two-fold time interval off) or continuous streams of synthetic pheromone responded similarly in the proportions and latencies of wing fanning. Similarly, upwind anemotactic flight tracks in pulsed (1-sec on and 1-sec off) and continuous plumes of pheromone were indistinguishable. These data suggest that in the gypsy moth (1) pulsed pheromone stimuli would not lower the threshold, despite the improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio; and (2) temporal modulation of the pheromone plume at 1-sec intervals does not alter the “preprogrammed” upwind flight pattern.
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    Suitability of selected leguminous plants for development of Maruca testulalis larvae (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 174-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Maruca testulalis ; Pod borer ; Development ; Nutritional suitability ; Host plant ; Crotalaria ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les possibilités de développement larvaire de Maruca testulalis sur les fleurs de huit espèces végétales ont été examinées en laboratoire. La comparaison a porté sur Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. saltiana, C. misereniensis, C. mucronata, C. amazonas, Cajanus cajan et l'hôte principal de cette chenille, Vigna unguiculata. En tenant compte de la mortalité larvaire et des indices de croissance (G.I.), ces plantes ont été divisées en trois catégories principales: 1 celles provoquant une mortalité larvaire de 0–30% et ayant des G.I. ≥60%, constituent les plantes hôtes convenables (Vigna unguiculata seule); 2 les plantes qui provoquent une mortalité larvaire de 30≤50% et ont des G.I. de 30 à 60% de la plante hôte principale (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria amazonas, C. saltiana, C. mucronata; 3 les plantes qui causent 50–100% de mortalité larvaire et dont les G.I. sont inférieurs à 30% de la plante hôte principale (Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. misereniensis). Les résultats déjà publiés sur les choix du lieu de ponte des femelles et l'utilisation de C. juncea comme plante piège, sont discutés à la lumière de ces données nouvelles.
    Notes: Abstract Flowers of eight plant species were evaluated under laboratory conditions for their suitability as larval growth media for the cowpea pod borer, Maruca testulalis. The plants tested were Crotalaria retusa, C. juncea, C. saltiana, C. misereniensis, C. amazonas, Cajanus cajan and the principal host of the borer, Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), was included for comparison. Based on the data obtained on larval mortality and growth indices (GI) the plants were divided into 3 categories namely: I: Those causing 0–30% mortality and having GI value ≥60% form suitable host plants. This group only included V. unguiculata. — II: Those plant species causing 30≤50% larval mortality and having GI value 30%≤60% of the principal host plant (Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria amazonas, C. saltiana, C. mucronata). This group of species is marginally suitable as hosts. — III: Plants causing 50–100% larval mortality and having GI value ≤30% of principal host plant (C. retusa, C. juncea and C. misereniensis). Previously published data on the oviposition preference of the adult moth are discussed in the light of the present findings and the use of C. juncea as a possible trap crop.
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    Sex attractants for clearwing moths: Synanthedon vespiformis and Chamaesphecia tenthrediniformis (and/or C. empiformis) (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 203-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; Synanthedon vespiformis ; Paranthrene tabaniformis ; Chamaesphecia empiformis ; Chamaesphecia tenthrediniformis ; Attractants ; Pheromones ; Clearwing moths ; Nemapogon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338671
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    Sex pheromone of the cone pyralid Dioryctria abietella (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 20-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dioryctria abietella ; Cone pyralid ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Sex pheromone, (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate ; Single sensillum recordings ; Electroantennography ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse en chromatographie gazeuse associée à une détection électroantennographique a montré que l'acétate (Z,E)-9,11-tétradécadiényle (Z,E)-9,11–14:Ac est l'un des composants de la phéromone de Dioryctria abietella Schiff (Lepid.: Pyralidae). Couplage chromatographie en phase gazeuse spectrometrie de masse a montré la présence d'acétate tétradécadiényle avec un spectre de masse et un indice de rétention identiques au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac Un récepteur cellulaire sensible à la fois au Z,E-9,11–14:Ac et à un extrait de la femelle a été identifié sous l'antenne du mâle. Les analyses des antennogrammes et de la cellule isolée ont étayé la caractérisation du composant de la phéromone comme étant Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. Un récepteur cellulaire additionnel sensible à l'acétate (Z.)-9-tétradécadiényle et à l'acétate (Z.E.)-9,12-tétradécadiényle a été trouvé sur l'antenne du mâle, mais il n'était pas activé par l'extrait de la femelle. Sur le terrain Z,E-9,11–14:Ac, présenté seul, attirait des nombres importants de mâles de D. abietella. L'addition de l'acétate (Z)-9-tétradécényle a inhibé l'attraction des mâles par les pièges.
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic analyses coupled with electro-antennographic detection indicated that (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z,E-9, 11–14:Ac) is a pheromone component of the cone pyralid Dioryctria abietella. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses confirmed the presence of a tetradecadienyl acetate with mass spectrum and retention index identical to Z,E-9,11–14:Ac. A receptor cell sensitive to both Z,E-9,11–14:Ac and the female extract was identified on the male antenna. An additional receptor cell sensitive to (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate was found on the male antenna but was not activated by the female extract. In the field Z,E-9,11–14:Ac presented alone attracted significant numbers of male D. abietella. Addition of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate inhibited the attraction of males to traps.
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    Precocious metamorphosis and moulting deficiencies induced by an anti-JH compound, FMev in the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insect growth regulators ; Anti-juvenile hormone ; Fluoromevalonate ; Precocious metamorphosis ; Premature pupation ; Ecdysis ; Fall webworm ; Hyphantria cunea ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fluormevalosäure (FMev), bekannt als ein spezifischer Inhibitor der Biosynthese des Juvenilhormons (JH) in Insekten, wurde in 0,1–50 μg/Tier Dosis topikal an 3., 4. und 5. Larvenstadien von Hyphantria cunea getestet. Die Raupen wurden auf einem semi-synthetischen, künstlichen Nährboden bei 25° und unter Langtagsbedingungen (18 : 6 St., Licht/Dunkel) gezüchtet. Diese Verbindung rief drei verschiedene Typen spezifischer Reaktionen hervor: 1) verfrühte Metamorphose, 2) gehemmte Häutung und 3) verlängerte Larvenentwicklung. Vor der verfrühten Verpuppung wurde normales Verhalten beobachtet. Die Larven des 3. oder 4. Stadiums häuteten sich meist erst nach einem interkalaren Larvenstadium in verfrühte Puppen. Unter den drei Larvenstadien erwies sich das 5. Stadium gegen die Anti-JH-Verbindung am empfindlichsten. In allen getesteten Entwicklungsphasen wiesen die frisch gehäuteten Larven die höchste Empfindlichkeit gegen FMev auf. Nach der Häutung wurde stufenweises Absinken der FMev-Empfindlichkeit beobachtet, im 5. Larvenstadium verursachte die Verbindung jedoch selbst am letzten Tag des Wachstums zu einen relativ hohen Prozentzahl verfrühte Verpuppung. Eine zweite typische Wirkung von FMev war die Hemmung der Häutungsprozesse. Zwei grundlegende Stufen der Häutungsstörungen unterschieden sich voneinander: 1) Als Folge der Anwendung hoher Dosen von FMev konnte die Mehrzahl der Raupen die alte Larvenkutikula nicht öffnen und ging deswegen in kurzer Zeit zugrunde. 2) Bei Behandlung mit niedrigen Dosen der Anti-JH-Verbindung häuteten sich einige Hyphantria-Larven scheinbar normal; nach der Häutung waren aber alle unfähig, die normalen Bewegungen und die Nahrungsaufnahme fortzusetzen. Auch die vorzeitigen Puppenhäutungen wurden in meisten Fällen durch die Anti-JH-Behandlung gehemmt. Die morphogenetischen Wirkungen von FMev konnten durch eine topikale Behandlung mit Hydroprene, einem hochaktiven JH-Analogen, vollständig oder teilweise verhindert werden.
    Notes: Summary Fluoromevalonate (FMev, ZR-3516) known as an inhibitor of JH biosynthesis was topically applied in 0.1 to 50 μg/specimen doses to the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar caterpillars of Hyphantria cunea Drury. The anti-JH compound induced 3 main types of specific responses: 1) precocious metamorphosis, 2) inhibition of ecdysis, and 3) prolongation of larval development. Precocious pupation was accompanied by behavioural events typical of normal pupation. Third and 4th instar larvae metamorphosed prematurely mostly with the intervention of an intercalary larval instar. The 5th instar exhibited the highest sensitivity to the anti-JH agent. Within each larval stage the freshly moulted insects proved to be the most susceptible to FMev. Afterwards, the incidence of morphogenetic reaction gradually decreased with age. In another fraction of Hyphantria larvae not responding with precocious pupation, FMev evoked varying degrees of ecdysial disturbance which always resulted in the death of caterpillars. In most cases the anti-JH compound inhibited the premature pupal moult, too, and these affected insects died as tanned pharate pupae. A complete or partial “rescue” from the effects of FMev was elicited, if simultaneously or subsequently, a single topical dose of a JH analogue, hydroprene was also administered.
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    Multivoltinism in Apanteles bignellii and the influence of weather on synchronisation with its host Euphydryas aurinia (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Apanteles bignellii ; Euphydryas aurinia ; Multivoltinism ; Synchronisation ; Weather
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer Population von Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) bei Oxford, England treten während einer Generation von E. aurinia drei Normalgenerationen von Apanteles bignellii Marshall auf. Jede Generation des Parasitoids kann charakterisiert werden durch das befallende Wirtsstadium und durch die aus einem Wirt schlüpfende Zahl Parasitoide. Parasitoide schlüpfen in Normalgenerationen aus dem 3., dem 4. und dem 6. Stadium des Wirts; in Ausnahmegenerationen schlüpfen sie aus dem 2. und 5. Stadium. Bis zu 70 Parasitoide können aus einer Altraupe (6. Stadium) schlüpfen und die Dauer dieses Stadiums kann bis auf 2 Wochen verlängert werden. Die Ausnahmegenerationen von A. bignellii aus Zweitlarven dürften aus Eiablagen in frühe Erstlarven stammen. Fünftlarven des Wirts, aus denen Parasitoide schlüpfen, sind ungewöhnlich klein und fressen nicht; sie dürften das Resultat sein eines Uebermasses von Apenteles-Eiern, die in frühe Viertlarven gelegt wurden. Die Synchronisation zwischen dem Parasitoiden und dem Wirt während der Zeit, da E. aurinia im Puppen-, Adult- oder Eistadium ist, wird aufrechterhalten durch ein verlängertes Coconstadium von Apanteles. Die Puppen des Parasitoiden entwickeln sich normal und die Adulten schlüpfen, bleiben aber bis 4 Wochen lang im Cocon, bevor sie sich eine Ausgangsöffnung machen. Das Wetter kann den Parasitierungsgrad der letzten Wirtsstadien beeinflussen. Wenn der Frühling kalt ist mit klarem Himmel, kann die Synchronisierung zwischen Parasitoiden, die aus Viertlarven des Wirts schlüpfen und potentiellen Fünft- und Sechtstlarven des Wirts schlecht werden. Die Entwicklung von Apanteles-Puppen wird durch die Umgebungstemperatur beeinflusst, während E. aurinia-Larven ihre Temperatur erhöhen, indem sie sich sonnen und deshalb rasch wachsen. Wenn die Parasitoiden unter solchen Bedingungen schlüpfen, sind die meisten potentiellen Wirte schon verpuppt und damit nicht mehr geeignet für die Parasitierung. Die Mechanismen der Synchronisation und der Wettereinfluss auf diese Vorgänge wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The gregarious endoparasite, Apanteles bignellii Marshall is specific to the nymphalid butterfly, Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg) in the British Isles. The synchronisation between host and parasitoid is described at a site near Oxford, England where both occur. Three regular generations of A. bignellii occur in one generation of the host in the studied population. Relevant features of the biology of A. bignellii and E. aurinia are described, including a method of distinguishing the number of Apanteles larval instars based upon shed cuticle remnants. Mechanisms for host-parasitoid synchronisation are outlined, especially a protracted parasitoid cocoon stage when the host is unavailable for attack during the chrysalis, adult and egg stages. Cool, but sunny weather conditions in spring can influence the degree of parasitisation experienced by final instar host caterpillars. The timing of adult A. bignellii emergence and subsequent attack on early instar hosts can lead to additional, partial, generations of parasitoids from second and fifth instar hosts.
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    Development of artificial diets for laboratory rearing of larvae of the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 121-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Earias insulana ; Bollworm ; Artificial diets ; Insect fecundity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300911
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    Effects of feeding lysine-deficient diet on the metabolism of lipids in various tissues of rats (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: wheat ; lysine ; carnitine ; lipids ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 32 abgesetzte männliche Albinoratten wurden in 4 Gruppen eingeteilt, um die Wirkung einer lysinarmen Weizendiät (AW), einer Weizendiät mit 0,4 % Lysin (LW) oder 0,2 % Carnitin (CW) sowie einer Caseindiät auf den Stoffwechsel von Lipiden in verschiedenen Geweben zu untersuchen. Nach 8 Wochen Fütterung der verschiedenen Diäten unter Anwendung der „paired feeding technique“ wurden Veränderungen in den Gesamtlipiden, den Lipidbestandteilen, den einzelnen Fettsäuren und dem Lipidgehalt der Mitochondrien des Herzens, der Skelettmuskeln, der Lungen und des Fettgewebes der Tiere bestimmt. Die lysinarme Weizendiät (AW) bewirkte eine Lipidanreicherung (vor allem an Acylglyzerinen) im Herzen, in der Leber, den Skelettmuskeln sowie eine Lipidabnahme im Fettgewebe. Die Diäten mit 0,4 % Lysin (LW) oder 0,2 % Carnitin (CW) zeitigten die entgegengesetzte Wirkung, wobei CW wirkungsvoller erschien als LW. LW und CW erhöhten die relativen Anteile von C14∶0-, C16∶0- und C16∶1-Fettsäuren und verkleinerten diejenigen von C18∶1-, C18∶2- und C18∶3-Fettsäuren, während die Anteile unter der AW- und Caseindiät ab- bzw. zunahmen. Die Fettsäurezusammensetzung des Fettgewebes war bei allen Gruppen gleich. Die AW-Diät vergrößerte die relativen Anteile von C14∶0- und C20∶4- und verringerte die von C16∶0-, C16∶1- und C18∶3-Fettsäuren in den Lungen. Die AW-Ergänzungsdiäten verringerten die relativen Anteile von C16∶0-, C16∶1-, C18∶3-sowie auch der C18∶1-Fettsäuren. Der Lipidgehalt der Mitochondrien von Leber, Herz, Skelettmuskeln und Lunge verringerte sich unter der AW-Diät und erhöhte sich unter den LW- und CW-Diäten.
    Notes: Summary 32 weanling male albino rats were divided into 4 groups to study the effects of lysine-deficient wheat diet (AW) and AW supplemented with either 0.4 % lysine (LW) or 0.2 % carnitine (CW) as compared to casein diet on metabolism of lipids in various tissues. LW, CW and casein diet groups were pair-fed with AW group. Changes in total lipids, lipid components, individual fatty acids, mitochondrial content in liver, heart, skeletal muscles, lungs and adipose tissue were determined after 8 weeks of feeding. AW diet resulted in accumulation of lipids (mainly acylglycerols) in heart, liver, skeletal muscles and depletion in adipose tissue. The LW and CW diets reversed the effects of AW diet, the CW being more effective than LW diet. The LW and CW diets increased the relative proportion of C 14∶0, C 16∶0, C 16∶1 and decreased that of C18∶1, C18∶2, C18∶3 fatty acids which were decreased and increased, respectively, on the AW and casein diets. The fatty acids composition of adipose tissue was the same in all the groups. The AW diet increased the relative proportions of C 14∶0, C 20∶4 and decreased that of C 16∶0, C 16∶1, C 18∶3 fatty acids in the lungs. Supplemented AW diet decreased the relative proportions of the former group and increased that of the later group including C 18∶1 fatty acid also. The mitochondrial content of liver, heart, skeletal muscles and lungs was decreased on AW and reversed on LW and CW diets.
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    Hidden breaks in ribosomal RNA of phylogenetically tetraploid fish and their possible role in the diploidization process (1983)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 21 (1983), S. 819-841 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: evolution ; polyploidy ; ribosomal RNA ; protein synthesis ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hidden breaks occur in the ribosomal RNA of tetraploid Cyprinid fish such that the large ribosomal RNA (28 S) yields upon denaturation two RNA fragments of 8.7×105 and 5.0×105 daltons, whereas the small rRNA (18 S) yields fragments of 3.2×105 to 5.0×104 daltons. In tetraploid Cyprinids hidden breaks occur only in the rRNA of somatic tissue and not in oocytes and sperm cells. Hidden breaks can be detected only slightly in diploid Cyprinid species. Ribosomes purified from somatic tissue of tetraploid Cyprinids show a reduced efficiency in protein synthesis in vitro. The ribosomal proteins from diploid and tetraploid Cyprinid fish show considerable electrophoretic differences. This is discussed in light of a possible functional role of hidden breaks in rRNA in the process of diploidization of gene expression in tetraploid Cyprinid species.
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    Sex pheromone components of the European goat moth,Cossus cossus (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 191-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Cossus cossus ; Lepidoptera ; Cossidae ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-5-dodecenol ; (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-3-decenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female tip washings of the European goat moth,Cossus cossus L., were found to contain the following compounds that are structurally similar to known pheromone components of Lepidoptera (%): decyl acetate (1.5), (Z)-5-dodecenol (1), (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (66), dodecyl acetate (12), (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate (14), tetradecyl acetate (4), and hexadecyl acetate (1.5). The washes contained an average of 125 ng of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate per female equivalent. EAG responses to nanogram amounts of the identified products indicated that (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate was the most potent olfactory stimulant followed by (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-5-dodecenol, whereas the saturated acetates caused only weak depolarization. A strong EAG response was also recorded for (Z)-3-decenyl acetate, which was not detected in the female tip washings. Field results showed that (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate was essential for the attraction of the males and that (Z)-3-decenyl acetate improved the attractiveness of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate alone or in combination with (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate.
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    Synthesis of (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-yn-1-yl acetate Major component of sex pheromone of the processionary moth (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 219-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Synthesis ; sex pheromone ; processionary moth ; Thaume-topoea pityocampa ; Lepidoptera ; Notodontidae ; (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-yn-1-yl acetate ; acetylene ; carbocupration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis of the major component of the sex pheromone of the processionary mothThaumetopoea pityocampa is described. The synthesis uses the carbocupration of acetylene, followed by the coupling with the appropriate 1-iodoalkyne. This synthetic pheromone was shown to be of 98.8%Z purity.
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    Sex pheromone components ofEuxoa drewseni Chemical identification, electrophysiological evaluation, and field attractancy tests (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 335-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Euxoa drewseni ; Chorizagrotis thanatologia ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; attractant inhibitor ; parapheromone ; (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-pentadecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Eleven compounds structurally similar to known lepidopterous pheromone components were identified in the extract from 18 calling female moths ofEuxoa drewseni (Staudinger). The identifications were done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-resolution gas chromatography with flame ionization and electroantennographic detectors simultaneously. Detector antennae were from five species of moths. In the field, male moths were specifically attracted to a three-component blend of dodecyl, (Z)-5-dodecenyl, and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetates in a ratio of 2∶6∶1. This blend at 1000 μg/rubber septum dispenser is recommended as a trap bait for monitoring purposes. Low concentrations of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate or (Z)-7-tetradecenol inhibited the attraction of moths to the three-component blend. (Z)-7-Pentadecenyl acetate functioned as a parapheromone in place of (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate in the pheromone blend, and they appear to react via the same antennal receptor.
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    Apparent long-term bodily contamination by disparlure, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) Attractant (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 33-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Disparlure ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; gypsy moth ; pheromone persistence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Positive attraction of male gypsy moths to the body of the author, now four years after his last known direct contact with disparlure, the synthetic pheromone, is documented. A designed test showed that moths responded to him in highly significantly greater numbers than to others who had had less or no previous exposure to the insect and / or disparlure. The data present persuasive evidence of bodily contamination with disparlure and suggest that the material is very persistent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987768
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    Triunsaturated hydrocarbons, sex pheromone components ofCaenurgina erechtea (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 1413-1423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Behavior ; Caenurgina erechtea (Cramer) ; forage looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene ; flight tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-Eicosatriene and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene have been identified as components of the sex pheromone of the noctuid,Caenurgina erechtea (Cramer), the forage looper. Structural assignments were made on the basis of spectroscopic and chromatographic data and were confirmed by comparison with synthetic material. Flight tunnel behavioral studies demonstrated that either component, when tested individually, would elicit wing fanning responses in males; however, mixtures of the two components increased this response and were essential for initiation of upwind flight and landing. In field experiments, traps baited with either component alone captured few or no adult forage looper males while those baited with both components captured several target males.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990747
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    Identification of a sex pheromone produced by female velvetbean caterpillar moth (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 645-656 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; 3,6,9-heneicosatriene ; 3,6,9-eicosatriene ; velvetbean caterpillar ; Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; attractant ; hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A sex pheromone produced by female velvetbean caterpillar moths,Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, that attracts conspecific males was isolated and identified as a blend of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene in a ratio of ca. 5∶3, respectively, when combined. The synthesized compounds elicited responses by velvetbean caterpillar moth males equivalent to those elicited by females in both laboratory wind tunnel bioassays and field trapping experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990414
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    Effect of soybean phytoalexins on the herbivorous insects mexican bean beetle and soybean looper (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 657-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pseudoplusia includens ; soybean looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Epilachna varivestis ; Mexican bean beetle ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; feeding preferences ; nutrition ; food utilization ; host-plant resistance ; induced resistance ; glyceollin ; isoflavonoids ; soybean ; phytoalexins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of soybean phytoalexins on the feeding of the soybean looper and Mexican bean beetle were investigated to test the hypothesis that phytoalexins might be a defense mechanism of plants against insects as well as against pathogens. Short-term behavioral responses to the phytoalexins were analyzed using dual-choice tests with phytoalexin-rich and phytoalexin-poor (control) tissues. Phytoalexin production was elicited with ultraviolet radiation. Results from the dual-choice tests indicated that 6th instar soybean looper larvae fed equally on the control and phytoalexin-rich tissues. Feeding by adult and 4th instar Mexican bean beetles, however, was strongly deterred by the phytoalexins as evidenced by “single-bite” mandible scars on the phytoalexin-rich cotyledon discs. Nutritional effects of the isoflavonoid phytoalexin glyceollin on early instar soybean looper larvae were tested by incorporating the phytoalexin into an artificial medium at a level of 1% dry weight (0.15% fresh weight). The larvae were reared for 7 days from emergence on diets of control and glyceollin-containing media. Although survival on the glyceollin diets was initially less than on the control diets, under the experimental conditions glyceollin had no significant effect on the growth, development, or subsequent survival of the larvae. Efficiency of food utilization (ECI) was reduced, indicating that the phytoalexins may be a mild digestibility-reducing factor for the loopers. Implications of the results for host-plant resistance are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988774
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    Identification of sex pheromone components of the female driedfruit moth,Vitula edmandsae serratilineella, and a blend for attraction of male moths (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 785-801 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Driedfruit moth ; Vitula edmandsae serratilineella ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Phycitinae ; sex pheromone ; attractant inhibitor ; (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienol ; (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienal ; alcohol ; aldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sixteen pheromone-like compounds were identified in abdomen tip washes and excised abdomen tip extracts of calling females of driedfruit moth,Vitula edmandsae serratilineella Ragonot. Identifications were by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography with flame ionization and electroantennographic detectors. Male moths were attracted to a blend of (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienol and (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienal in a ratio of 100∶1 at 500 μg/rubber septum dispenser, which is recommended for monitoring purposes. Low concentrations of (Z)-9-tetradecenol (0.5%) and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (0.1%) may be beneficial for the attraction of males, but 1–2% of (E)-9,(E)-12- or (Z)-9,(Z)-12-tetradecadienol, or (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienyl acetate inhibited their attraction. Gravid female moths were attracted to traps that captured large numbers of males. Females may be attracted to male hairpencil or forewing gland secretions emitted near the traps or that accumulate in the traps.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988783
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    Geographic trends in flavone-glycosylation genes and seed morphology in EuropeanSilene pratensis (Caryophyllaceae) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 141 (1983), S. 257-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Caryophyllaceae ; Silene pratensis ; S. alba ; S. dioica ; Flavone glycosylation ; genetic variation ; morphological differentiation ; flavonoids ; evolution ; Flora of Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three of the loci controlling isovitexin glycosylation inSilene pratensis are polymorphic and show geographic trends which are compared with geographic trends in seed morphology (and other phenotypic characters) as demonstrated by multivariate analysis. Various lines of evidence support the hypothesis thatS. pratensis spread into Europe from at least two genetically differentiated sources.S. dioica, by contrast, shows little interpretable geographic variation in morphology or flavonoid content.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989006
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    Improvement of bread wheat gluten quality (1983)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 33 (1983), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; gliadin ; glutenin subunits ; correlation ; gluten quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091297
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    A small scale device for wheat gluten separation (1983)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 33 (1983), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; gluten ; small scale extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A new small scale device for wheat gluten separation is described and the results of the first experiments on the influence of extraction conditions on different flours are reported.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091303
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    Patterns of trait variation in the diploid wheats (Triticum, Aegilops) and the tetraploid speciesTriticum diccocoides (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 143 (1983), S. 257-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Aegilops ; Triticum ; T. diccocoides ; wheat ; Adaptation ; trait variation ; factor analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eighteen earliness and morphological traits were examined in from 2 to 14 lines each of 10 diploid members of the wheat complex,Triticum-Aegilops, and 15 lines of the tetraploid speciesTriticum diccocoides. In general, earliness traits have the greatest relative between line vs. within line variation of all the traits examined. Within species, earliness traits are the principle set of characters around which evolve between line trait differences, one of the most important oich is leaf dimensions. At the genus level, earliness traits are independent of leaf dimensions and plant height characters. Thus, the pattern of evolution at the genus level is different from that exhibited in each of the species. Biological and evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986608
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    Evidence for basic homology between wheat and rye chromosomes (1983)
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 217-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hexaploid triticale ; Secale cereale ; rye ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; heterochromatin ; chromosome association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In the hexaploid triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivar Rosner chromosome 2R lacks the prominent heterochromatic bands of both telomeres. This modified 2R chromosome is capable of pairing in a high frequency with wheat chromosomes. It is hypothesized that the accumulation of heterochromatin at the telomeres of rye chromosomes may have contributed to the isolation of the wheat and rye genera by inhibiting pairing between wheat and rye chromosomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036882
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    Should selection for yield in saline regions be made on saline or non-saline soils? (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 431-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; T. turgidum ; durum wheat ; X Triticosecale ; triticale ; salt tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Saline soils are typically very patchy in their salinity. The yield of crops growing on them is similarly patchy. This paper argues that because most of the yield from such soils comes from the least saline areas, the best breeding strategy for improving the overall yield of crops growing on them is to select for high yield on non-saline soils. This conclusion derives from comparing the effects that four different breeding goals, namely: (1) a 10% increase in yield on non-saline soils, (ii) a 20% increase in the threshold salinity that first reduces yield, (iii) a doubling of yield at an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe) of 20 dS/m and (iv) a combination of (i) and (iii), would have on total yield. The effects of achieving these goals in barley, common wheat, durum wheat and triticale in fields exhibiting different salinities are predicted from actual yields of these species grown on different salinities in the field.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021452
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    Evaluation of germplasm response to septoria leaf blotch of wheat (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 439-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum spp. ; wheat ; disease severity ; heading date ; plant height ; Septoria Progress Coefficient ; Septoria tritici
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relationships between disease severity (percent pycnidia of Septoria tritici on the four uppermost leaves) and the vertical disease placement expressed as the ratio between disease height (cm)/plant height (cm), (referred to as SPC (Septoria Progress Coefficient)), and between maturity level (days to heading) and SPC, were evaluated for 9500 wheat and triticale accessions tested in field trials during 1977–1981. The relation between disease severity and SPC fitted a quadratic equation in which four distinct cutivar response classes were categorized: A) PCD (percent disease)≤15.0/SPC≤0.400 (highly resistant cultivars); B) PCD≤15.0/SPC (0.400–0.650) (moderately resistant); C) PCD (15.0–40.0)/SPC (0.400–0.700) (moderately susceptible); and D) PCD≥40.0/SPC〉0.700 (highly susceptible cultivars). It is suggested that cultivars assigned to classes B and C which exhibit low receptivity and moderate to high vertical pathogen placement differ in nature and type of protection from that expressed by the highly resistant cultivars in class A. Representative cultivars belonging to each of the classes are listed together with their agronomic characteristics (plant height and maturity level).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021453
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    Relationship between kernel color and protein content of hard red x hard white winter wheat progeny (1983)
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    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 617-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; kernel color ; protein content ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Utilization of high-protein hard red wheat germplasm in breeding high-protein hard white winter wheats for the U.S. Great Plains raised concern regarding possible genetic relationships between kernel color and protein content. Segregating F3 and F4 populations from reciprocal crosses and backcrosses involving high-protein hard red winter wheat cultivar Plainsman V and normal-protein hard white winter wheat line KS75216 were examined. Nonsignificant regression and correlation coefficients in the F3 generations of KS75216/Plainsman V, KS75216//KS75216/Plainsman V and Plainsman V//KS75216/Plainsman V indicated the absence of genetic relationships between kernel color and protein content. Therefore, despite the presence of genes for protein content and kernel color on the same chromosomes (3A, 3B and 3D), kernel color and protein content appeared as independent traits. A small but significant negative relationship between white kernel color and high protein in Plainsman V/KS75216 was attributable to the possible presence of alien genetic material in the parentage of Plainsman V. Chi-square tests indicated that Plainsman V is a mixture of genotypes for kernel color; most genotypes carry two dominant genes for red color and a few carry one or three. Genetic control of grain protein appeared to be complex. Partial dominance for high protein was indicated in the F3 generation but a generally continuous distribution and transgressive segregation also suggested other genes functioned additively. Heritability estimates by parent-offspring (F3-F4) regression were sufficiently high to ensure genetic progress in the selection of high-protein lines in the red x white wheat crosses. We concluded that development of high-protein cultivars is as feasible for white wheats as for red wheats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021475
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    The impact of plant physiology on Australian wheat breeding (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 743-748 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; plant physiology ; plant breeding ; Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Major changes in the behaviour of the Australian wheat crop over the last one hundred years have been associated with three major gene groupings. The significance of major genes in monitoring response to vernalization, photoperiod and gibberellin, reveals a more optimistic future for breeding programmes where simple genetic and physiologic studies are integrated within those programmes. A revised classification of growth habit is presented in the appendix.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042154
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    Reselection of hard red winter wheat cultivar Lancota for high grain protein content (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 607-615 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; protein content ; grain yield ; mixing time ; soil-borne mosaic virus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Lancota has genetic potential to produce grain with higher protein content than most other cultivars grown in the hard winter wheat region. It has not consistently expressed full potential for grain protein content outside its area of development. Experiments were conducted to determine genetic variability for grain protein content in Lancota and to utilize that variability to select genotypes with high grain protein content. Approximately 1600 lines were screened to 37 high-protein selections that varied in yield, test weight, flour mixing time, blooming date, height, and reaction to wheat soil-borne mosaic virus (WSBM). Nine promising selections (KS80476, KS80478, KS80480, KS80488, KS80490, KS80491, KS80497, KS80499, and KS80500) had grain protein advantage over Lancota of 0.5 to 1.0% and equalled or exceeded Lancota in yield or test weight. Those selections were resistant to WSBM and satisfactory or better in mixing properties than Lancota. The highest protein selection (KS80496) had a mean protein advantage of 1.5% over Lancota but exhibited a short mixing time of 1 7/8 min. The absence of correlation between some years indicated strong environmental influence on protein content. We concluded that adequate genetic variability existed in the high-grain protein cultivar Lancota to select lines that express the high protein potential better than the original cultivar outside its area of development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021474
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    Investigation of linkage drag in near isogenic lines of wheat by testing for seedling reaction to races of stem rust, leaf rust and yellow rust (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 319-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; linkage drag ; seedling resistance ; Puccinia graminis tritici ; stem rust ; Puccinia recondita ; leaf rust ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To determine whether linkage drag had occurred during the breeding of near isogenic lines (NILs) of wheat, 176 lines involving 11 sets of NILs, their recurrent parents and some of their donors were tested for seedling reaction to stem rust (4 races), leaf rust (3 races) and yellow rust (3 races). From the results, six cases were identified in which linkage drag may have played a role. More research is needed to prove clearly that linkage is involved. Nevertheless, the results suggest that linkage drag is a fairly common phenomenon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021440
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    Resting eggs in rotifers (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 213-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; resting eggs ; dormancy ; hatching ; production ; morphology ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biology of resting eggs of monogonont rotifers is reviewed, covering literature published since the last major review by Gilbert (1974). The topics examined include resting egg production, morphology and species specificity, hatching, and evolutionary significance. Four major determinants of resting egg production are identified: mictic female production, male activity and fertility, female susceptibility to fertilization, and fertilized female fecundity. Recent work in these four areas is discussed as well as resting egg production in natural populations. Resting egg morphology, particularly shell structure and internal organization, is compared among species. Recent reports on the control of resting egg hatching in the laboratory are examined and the importance of temperature, light, diet, and salinity is reviewed. Two hatching patterns are contrasted, the first where eggs hatch at regular intervals over extended periods and the second where hatching is synchronized to some environmental cue. A latent period after resting egg formation, during which no hatching occurs, is defined for several species. The adaptive features of resting eggs are outlined including their contribution to genetic variability through recombination, their provision for environmental escape by dormancy, and their colonizing function resulting from their ease of dispersal. The type of cue utilized to initiate mictic female production as well as the pattern of resting egg hatching is related to environmental predictability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045970
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    Aspects of the history and evolution of Alpine lakes in Austria (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 100 (1983), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Austrian lakes ; origin ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The age of lake basins, the onset of meromictic conditions and some consequences of eutrophication and reoligotrophication of Austrian Alpine lakes are presented. The obviously conflicting view of archeologists about lake levels during the period of lake dwellings is brought forward and some data about the effects of fish stocking are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027427
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    Initial field trials with the synthetic sex pheromone of the processionary mothThaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schiff.) (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 9 (1983), S. 85-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex attractant ; sex pheromone ; processionary moth ; Thaumetopoea pityocampa ; Lepidoptera ; Notodontidae ; (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynyl acetate ; field test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynyl acetate has been shown to be highly active in catchingThaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schiff.) males in field trials carried out in different parts of Spain. A variety of formulations containing antioxidants or solid paraffin were tested. Formulations containing 3 and 10% ofE isomer showed a decrease of activity compared with those prepared with pureZ isomer. Dodecyl acetate, also found in the virgin female gland, did not show any synergistic effect when tested in a 9∶1 mixture with the synthetic pheromone. The product exhibited a remarkable persistence of activity under the field conditions even in the absence of stabilizer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987772
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