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  • bioavailability  (130)
  • growth
  • stability
  • Springer  (209)
  • Annapolis, MD
  • Kiel: Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Taylor & Francis
  • 1980-1984  (209)
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  • Springer  (209)
  • Annapolis, MD
  • Kiel: Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Taylor & Francis
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria ; Geometridae ; Anisota senatoria ; Citheroniidae ; Quercus ; nutritional ecology ; herbivory ; nutritional indices ; consumption ; growth ; utilization efficiency ; nitrogen ; water ; tannins ; phenols ; gut pH ; digestive enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Alimentées sur feuillage jeune de chêne, les chenilles d'Alsophila pometaria avaient un taux relatif de croissance (RGR) et un taux relatif d'accumulation d'azote (RNAR) plus élevés que les chenilles d'Anisota senatoria alimentées sur feuillage mûr de chêne. Bien que le jeune feuillage soit plus efficacement digéré par A. pometaria (AD plus élevé), il n'est pas assimilé et utilisé pour la croissance avec de meilleurs rendements (les ECI ne sont pas différents). Ainsi le taux de croissance plus élevé d'A. pometaria est dû entièrement à un taux de consommation plus important (RCR et RNCR). Le feuillage jeune est significativement plus riche en azote et en eau que le feuillage mûr, mais les niveaux de phénol et de tanins sont les mêmes. A pometaria consomme les feuilles de différentes espèces de chênes au même taux, indépendamment de la teneur en azote, tandis que A. senatoria accroît sa consommation en réponse à une diminution de la teneur en azote. Il en résulte que le taux de croissance d'A. pometaria dépend directement de la teneur en azote des feuilles, tandis que celui d'A. senatoria en est indépendant. Les systèmes digestifs des deux insectes sont biochimiquement semblables et sont efficaces pour la digestion des protéines. Les tanins et les phénols n'influent pas sur les indices nutritionnels de ces deux espèces. Nous estimons que le principal intérêt de l'alimentation printanière est la disponibilité en feuillage succulent, riche en azote, et non l'absence de feuilles à haute teneur en tanin. L'alimentation printanière semble correspondre à une strategie alimentaire qui favorise la croissance aux dépens de l'efficacité tandis que l'alimentation en fin d'été est une stratégie qui favorise l'efficacité sur la rapidité.
    Notes: Abstract The larvae of Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), feeding on the young foliage of oak, has a higher relative growth rate (RGR) and relative nitrogen accumulation rate (RNAR) than the larvae of Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), feeding on the mature foliage of oak. Although the young oak foliage is more efficiently digested by A. pometaria (higher AD's), it is not more efficiently assimilated and used for growth (no difference in ECI's). Thus, the higher growth rate of A. pometaria is due entirely to a higher consumption rate (RCR and RNCR). Young foliage is significantly higher in nitrogen and water than mature foliage, but phenol and tannin levels are comparable in young and old foliage. A. pometaria consumes the foliage of different oak species at the same rate, independent of nitrogen content, while A. senatoria increases its consumption rate in response to decreased nitrogen levels. As a result, the growth rate of A. pometaria is directly related to leaf nitrogen content, while the growth rate of A. senatoria is independent of leaf nitrogen. The two species of insects have digestive systems that are very similar biochemically, and that are well-designed for effective protein digestion. Tannins and phenols do not influence the nutrional indices of either species. We suggest that the major benefit of spring feeding is the availability of succulent, high-nitrogen foliage, and not the avoidance of high-tannin foliage. The spring feeder appears to have a feeding strategy that favors rapid growth at the expense of efficiency, while the late summer feeder has a strategy that favors efficiency over rate.
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 75-81 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Nezara viridula ; insect dietetics ; growth ; fecundity ; flight capacity ; Heteroptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets du régime alimentaire pendant le 5ème stade sur les performances imaginales de N. viridula ont été déterminés en comparant la croissance, la fécondité, la durée du vol captif, et l'accumulation de corps gras chez des insectes élevés sur 4 régimes stérilisés. A partir de la formation des larves de 5ème stade, elles ont été alimentées sur haricots verts et arachides, ou transférées sur un régime formé exclusivement d'arachides, ou de haricots verts, ou de graines de soja ‘trempées’, cependant la durée du 5ème stade. Les insectes ont été transférés sur un régime de haricots verts et arachides à leur émergence. Les femelles élevées continuellement de haricots verts et arachides étaient plus lourdes (P〈0,01) à l'émergence (161,6 mg) que celles élevées sur haricots verts (146,3 mg) pendant le 5ème stade, et pondent plus d'oeufs (P〈0,08) pendant une durée de 34 jours (100,9 oeufs) que celles élevées sur arachides (54,7 oeufs). Plus de femelles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides (76,2%) pondent que celles élevées sur arachides (61,1%), soja ‘trempé’ (62,5%), ou haricots verts (60,9%). Les femelles élevées sur arachides volaient plus longtemps (P 〈 0,01) (42,9 mn) que celles élevées sur haricots verts (19,8 mn) pendant des vols captifs le 3ème jour après l'émergence. 78% de toutes les femelles élevées sur arachides volaient 〉-30 mn, contre 50% pour celles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides, ou soja ‘trempé’, et 35% pour celles élevées sur haricots verts. Seulement 7% des femelles élevées sur haricots verts volaient à la 60ème minute à la fin du test, contre 25% pour les femelles soja ‘trempé’, 33% pour les femelles haricots verts et arachides, et 47% pour celles élevées sur arachides. Les femelles ont été disséquées 34 jours après l'émergence pour déterminer l'importance du corps gras. Les indices de corps gras (Kiritani, 1963) montraient que les femelles élevées sur arachides (1,8) et graines de soja (1,7) ont apparemment un corps gras plus développé que celles élevées sur haricots verts et arachides (1,5), our haricots verts (1,2), pendant le 5ème stade. Ces résultats montrent que l'alimentation pendant le dernier stade larvaire de N. viridula affecte irréversiblement la croissance, la fécondité et l'aptitude au vol des femelles. En estimant que des résultats semblables auraient été obtenus avec des insectes élevés sur ces 4 aliments depuis l'éclosion, haricots verts et arachides constituent le meilleur aliment pour l'élevage de N. viridula. Ce régime fournit une graine mûre, vraisemblablement nécessaire pour l'accumulation d'un corps gras suffisant et une aptitude au vol migratoire, et une plante verte qui fournit les aliments apparement essentiels à l'ovogenèse.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of diet during the fifth stadium on performance of adult N. viridula were determined through comparing growth, fecundity, and duration of tethered flight of insects reared on four axenic diets: fresh green bean, raw-shelled peanut, a combination of the two and soaked soybean seed. Females reared on the combination diet were heavier than those reared on green beans and oviposited more than those reared on peanuts. Three-day-old adult females reared on peanuts flew longer than those reared on green beans. More females reared on diets containing mature seed showed a capacity for extended flight and had larger fat bodies at 34-days postemergence. Thus, inadequate diet during the fifth stadium irreversibly affected growth, development, reproduction and flight capacity.
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  • 3
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    Computing 32 (1984), S. 229-237 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65L05 ; 65L07 ; Stiff system ; Rosenbroek method ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird die Stabilität des Kaps-Rentrop-Verfahrens in die Anwesenheit nichtlinearer Steifheit (Stiffness) analysiert. Dazu werden mittels eines einfachen Modells zwei Größen introduziert. Die Werte dieser Größen reflektieren gewissermaßen das Verhalten eines Kaps-Rentrop-Verfahrens in die Anwesenheit einer bestimmten Kopplung zwischen die beiden Komponenten in das steife System gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen. Einige numerische Beispiele veranschaulichen die Analyse.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we give an analysis of the effect of stiff nonlinearities on the behavior of a Kaps-Rentrop method. To that end we introduce two quantities related to a simple model. The values of these quantities determine to some extent the behavior of a Kaps-Rentrop method in case of a strong coupling between the smooth component and the transient one. Numerical examples illustrate the theoretical results.
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  • 4
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 513-520 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: xipamide ; electrolyte excretion ; bioavailability ; elimination ; extrarenal clearance ; chronic renal failure ; furosemide ; hydrochlorothiazide ; amiloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of a single oral dose of 40 mg xipamide on urinary excretion of Na+, K+, Cl−, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in healthy subjects and in patients with varying degrees of renal impairment was compared with various conventional diuretics. Xipamide caused marked excretion of Na+ and Cl−, whereas the diuretic produced only moderate kaliuresis; urinary excretion of Ca2+ was increased in proportion to Na+, like the loop diuretics. Xipamide affected electrolyte excretion even in patients with a creatinine clearance below 30 ml/min, as do the loop diuretics, too. Therefore, the pharmacodynamic characteristics of xipamide are more like those of a loop diuretic than of a thiazide. Xipamide was good bioavailable, its t1/2β was 7 h and urinary recovery of the undegraded drug was 40% of the given dose. In renal insufficiency, t1/2β increased from 7 to only 9 h, yielding a moderate increase in the AUC. Urinary recovery of the drug was reduced in proportion to the reduction in the creatinine clearance of the patient. Therefore, significant extrarenal elimination of the diuretic must be postulated, which suffices to prevent significant drug accumulation in renal failure.
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  • 5
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 105-110 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: phenytoin ; epileptic women ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five epileptic women needing to commence phenytoin therapy during pregnancy received a single intravenous and a single oral dose of phenytoin several days apart before starting regular intake of the drug. Plasma phenytoin concentration — time data were analysed by three different pharmacokinetic techniques. However assessed, the mean oral bioavailability of the drug proved to be about 90% of the intravenous bioavailability. This finding makes it unlikely that impaired bioavailability accounts for the increase in oral phenytoin dosage necessary in pregnancy to maintain plasma phenytoin concentrations at pre-pregnancy values. Phenytoin clearance in the pregnant subjects was approximately double the published values for phenytoin clearance in nonpregnant persons. This suggests that increased (metabolic) clearance accounts for the increased phenytoin dosage requirement of pregnancy.
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  • 6
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 595-602 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: furosemide ; bioavailability ; generic tablet formulations ; intrasubject variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intrasubject variation in bioavailability (rate and extent) and disposition of furosemide 40 mg was investigated using a repeated, randomized, double-blind cross-over study in 8 healthy subjects. Two generic tablet formulations (Lasix and Furix) and intravenous furosemide were compared on 6 separate days. Extensive intrasubject variability after oral administration was observed in AUC, mean absorption time (MAT) and urinary excretion. The variability (error variance) within the dosage forms was as large as that between the two generics. These variations most probably depended on the absorption process, since the repeated i.v. doses showed only marginal intrasubject variability. Absolute bioavailability was 56% for Lasix and 55% for Furix (AUC). The range was 20 to 84% between individuals and the maximal range within one individual was 20 to 61%. Confidence interval and Bayesian analysis showed a high probability of non-equivalence not only between but also within the generics when the separate cross-over experiments were analyzed (8 observations). When extending the analysis to 16 observations, bioequivalence was demonstrated for the two generic tablets. Rate of absorption, quantified as MAT, was 128 min for Lasix and 98 min for Furix (16 observations). Since MAT was significantly longer (p〈0.001) than the mean residence time after the i.v. dose (57 min), absorption was evidently the rate-limiting step in the overall kinetics of oral furosemide. Intraindividual variation in absorption is a confounding factor in bioavailability studies of furosemide using limited numbers of subjects. This is important to consider when designing and evaluating bioavailability studies for drugs showing these variations.
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  • 7
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 405-407 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: theophylline ; drug absorption ; bioavailability ; food intake ; sustained-release preparations ; Theolin Retard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption of theophylline from a sustained release tablet preparation (Theolin® Retard 300 mg) was studied in 10 subjects both when fasting and immediately after a standardized breakfast. Intravenous aminophylline was used as the reference material. Food did not influence the absorption from Theolin Retard. The bioavailability was complete (93% after 30 h) both with and without food, and no difference was found in the time to peak of the plasma concentration curve (7 h), or the mean residence time (14 h). The absorption characteristics, with predominantly zero order kinetics, did not change with concomitant intake of breakfast.
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  • 8
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 111-114 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: chlorambucil ; chronic lymphocytic leukaemia ; phenylacetic acid mustard ; food intake ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of food intake on the pharmacokinetics of chlorambucil (C) and its cytotoxic metabolite, phenylacetic acid mustard (PAM), has been studied in man after oral doses of chlorambucil. The administration of chlorambucil with food resulted in slower absorption than when fasting. However, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was unaffected. The mean ratio AUCPAM/AUCC was 2.8 (range 1.4–7.1) under fasting and 3.3 (range 1.3–7.4) under nonfasting conditions. The metabolite very probably plays an important role in the cytotoxic effects observed after administration of C, since calculations show that a major fraction of the metabolite is eliminated by alkylation reactions.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nitroglycerin ; plasma concentration ; transdermal administration ; bioavailability ; pharmacodynamics ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 6 healthy volunteers, intravenous infusions of nitroglycerin 4.8 and 10.6 µg/min yielded mean steady-state plasma concentrations of 0.5±0.02 and 0.82±0.04 ng/ml as determined by a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method. The plasma concentrations reached in the same subjects 17 h after application of Nitroderm TTS 5 and 10 with in vivo release rates of 3.7 and 5.7 µg/min were 0.28±0.01 and 0.37±0.01 ng/ml, respectively. Thus, 75% of the quantity of nitroglycerin released by the systems passed into the circulation. The inter-individual and intra-individual variations in plasma concentrations were similar for both modes of administration. The nitroglycerin-induced morphological changes in the fingerpulse wave were clearly dose-dependent, but it seems that this pharmacodynamic parameter is determined less by the plasma concentration than by the nitroglycerin content of the vascular wall.
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  • 10
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 133-135 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: co-dergocrine mesylate ; geriatric patients ; hydergine ; bioavailability ; steady state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relative bioavailability of the newly developed formulation of co-dergocrine mesylate (Hydergine spezial, 1×4 mg) was determined in elderly patients under steady state conditions, with conventional Hydergine forte tablets (2×2 mg) as a reference. Both formulations were given once a day for 8 days in a randomised cross-over design. The areas under the curve showed that the bioavailability of the new tablet was about 30% higher (28±6.3%) than that of Hydergine forte. The peak plasma concentration was reached 3±0.9 h after administration. Because of its greater relative bioavailability higher plasma levels were found 2–24 hours after the Hydergine spezial formulation than after Hydergine forte tablets.
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  • 11
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 261-264 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: indomethacin capsules ; bioequivalence ; volunteers ; pharmacokinetics ; statistical significance ; bioavailability ; comparative bioequivalence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two, separate 6×6 Latin square cross-over bioequivalence studies were performed in adult male volunteers using 10 different indomethacin capsule preparations marketed in India together with the pure drug powder as the standard. The products were evaluated with respect to plasma level at various times up to 8 h following administration of a 50 mg (2 × 25 mg) dose. Plasma samples were analysed by a fluorimetric method. Various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated according to a two compartment model. Statistical evaluation of the data employed analysis of variance for a cross-over design (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test to ascertain the significance of differences between the products. Of the 10 products studied, two were found to be bioinequivalent.
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  • 12
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 463-470 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: dihydroergotamine ; 8′-hydroxy-dihydroergotamine ; plasma metabolites ; bioavailability ; receptor affinity ; healthy volunteers ; liver microsomal incubates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of dihydroergotamine and its metabolites have been measured after a single oral administration of 3 mg tritium-labelled drug to 6 male volunteers. The plasma level of non-volatile radioactivity declined biphasically with α- and β-phase half-lives of 2.1 h and 32.3 h, respectively. The peak plasma concentration was reached within 3.2h. Urinary excretion of total non-volatile radioactivity was low, amounting to 1.0% of the dose. The parent drug and four metabolites could be quantitated in urine and plasma samples. Metabolite 4 (8′-hydroxy-dihydroergotamine) was isolated from incubates of rat and monkey liver microsomal preparations. In human liver microsomal incubates, metabolite 4 was shown to be the primary metabolite of dihydroergotamine. In receptor binding studies performed with mammalian brain preparations, metabolite 4 had IC50-values at 6 monoaminergic binding sites similar to those of dihydroergotamine. Thus, it appears that the active principle consists at least of dihydroergotamine and its 8′-hydroxy derivative. As the concentration of metabolite 4 exceeded 5–7 times that of dihydroergotamine in urine and plasma, the bioavailability of dihydroergotamine should be reevaluated, taking into account the plasma concentrations of the parent drug and of its acitve metabolite, 8′-hydroxydihydroergotamine.
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  • 13
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 533-534 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: amiodarone ; bioavailability ; clearance estimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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  • 14
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 125-127 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nadolol ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma levels ; urinary excretion ; bioavailability ; circadian rhythm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 7 healthy subjects (3 males and 4 females), the kinetics of nadolol was investigated after oral doses of 60 and 120 mg. The t1/2 was 14.0±1.8 h. The peak plasma level was doubled on doubling the dose (from 69±15 to 132±27 ng/ml, respectively) and the urinary excretion (13.5%) rose similarly. The half-life of elimination was longer at night than in the day, probably because of the slower nocturnal flow of urine.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; cystic fibrosis ; bioavailability ; renal clearance ; renal function differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of cimetidine were studied in five cystic fibrosis patients (mean age 12.6 years) after oral and intravenous administration. As compared to healthy adult volunteers, cystic fibrosis children had an elevated cimetidine total body clearance (474 vs 300 ml/min/m2) as well as renal clearance (293 vs 232 ml/min/m2) whether normalized for body weight or surface area differences. Cimetidine elimination was elevated in juvenile cystic fibrosis patients as compared to adult volunteers, however, it did not differ significantly from that previously seen in age matched children. There were no appreciable differences in cimetidine metabolism after either route of administration. Differences between adults and cystic fibrosis children were attributed to developmental and age related differences between the two groups. The recommended pediatric dose of 15 to 20 mg/kg, although four-fold greater than that used in adults, produces serum concentrations similar to those seen in adults, and is adequate for most juvenile cystic fibrosis patients.
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  • 16
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 197-207 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: furosemide ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics ; oral administration ; i.v. administration ; drug absorption ; moment analysis ; food effect ; dissolution effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Furosemide 40 mg was administered to 8 healthy subjects as an i.v. bolus dose, as 1 tablet in the fasting state, and as 1 tablet and a solution after food intake. The i.v. data gave a total body clearance of 162±10.8 ml/min and a renal clearance of 117±11.3 ml/min; the volume of distribution at steady state was 8.3±0.61. Oral administration gave a bioavailability of the tablet (fasting) of 51%. Food intake slightly reduced the bioavailability, but not to a significant extent. There was no significant difference in availability between the tablet and the solution. Moment analysis gave a mean residence time after the i.v. dose, MRTi.v., of 51±1.5 min. The mean absorption times (MAT) for all oral doses were significantly longer than the MRTi.v., indicating absorption rate-limited kinetics of furosemide. On average, food delayed the absorption by 60 min. The MAT for the tablet in the postprandial state was significantly longer than for the solution, indicating dissolution rate-limited absorption of the tablet.
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  • 17
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 271-273 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; prednisolone ; aluminium phosphate ; antacids ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten fasting subjects received 200 mg cimetidine orally either with water or 11 g aluminium phosphate mixture in a randomized, single dose, two-way cross-over study. Blood samples were taken for 12 h and urine was collected for 24 h. Cimetidine in plasma and urine was analysed by HPLC. There were no significant differences between the treatments with respect to peak plasma concentration, time to peak plasma concentration, area under the plasma concentration-time curve, and urinary excretion. In 12 healthy subjects the absorption of prednisolone was investigated when given alone and together with 11 g aluminium phosphate. Blood samples were taken over 16 h and prednisolone in plasma was analysed by HPLC. There were no significant differences in the values of area under curve (AUC), Cmax and tmax. The results indicate that aluminium phosphate does not reduce the bioavailability of cimetidine and prednisolone.
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  • 18
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 347-355 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; cirrhosis ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; clearance reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of impaired liver function on the pharmacokinetics of cimetidine was studied in 8 patients with advanced cirrhosis given single doses of 100 mg i.v. and 400 mg p.o. on separate days. Compared to a control group of 10 healthy volunteers, the total renal and nonrenal clearance was significantly reduced in the cirrhotic patients; (total plasma clearance mean ± SD) 356±181 vs 789±262 ml/min (p〈0.01); renal clearance (Clr) 296±100 vs 588±181 ml/min (p〈0.01) and nonrenal clearance (Clnr) 97±111 vs 205±89 ml/min (p〈0.05). Compared to published results for age-matched ulcer patients, both total and nonrenal clearance were lower whereas renal clearance was within the reported normal range. A significant reduction in volume of distribution (Vdβ) was found, from 2.1±0.1 l/kg in controls to 1.0±0.4l/kg, and in the patient group there was a significant correlation between Vdβ and total plasma clearance (r=0.72, p〈0.05). Volume of distribution in steady state (Vdss) did not differ from published results in age-matched controls. No significant change in half-life was found. Bioavailability, estimated by AUC-measurement, showed considerable patient variability (21–143%), with a mean of 70±39%. This was lower than in the controls. In contrast, measurement of urinary excretion showed higher bioavailability in the patients (66±23 vs 51±8%). No correlation was found between any of the kinetic parameters and the clinical and laboratory data. It is suggested that patients with advanced cirrhosis should be closely observed when given cimetidine, and a reduction in dose should be concidered if side effects are to be avoided.
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  • 19
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 105-110 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: phenytoin ; epileptic women ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; pregnancy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five epileptic women needing to commence phenytoin therapy during pregnancy received a single intravenous and a single oral dose of phenytoin several days apart before starting regular intake of the drug. Plasma phenytoin concentration — time data were analysed by three different pharmacokinetic techniques. However assessed, the mean oral bioavailability of the drug proved to be about 90% of the intravenous bioavailability. This finding makes it unlikely that impaired bioavailability accounts for the increase in oral phenytoin dosage necessary in pregnancy to maintain plasma phenytoin concentrations at pre-pregnancy values. Phenytoin clearance in the pregnant subjects was approximately double the published values for phenytoin clearance in nonpregnant persons. This suggests that increased (metabolic) clearance accounts for the increased phenytoin dosage requirement of pregnancy.
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  • 20
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 111-114 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: chlorambucil ; chronic lymphocytic leukaemia ; phenylacetic acid mustard ; food intake ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of food intake on the pharmacokinetics of chlorambucil (C) and its cytotoxic metabolite, phenylacetic acid mustard (PAM), has been studied in man after oral doses of chlorambucil. The administration of chlorambucil with food resulted in slower absorption than when fasting. However, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was unaffected. The mean ratio AUCPAM/AUCC was 2.8 (range 1.4–7.1) under fasting and 3.3 (range 1.3–7.4) under nonfasting conditions. The metabolite very probably plays an important role in the cytotoxic effects observed after administration of C, since calculations show that a major fraction of the metabolite is eliminated by alkylation reactions.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nitroglycerin ; plasma concentration ; transdermal administration ; bioavailability ; pharmacodynamics ; healthy volunteers
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In 6 healthy volunteers, intravenous infusions of nitroglycerin 4.8 and 10.6 µg/min yielded mean steady-state plasma concentrations of 0.5±0.02 and 0.82±0.04 ng/ml as determined by a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method. The plasma concentrations reached in the same subjects 17 h after application of Nitroderm TTS 5 and 10 with in vivo release rates of 3.7 and 5.7 µg/min were 0.28±0.01 and 0.37±0.01 ng/ml, respectively. Thus, 75% of the quantity of nitroglycerin released by the systems passed into the circulation. The inter-individual and intra-individual variations in plasma concentrations were similar for both modes of administration. The nitroglycerin-induced morphological changes in the fingerpulse wave were clearly dose-dependent, but it seems that this pharmacodynamic parameter is determined less by the plasma concentration than by the nitroglycerin content of the vascular wall.
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  • 22
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 367-369 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: flurbiprofen ; syrup ; suppository ; kinetics ; children ; bioavailability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eight subjects, aged 6–12 years and weighing 18.8–36.7 kg, received single doses of flurbiprofen 50 or 75 mg (corresponding to 1.4–2.7 mg/kg) as syrup and suppository in a Latin square design. Half-life (2.7–3.2 h), elimination constant (0.22–0.26 h−1), area under the plasma level curve (72.4–77.3 µg·h·ml−1) and time to reach the concentration peak (1–0.75 h) were similar after the syrup and suppository. Flurbiprofen showed equivalent bioavailability after oral and rectal administration and the same pharmacokinetic profile was confirmed in children as observed in adults.
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  • 23
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 623-624 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cimetidine ; bioavailability ; renal clearance
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  • 24
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 26 (1984), S. 269-270 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cyclophosphamide ; cytostatic drug ; cancer therapy ; female breast cancer ; bioavailability ; rapid release formulations ; gastric juice resistant formulation ; pharmacokinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an alkylating cytostatic compound, which is activated to its cytotoxic form in the liver [1]. Since the therapeutic range of CP in the treatment of human tumours, is small like other cytostatics, a constant high bioavailability is essential for its oral administration. Although CP has become one of the most widely used cytostatics [2], there do not appear to have been any bioavailability investigations providing the necessary information. The development of a very sensitive gas chromatographic analytical method has now permited investigation of the pharmacokinetics of oral CP in conventional clinical doses [3, 4, 5, 6].
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  • 25
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 85-89 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: digitoxin ; radioimmunoassay ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; digitoxin metabolites
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of digitoxin were examined in six normal human subjects using an assay that separates digitoxin from its metabolites. After intravenous administration, the mean systemic clearance was 2.44 ml/min; the volume of distribution was 0.47 l/kg; and the elimination half-life was 6.5 days. After oral administration, the elimination half-life was 5.8 days. The bioavailability was 81.5% using the specific assay. Using a non-specific, direct serum digitoxin radioimmunoassay the bioavailability was 98.0%. Assay of aqueous fractions from extracted serum samples indicated higher levels of water-soluble metabolites following oral compared to intravenous digitoxin administration. These findings suggest that previously reported values for digitoxin bioavailability using non-specific methods may be falsely elevated due to the presence of digitoxin metabolites in serum.
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  • 26
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1984), S. 85-89 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: digitoxin ; radioimmunoassay ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; digitoxin metabolites
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of digitoxin were examined in six normal human subjects using an assay that separates digitoxin from its metabolites. After intravenous administration, the mean systemic clearance was 2.44 ml/min; the volume of distribution was 0.47 l/kg; and the elimination half-life was 6.5 days. After oral administration, the elimination half-life was 5.8 days. The bioavailability was 81.5% using the specific assay. Using a non-specific, direct serum digitoxin radioimmunoassay the bioavailability was 98.0%. Assay of aqueous fractions from extracted serum samples indicated higher levels of water-soluble metabolites following oral compared to intravenous digitoxin administration. These findings suggest that previously reported values for digitoxin bioavailability using non-specific methods may be falsely elevated due to the presence of digitoxin metabolites in serum.
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  • 27
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    Journal of mathematical biology 20 (1984), S. 259-276 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Age-structured population dynamics ; equilibria ; stability ; bifurcation
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The existence of positive equilibrium solutions of the McKendrick equations for the dynamics of an age-structured population is studied as a bifurcation phenomenon using the inherent net reproductive rate n as a bifurcation parameter. The local existence and uniqueness of a branch of positive equilibria which bifurcates from the trivial (identically zero) solution at the critical value n=1 are proved by implicit function techniques under very mild smoothness conditions on the death and fertility rates as functional of age and population density. This first requires the development of a suitable linear theory. The lowest order terms in the Liapunov-Schmidt expansions are also calculated. This local analysis supplements earlier global bifurcation results of the author. The stability of both the trivial and the positive branch equilibria is studied by means of the principle of linearized stability. It is shown that in general the trivial solution losses stability as n increases through one while the stability of the branch solution is stable if and only if the bifurcation is supercritical. Thus the McKendrick equations exhibit, in the latter case, a standard exchange of stability with regard to equilibrium states as they depend on the inherent net reproductive rate. The derived lower order terms in the Liapunov-Schmidt expansions yield formulas which explicitly relate the direction of bifurcation to properties of the age-specific death and fertility rates as functionals of population density. Analytical and numerical results for some examples are given which illustrate these results.
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    Journal of mathematical biology 21 (1984), S. 25-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Predator-prey ; density dependence ; stability
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The Gurtin and Levine model5 is studied in this paper under the assumption that the fecundity of prey depends on age as well as on the total population sizes of prey and predators. The purpose of this study is to see the effect of this density dependence on the stability criteria for the equilibria of the model equations. It is shown that there are cases when, due to density dependence, the model which is originally neutrally stable becomes stable.
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 98 (1984), S. 1159-1161 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: motor response ; growth ; catecholamines
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: hydrochlorothiazide ; triamterene ; hydroxytriamterene sulfate ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; renal clearance ; interaction
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hydrochlorothiazide, triamterene, and hydroxytriamterene sulfate were monitored in the plasma and urine of 24 healthy young men taking single doses of a liquid preparation containing both hydrochlorothiazide and triameterene, liquid preparations containing either of these drugs alone, and a combination tablet recently formulated with a dose ratio of hydrochlorothiazide: triamterene (1∶1,5) found to give optimal potassium-sparing effect. In contradiction to a recent publication, no interaction between the drugs affecting the bioavailability or renal clearance of either could be demonstrated. The previous report of drug-drug interaction probably arose from formulationrelated problems with bioavailability from the two capsule and two tablet products which had been studied. A well-formulated hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene combination tablet promotes plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of hydrochlorothiazide, triamterene, and hydroxytriamterene sulfate which are virtually identical to those seen after either a combination liquid dosage form or simple liquid forms containing only one of the two drugs.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 12 (1984), S. 289-313 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: protein binding ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; disopyramide ; heart failure
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of total (bound plus unbound) and unbound disopyramide were compared following the simultaneous administration of an oral dose of disopyramide and an intravenous dose of14C-disopyramide in five normal volunteers and in 11 patients with congestive heart failure. The binding of disopyramide varied between 60 and 92% in patients and between 81 and 88% in normal subjects at postequilibrium drug concentrations of 10−7M. The binding of disopyramide to serum protein was concentration-dependent in all study subjects at serum concentrations achieved following drug administration. The association constant for the first binding site in serum from normal subjects and patients averaged 8.7X105 M−1 and 4.4X10 5 M−1, respectively (p 〈 0.05). The unbound clearance of disopyramide averaged 277ml/min and 209 ml/min in normal subjects and in patients (p 〈 0.05). When normalized for body weight, the unbound clearance between patients and normal subjects was not significantly different. The elimination half-life of unbound concentrations in normal subjects and in patients averaged 4.9 and 6.1 h, respectively (p 〈 0.05). The clearance and elimination half-life of total disopyramide was the same in both groups. Although the bioavailability of disopyramide averaged 0.85 in both groups, it was more variable in patients owing to the variability in the fraction of the dose absorbed. The unbound renal clearance and volume of distribution at steady state of disopyramide was related to cardiac index. The ratio of elimination half-lives of total and unbound disopyramide was related to the extent of serum protein binding.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 12 (1984), S. 315-331 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: theophylline ; antacids ; interaction ; bioavailability ; steady state
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the influence of a large-volume, therapeutic antacid regimen, administered for three full days, on the steady-state bioavailability of a conventional-release and sustained-release theophylline product, Aminophyllin and Theodur, respectively. Nine stable asthmatics voluntarily completed a four-phase investigation requiring a total stay of 12 days in the Clinical Research Unit. The treatments consisted of administration of the formulations mentioned with and without antacids to each patient in a randomized sequence. Four patients participated in an additional phase where antacids were administered q2h around the clock for three days. After coadministration of theophylline plus antacids for two days, theophylline therapy was discontinued while numerous blood samples were obtained over 22 hr and analyzed for theophylline content via radioimmunoassay. Antacids had no predictable, consistent influence on theophylline absorption rate as determined by the absorption rate constant, the time to maximal theophylline concentration, or the lag time for theophylline absorption. Antacids had no detectable influence on theophylline elimination half-life and had no consistent, statistically significant effect on the extent of theophylline bioavailability, according to measurements of maximal concentration, AUCmeasured over the appropriate steady-state dosing interval, or elimination-rate adjusted AUC.The substantial intraindividual changes for all parameters of theophylline bioavailability that occurred for control and treatment phases likely represent spontaneous, random between-day variability in theophylline disposition independent of antacid administration, as evidenced by the comparability of the percent coefficient of variation for parameters of biovailability across all phases. Our data demonstrate that therapeutic antacid administration has no effect on steady-state theophylline bioavailability and does not alter the intrinsic variability in theophylline absorption. Based on the results of our data, it is unlikely that a clinically significant (〉20%) decrease in theophylline absorption would occur in any patient treated intensively with antacids concurrently.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 12 (1984), S. 83-91 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: bioavailability ; bioequivalence ; hypothesis tests ; sample size determination
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The clinical problem of testing for equivalence in comparative bioavailability trials is restated in terms of the proper statistical hypotheses. A simple t-test procedure for these hypotheses has been devloped that is more powerful than the methods based on usual (shortest) and symmetric confidence intervals. In this note, this new procedure is explained and an example is given, including the method for sample size determination.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 12 (1984), S. 437-450 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: first-pass ; bioavailability ; Michaelis-Menten ; volume of distribution ; absorption rate constant
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two approaches used for bioavailability determination of drugs with Michaelis-Menten elimination kinetics were examined by computer simulation. The first method involved treating the drug as though its clearance remained constant during elimination, and the conventional method of taking the ratio of areas under the curve resulting from the oral and intravenous doses was used to calculate bioavailability. The second approach involved using the Michaelis parameters, Vmax and Km,to determine concentration dependent clearance values, but based these calculations on peripheral drug concentrations rather than on concentrations entering or in the liver. We have developed a simulation method that was used to test the accuracy of the above two methods. In the simulations described, Vmax, Km,and hepatic blood flow were chosen to represent a drug with an extraction ratio of 0.9 under linear conditions, but with Michaelis-Menten kinetics occurring at the doses given. Absorption was assumed to be first-order, and metabolism was assumed to occur only in the liver. These simulations showed that the most accurate determination of bioavailability requires knowledge of the direct contribution of oral absorption to the concentration of drug entering the liver. Unexpectedly, the results also showed that if a drug has a large volume of distribution or a large absorption rate constant, or both, use of the much simpler conventional method of bioavailability determination may be appropriate even in cases where the degree of saturation is substantial.
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  • 35
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    Euphytica 33 (1984), S. 489-495 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; multilines ; recurrent parents ; stability
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three multilines each of Kalyansona and PV 18 varieties of wheat were compared for their stability of yield and agronomic characters and disease resistance against the respective recurrent parents. The experiments were conducted for four years at nine locations. The multilines had more tillers and bolder seeds than the recurrent parents. There were, however, no differences for plant height, ear length and number of spikelets per spike. The genotypes x years x locations interaction was much more important than genotypes x years or genotypes x locations interaction as well as the main effects for genotypes. It is suggested that the number of test locations should be increased while decreasing the number of years. The stability parameters indicated that the multilines had a higher mean yield in the case of Kalyansona multilines whereas the yield of multilines of PV 18 was not significantly inferior to that of the recurrent parent. The regression coefficients were very close to unity except for KSML 3 (b=1.132). The deviations from regression were much larger for the multilines than for the recurrent parents. For rust resistance the multilines were superior over the varieties Kalyansona and PV 18.
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  • 36
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    Hydrobiologia 110 (1984), S. 241-245 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Sudan ; pearl oyster ; feeding ; growth ; Red Sea ; Sudan
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plankton samples and gut contents of P. margaritifera were analysed monthly from April 1972 to March 1973. Coscinodiscus sp. was the most ingested food by pearl oysters of all ages. However, food variety increased as the oyster grew older. Experiments confirmed the absence of food selectivity in P. margaritifera. Unlike the young ones, the adult showed reduced growth during summer (July–September), which coincides with its spawning season.
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    Hydrobiologia 119 (1984), S. 227-233 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ephemerella subvaria ; autochthonous ; allochthonous ; algae ; diatoms ; macrophytes ; organic matter ; diet ; growth ; survival
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In two laboratory tests at 15 °C early-instar nymphs of the mayfly, Ephemerella subvaria were kept on different diets and their survival and growth recorded. The diets were either conditioned maple leaf discs; maple leaf disc remnants + Gammarus faecal material; maple leaf disc remnants + Hesperophylax faecal material; a clump of Cladophora strands or periphytic growth on small stones. A control group received no food. In both the tests, nymphs kept on Cladophora showed significantly (P ⩽ 0.05 or P ⩽ 0.01) higher percentage survival than for those on any other diet and the growth of these nymphs was second only to nymphs given periphyton as a diet. Although the nymphs on a diet of periphyton showed significantly (P ⩽ 0.01) higher growth as compared to those on other food sources, the survival percentage of these nymphs was the poorest, presumably because of food limitation. As expected, a diet of maple leaf discs resulted in significantly higher survival and growth of nymphs as compared to the nymphs not given any food. The results clearly demonstrated that autochthonous sources of organic matter can serve as excellent food for stream invertebrates.
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  • 38
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    Hydrobiologia 111 (1984), S. 193-200 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic pressure ; aquatic macrophyte ; growth ; depth distribution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A method was tested for growing aquatic vascular plants at elevated hydrostatic pressure so that the influence of other factors will not mask the specific plant-pressure interaction. Eighteen species of submersed vascular plants, belonging to twelve families and several distinct growth forms, were subjected to series of hydrostatic pressures including those well in excess of those encountered by the species when growing at its normal depths in lakes. Under no circumstances was the form of the plant altered even at the highest pressures, equivalent to that at a water depth of 23 m. The removal of confounding extraneous factors depends upon controlling competing algae, on raising the pressure in a series of steps, on maintaining the pressure without fluctuations during the growing period, on suiting the light and temperature conditions to the species and maintaining aquasoil air spaces or allowing them to develop. These preliminary data suggest that the level of hydrostatic pressure in the depth distribution of aquatic plants cannot be either a necessary or a sufficient controlling factor.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: life cycles ; flight-periods ; growth ; production
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The life cycle and production of Tinodes waeneri (L.) was examined at five shallow littoral localities in Lake Esrom, Denmark, during 1979/80. Five larval instars were demonstrated. The differences in temporal composition of instars indicated three different life cycles. A bivoltine strategy was shown for the most exposed locality which also had the highest average abundance equal to 11 500 ind. m−2. A univoltine population was found in the more sheltered NW part of the lake with an average density of 1 500 ind. m−2. At the three remaining stations the life cycles were partly bivoltine with wintering populations of mixed cohorts and densities between 10 500 and 3 000 ind. m−3. Two distinct flight periods with maxima in June and August were demonstrated for bi- and partly bivoltine populations. Differences in rates of growth and elimination added to the variability in life cycle. Growth rates peaked in August (5.0–7.4% d−1) at an average temperature of 20°C. Estimates of production ranged from 1.9 to 17.5 g AFDW m−2 a−1 with an average of 8.0 g AFDW m−2. The P/B ratios, which were within the expected range for uni- and bivoltine populations of trichopterans, were 5.73 for the bivoltine population and 3.31 for the univoltine population. Estimates of consumption revealed that the populations could be sustained by autochthonous epilithic production in the habitats. Variability in the quality and seasonal availability of food were judged to influence the type of life cycle.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: modeling ; growth ; tropical fishes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth parameters of the Von Bertalanffy equation have been computed by two methods for 24 populations of Tilapia in Malagasy lakes. The results obtained by the two technics are compared and the possible reasons of the observed differences are discussed.
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 276-281 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Enteromorpha ; sewage treatment ; nutrient accumulation ; growth ; effect of salinity ; light and temperature
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 321-324 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Macrocystis pyrifera ; giant kelp ; yield ; productivity ; growth ; biomass
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 383-388 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; benthic algae ; diesel oil ; growth ; recolonization
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Biomphalaria ; growth ; sexual maturity ; reproductive apparatus ; reproduction ; starvation
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    Notes: Abstract Starvation of immature snails of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and B. glabrata results in an arrest of growth and animals remain immature. Spermatogenesis is limited to spermatogonia (B.g.) or spermatocytes 1 (B.p.). The number and the size of oocytes remain inferior to that of controls. Animals show reduced genital tracts. Once feeding is restored, growth is resumed but wet weight and shell diameter do not reach the same level as in controls. Fecundity and gametogenesis do not differ from that in controls. Genital tracts weight is proportional to body weight.
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    Hydrobiologia 110 (1984), S. 273-279 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Sudan ; Alestes ; growth ; feeding ; Nile
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The food, feeding habits and growth of 0+ Alestes nurse (Rüppel) from the Blue Nile near Khartoum, was investigated. 0+ A. nurse were observed to change their food from phytoplankton and small zooplankton during their pre-metamorphosis stages, to larger zooplankton (Daphnia spp., Chydorus sp.) and insects (larvae, pupae and imagines) during their post-metamorphosis stage. Their growth in length and weight was characterized by two distinct stanzas; during the first stanza, the fish increased in total length at a rate of 0.196 mm mm−1 wk−1, and in wet weight at a rate of 0.430 g g−1 wk−1. These rates were reduced during the second stanza to 0.046 mm mm−1 and 0.080 g g−1 wk−1, respectively. The calculated value of the exponent b in their length-weight relationship suggested that their growth was allometric.
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    Hydrobiologia 110 (1984), S. 295-304 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Sudan ; Clarias ; breeding ; maturation ; hormones ; growth ; cultivation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The seasonal abundance, population structure, reproduction, feeding, respiratory adaptations and tolerance were studied in the catfish Clarias lazera (Cuv. & Val.) in the reservoir of Jebel Aulia on the White Nile, and in the Green-Belt canals near Khartoum. Continuous monitoring of the ripe, spent and spawning females and immature fish in the population revealed that C. lazera breed synchronously in the autumn in the reservoir and rather sporadically in the canals. Medium-sized females were more fecund than old and young females. Administration of pituitary extract enhanced maturation, induced spawning in mature fish, stimulated body growth, especially in maturing specimens, and produced, as a side-effect, a diuretic response. Mature fish depended on pulmonary respiration for about 45% of the total oxygen requirement. C. lazera fed preferentially on its fry and on decayed proteinaceous food. The suitability of this species for economic cultivation is discussed.
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 105-107 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Naididae ; growth ; experimental
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The peculiarities of the growth in weight and length of Stylaria lacustris (L.) on the basis of observations in experimental vessels are considered. The growth of this species fits a parabolic curve. The equations relating weight to absolute growth rate as well as weight to duration of life are given.
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    Hydrobiologia 115 (1984), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Psammoryctides barbatus ; growth ; cocoon production
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The tubificid Psammoryctides barbatus is common in the sediments of English chalk streams. The species is primarily a spring and summer breeder with the most intense period of reproduction from April to June throughout its distribution in the river. Recruitment of juveniles takes place chiefly from June to August and most of the worms attain maturity in the following spring. In culture at 15 °C worms had attained 38 mm within 90 days of hatching and showed early signs of maturity. Growth rates and rates of cocoon production in culture are presented.
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 456-462 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; kelp ; light ; growth ; biomass production
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 471-474 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Macrocystis ; Phaeophyta ; growth ; nutrients ; composition ; morphology ; mariculture
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    Hydrobiologia 116-117 (1984), S. 547-550 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Sargassum ; alginate ; growth ; seasonality ; fertility ; yield
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    Hydrobiologia 119 (1984), S. 65-72 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: life-history ; production ; growth ; Chironomus riparius ; Glyptotendipes paripes ; Chironomidae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract C. riparius and G. paripes exhibited univoltine life-cycles in Stephenson Pond; pupation, emergence and oviposition occurred mainly during May, and both species overwintered as mature fourth instar larvae. The marjority of larval growth for both species took place during the fourth instar stage (August–October), and growth and production were very low during late May to mid July when only young instars were present. Low production occurred during an interval when sestonic chlorophyll a concentration was very low, and the high production period corresponded to the Aphanizomenon bloom (August) and the autumn diatom pulse. None of the growth and production parameters investigated were correlated with temperature at the mud-water interface. Tube structure and behavior of the larvae indicate that G. paripes larvae are filter-feeders, whereas, C. riparius larvae are deposit-feeders.
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    Hydrobiologia 118 (1984), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: meiofauna ; Harpacticoida ; eutrophication ; stability ; colonisation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The harpacticoid fauna of a sandy sediment in the Sluice Dock of Ostend, Belgium, was dominated by a single species, Canuella perplexa, that attained an average annual density of over 400 ind. 10 cm−2 in 1976 and 1977, whereas other species had a total mean density of less than 10 ind. 10 cm−2. In the summer of 1979 a dystrophic crisis with abundant growth of Ulva occurred and in March 1980 the lagoon was drained. After refilling of the lagoon, the sediment was immediately colonized by good swimming harpacticoids, that attained densities of 200 ind. 10 cm−2. Three months after refilling Canuella perplexa reappeared and the system returned to its original state within one month.
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    Hydrobiologia 110 (1984), S. 99-108 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Sudan ; water hyacinth ; nutrients ; P, N, Fe ; growth ; White Nile
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The possibility that the stunted growth of the water hyacinth in Bahr el Ghazal river in Sudan is influenced by nutrient elements is considered. Greenhouse experiments were carried out to determine the effects of deficiency and mineral nutrient additions on the growth of this plant. The water hyacinth was found to grow at a wide range of nutrient levels. Maximum growth was recorded at 21 mg l−1 N, 62 mg l−1 P, and 0.60 mg l−1 Fe.
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    Mathematical methods of operations research 28 (1984), S. 193-260 
    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Keywords: Analytic behaviour of strategies ; continuous strategies ; ES strategies ; MES strategies ; machine idleness ; monotonicity behaviour ; optimal strategies ; preselectivity ; regular measure of performance ; scheduling problems ; stability ; stochastic dynamic optimization ; stochastically ordered distributions ; stochastic scheduling
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper contains an introduction to recent developments in the theory of non-preemptive stochastic scheduling problems. The topics covered are: arbitrary joint distributions of activity durations, arbitrary regular measures of performance and arbitrary precedence and resource constraints. The possible instability of the problem is demonstrated and hints are given on stable classes of strategies available, including the combinatorial vs. analytical characterization of such classes. Given this background, the main emphasis of the paper is on the monotonicity behaviour of the model and on the existence of optimal strategies. Existing results are presented and generalized, in particular w.r.t. the cases of lower semicontinuous performance measures or joint duration distributions having a Lebesgue density.
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 185-194 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: sugar substitutes ; D-glucose ; bioavailability ; D-glucitol (D-sorbitol) ; D-mannitol ; Palatinit® ; D-glucosyl-α(1→1)-D-mannitol ; D-glucosyl-α(1→6)-D-glucitol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Vertiefung des Verständnisses vom Stoffwechsel des Zuckeraustauschstoffes Palatinit® wurden seine zwei Bestandteile D-Glucosyl-α(1→1)-D-mannit und D-Glucosyl-α(1→6)-D-glucit [D-Glucosyl-α(1→6)-D-sorbit] nach dem Verfahren von Karimzadegan et al. auf ihre Glucose-Bioverfügbarkeit an ketotischen Ratten untersucht. Bei Umwandlungsraten in Glucose von 6 bzw. 20 % für Mannit und Glucit (Sorbit) sowie von 39 bzw. 42% für Glucosylmannit und Glucosylglucit erhält demnach der metabolische Glucose-Pool nicht das volle Glucose-Äquivalent aus diesen Verbindungen. Von dem Anteil an präformierter Glucose in den Glucosylhexiten — theoretisches Maximum 50 % — sind nur 36 % aus Glucosylmannit bzw. 32 % aus Glucosylglucit bioverfügbar. Die im Vergleich zur Theorie verminderte Bioverfügbarkeit von Glucose aus Palatinit® wird auf partiellen mikrobiellen Abbau in unteren Darmabschnitten zurückgeführt. Die an Ratten erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden auch für alle anderen Spezies gelten, welche in Caecum und/oder Colon Kohlenhydrate vergären. Die Unterschiede zwischen D-Glucosyl-α(1→1)-D-mannit und D-Glucosyl-α(1→6)-D-glucit werden durch unterschiedliche Verzögerung der Glucoseresorption im Dünndarm, wo auch D-Glucit angreift, bedingt. Die Ermittlung der Glucose-Bioverfügbarkeit gewährt weitgehende Einblicke in das Schicksal von Kohlenhydraten einschließlich der Symbiose zwischen Säugetier und Mikroorganismen im Dickdarm. Da ein ziemlich vollständiger Überblick über die metabolischen Konsequenzen nach ihrer Zufuhr erhalten wird, sollte das Verfahren zur Messung der Bioverfügbarkeit von Glucose daher bei Abschätzungen der Lebensmittelsicherheit anderer Zuckeraustauschstoffe ebenfalls angewandt werden.
    Notes: Summary For the sake of metabolic insight into the fate of the sugar substitute Palatinit®, its two components D-glucosyl-α(1→1)-D-mannitol and D-glucosyl-α(1→6)-D-glucitol [D-glucosyl-α-(1→6)-D-sorbitol] were assayed for glucose bioavailability by the procedure of Karimzadegan et al. using ketotic rats. With conversion rates into glucose of 6 and 20 %, respectively, for free mannitol and glucitol (sorbitol), 39 % for glucosylmannitol and 42 % for glucosylglucitol, the metabolic glucose pool of the rat does not receive the full carbohydrate complement of these compounds. The preformed glucose moiety of the glucosylhexitols is bioavailable by 36 and 32 %, respectively, from glucosylmannitol and glucosylglucitol, with 50 % as theoretical maximum. Less than theoretical bioavailability of glucose from Palatinit® is ascribed to microbial attack in the hindgut. The data on rats are held valid also for other species demonstrating carbohydrate fermentation in the caecum and/or colon. Differences between D-glucosyl-α(1→1)-D-mannitol and D-glucosyl-α(1→6)-D-glucitol are caused by a differential delay of glucose absorption in the small intestine, also exerted by D-glucitol. The deep metabolic insight offered by the glucose bioavailability assay into the fate of carbohydrates includes the mammal-microbial symbiosis in the large bowel. Since a rather complete survey of the metabolic consequences after their intake can be obtained, the assay system should be generally applied in assessments of food safety also of other sugar substitutes.
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    Rheologica acta 22 (1983), S. 284-290 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Viscometric flow ; stability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines three-dimensional disturbances of a plane steady shear flow of simple fluids with short memory. Under the assumption of nearly-viscometric flow, constitutive equations are derived and then a general form of the Reynolds-Orr energy equation is obtained. With the aid of this derived energy formula, sufficient conditions are generated for the stability of three-dimensional disturbances of the planar viscometric flow. These conditions are analysed and a comparison is made with the corresponding two-dimensional stability problem. There is a strong indication that the basic flow is less stable against three-dimensional disturbances than against two-dimensional ones.
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    Computing 31 (1983), S. 261-267 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65M10 ; Dispersive equation ; finite difference ; stability
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dieser Artikel beinhaltet eine Zusammenstellung von Differenzenverfahren für die Dispersionsgleichungu 1=au xxx. Es werden Kriterien zur Herleitung von Stabilitätsbedingungen für Differenzenverfahren angegeben und auf die angegebenen Differenzenverfahren angewendet.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a table of difference schemes for the dispersive equationu i=au xxx is presented. A collection of criterions for deriving stability conditions of difference schemes is given and applied to these difference schemes.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: growth ; differentiation ; mammary epithelium ; collagen gel
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mammary glands are enzymatically dissociated and the resulting tissue digest enriched for epithelial cells by isopycnic banding on a density gradient of Percoll. The cells are embedded within a rat tail collagen gel matrix and fed with the appropriate medium. Growth and differentiation are superior in such a system when compared to culture on plastic, using identical media.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 127-136 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: statistical analysis ; nonparametric statistical methods ; bioavailability ; confidence interval ; ANOVA
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary For a two-way cross-over design, which appears to be the most common experimental design in bioavailability studies, 95%-confidence limits for expected bioavailability can be obtained by classical analysis of variance (ANOVA). If symmetry of the confidence interval is desired about zero (differences) or unity (ratios) rather than about the corresponding point estimator, Westlake's modification can be used. Two nonparametric methods and their adaptations to bioavailability ratios are reviewed, one based on Wilcoxon's signed rank test (Tukey), and the other on Pitman's permutation test. The necessary assumptions and the merits of these procedures are discussed. The methods are illustrated by an example of a comparative bioavailability study. A FORTRAN program facilitating the procedures is available from the authors upon request.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 791-796 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: furosemide ; bioavailability ; diuretic effect ; urine sodium ; urine potassium ; power of ANOVA ; tablet formulations ; urinary flow rate ; normal volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relative bioavailability and diuretic effect of 2 commercially available tablet preparations of furosemide 40 mg was examined in 10 healthy male volunteers. A close linear relationship between the urinary excretion rate of furosemide and the rate of sodium ion excretion in urine and/or flow rate of urine was demonstrated. There were no significant differences in the urinary excretion of furosemide, sodium and potassium ions or urinary volume following the oral doses. The difference in drug content affected the urinary recovery of furosemide over 24 h but had no effect on the pharmacological response. The analytical power of ANOVA using the various parameters of the responses to furosemide was no lower than when the parameters of urinary excretion of furosemide were used.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 237-241 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: triamterene ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics ; metabolism ; hydroxy triamterene sulphate ; urinary excretion ; i.v. administration ; first-pass-effect
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With a new formulation, which made intravenous infusion of triamterene (TA) possible, plasma levels and urinary excretion rates of TA and its main metabolite (OH-TA-ester) were measured in a randomized, cross-over trial in 6 healthy volunteers given triamterene 10 mg i.v. and 50 mg p.o. TA and OH-TA-ester were determined by densitometric measurement of native fluorescence after thin layer chromatography. Distribution volumes of the central compartment of TA and OH-TA-ester were 1.49 l/kg and 0.11 l/kg, respectively. Terminal half-lives were 255 min for TA and 188 min for OH-TA-ester after i.v. administration. For TA total plasma clearance was 4.5 l/min and renal plasma clearance 0.22 l/kg. The formation of OH-TA-ester was very rapid and the concentration of the metabolite exceeded that of TA at all times. After i.v. administration the urinary recovery of TA and OH-TA-ester was 4.4% and 50.9%, respectively. The bioavailability of TA was 52%, corresponding to absorption of 83%. TA is partly eliminated by a first-pass-effect. The main metabolite of TA is OH-TA-ester, which is pharmacologically active.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 449-453 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: canrenone ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma level ; bioavailability ; urinary excretion ; spironolactone
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five healthy male volunteers received canrenoate-K 200 mg (Sincomen® pro injectione) by intravenous injection and one week later spironolactone 200 mg (Sincomen®-100) orally. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of unchanged canrenone were determined up to 24 h by a specific HPLC method. Following intravenous administration, the maximum plasma level of 2066±876 ng/ml was found after 29±15 min and thereafter the concentration declined with a half-life of 3.7±1.2 h. Total clearance was 4.2±1.7 ml/min·kg. After oral ingestion, the maximum concentration of 177±33 ng/ml was observed at 4.4±0.9 h. The absolute bioavailability of canrenone was 25±9%. Within 24 h, respectively 0.4 and 0.6 mg, canrenone were excreted by the kidney after intravenous and oral administration. The half-life of elimination was 4.9±1.8 h (i.v.) and 3.9±1.2 h (p.o.).
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 103-108 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: dexamethasone ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics ; ‘first-pass’ effect ; pre-systemic elimination
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics and oral biovailability of dexamethasone were studied in 6 patients with neurological disease being treated with high dosages of the drug. A specific high performance liquid chromatographic assay was used to measure dexamethasone concentrations. Unlike the previously published mean figure of 0.78 for the oral bioavailability of the drug given in single doses to healthy volunteers, the mean bioavailability of dexamethasone in the patients studied was 0.53±SD 0.40. It appeared more likely that this incomplete bioavailability was due to presystemic elimination than to poor absorption. The intravenous clearance of the drug was relatively high (0.4902±SD 2291 l kg−1, approximately 65% of expected hepatic plasma flow), the oral clearance higher (2.5804±SD 3.2181 l kg−1 h−1) while the absorption rate constant (4.8729±8.4998 h−1), suggested rapid absorption after oral administration. Prior phenytoin and possibly prior dexamethasone therapy is likely to have contributed to the higher clearance values of the drug in these patients than the values reported in healthy volunteers after single dose studies.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: oxmetidine ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; plasma half-life ; clearance ; oral dose ; i.v. dose
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma concentration curves and urinary excretion of oxmetidine after administration of single i.v. (100 mg) and oral (200 mg) doses have been studied in 11 patients with peptic ulcer disease. The mean bioavailability of the drug was 70% (range 53–91%). After intravenous administration, the mean plasmat 1/2β was 3.0 h, the mean apparent volume of distribution 0.7 l/kg, the mean total plasma clearance 12.3 l/h and the mean plasma renal clearance was 0.7 l/h. Following intravenous and oral administration an average of 6% and 3%, respectively, of unchanged drug was found in the urine. The plasma concentration curve after oral administration in most patients exhibited two maxima, with peak concentrations appearing between 45 and 210 min after dosing.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 689-693 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: amiodarone ; bioavailability ; calculation ; linear pharmacokinetics ; absorption
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Methods for estimating the bioavailability of drugs with long elimination half-lives are examined. Provided both absorption and disposition are linear a simple linear regression method is developed which can be used to calculate bioavailability in situations where only an incomplete estimate of the area under the curve (AUC) is available. The regression method and the traditional method of comparing the AUC following an oral dose to the AUC following an i.v. dose were applied to simulated data. It was found that the AUC ratio method works well as long as absorption is complete within the time over which the AUC is computed. The regression method is less precise than the AUC ratio method but is more accurate for drugs with long absorption half-lives. When applied to published data on a beta blocker the two methods produced comparable results. The bioavailability of amiodarone in three human subjects was calculated to be 0.20, 0.44 and 0.98 using the regression method with similar results from the ratio method. It is not possible to estimate the clearance of amiodarone from single dose data.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: chlorambucil ; prednimustine ; plasma concentrations ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of chlorambucil has been investigated in a cross over study after oral administration of the free drug (10 mg) and its prednisolone ester (prednimustine, 100 mg). The bioavailability of chlorambucil was about five times lower when given as prednimustine as compared to administration of the free drug. The peak plasma concentration was about twice as high and it was obtained more rapidly when the free drug was given. No intact prednimustine could be detected in plasma.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 563-568 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: indomethacin ; multi-dose kinetics ; controlled release formulation ; capsule formulation ; bioavailability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of a controlled release (CR) formulation of indomethacin 75 mg (Indocid-Retard®) given once daily was compared with a conventional 25 mg indomethacin capsule (Indocid®) given 3 times daily for 7 days, to 14 healthy volunteers, using a randomized, cross-over, multiple-dose study design. The following differences in plasma indomethacin profiles after the 2 treatments were observed: average peak concentrations (Cmax) for the CR regimen were higher and the time to peak (Tmax) was significantly delayed. Trough (pre-morning dose) plasma concentrations (Cmin) on Days 2, 5, 6 and 7 were significantly lower after the CR-formulation. No statistically significant differences between preparations for area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC0–24h) or for renal clearance were observed. Average steady-state plasma concentrations (C p ss ) on Day 7 of the multiple dose regimens averaged 0.477 and 0.427 µg/ml for the 75 mg CR once daily and the conventional 25 mg t.i.d. treatments, respectively. These results show that the bioavailability of the CR and conventional indomethacin formulations under these multiple-dose conditions was not significantly different.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 537-542 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: morphine ; analgesic activity ; tablets solution ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; pain score ; dose-response relationship ; chronic pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The steady-state kinetics of morphine given as tablets and solution were compared in 7 cancer patients with chronic pain. There was no accumulation of morphine (20–40 mg) when repeatedly administered every 4 to 6 h. The mean steady-state concentration of morphine during the dose interval varied between 5.9 and 68.4 ng/ml (20.7–240 nmol/l), and was linearly related to the daily dose of morphine. There were no significant differences between the tablets and the solution of morphine with regard to relative oral bioavailability or peak concentration. The time-to-maximum plasma concentrations was significantly longer for the tablets. The pain score profile, assessed by a visual analogue scale during a dose interval, showed a similar pattern after the two oral formulations of morphine. No significant linear relationship between the scores and the plasma concentrations of morphine was observed.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metoprolol ; bioavailability ; young ; elderly ; metoclopramide ; probanthine ; gut motility
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The bioavailability of metoprolol was studied in eight healthy young and seven healthy elderly volunteers. Large interindividual differences in the bioavailability of metoprolol were observed in both groups. However, there was no significant difference in AUC, peak plasma concentration or elimination half-life between young and elderly, but time to peak concentration was significantly longer in the elderly. Pretreatment with metoclopramide had no effect on AUC but caused significant increases in peak concentration and decreases in time to peak concentration in both groups. Probanthine pretreatment (only to the young) resulted in a significant decrease in peak concentration of metoprolol and a significant increase in time to peak concentration but had no effect on the AUC. These results suggest that alterations in gastric emptying and gut motility due to ageing or other drugs have no effect on the overall availability of metoprolol to the systemic circulation but may have significant effects on the time to peak plasma concentration and peak concentration achieved after a single oral dose.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 419-424 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: dihydrocodeine ; pharmacokinetics ; acid metabolites ; radioimmunoassay ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum concentrations of dihydrocodeine and its acid metabolites have been determined in seven human volunteers (6 male) who received the drug orally (30 mg and 60 mg) and intravenously (30 mg) on separate occasions, and in twenty-four patients (12 male) receiving 25 mg or 50 mg of the drug intravenously. The concentrations were estimated by radioimmunoassay on reconstituted extracts from serum after an extraction process which effectively separates dihydrocodeine from its polar acidic metabolites. The intravenous data show that dihydrocodeine kinetics followed a two-compartment distribution model. The concentration curves after oral administration indicated relatively rapid absorption with mean peak concentrations at 1.6h–1.8h. The mean half-lives varied between 3.3h–4.5h. From the AUC, the mean bioavailability of orally administered drug was 21% (range 12–34%). The peak levels of the acidic metabolites occurred between 1.8h–2.0h after oral administration and 2.2h–2.5h after i.v. administration, and they were significantly greater after oral administration. The low bioavailability of dihydrocodeine, together with the earlier and higher plasma levels of the acid metabolites after oral administration is suggestive of substantial first-pass metabolism.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 467-473 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hydralazine ; heart failure ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; metabolism ; hypertension ; dapsone ; acetylator phenotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of various disease states, other than hypertension, on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of hydralazine is not completely known. In the present study the pharmacokinetics of oral hydralazine has been evaluated in 7 patients with severe, chronic heart failure, using 8 compensated hypertensives as controls. The pharmacokinetics was evaluated by measuring the plasma concentrations of hydralazine (“apparent” and “real” hydralazine) and hydralazine pyruvate hydrazone, and by assessing acetylator phenotype after a small dose of dapsone. The AUC (area under the plasma concentration curve) following a single, oral 50 mg dose was significantly larger in patients with chronic heart failure NYHA Class III–IV than in patients with essential hypertension without cardiac decompensation. A decreased rate of hepatic elimination of hydralazine is suggested as a major contributory factor to this finding.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 553-556 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Endralazine ; pharmacokinetic ; acetylator phenotype ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Endralazine (E), a new hydralazine-like antihypertensive was given intravenously (0.05 mg/kg) to 10 normal volunteers (5 slow and 5 fast acetylators). Plasma levels were fitted to a 3 compartment model and pharmacokinetic parameters (area under curve [AUC 0 ∞ ], clearance, volume of distribution, half-lives) obtained in the usual way. Bioavailabilities of 5 and 10 mg oral doses of E were determined from the AUC 0 ∞ generated in a previous study of oral E given to the same subjects. E had high system bioavailability (73.5–99.1%) suggesting that it was almost completely absorbed without undergoing appreciable first-pass metabolism. Furthermore, dose size and acetylator phenotype did not significantly affect the bioavailability of E. This behaviour contrasts with that of hydralazine where systemic bioavailability was 〈40%, and 2 to 3 times higher in slow acetylators than in fast acetylators. It is concluded that the bioavailability of E is high and not influenced by acetylator phenotype; these properties suggest some clinical advantages for the drug.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: theophylline ; asthma ; children ; sustained-release ; diurnal ; absorption ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absolute oral bioavailability of a sustained release theophylline tablet (Nuelin-SR250), given 12 hourly was determined in 14 asthmatic children aged 5 to 13 years. In 4 of the patients, mean bioavailability of the fourth dose was 38.9±8.4% and that of the sixth dose was 67.9±25.9% (p〈0.05) in the other ten patients. This suggests steady-state had not been achieved after four doses. In the initial study with 9 patients, a significant diurnal variation in predose plasma theophylline concentrations was observed, as the mean morning predose concentrations were 2.9 fold greater than the mean evening predose concentrations (p〈0.005). Dual peak plasma concentrations occurred in 5 out of the 9 patients. The mechanism of this diurnal variation was investigated in a further 5 asthmatic children (10.8 years ±1.6). Morning and night steady-state plasma theophylline concentrations during a continuous intravenous infusion of aminophylline were not different (14.9±5.3 mg/l vs. 15.6±5.9 mg/l), demonstrating that there was no diurnal variation in the plasma clearance of theophylline. The diurnal variation in predose concentrations with Neulin-SR250 was confirmed with the morning concentrations again being 2.6 fold greater than those in the evening. However, bioavailability was not significantly different for day (09.00–21.00) and night (21.00–09.00) dosing intervals after doses 6 and 7 respectively of Nuelin-SR250. The plasma concentration versus time profiles suggested that the diurnal variation in predose concentrations was due to slower absorption of the evening dose.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 509-515 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cibenzoline ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; urinary excretion ; antiarrhythmic drug ; healthy volunteers
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of cibenzoline (UP 339.01), a new antiarrhythmic drug, was studied after i.v. and oral administration to 5 healthy subjects. Cibenzoline levels in plasma and urine cibenzoline were measured by a GLC method. After i.v. administration, the total clearance was 826 ml · min−1. The fraction of cibenzoline excreted unchanged in the urine was 0.602 and it was correlated with the creatinine clearance. After i.v. and oral administration, the renal clearances were 499 ml · min−1 and 439 ml · min−1, and the half-lives were 4 h 01 min and 3 h 24 min, respectively. The differences were not significant. Availability by the oral route was 0.92, the maximum plasma concentration being observed at 1 h 36 min. The results were compared with those for other antiarrhythmic drugs.
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  • 76
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 281-283 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: dyphylline ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; drug levels
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of 3 oral dyphylline preparations, solution (S), regular (R) and sustained release (SR), were studied in 8 healthy subjects (mean age 25 years). A single dose of each preparation, 20 mg·kg−1, was given at one week intervals and multiple serum samples obtained over 24 h. Drug levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. No adverse effects were found. The dyphylline half-life for the solution was 2.16±0.18 h and for the tablet 2.59±0.56 h. The mean clearance rate for S was 13.6±1.7 h−1 and volume of distribution 43.0±3.91. Peak concentration (Cmax, µg·ml−1), time of peak (Tmax, h), area under the curve (AUC, µg·ml−1·h) and relative bioavailability (RB, %), were determined for three preparations: The data confirm the short half-life of dyphylline, demonstrate a lack of toxicity for the 20 mg·kg−1 dose and establish bioequivalence for the products studied.
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  • 77
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 357-359 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pindolol ; bioavailability ; fluorimetric assay ; GLC-ECD assay
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absolute oral bioavailability of pindolol has been estimated by two analytical methods, fluorimetry and GLC-ECD. The study was carried out in six healthy subjects who received either i.v. or oral pindolol in random order. The results obtained by both methods were similar and confirm the high bioavailability (about 75%) of pindolol. The present findings are compared with previous publications and emphasize the importance of undertaking bioavailability studies in the same subjects.
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  • 78
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 21-30 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: clonidine ; bioavailability ; blood pressure ; elimination half-life ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma catecholamines ; rebound phenomenon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using considerably improved analytical methods, the kinetics and effects of clonidine were observed in healthy volunteers over periods of time more than 3 times longer than those previously reported. The high sensitivity and small work load of the newly developed method permitted the performance of low-dose and multipledose trials. 1. The complete bioavailability of clonidine and its elimination half-life (20 to 25.5 h) remained constant after single and multiple doses. 2. Approximately 62% of a given dose was excreted unchanged in the urine, independent of the quantity administered (0.075, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 or 0.3 mg), the drug formulation (solution, tablet, Perlonget) or of the mode of administration (i.v., p.o.; single or multiple doses). 3. As the pharmacokinetics of the drug were affected by entero-hepatic circulation, it cannot be described by a conventional, open one or two compartment model. 4. The time courses of the plasma clonidine concentration and its drug effects ran asynchronously. 5. On cessation of chronic clonidine administration, blood pressure and plasma catecholamine levels increased to pretreatment levels without exhibiting any “overshoot” reaction.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: theophylline ; smoking ; sustained release formulation ; dosage forms ; multidose pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; circadian variation in kinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of theophylline following 10 days of multiple doses of a plain uncoated (640 mg, q.i.d.) and a sustained-release tablet formulation (600 mg, b.i.d.) were related to habitual smoking in 11 healthy adult male volunteers, who had previously taken part in a single-dose study of an intravenous preparation of theophylline and of the same oral dosage form. There were significant differences (p〈0.05 to 0.01) in the steady-state mean and minimum theophylline concentration and AUC between the groups (6 smokers versus 5 nonsmokers), but not between other variables. A difference (p〈0.05) in peak time was also found between the dosage forms. The mean elimination t1/2 was significantly (p〈0.05) shorter in smokers than in nonsmokers. The intersubject variability in plasma theophylline concentration observed on the final trial day in the smoking group was larger and diverged more from simulation curves generated from the mean pharmacokinetic parameters of the single-dose study of the same formulations as compared to that of the nonsmoking group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the mean accumulation ratio and absolute bioavailability of the two dosage forms. The mean morning (7 a.m.) trough theophylline concentrations after both formulations were significantly (p〈0.05 to 0.01) greater than the evening (7 p.m.) values within the same group. The average number of reported side-effects was significantly (p〈0.001) greater during the earlier period (Days 1 to 3) than the later period of the trial. A trend was observed suggesting that the incidence of side-effects was less in smokers than in nonsmokers. The results indicate that smoking is a determinant not only of enhanced elimination of theophylline but that it also produces more variability in the plasma level, irrespective of the dosage form administered or the dosing scheme employed. There may be circadian variation in theophylline kinetics.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 415-419 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prednisolone ; bioavailability ; non-linear pharmacokinetics ; protein binding
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of prednisolone after oral and intravenous administration of 10 and 20 mg have been studied. Serum protein binding of prednisolone was also measured after the i.v. injections. The bioavailability after oral administration was 84.5% after 10 mg and 77.6% after 20 mg (p〉0.05). Dose dependent pharmacokinetics were found, the VDss and Clt being significantly larger (p〈0.01) after 20 mg i.v. than after 10 mg i.v. The protein binding of prednisolone in all subjects was non-linear, and is the most likely cause of the dose dependent pharmacokinetics, as there was no dose dependent variation in elimination half-time.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ranitidine ; duodenal ulceration ; pharmacokinetics ; non-responders ; therapeutic response ; bioavailability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of orally administered ranitidine were studied in 17 male patients with chronic duodenal ulceration. The patients were divided into 2 groups, 10 responders and 7 nonresponders, on the basis of their endoscopic response to ranitidine treatment. The 10 responders were studied both after a single 150 mg dose (SD) and after multiple dosing (MD) with ranitidine 150 mg twice daily for 4 weeks. The area under the curve (AUC) and maximum concentration (Cmax) were significantly higher (p〈0.01 andp〈0.05, respectively) after MD than after SD, but the half-life (t1/2) and minimum concentration (Cmin) 12 h postdosing did not differ. The non-responders were studied after MD only and their pharmacokinetic characteristics were compared with those of responders. No differences between the 2 groups were found. However, 2 non-responders had particularly low plasma ranitidine levels and high acid output. Such patients may need larger doses of ranitidine for adequate suppression of gastric acid. Five patients (4 responders and 1 non-responder) received ranitidine 20 mg i.v. The drug followed a two-compartment model, with mean values for t1/2β, volume of distribution steady-state and total plasma clearance of 80 min, 701 and 680 ml/min, respectively. The oral bioavailability of ranitidine in these 5 patients showed wide variation (27–76%; mean 51%).
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 761-767 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: theophylline ; bioavailability ; sustained release tablet ; pharmacokinetics ; Theograd-250
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The bioavailability of theophylline after oral administration of a new sustained release tablet Theograd®-250 mg was studied in 7 healthy volunteers, under fasting and non-fasting conditions. Whilst fasting the bioavailability was moderate at 64±22% (mean±SD), whereas in the non-fasting state the relatively high bioavailability of 90±13% was found. The drug appeared to be significantly more slowly absorbed when a tablet was taken after a meal, than when it was ingested on an empty stomach. In the former case, the peak level was reached after 6.9±1.0 h, whereas in the fasting state the maximum serum concentration occurred 4.0±1.7 h after administration of the drug. Despite the slow absorption, the peak non-fasting level of 4.4±1.4 mg·l−1 was significantly higher than the 3.1±1.0 mg·l−1 observed in the fasting state. The profiles of the serum concentration-time curves showed that the concentration remained above 75% of Cmax for 8.7±1.3 h in the fasting and 9.0±1.1 h in the non-fasting state. It was concluded that to define the optimal dosage regime for sustained release oral dosage forms of theophylline, the influence of food on absorption from these preparations should be taken into account. Based on the present results, Theograd®-250 mg tablets have predictable absorption and a high (90%) bioavailability if taken after a meal.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 25 (1983), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: levodopa ; intestinal absorption ; small intestine ; bioavailability ; benserazide ; presystemic clearance
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In four healthy subjects the intestinal absorption of levodopa (l-dopa) was investigated by measuring the plasma concentration of the amino acid following the administration of l-dopa at three different sites in the small intestine. In order to minimize presystemic clearance of l-dopa, the subjects were pretreated with the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor benserazide 3×50 mg every 8 h on the previous day and 1×50 mg 2 h prior to administration of the l-dopa. L-dopa 100 mg dissolved in 0.05 N HCl and 50 mg benserazide dissolved in 0.05 N HCl were coadministered. Under these conditions no difference in tmax, cmax or AUC of l-dopa was observed between administration of the drug into the proximal or the distal part of duodenum, or into the upper part of jejunum. The results indicate that in healthy subjects, during inhibition of peripheral decarboxylase, the rate and extent of l-dopa absorption does not differ at any site in the upper small intestine.
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  • 84
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    International journal of parallel programming 12 (1983), S. 193-209 
    ISSN: 1573-7640
    Keywords: Database ; characteristic frequency ; aggregated model ; decomposition ; stability ; dynamic distribution
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract A time decomposition technique is suggested for large-database (DB) models. The problem of network aggregation is studied and the results used to create a meaningful decomposed model. Decomposition conditions and assumptions are discussed and illustrated by examples. A practical operating schedule is presented for the time-separated DB model. The schedule uses a sequence of decomposed models, which are to be constructed recursively. The application of the time separation technique for large-DB models is presented in the form of a closed-loop algorithm. The problem of decomposition stability with respect to variations in time constants is considered as well. Two alternative approaches to the problem are suggested. For a probabilistic approach, practical approximate formulas are obtained for subsystem time constants and recommendations are made with respect to the decomposition structure. An approximate performance analysis is done for both standard and time-decomposed models. A comparison of the results is given.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 11 (1983), S. 561-576 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: methylprednisolone ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics ; oral and parenteral administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of route of administration upon the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of methylprednisolone sodium succinate. Fourteen healthy adult male volunteers received 40 mg doses of methylprednisolone as the following treatments after an overnight fast in a 4-way crossover design: (a) as a 1 ml i.v. bolus;(b) as a 1 ml i.m. injection;(c) administered as an oral solution;and (d) as 5×8 mg oral tablets. Both the ester and free methylprednisolone were determined in plasma and urine. Study results indicate that the ester is rapidly and extensively converted to free methylprednisolone after all routes. The extent of methylprednisolone absorption was equivalent after i.v. and i.m. administration. Both orally administered treatments resulted in a lower extent of absorption attributed to a first-pass effect. Although a slightly lower extent of absorption was demonstrated following the oral administration of the methylprednisolone sodium succinate solution relative to the methylprednisolone oral tablets, this average difference of 9% would probably be of minimal therapeutic importance.
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  • 86
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 11 (1983), S. 5-30 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: furazlocillin acylureido penicillin ; stability ; microbiological ; high pressure liquid chromatography assays ; red cell partitioning ; plasma protein binding ; healthy humans ; posture independent ; dose dependent pharmacokinetics of disposition ; pharmacokinetics of the penicilloic acid derivative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of the novel acylureidopenicillin furazlocillin, 6-[D-2-(3-furfurylidenamino-2-oxo-imidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-acetamido]-penicillanic acid and of its penicilloic acid derivative were investigated in five healthy male volunteers after intravenous administration of 2 and 4 g dosages. The volunteers were either in a lying or sitting position throughout the duration of the studies. The concentrations of the drug in plasma and urine were measured by two different methods in parallel: a microbiological assay and a newly developed high pressure liquid chromatography method. The latter method was also applicable for quantitation of the penicilloic acid derivative in these biological fluids. The drug's plasma protein binding (66%) and apparent red cell-plasma partition coefficient (0.055) were concentration independent. The pharmacokinetics of the drug were first order only at the lower dose level The apparent half lives of three distinguishable phases were, respectively, 4 $$(t_{1/2_1 } )$$ , 18 $$(t_{1/2_2 } )$$ , and 64 $$(t_{1/2_z } )$$ .
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 11 (1983), S. 205-214 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: bioavailability ; clearance ; V area ; V ss
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The limitations of using estimates of extent of bioavailability (F) based on the assumption that either clearance (CL) or Varea remain, constant are discussed in relation to the situation where CL changes between doses. When estimates of F assume CL to remain constant, the entent of the error is the same for all drugs where the percentage change in CL is the same. Assuming Varea to remain constant, the error in F will vary between drugs for similar percentage changes in CL and is related to the extent to which the kinetics of the disposition process deviate from a one compartment body model. A noncompartmental method is described where, provided the reference dose is given intravenously, F can be estimated based on the assumption that Vss remains constant between doses. This method is more accurate than those based on the assumption that either CL or Varea remain, constant when CL changes between doses, but is subject to error when the terminal loglinear slope of Cp vs. time better reflects the process of absorption rather than elimination.
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 11 (1983), S. 529-545 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: bioavailability ; nitrofurantoin ; capacity-limited elimination
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of route of administration on the absolute bioavailability and GI tract absorption of nitrofurantoin was investigated in rabbits. The disposition of nitrofurantoin was described by a one-compartment model with simultaneous first-order and Michaelis-Menten type elimination kinetics, and bioavailability was estimated by nonlinear assessment. The plasma levels following oral administration were significantly lower than those after intravenous administration, and absolute Fvalues for oral administration were approximately 0.3. However, Fvalues following intraduodenal administration and portal vein infusion were nearly unity, and it was concluded that the reduction of bioavailability following oral administration could not be attributed to metabolism by intestinal microflora or to the hepatic first-pass effect. Thus, reduction of Fvalues following oral administration is probably due to gastric degradation of the drug. The effects of factors influencing bioavailability, such as water volume taken with the drug, change of gastric emptying rate and effect of particle size, were also investigated. Increase of volume of water administered tended to improve the bioavailability, and a particle size dependency was also observed.
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    Rheologica acta 22 (1983), S. 500-504 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Coal suspension ; shear dependence ; solid phase concentration ; dispersing medium ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Proper design of operations encountered in preparation, transport and employment of suspensions like coal slurries and coal-oil mixtures require an accurate knowledge of their rheological behaviour. Such concentrated suspensions generally exhibit non-Newtonian behaviour (shearthinning) which is more pronounced at higher coal concentrations. The nature of the dispersing medium influences the aggregation state of the disperse phase and, consequently, affects the stability and the rheology of the systems. In the present paper coal suspensions prepared with different dispersing media and covering a wide range in solid phase concentration are studied, by using a rotational coaxial cylinders viscometer. Different models have been taken into consideration for correlating experimental data. In particular, in order to describe the dependence of viscosity on shear rate and solid phase concentration, the suitability of the model suggested by Smith and Bruce is evaluated. Accordingly, the aggregation state of the disperse phase as well as its dependence on shear rate and dispersing medium can be estimated.
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    Human ecology 11 (1983), S. 265-281 
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: human ecology research methods ; systems analyses ; people-forest interactions ; flux ; stability ; Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program ; Kalimantan (Borneo)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Theoretically or practically significant research results concerning transitory as well as persistent phenomena can be obtained by human ecologists while avoiding commitment to long-term, expensive projects, rigid frameworks, traditional disciplinary goals, and unwarranted assumptions about the stability and purposiveness of units or systems. The procedures to be followed, as illustrated by research on people-forest interactions in East Kalimantan, involve a focus on significant human activities or people-environment interactions and the explanation of these by their placement within progressively wider or denser contexts. Guides for progressively contextualizing activities or interactions include a rationality principle, comparative knowledge of contexts, and the principle of pursuing the surprising.
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    Hydrobiologia 98 (1983), S. 125-133 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: peritrichs ; ciliates ; streams ; aufwuchs ; stability ; diversity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Artificial substrates, consisting of strips of nylon cloth, were used to sample sessile, filter-feeding ciliates at eleven stream sites. These ciliates were common (61 % of samples) and frequently abundant (mean = 95 cm−2). Populations varied widely, even within stream sites, and mean abundance was not related to subjective assessments of the sites. Permanent rural streams and streams below reservoirs, which have relatively stable flow regimes, had a peritrich fauna dominated byVorticella campanula along withCarchesium polypinum andV. striata. Urban and intermittent streams, with less stable flow regimes, showed an increasing number of peritrichs with non-contractile stalks, particularlyEpistylis plicatilis. The commonness and diversity of peritrichs was positively related to aufwuchs stability.
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    Hydrobiologia 101 (1983), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: forest water ecosystems ; perch ; growth ; forest lake ; population density ; bottom fauna ; zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth patterns and food composition of perch, Perca fluviatilis L., was studied in two small forest lake populations in southern Finland. Size and morphometry of the lakes and physical and chemical properties of water are similar. There is a clear difference in the growth rates of perch between the two lakes. The difference in growth is highly significant in all age groups. In the first lake there is a perch population of 2 000 (1750 ind · ha−1) adult fishes. In the second lake there is a small population of pike, that keeps the perch population down: 200 adult perch (530 ind · ha-1). The main food items of perch are crustacean zooplankton, Asellus aquaticus L. and Trichoptera larvae in the first lake and zooplankton, Odonata larvae, Ephemeroptera larvae and Heteroptera in the second. It is concluded that the main reason for the growth difference of studied perch populations is the different population density. There are also differences in species composition of bottom fauna of the lakes, maybe owing to the floating Sphagnum peat moss vegetation in the second lake. This can also affect the growth difference between the two populations of perch.
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    Hydrobiologia 104 (1983), S. 325-328 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; Keratella cochlearis ; growth ; size ; culture ; food algae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Keratella cochlearis (Gosse) was cultured non-axenically in Carefoot medium diluted with Erken water at 5 °C, 15 °C and 20 °C with Rhodomonas minuta (Skuja) as a food alga. The rotifer reached ca. 120 ind. ml−1, having generation times of 2–7 days, a Q10-value of ca. 2, and at the lowest temperature 〉20% longer posterior spines. When co-cultured with Chlorella sp., at 0–30 mg Ca l−1 and 1.6 meq NaHCO3 l−1 in medium L 11 at 20 °C, the maximum generation time and individual numbers were 3–4 days and up to 100 ind. ml−1, respectively. Animal numbers increased in relation to nutrient multiples, up to two multiples, of the culture medium L 16. Growth and length were reduced, although the width increased above two multiples of this culture medium. The trace metal tolerance was broad and increased additions of a metal mixture (L 11) slightly increased the length of the rotifers. No major changes in the length were observed when HCO3 or Ca were varied in the culture medium (L 11), although a decrease in the length was noted in old cultures.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 40 (1983), S. 349-378 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Convexity ; subdifferentials ; cones of directions of constancy ; equality set of constraints ; stability
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We present an algorithm which solves a convex program with faithfully convex (not necessarily differentiable) constraints. While finding a feasible starting point, the algorithm reduces the program to an equivalent program for which Slater's condition is satisfied. Included are algorithms for calculating various objects which have recently appeared in the literature. Stability of the algorithm is discussed.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 40 (1983), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Parameterized decision-making problems ; utopia point ; compromise solutions ; Hausdorff distance ; stability
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Stability is a desirable attribute of the nondominated solution in the decision-making problem with multiple noncommensurable objectives. It is assumed that the decision space is given by a system of inequalitiesG(x)≤b, b ∈ R N . In this paper, sufficient conditions are determined for a compromise solution to be stable with respect to the changes ofb.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 33 (1983), S. 279-285 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Ragi husk ; N-retention ; growth ; body composition ; feed efficiency ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of including ragi husk in the diet, at the 8 per cent level, on growth and body composition of pair-fed albino rats was studied. Even on equal food intake by both control as well as the experimental animals, the incorporation of ragi husk promoted better growth, nitrogen retention and protein efficiency ratio. Protein content of the carcass and liver of rats fed diets containing ragi husk was higher than the control group. The growth response of rats fed ragi husk appeared to increase with the content of nitrogen in the husk.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 39 (1983), S. 187-214 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Self-interest maximization ; self-interest stable solutions ; self-interest cooperative games ; self-interest noncooperative games ; monotonic games ; decomposition theory ; reframing game payoffs ; full cooperation ; targeted solutions ; Pareto optimality ; collective group interest ; stability ; structural departure ; incentives for adopting a new game ; habitual domain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Human beings have a prevailing drive to achieve their self-interest goals or equilibrium states, which may subsume their social interests. An ideal working environment or cooperative game situation would be one in which each participant or player maximizes his/her own interest while maximizing his/her contribution to the collective group interest. This paper addresses the feasibility, methods, and bounds for reframing a generaln-person game into an ideal game in which full cooperation or a targeted solution can be induced and maintained by the players' self-interest maximization. Criteria for good reframing are introduced. Monotonic games, self-interest cooperative and noncooperative games, and a decomposition theory of general games are also introduced to facilitate the study. It is shown that everyn-person game can be written as the sum of a self-interest cooperative game and a self-interest noncooperative game. Everyn-person game can be reframed so that full cooperation can be achieved by the players' self-interest maximization. Everyn-person game can be reframed so that a targeted solution can be obtained and maintained through the players' self-interest maximization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 25-36 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: iodine ; lucerne ; ryegrass ; growth ; chemical composition ; nutrient-solutions ; ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen ; acidity ; volatilization ; fertilizers ; grazing animals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of lucerne was inhibited by sodium iodide even more than that of ryegrass above a concentration equivalent to 1µg cm−3 of iodine in an applied solution. In sand-culture the extent to which the iodide depressed yield of dry matter depended on the type of nutrient-solution used to stimulate and maintain vigorous growth. In contrast, where the plants were grown in soil the depression was independent of the nutrient-solution used. This difference between solutions is a reflection of the extent to which growing plants can modify pH in the root-zone of a sandy unbuffered substrate and leads to a conclusion that acidity greatly enhances the toxic effect of the iodine. There are reasons for believing that in sunlight iodine may be lost by volatilization even from living plant-tissue. The implication of these findings is discussed in relation to using either iodized fertilizers or iodized salt-blocks in order to maintain iodine in pastoral systems at levels satisfactory for animal-health.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 343-350 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: orphenadrine ; single dose ; multiple doses ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics ; N-demethylorphenadrine ; metabolism ; dog ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma concentrations of orphenadrine were measured by a specific gaschromatographic method in 5 healthy male volunteers after a single oral dose of orphenadrine hydrochloride 100mg. The single dose pharmacokinetic profile of orphenadrine was evaluated from these data. The elimination half-life ranged from 13.2–20.1 h after the commercial tablet formulation. Plasma concentrations, determined in volunteers and patients under different conditions of repeated oral administration of the same formulation of orphenadrine hydrochloride exceeded the theoretical values, predicted from the single dose pharmacokinetics, by a factor 2 to 3. The elimination half-lives after discontinuation of treatment showed a 2 to 3-fold increase over the single dose values. This demonstrates a clear discrepancy between the multiple and single dose pharmacokinetics of orphenadrine. Experiments in dogs suggested competition for biotransformation between orphenadrine and its metabolite N-demethylorphenadrine. Product inhibition of this type could explain the observed discrepancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: indapamide ; bioavailability ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two formulations of indapamide tablets (2.5 mg) were given as a 5.0 mg dose and the subsequent blood levels were compared to those obtained after administration of a 5.0 mg solution. The study was conducted as a randomized three-way crossover design using healthy male volunteers. The drug was well tolerated by all the subjects involved. The area under the blood concentration versus time curve, extrapolated to infinity was essentially the same for all three formulations (4.2, 4.7, and 4.4 µg-h/ml). Statistical comparison of the blood levels from the two tablets showed that one tablet had a significantly greater maximum blood concentration (263 vs 231 ng/ml) and a significantly shorter time of maximum blood concentration (2.3 vs 3.5 h). Cmax (333 ng/ml) and tmax (0.7 h) values for the solution were significantly higher than either tablet. The average half-life (β-phase) for all three formulations was 15 h, while the average systemic clearance was 20 ml/min. Indapamide has a low clearance rate and there was no evidence that the drug undergoes a first-pass effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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