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  • Immunocytochemistry  (203)
  • Springer  (203)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 1985-1989  (203)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (203)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (11)
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postnatal development of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues in chickens (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Development, ontogenetic ; Immunocytochemistry ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Mucosa ; Lymphoid organs ; Domestic fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of chicken mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues of the eyes, lungs, and intestines were investigated with monoclonal antibodies specific for either all leucocytes, B lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, IgM, IgG, or IgA. Attention has been paid to the relation of lymphoid infiltrates with their surrounding mucosae, the segregation into B-cell and T-cell areas, development of germinal centers, and secretory immunoglobulins. Abudant secretory IgM and IgA was detected in the epithelium of the Harderian glands in the orbits, even though they lacked large leucocyte infiltrates with germinal centers. Lymphoid tissues in the mucosae of lungs and intestines developed separate B-cell and T-cell areas. The proventriculus, Meckel's diverticulum, and Peyer's patches generally contained germinal centers from 12 weeks of age on. Because chickens as young as 2 weeks old had germinal centers in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and cecal tonsils, these areas were probably highly stimulated by antigens. Isotype-specific monoclonal antibodies were used to detect IgM-, IgG-, and IgA-bearing follicular cells in the same germinal center.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223151
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical localisation of the hypertrehalosaemic hormone II (Cam-HrTH-II) and related peptides in the nervous system of Carausius morosus and Sarcophaga bullata (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 631-636 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect AKH/RPCH ; Neurohormones ; Cam-HrTH-II ; Lom-AKH-I ; Immunocytochemistry ; Carausius morosus, Sarcophaga bullata (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A polyclonal antiserum was prepared against an N-terminal modified Cam-HrTH-II (Leu-Asn-Phe-...), one of the members of the large AKH/RPCH peptide family, first isolated from Carausius morosus. The localisation of this peptide was performed by means of immunocytochemical methods in the brain and corpora cardiaca-corpora allata complex of the stick insect, Carausius morosus and the grey fleshfly, Sarcophaga bullata. The distribution patterns of molecules reactive to the Cam-HrTH-II and the LomAKH-I antisera in both insect species were compared. In Carausius, both antisera reacted in the same cell bodies. In Sarcophaga, some neurons were stained by both, others only by one of the two antisera. By combining two different antisera, we demonstrated that there are no Lom-AKH-I-like molecules present in Carausius and that there must occur at least three different AKH-like molecules in the brain of Sarcophaga. One is similar to Cam-HrTH-II, the second to Lom-AKH-I and the third is an AKH/RPCH-like peptide, different from Lom-AKH-I and Cam-HrTH-II.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218876
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the median protocerebrum and suboesophageal ganglion of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 1-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insect nervous system ; Protocerebrum ; Suboesophageal ganglion ; Manduca sexta (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the median protocerebrum and suboesophageal ganglion of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta were individually reconstructed. Serotonin immunoreactivity was detected in 19–20 bilaterally symmetrical pairs of interneurons in the midbrain and 10 pairs in the suboesophageal ganglion. These neurons were also immunoreactive with antisera against DOPA decarboxylase. All major neuropil regions except the protocerebral bridge are innervated by these neurons. In addition, efferent cells are serotonin-immunoreactive in the frontal ganglion (5 neurons) and the suboesophageal ganglion (2 pairs of neurons). The latter cells probably give rise to an extensive network of immunoreactive terminals on the surface of the suboesophageal ganglion and suboesophageal nerves. Most of the serotonin-immunoreactive neurons show a gradient in the intensity of immunoreactive staining, suggesting low levels of serotonin in cell bodies and dendritic arbors and highest concentrations in axonal terminals. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells often occur in pairs with similar morphological features. With one exception, all serotonin-immunoreactive neurons have bilateral projections with at least some arborizations in identical neuropil areas in both hemispheres. The morphology of several neurons suggests that they are part of neuronal feedback circuits. The similarity in the arborization patterns of serotonin-immunoreactive neurons raises the possibility that their outgrowing neurites experienced similar forces during embryonic development. The morphological similarities further suggest that serotonin-immunoreactive interneurons in the midbrain and suboesophageal ganglion share physiological characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223139
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the suboesophageal ganglion of the caterpillar of the hawk moth Manduca sexta (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Subesophageal ganglion ; Neurohemal organs ; Manduca sexta (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin-immunoreactivity is mapped in wholemounts and slices of the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG) of larval Manduca sexta by means of immunocytochemistry. An extensive meshwork of serotonin-immunoreactive nerve fibres on some peripheral nerves of the SOG has been demonstrated. This meshwork appears to belong to a serotonergic neurohemal system, probably supplied by two pairs of bilateral serotonin-immunoreactive neurons with big cell bodies on the dorsal side near the midline in the mandibular neuromere. Intracellular recording and staining revealed their physiology and morphology. These neurons produce long lasting (50 msec) action potentials, which suggest that they are neurosecretory cells. Two pairs of bilateral serotonin-immunoreactive interneurons similar to those of other insects are stained in the labial and maxillar neuromeres, but not in the mandibular neuromere. Their ventrolaterally located cell bodies project through a ventral commissure into the contralateral hemiganglion and then cross back again through a dorsal commissure. The axons project into the contralateral circumoesophageal connective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223149
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cross-reactivity of an antiserum to the α-subunit of the Na+, K+-ATPase of toad (Bufo marinus) kidney with basal and apical membranes of transporting epithelia of the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 137-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Na+, K+-ATPase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Kidney ; Salivary glands ; Transport ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antibody to the 96 kD α-subunit of the Na+, K+ -ATPase from Bufo marinus has been used in immunostaining rat kidney and salivary glands. Intense staining was observed on basolateral membranes of distal tubules of the kidney and striated ducts of the three major salivary glands. Less intense staining was seen on the basolateral membranes of parotid acinar cells, but no staining was seen on the acinar cells of submandibular or sublingual glands. These sites of staining have been shown, by other methods, to posses substantial Na+, K+ -ATPase, indicating that the antibody recognizes antigenic determinants of the sodium pump highly conserved in the course of evolution. In addition, staining with this antibody was observed at the apical region of cells of the proximal straight tubule and of the papillary collecting duct in the kidney. Absorption studies suggest that the apical antigenic determinants are the same or closely related to each other but are distinct from basolateral antigenic determinants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223153
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and functional significance of Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7- and Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-like peptides in the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 147-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 ; Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Co-existence of peptides ; Neurosecretory cells, insects ; Blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neuronal pathways immunoreactive to antisera against the extended-enkephalins, Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 (Met-7) and Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (Met-8), have been identified in the brain of the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria. Co-localisation with other enkephalins in certain neurons suggests that a precursor similar to preproenkephalin A exists in insects and that differential enzymatic processing occurs as in vertebrates. Co-localisations of the extended-enkephalin-like peptides with other vertebrate-type peptides, including cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide, also occur. The enkephalinergic pathways are specific, comprising a few groups of highly characteristic neurons and areas of neuropil. Of special interest is the finding that parts of the antennal chemosensory and the optic lobe visual systems contain Met-8 immunoreactive neurons. Within the median neurosecretory cell groups, some of the giant neurons show immunoreactivity to Met-8 and others to both Met-8 and Met-7. Fibres from these cells project to the corpus cardiacum and also to the suboesophageal ganglion, where arborisations occur in the tritocerebral neuropil. Co-localisation studies of these cells have shown that at certain terminals, one particular type of peptide is the dominant neuroregulator, whilst at other terminals, within the same cell, a different co-synthesised peptide predominates. Several groups of lateral neurosecretory cells show clearly defined enkephalinergic pathways, most of which have connections with the central body. The complex patterns of immunoreactivity seen in terminals in the different parts of the central body, suggest an important role for the enkephalin-like peptides in the integration of multimodal sensory inputs. The physiological functions of the extended-enkephalin-like peptides in the brain of Calliphora is still unknown, but the anatomical evidence suggests they may have a role similar to that in mammals, where they are thought to control aspects of feeding behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223154
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry of endocrine cells in the midgut of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 577-583 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gut hormones ; Insulin ; Bombesin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Cholecystokinin (CCK) ; Gastrin ; Schistocerca gregaria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine cells of the midgut epithelium of the desert locust are found dispersed among the digestive cells and are similar to those of the vertebrate gut. According to their reactivity to silver impregnation techniques and the ultrastructural features of the secretory granules (shape, electron-density, size, and structure) 10 types of endocrine cell have been identified, of which seven are located in the main segment of the midgut or in the enteric caeca, and the other three seem to be present only in the ampullae through which the Malpighian tubules drain into the gut. The endocrine cells have a slender cytoplasmic process that reaches the gut lumen, a feature that supports the receptosecretory nature postulated for this cellular type in insects as well as vertebrates. Antisera directed against mammalian gastrin, CCK, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide and bombesin reacted with some of the endocrine cells. This is the first time that insulin- and bombesin-like immunoreactive cells have been described in the midgut of an insect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218870
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Binding and internalization of gold-conjugated somatostatin and growth hormone-releasing hormone in cultured rat somatotropes (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 309-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatotropes, growth hormone cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; Growth hormone (GH) ; Receptors, membrane ; Somatostatin (SRIF) ; Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) ; Rat (Han: WIST)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The synthetic peptides somatostatin (SRIF) and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) were coupled directly to colloidal gold of different particle sizes. Both conjugates were biologically active in displacing the corresponding radiolabeled hormones from high affinity binding sites in pituitary membranes. Release of growth hormone (GH) from cultured anterior pituitary cells was modulated by both conjugates alone or in combination. Ultrastructural studies were performed with cells incubated at 4° C (2 h) and 37° C (2 min-2 h) with one of the labeled peptides or their combination. Somatotropes were identified by immunostaining with anti-rGH followed by protein A-ferritin, thus obtaining a triple labeling. Both hormone conjugates were internalized in different vesicles in the beginning but accumulated during longer incubation times in the same compartment. The secretory vesicles and the nucleus were not labeled by any hormone conjugate. In contrast to SRIF-gold, the uptake of GRH-gold conjugate decreased with longer incubation times. This effect could be neutralized by simulatenous incubation of the somatotropes with both regulating hormones. Hence, whereas the binding and internalization of SRIF by somatotropes do not seem to be influenced by GRH, the corresponding processes for GRH are stimulated by the presence of SRIF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239451
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The vascular and epithelial serotonergic innervation of the actinopterygian gill filament with special reference to the trout, Salmo gairdneri (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 349-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gills ; Indoleamines ; Immunocytochemistry ; Autonomic innervation ; Salmo gairdneri R. ; Perca fluviatilis L. ; Micropterus dolomieui (Lacépède) ; Anguilla anguilla L. ; Ictalurus melas Rafinesque (Teleostei) ; Acipenser baeri L. (Chondrostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies against serotonin and 5-methoxytryptamine reveal indolaminergic neurons innervating the proximal part of the efferent arterial vasculature, the filament epithelia, the central venous sinus, and certain other serotonergic cells of the teleost gill filament. In the same area, acetylcholinesterase-positive and indoleaminergic neurons have already been described. We propose that these populations of neurons belong to a single neuronal type but express different agents. Our current results support this idea; in particular, they point to the presence of a single type of serotonin-containing nerve terminal, impinging on vascular smooth muscle. These results are in agreement with physiological data showing (i) the existence of non-cholinergic (atropine-resistant) vasoconstriction of the gill vasculature after nerve stimulation, and (ii) a potent vasoconstrictory action of infused serotonin. In addition, the above-mentioned serotonergic neurons have synaptic contacts with catecholaminergic nerve fibers, suggesting the existence of a modulatory relationship between the sympathetic and the cranial autonomic nerves supplying the teleost gill. Finally, these neurons show morphological relationships with a previously undescribed type of branchialserotonergic cell. The role of the parasympathetic nerve plexus of the teleost gill filament in the control of respiration and ionoregulation is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239455
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light- and electron-microscopic investigation of the rat subcommissural organ grafted under the kidney capsule, with particular reference to immunocytochemistry and lectin histochemistry (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 499-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Secretory activity, neural control ; Transplantation ; Long-spacing collagen ; Immunocytochemistry ; Molecular markers (neuronal, glial) ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary There is increasing evidence that, in the rat, a serotonin-mediated neural input may have an inhibitory influence on the secretory activity of the subcommissural organ (SCO). In the present investigation the rat SCO was studied 7, 30 and 90 days after transplantation under the kidney capsule, an area devoid of local serotonin-containing nerves. The grafted tissue was examined by use of immunocytochemistry employing a series of primary antisera, lectin histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. The grafted SCO survived transplantation and contained, in addition to secretory ependymal and hypendymal SCO-cells, also elements immunoreactive with antisera against glial fibrillary acidic protein or S-100 protein. In transplants, SCO-cells produced a material displaying the characteristic immunocytochemical and lectin-binding properties of SCO-cells observed under in-situ conditions. The ependymal cells lined 1–3 small cavities, which contained secretory material. A fully developed structural equivalent of Reissner's fiber was, however, never found. The immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study of the grafted SCO showed an absence of nerve fibers within the graft and suggested a state of enhanced secretory activity. A network of protruding basal lamina structures connected the secretory cells to the newly formed capillaries revascularizing the SCO. One week after transplantation, long-spacing collagen started to appear in expanded areas of such laminar networks and also in the perivascular space. It is suggested (i) that the formation of long-spacing forms of collagen is triggered by factors provided by the SCO-secretory cells, and (ii) that secretory material of the ependymal and hypendymal cells may reach the reticular extensions of the basal lamina. In contrast to the SCO in situ, the grafted SCO-cells showed a positive immunoreaction for neuron-specific enolase. They became surrounded by a S-100-immunoreactive glial sheath that separated them from other transplanted cell types and the adjacent kidney tissue of the host.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218862
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical localization of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone-associated peptide portion of the LHRH precursor in the hypothalamus and extrahypothalamic regions of the rat central nervous system (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 5-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-associated peptide (GAP) ; Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) ; Brain mapping ; LHRH prohormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat (Wistar-R)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The gonadotropin-releasing hormone-associated peptide (GAP) of the LHRH precursor and the decapeptide LHRH were localized in the rat brain by immunocytochemistry in 12 to 18-day-old animals, by use of thick Vibratome sections and nickel intensification of the diaminobenzidinereaction product. Our results indicate that the GAP portion of the LHRH precursor is present in the same population of neurons that contain LHRH in the rat brain. An important difference observed was that the GAP antiserum, in contrast to LHRH antisera, stained several perikarya in the medial basal hypothalamus. GAP-immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the following regions: the olfactory bulb and tubercle, diagonal band of Broca, medial septum, medial preoptic and suprachiasmatic areas, anterior and lateral hypothalamus, and several regions of the hippocampus. In addition to the preoptico-terminal and the septopreoptico-infundibular pathways, we also observed GAPimmunopositive processes in several major tracts and areas of the brain, including the amygdala, stria terminalis, stria medullaris thalami, fasciculus retroflexus, stria longitudinalis medialis, periventricular plexus, periaqueductal gray of the mesencephalon and extra-cerebral regions, such as the nervus terminalis and its associated ganglion. These results confirm the specificity of previous immunocytochemical results obtained with antisera to LHRH. The presence of GAP immunoreactivity in nerve terminals of the rat brain indicates that GAP or a GAP-like peptide is located in the proper site to serve as a hypophysiotropic substance and/or as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229060
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variations in immunocytochemical localization of cathepsin B and thyroxine in follicular cells of the rat thyroid gland and plasma TSH concentrations over 24 hours (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 355-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid gland ; Cathepsin B ; Lysosomes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Diurnal rhythm ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical localization of cathepsin B and thyroxine (T4) in follicular cells of the rat thyroid gland and plasma concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were examined at six evenly spaced times over 24 h. By light- and electron microscopy, immunodeposits for cathepsin B were localized in cytoplasmic granules of various sizes, whereas those for T4 were detected mainly in larger granules of the cells and in the colloid lumen. The size and location of cytoplasmic granules showing immunoreactivity for cathepsin B and T4 in the cells varied over 24 h, corresponding to a change in plasma TSH concentrations. These immunopositive large granules appeared in the apical cytoplasm at 12.00 h, when the level of TSH was highest. At 20.00 h when the level of TSH was lowest, T4-positive granules almost disappeared, and cathepsin B-positive small granules were abundantly seen in the basal region. From 00.00 h to 08.00 h, these positive granules changed in the same manner as those seen from 12.00 h to 20.00 h, associated with an increase in plasma TSH levels. These results suggest that newly formed colloid droplets migrate from the apical to the basal regions. Cathepsin B may play a role not only in the degradation of thyroglobulin but in the maturation of thyroid hormones during the migration of the granules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218892
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dopamine-like immunoreactivity in the bee brain (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 399-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Brain, invertebrate ; Apis mellifera (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of dopamine-like immunoreactive neurons is described for the brain of the bee, Apis mellifera L., following the application of a pre-embedding technique on Vibratome sections. Immunoreactive somata are grouped into seven clusters, mainly situated in the protocerebrum. Immunoreactive interneurons have been detected in the different neuropilar compartments, except for the optic lobe neuropils. Strong immunoreactivity is found in the upper division of the central body, in parts of the stalk and in the α-lobe layers of the mushroom bodies. A dense network of many immunoreactive fibres surrounds the mushroom bodies and the central body. It forms a number of interhemispheric commissures/chiasmata, projecting partly into the contralateral mushroom body and central body. The lateral protocerebral neuropil contains some large wide-field-neurons. The antennal-lobe glomeruli receive fine projections of multiglomerular dopamine-like immunoreactive interneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218898
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytoplasmic actin and cochlear outer hair cell motility (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 69-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Inner ear ; Cytoskeletal proteins ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cell motility ; Actin ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Isolated outer hair cells of the guinea pig lacking a cuticular plate and its associated infracuticular network retain the ability to shorten longitudinally and become thinner. Membrane ghosts lacking cytoplasm retain the cylindrical shape of the hair-cell, and although they do not shorten, they retain the ability to constrict and become thinner. These data suggest that cytoplasmic components are associated with outer hair-cell longitudinal shortening and that the lateral wall is responsible for maintaing cell shape and for constriction. Actin, a protein associated with the cytoskeleton and cell motility, is thought to be involved in outer hair-cell motility. To study its role, actin was localized in isolated outer hair cells by use of phalloidin labeled with fluorescein and antibodies against actin coupled to colloidal gold. In permeabilized guinea-pig hair cells stained with phalloidin, actin filaments are found along the lateral wall. In frozen-fixed hair cells actin filaments are distributed uniformly throughout the cytoplasm. Electron-microscopic studies show that antibodies label actin throughout the outer hair-cell body. Thus cytoplasmic actin filaments may provide the structural basis for the contraction-like events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221635
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small cardioactive peptide-like immunoreactivity and its colocalization with FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the leech Hirudo medicinalis (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Antigen localization ; FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity ; Immunocytochemistry ; Invertebrate ganglia ; Small cardioactive peptide-like immunoreactivity ; Hirudo medicinalis (Annelida)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distributions of small cardioactive peptide (SCP)- and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivities in the central nervous system of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis were studied. A subset of neurons in the segmental ganglia and brains was immunoreactive to an antibody directed against SCPB. Immunoreactive cell bodies were regionally distributed throughout the nerve cord, and occurred both as bilaterally paired and unpaired neurons. The majority of the unpaired cells displayed a tendency to alternate from side to side in adjacent ganglia. A small number of neurons were immunoreactive only in a minority of nerve cords investigated. Intracellular injections of Lucifer yellow dye and subsequent processing for immunocytochemistry revealed SCP-like immunoreactivity in heart modulatory neurons but not in heart motor neurons. FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity was also detected in cell bodies throughout the central nervous system. A subset of neurons contained both SCP- and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivities; others stained for only one or the other antigen. These data suggest that an antigen distinct from FMRFamide is responsible for at least part of the SCP-like immunoreactivity. This antigen likely bears some homology to the carboxyl terminal of SCPA and SCPB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221650
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Axonal tracing of autonomic nerve fibers to the superficial temporal artery in the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 559-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retrograde tracing ; Immunocytochemistry ; Vascular innervation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The origin of nerve fibers to the superficial temporal artery of the rat was studied by retrograde tracing with the fluorescent dye True Blue (TB). Application of TB to the rat superficial temporal artery labeled perikarya in the superior cervical ganglion, the otic ganglion, the sphenopalatine ganglion, the jugular-nodose ganglionic complex, and the trigeminal ganglion. The labeled perikarya were located in ipsilateral ganglia; a few neuronal somata were, in addition, seen in contralateral ganglia. Judging from the number of labeled nerve cell bodies the majority of fibers contributing to the perivascular innervation originate from the superior cervical, sphenopalatine and trigeminal ganglia. A moderate labeling was seen in the otic ganglion, whereas only few perikarya were labeled in the jugular-nodose ganglionic complex. Furthermore, TB-labeled perikarya were examined for the presence of neuropeptides. In the superior cervical ganglion, all TB-labeled nerve cell bodies contained neuropeptide Y. In the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia, the majority of the labeled perikarya were endowed with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. In the trigeminal ganglion, the majority of the TB-labeled nerve cell bodies displayed calcitonin gene-related peptide, while a small population of the TB-labeled neuronal elements contained, in addition, substance P. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the majority of peptide-containing nerve fibers to the superficial temporal artery originate in ipsilateral cranial ganglia; a few fibers, however, may originate in contralateral ganglia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225604
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    Immunocytochemical localization and immunochemical characterization of an insulin-related peptide in the pancreas of the urodele amphibian, Ambystoma mexicanum (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 507-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insulin-related peptide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunochemical characterization ; Pancreas ; Ambystoma mexicanum (Urodela)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pancreas of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, was investigated by immunocytochemical methods for the presence of immunoreactivity to a number of antisera raised against mammalian insulins. All anti-insulin antisera tested revealed substantial amounts of reaction products confined solely to the aldehyde-fuchsinophilic B cells of the endocrine pancreas. The reactive cell population was detected by use of one polyclonal antiserum against bovine insulin and eight different monoclonal antibodies against insulins from various mammalian species. Six of these antibody clones have known specificity to sub-regions of the insulin molecule. Additionally, fractions of an ethanol-HCl extract of pancreatic tissue from Ambystoma was studied in both conventional dot-blot tests by means of the same panel of antibodies and a two-site sandwich time-resolved immunofluorometric assay for human insulin involving two of the monoclonal antibodies. These experiments support the immunocytochemical observations by demonstrating the existence of an insulin-related peptide with a great deal of structural resemblance to mammalian insulins and displaying antigenic determinants in common at least with the amino acid residues A8–10 and B26–30. In conclusion, we interpret the findings as indicating that the immunocytochemically revealed tissue bound antigen in the Ambystoma pancreatic B-cells may be a peptide related to human insulin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225598
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    Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study of the frog (Rana pipiens) pars distalis with special reference to folliculo-stellate cell function during in vitro superfusion (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 623-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Prolactin cells ; Gonadotropic cells ; ACTH cells ; Folliculo-stellate cells ; Rana pipiens (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The colloidal gold immunocytochemical technique was used to determine the ultrastructural features of the glandular cells in the pituitaries of male frogs, Rana pipiens, both in vivo and after superfusion in vitro. Specific reactions to antisera against bullfrog gonadotropins, human prolactin, and synthetic 1–39 corticotropin allowed identification of the 3 corresponding types of glandular cells. No immunoreaction was obtained with antisera against human or ovine-growth hormone, human β-thyrotropin hormone, and bovine S-100 protein. General morphological features of these immunocytochemically identified glandular cells were similar to those of equivalent cells previously described in other amphibian species. Non-glandular folliculo-stellate cells were distinctive. In freshly removed pituitaries, these folliculo-stellate cells contained lysosome-like structures, but did not show phagocytic vacuoles in the cytoplasm; they contained many mitochondria, and the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum were relatively undeveloped. After 4 or 18 h of superfusion, some immunoreactive gonadotropic, prolactin, and corticotropic cells showed degeneration and destruction. In the same gland, folliculo-stellate cells retained a viable appearance, but showed phagocytic vacuoles containing secretory granule-like structures which were immunoreactive to gonadotropic, prolactin, and corticotropic antibodies. Some folliculo-stellate cells showed phagocytic vacuoles containing complete glandular cells. These results suggest that superfusion causes a destruction of some of the glandular cells, and that folliculo-stellate cells act as phagocytes when cellular debris or moribund cells are present in the intercellular space in the pituitary parenchyma.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225612
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    Immunocytochemical localization of S-100 protein in the hypophysis and saccus vasculosus of the elasmobranchs Mustelus manazo and Scyliorhinus torazame (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 255-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: S-100 protein ; Immunocytochemistry ; Saccus vasculosus ; Pituitary gland, pars nervosa ; Mustelus manazo, Scyliorhinus torazame(Elasmobranchii)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary S-100 protein-immunoreactive cells were demonstrated by immunocytochemical procedures in the hypophysis and saccus vasculosus of two species of elasmobranchs (Mustelus manazo and Scyliorhinus torazame). In the saccus vasculosus of M. manazo, immunoreactivity was detectable exclusively in the fibrous portions interposed between the epithelial layer and the blood vessels. In the neurohypophysis, tanycytes and astrocytes of the median eminence were immunostained, but only a few labeled cells were found in the neurointermediate lobe. In S. torazame, the neurohypophysis displayed a similar distribution of immunoreactivity, but there were no labeled cells in the saccus vasculosus. In both species, none of the glandular cells of the hypophysis displayed immunoreactivity. Electron-microscopic examination showed that the immunostained cells in the saccus vasculosus correspond to astrocytes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224106
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  • 20
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    Distribution and frequency of neuro-epithelial bodies in post-natal rabbit lung: Quantitative study with monoclonal antibody against serotonin (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 353-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Development ; Intrapulmonary chemoreceptor ; Immunocytochemistry ; Morphometry ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution, frequency and size of neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) were studied in lungs of rabbits during different stages of development (27-day fetus, newborn, 6, 11, 21, 28 and 56 days postnatally). NEB were visualized by immunostaining with monoclonal antibody against serotonin. Detailed quantitiation of NEB was performed by use of camera lucida drawings of immunostained serial sections from the same anatomical region, i.e. the lower lobe of the left lung. The total number of NEB was counted and expressed per epithelial length of airway, surface area and volume. The size of NEB defined as surface area as well as the position of NEB in relation to the airway bifurcations was assessed in airways of different sizes. The overall number and size of NEB were found to increase during the immediate perinatal period followed by a sharp decline at 56 days of age. The number of NEB peaked at 6 days postnatally (mean 175.5 NEB/mm3 of airway epithelium) and declined significantly (3.0 NEB/mm3) at 56 days of postnatal age. The size of NEB reached its maximum at 11 days (mean surface area 659.54 μm2, with the largest NEB measuring 1839.98 μm2). By 56 days of age, NEB became significantly smaller (mean surface area 177.29 μm2) consisting of small clusters of cells situated deep within the airway epithelium. At all ages, about half of all NEB (mean 47.6%) were localized within the small peripheral airways with up to 63.9% located at airway bifurcations. These findings indicate that the “functional activity” of NEB may be confined predominantly to the perinatal period. The postulated functions of NEB include those of intrapulmonary hypoxia-sensitive chemoreceptors and/or endocrine-paracrine activity in the lung. Such function(s) may be important during adaptation to extrauterine life as well as for growth and development of the lung.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224118
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    Patchy basement membrane of rat Leydig cells shown by ultrastructural immunolabeling (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Leydig cells ; Basement membrane ; Laminin ; Collagen ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat testes were examined by conventional and immunolabeling transmission electron microscopy. Ultrastructurally identifiable continuous basement membranes were found around seminiferous tubules and the interstitial capillaries. Patches of basement membrane were, additionally, found on free surfaces of Leydig cells, between two Leydig cells, and in macrophage-Leydig cell contact sites. The ultrastructural findings were confirmed by immunocytochemical localization of laminin and collagen type IV in the same areas. A close association between the capillary basement membranes and the surfaces of perivascular Leydig cells was also observed. The possible basement membrane-mediated interactions of Leydig cells with other testicular structures, together with the novel bioactive products and regulators of Leydig cells, support the role of these cells as exceptionally complex regulatory centers of testicular functions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224717
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    Cholinergic neurons in the lamina ganglionaris of the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 153-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Acetylcholine ; Acetylcholinesterase ; Cholin-acetyltransferase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Visual system ; Calliphora erythrocephala (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of putative cholinergic neurons in the lamina of the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala was studied by immunocytochemical and histochemical methods. Three different antibodies directed against the AChsynthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), revealed a cholinergic population of fibres running parallel to the laminar cartridges, which have branch-like structures at the distal lamina border. Cell bodies in the chiasma next to the lamina border were also labelled by the anti-ChAT antibodies. Monopolar cell bodies in the nuclear layer were faintly labelled. The distribution of the acetylcholine hydrolyzing enzyme, acetylcholine esterase (AChE), was revealed by histochemical staining and was similar to the ChAT immunocytochemistry. The arrangement of ChAT positive fibres in transverse and longitudinal sections and the distribution of AChE stained fibres indicate that the amacrine cells of the lamina are cholinergic cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224729
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    Cysteamine and the endocrine pancreas: Immunocytochemical, immunochemical, and functional aspects (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas, endocrine ; Cysteamine ; Somatostatin ; Insulin secretion ; Glucose ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mouse (NMRI)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To evaluate the previously reported depletion of pancreatic somatostatin by cysteamine (β-mercaptoethylamine), mice were injected subcutaneously with the drug at 300 mg/kg. Immunocytochemical analysis performed on sections from tissue taken at 4 h after the injection revealed an elimination of somatostatin-14-like immunoreactivity without alterations in the somatostatin-28(1 – 12)-like immunoreactivity. In sections from tissues taken at 24 h after injection, no differences between cysteamine-injected animals and controls were observed. Immunochemical analysis of somatostatin-14-like immunoreactivity in pancreatic extracts showed a significant reduction of the concentration (P〈 0.001). In contrast, no change in the insulin concentration was observed. Functionally, cysteamine lowered the plasma glucose levels at l h after injection; this effect persisted for 6 h. Plasma insulin levels were likewise reduced transiently by cysteamine. Concomitant administration of somatostatin did not influence these effects of cysteamine. The plasma glucose-lowering effect of cysteamine was seen also in alloxan-diabetic mice. We conclude that cysteamine alters the immunoreactive characteristics of pancreatic somatostatin without affecting the immunoreactivity of insulin, and that cysteamine transiently reduces plasma glucose and insulin levels
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224730
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    Postembryonic development of Arg-Phe-amide-like and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive neurons in the blowfly optic lobe (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 199-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FMRFamide ; Cholecystokinin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insect visual system ; Neural development ; Calliphora erythrocephala (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The adult optic lobes of the blowfly Calliphora erythrocephala were found to be innervated by more than 2000 neurons immunoreactive to antisera raised against the neuropeptides FMRFamide, its fragment RFamide, and gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK). All of the CCK-like immunoreactive (CCK-IR) neurons also reacted with antisera to RFamide, FMRFamide and pancreatic polypeptide. A few RFamide/FMRFamide-like immunoreactive (RF-IR) neurons did not react with CCK antisera; they reacted instead with antisera to Leu-enkephalin and Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7. The RF-IR neurons are, thus, heterogeneous with respect to their contents of immunoreactive peptides. Two of the RF-IR neuron types innervating the adult optic lobes could be traced in their entirety only after following their postembryonic development, because of the complexity of the trajectories of the immunoreactive neuronal process in the adult insect. The majority of the cell bodies of the RF-IR and CCK-IR neurons lie within the optic lobes and are derived from imaginal neuroblasts of the inner and outer optic anlagen. Six of the peptidergic neurons are, however, metamorphosing larval neurons with their cell bodies in the central part of the protocerebrum. The full extent of immunoreactivitiy is not attained in some of the neurons until the late pupal or early adult stage. The larval optic center was also found to be innervated by neurons immuno-reactive with both RFamide and CCK antisera. The cell bodies of these RF-IR/CCK-IR neurons are located near the developing lamina (one on each side). In the 24 h pupa, the cell bodies of these neurons are still immunoreactive, but thereafter they cannot be immunolabeled apparently due to cell death or a change in transmitter phenotype.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224735
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    Cultured fetal rat pituitaries kept in synthetic medium are able to initiate synthesis of trophic hormones (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 645-650 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary, pars distalis ; Differentiation ; Organ culture ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley, CFY)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An immunohistochemical study was performed to determine the capacity of early fetal pituitaries to differentiate into specific hormone-synthesizing tissue in the absence of any influence from the central nervous system. Rathke's pouches from rats were removed from their juxtadiencephalic position on day 11 and 12 of gestation and maintained for 2–7 days in a chemically defined culture medium (M 199) without antibiotics and serum supplementation. The immunocytochemical observations provided evidence for the differentiation of ACTH-, TSH-gb-, LH-gb-, FSH-gb-, GH- and PRL-synthesizing cells in the isolated organ cultured from 11 to 12-day-old pituitary primordia. The appearance of specific hormone-synthesizing cells in vitro displayed a delay of 1.5–2 days compared to the day of appearance in vivo, however, the sequential order of developmental events occurred as observed in vivo. The present results suggest that endocrine or neuroendocrine signals are not required for the expression of specific secretory functions of fetal pituitaries, at least at an age of 11–12 days.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218803
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    Ultrastructural localization of thyrotropin (TSH)-like immunoreactivity in specific secretory cells of the hypophyseal pars tuberalis in the Djungarian hamster, Phodopus sungorus (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 649-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophyseal pars tuberalis ; (TSH), Thyrotropin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Photoperiod ; Phodopus sungorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Specific secretory cells in the hypophyseal pars tuberalis of Djungarian hamsters maintained under different photoperiods were investigated immunocytochemically by means of the colloidal gold technique using antibodies against rat thyrotropin (TSH). Secretory cells of animals kept under long photoperiods (LD16:8) showed positive staining of secretory granules (diameters 90–130 nm), whereas other intracellular structures were free of immunoreactivity. In animals kept under short photoperiods (LD8:16) secretory cells displayed increased numbers of secretory granules, but these organelles were devoid of immunoreactivity. In contrast, immunoreactivity of thyrotropes in the pars distalis did not differ between the two groups of animals investigated. The present results confirm earlier light-microscopical studies that in the pars tuberalis specific secretory cells show TSH-like immunoreactivity; however, they differ in their reactivity pattern from classical thyrotropes in the pars distalis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225616
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    Peptidergic neurons in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), identified immunocytochemically by monoclonal antibodies against homogenates of neuroendocrine tissue (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Immunocytochemistry ; Endocrine system ; Nervous system ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Monoclonal antibodies were developed against peptidergic neurons in the nervous and endocrine tissues of the Colorado potato beetle by the immunization of mice with unpurified homogenates of these tissues. Methods were optimized to enhance chances for successful antibody production and selection, such as the pretreatment of the beetles, preparation of the immunogen, and screening hybridomas. Although only sub-microgram quantities of peptide antigen were used, many hybridomas generated antibodies recognizing peptidergic neurons in immunocytochemical procedures. A panel of 13 monoclonal antibodies anti-Colorado potato beetle (MACs) were harvested. All MACs stained different populations of peptidergic neurons, some of which had not been revealed by previously applied identification methods. Apart from the intrinsic glandular cells in the corpora cardiaca, immunoreactive neurosecretory neurons were revealed in medial and lateral groups in the protocerebrum and in the suboesophageal ganglion. These have axons terminating in the corpora cardiaca, and the neurosecretory granules can be revealed with the immunogold method. It is suggested that the immunoreactive substances represent neuropeptides or precursors of different kinds. Interneurons in other locations in the central and visceral nervous system have immunoreactive axonal projections that do not leave the ganglia. The set of MACs obtained is useful for neuroanatomical studies, for characterizing the secretory products, and for a further delineation of peptidergic communication channels in the insect body.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221631
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    Differential expression of tissue transglutaminase in human cells (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 215-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Transglutaminase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Induction ; Tissue compartments ; Tissue integrity ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tissue transglutaminase is an intracellular enzyme without established physiological function. Biochemically it can be detected in all organs, but no systematic in situ localization has been carried out so far. Here we report the immunohistochemical localization of transglutaminase in human tissues using an affinity purified, monospecific anti-human transglutaminase antibody. It is shown that the widespread organ distribution of the enzyme is the consequence of its occurrence in ubiquitous cell types such as endothelium and smooth muscle cells. Some organ-specific cell types express the enzyme constitutively (mesangial cells, renomedullary interstitial cells, thymic subcapsular epithelium, colonic pericryptal fibroblasts), while in others it seems to be induced either by external stimuli (epithelium of the female breast) or as part of their differentiation/maturation program (developing nephrons, enterocytes of the small intestine). The presence of tissue transglutaminase can be demonstrated in derivatives of all germ layers and in the trophoblast. The functional implications of these findings are presently unknown; however, based on its distribution the role of this enzyme in compartmentation and preservation of tissue integrity against stress may be suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229084
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    Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies on allografts of the pituitary neurointermediate lobe in the third cerebral ventricle of the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 393-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Neural lobe ; Intermediate lobe ; Intraventricular graft ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurointermediate lobes from adult or 10-dayold rats were implanted by a stereotaxic procedure into the third ventricle of adult male rats, in an area close to the paraventricular nucleus. They were examined, using immunocytochemical and ultrastructural techniques, at times ranging from 1 week to 8 months. All grafts were recovered in a healthy condition although some rejection of the tissue was detected at the 1and 2-week stages. In the neural lobe, clusters of pituicytes were scattered among the loose network of capillaries, most of which had a fenestrated endothelium. The intermediate lobe remained organized in compact avascular lobules. Axons similar to those projecting into the neurointermediate lobe in situ, but also axons of other types (e.g., somatostatinergic, enkephalinergic) penetrated the grafts. Synapses with melanotrophic cells in the intermediate lobe and neurohaemal contacts in the neural lobe were frequent from 2 1/2 months after transplantation. Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics indicated intense secretory stimulation of the melanotrophic cells in the early stages. All cells enclosed in a same glandular lobule reacted in a similar manner. In later stages, when re-innervation occurred, the cells recovered their initial characteristics. The overall effect of the re-innervation of the intermediate lobe grafted in this location is inhibitory, as in the lobe in situ.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224123
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    Reduced numbers of calcitonin gene-related peptide-(CGRP-) and tachykinin-immunoreactive sensory neurones associated with greater enkephalin immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of a mutant rat with hereditary sensory neuropathy (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 451-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Dorsal root ganglia ; Skin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Mutilated foot rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mutilated foot rat is a mutant with autosomal recessive sensory neuropathy and frequent mutilation of the hindlimbs. Decreased numbers of dorsal root ganglion cells and diminished sensitivity to painful stimuli are characteristics of these animals. By use of immunocytochemistry, changes in the distributions of peptides involved in sensory and/or autonomic regulation, i.e. calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP), tachykinins, enkephalin and neuropeptide Y in spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia and skin of these animals, were studied. In comparison with normal litter-mate controls, the dorsal horn of mutilated foot rats contained substantially fewer CGRP and tachykinin-immunoreactive fibres but more fibres immunoreactive for enkephalin. Many enkephalin-immunoreactive cell bodies were also found in the dorsal horn of the mutants, by contrast none were visible in control animals. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity was, however, unchanged in the spinal cord of the mutants. In the dorsal root ganglia of the mutants, the number of CGRPor tachykinin-immunoreactive cells and their proportion to total neuronal numbers were significantly less in comparison with normal controls. The diameter range of CGRP- and tachykinin-immunoreactive cells shifted from small (15–25 μm) to medium size (25–45 μm) as revealed by frequency distribution histograms. The skin from the affected foreand hindlimbs of the mutant rats, in keeping with fewer CGRP- and tachykinin-immunoreactive cells in the dorsal root ganglia, contained substantially less fibres immunoreactive for CGRP and tachykinins; a difference that was not seen in skin of unaffected areas (whiskers and snout). By contrast, neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibres showed a normal distribution around blood vessels and sweat glands of mutilated foot rats. The data suggest that diminished pain perception in the mutilated foot rat is related to loss of peptide-containing sensory neurones. Furthermore, the intraspinal increase of enkephalinergic neurones in the dorsal horn, concomitant with the decreased number of primary sensory neurones, may also play a contributory rôle in reducing pain thresholds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224131
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    Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA/cyclin) immunocytochemistry as a labeling index in mouse lung tissues (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell proliferation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lung ; Bronchioles ; Alveoli, lung ; Proliferating cell nuclear antigen ; Type II pneumocyte ; Clara cell ; Mouse (various strains)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is expressed in cells from late G1 through the S-phase of the cell cycle. Therefore, antibodies directed against this molecule should provide a probe for labeling immunocytochemically the nuclei of proliferating cells. Herein we demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of this technique by quantifying immunostained pulmonary nuclei. We applied polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to alveolar and bronchiolar pulmonary epithelial cells in various proliferative states in tissue-sections and in vitro. A/J mice had a slightly higher labeling index than C57BL/6J mice, and proliferation in both strains increased dramatically after butylated hydroxytoluene treatment produced compensatory hyperplasia of Type-II pneumocytes. Immunostaining in fetal and neonatal lung samples from mice was higher than in adults. Spontaneous lung adenomas had a higher labeling index than the surrounding normal lung tissue. In addition, new data contained herein demonstrate a strain difference in proliferation of bronchiolar epithelial cells, and quantify the extent to which BHT-induced lung damage increases these proliferative rates. This mammalian nuclear antigen did not cross-react with antiserum to a functionally related bacterial protein, the beta subunit of E. coli DNA polymerase-III holoenzyme.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224731
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    Morphometric evaluation of subcellular changes induced by in vivo TRH treatment in the pituitary gland of Rana perezi: Effects on prolactin and thyrotropic cells (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 391-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pars distalis ; Prolactin/thyrotropic cells ; TRH ; Immunocytochemistry ; Morphometry ; Rana perezi (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone on pituitary prolactin and thyrotropic cells were investigated in adult male Rana perezi (formerly Rana ridibunda) frogs. Animals were given daily injections of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone into the dorsal lymph sac. Prolactin and thyrotropic cells were identified by the colloidal-gold method, using anti-human prolactin and anti-human-β-thyrotropin hormone as primary antisera. The stereological parameters of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and secretory granules of prolactin and thyrotropic cells were evaluated by ultrastructural morphometry (point-counting method). Thyrotropin-releasing hormone caused cytological changes in both cell-types which were consistent with increased synthesis and release of both prolactin and thryrotropin. These changes were still significant after 48 h treatment in the case of thyrotropic cells, while in prolactin cells the thyrotropin-releasing hormone increased the number of secretory granules. After 6 days, the cells resembled essentially those used as controls. These results indicate that thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the synthesis and release of prolactin and thyrotropin, and that the response of each cell type to this hypothalamic stimulus follows a different time-course.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218897
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    Coexistence of multiple peptides in small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells of inferior mesenteric ganglion of the guinea pig (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 523-527 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peptides ; Small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cell ; Neuropeptide coexistence ; Inferior mesenteric ganglion ; Immunocytochemistry ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Coexistence of peptides in the small intensely fluorescent cells was demonstrated by immunocytochemistry for met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and dynorphin. In the extreme example, a single cell was immunoreactive to all 5 peptides examined. Four peptides coexisted in 8% and three peptides in 13% of SIF cells. In 10% of SIF cells no peptide immunoreactivity could be detected. The most prevalent peptide was met-enkephalin (in 46% of cells), then vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (45%), somatostatin (39%), neuropeptide Y (31%) and dynorphin (24%). Met-enkephalin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide coexisted most commonly (25%).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218787
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    Atrial myoendocrine cells (cardiodilatin/atrial natriuretic polypeptide-containing myocardiocytes) are target cells for estradiol (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 673-674 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine heart ; Estradiol ; Autoradiography ; Immunocytochemistry ; Co-localization ; CDD/ANP gene regulation ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Atrial myoendocrine cells of rat were investigated regarding estradiol uptake. It was found that, in addition to their specific endocrine function of producing cardiac polypeptides of the cardiodilatin/atrial natriuretic peptide (CDD/ANP) family, these cells also specifically accumulate radiolabeled estradiol. This co-localization supports the view that steroid hormones play an important role in the regulation of the CDD/ANP gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218808
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    Studies on the development of growth hormone and prolactin cells in the rat pituitary gland by in situ hybridization (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 23-28 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prolactin cells ; Growth hormone cells ; In situ hybridization ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cytogenesis ; Rat (Wistar-Imamichi)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cytogenesis of growth hormone and prolactin cells in the rat pituitary gland was studied using in situ cDNA-mRNA hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Frozen or Paraplast sections of fetal and neonatal pituitaries were hybridized with 3H-cDNAs for rat prolactin or growth hormone, and were then processed for autoradiography. A number of growth hormone mRNA-positive cells were encountered throughout the anterior lobe on day 19 of gestation. Individual variaction in growth hormone gene expression was observed between fetuses at day 19 of gestation (6 out of 8 fetuses examined were positive for growth hormone mRNA). In contrast, growth hormone mRNA was detected in the all fetuses examined on day 20 or later. The autoradiographic signal (number of reduced silver grains) appeared to increase with later stages of development. Fetal growth hormone mRNA-positive cells were evenly scattered throughout the anterior lobe. Most of them were isolated, however, small clusters of several growth hormone cells were infrequently observed. Prolactin mRNApositive cells were found first on the 22nd day (the last day of gestation) in 3 of 6 fetuses examined, but were rarely observed on earlier gestational days. By postnatal day 8, prolactin mRNA-positive cells were numerous and the grain density over prolactin cells increased. Both growth hormone and prolactin cells were found as early as 18 days of gestation using immunocytochemistry, although the number of positive cells was very small at this stage. Immunoreactive growth hormone cells increased sharply in number during the next 24 h, while the number of prolactin cells remained scarce until birth. The results suggest that many growth hormone cells are still in an immature state at 20∶00 of day 18 and that many begin to synthesize growth hormone mRNA during next 14 h. On the other hand, no substantial prolactin gene expression appears to take place until after birth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229062
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    A dorsomedial subdivision within the nucleus intercollicularis identified in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) by means of α2-adrenergic receptor autoradiography and estrogen receptor immunohistochemistry (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 123-128 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus intercollicularis ; α2-Adrenergic receptors ; Estrogen receptors ; Quantitative autoradiography ; Immunocytochemistry ; Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica (Aves, Phasianiformes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nucleus intercollicularis is an important site in the control of vocalization in birds. In oscines, a subregion of the nucleus intercollicularis called the dorso-medial intercollicular nucleus appears to play a key role in this process because it receives the majority of the projections from the nucleus robustus archistriatalis and sends most of the projections to the motor nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve. In this paper, we present neurochemical studies of the nucleus intercollicularis in the Japanese quail which suggest the presence of heterogeneity within this structure. One rostral band contains high densities of cholinergic muscarinic receptors identified by quantitative autoradiography using tritiated N-methylscopolamine as the ligand. A caudal dorso-medial region is specifically labeled by estrogen receptors identified using immunocytochemistry and by α2-adrenergic receptors which were quantified by autoradiography using tritiated para-amino-clonidine. This latter sub-region is possibly equivalent to the dorso-medial intercollicular nucleus of oscines. Additional track-tracing studies should be performed to confirm this homology. The coexistence of estrogen and α2-adrenergic receptors within the same structure suggests important functional connections between steroid action and catecholaminergic systems in the brain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221641
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    Ontogenetic development of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-immunoreactive structures in the brain of the mallard embryo (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 657-662 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) ; Development, ontogenetic ; Anterior hypothalamus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Domestic mallard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Developmental changes of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-immunoreactive structures in the brain of mallard embryos were studied by means of immunocytochemistry (PAP technique). The primary antibody was generated against synthetic TRH. Immunoreactive neurons were first detected in the hypothalamus of 14-day-old embryos. By day 20, increasing numbers of immunoreactive perikarya were observed in the paraventricular nucleus, anterior preoptic region and supraoptic region. Immunoreactive fiber projections were seen in the median eminence as early as embryonic day 20; they occurred also in some extrahypothalamic regions (lateral septum, accumbens nucleus). The number and staining intensity of the cell bodies increased up to hatching, and continued to increase during the first week after hatching.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218805
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    Electron-microscopic demonstration of olfactory-marker protein with protein G-gold in freeze-substituted, Lowicryl K11M-embedded rat olfactory-receptor cells (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 275-281 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory-marker protein (OMP) ; Olfactory epithelium ; Immunocytochemistry ; Protein G-gold ; Freeze-substitution ; Lowicryl K11M embedding ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In this study electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry was used to localize olfactory marker protein in olfactory epithelia. Rat olfactory-epithelial samples were rapidly frozen, freeze-substituted with acetone, embedded at low temperatures with Lowicryl K11M and labelled on the sections with polyclonal antibodies raised against olfactory marker protein and with protein G conjugated to colloidal gold. Apart from the aforementioned use of acetone, substitution was carried out in the complete absence of chemical fixation, i.e., neither aldehydes nor OsO4 were used. This procedure resulted in localization concurrent with a good ultrastructural preservation. Olfactory-marker protein was present throughout the cytoplasmic compartments of dendrites and dendritic endings of olfactory-receptor cells, but it was not found in organelles such as mitochondria. Olfactory-marker protein was found only in dendriticendings of olfactory-receptor cells mature enough to have given rise to cilia, but these cilia displayed less labelling than dendrites and dendritic endings. Olfactory-marker protein was not found in apices and microvilli of neighboring olfactory-supporting cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218884
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    Comparative marker analysis of the ependymocytes of the subcommissural organ in four different mammalian species (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 255-262 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Glial markers ; Immunocytochemistry ; GABA uptake ; Comparative analysis ; Mammals (rat, cat, mouse, rabbit)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural organ (SCO), classified as one of the circumventricular organs, is composed mainly of modified ependymal cells, attributable to a glial lineage. Nevertheless, in the rat, these cells do not possess glial markers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), protein S100, or the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS). They receive a synaptic 5-HT input and show pharmacological properties for uptake of GABA resembling the uptake mechanism of neurons. In this study, we examine the phenotype of several mammalian SCO (cat, mouse, rabbit) and compare them with the corresponding features of the rat SCO. In all these species, the SCO ependymocytes possess vimentin as an intermediate filament, but never express GFAP or neurofilament proteins. They do not contain GS as do glial cells involved in GABA metabolism, and when they contain protein S100 (rabbit, mouse), its rate is low in comparison to classical glial or ependymal cells. Thus, these ependymocytes display characteristics that differentiate them from other types of glial cells (astrocytes, epithelial ependymocytes and tanycytes). Striking interspecies differences in the capacity of SCO-ependymocytes for uptake of GABA might be related to their innervation and suggest a species-dependent plasticity in their function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261828
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    Neuronal architecture of the central complex in Drosophila melanogaster (1989)
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    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 343-366 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Central complex ; Golgi impregnation ; Neurotransmitters ; Protocerebrum, insect ; Immunocytochemistry ; Drosophila melanogaster (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the basis of 1200 Golgi-impregnated brains the structure of the central complex of Drosophila melanogaster was analyzed at the cellular level. The four substructures of the central complex — the ellipsoid body, the fanshaped body, the noduli, and the protocerebral bridge — are composed of (a) columnar small-field elements linking different substructures or regions in the same substructure and (b) tangential large-field neurons forming strata perpendicular to the columns. At least some small-field neurons belong to isomorphic sets, which follow various regular projection patterns. Assuming that the blebs of a neuron are presynaptic and the spines are postsynaptic, the Golgi preparations indicate that small-field neurons projecting to the ventral bodies (accessory area) are the main output from the central complex and that its main input is through the large-field neurons. These in turn are presumed to receive input in various neuropils of the brain including the ventral bodies. Transmitters can be attributed immunocytochemically to some neuron types. For example, GABA is confined to the R1–R4 neurons of the ellipsoid body, whereas these cells are devoid of choline acetyltransferase-like immunore-activity. It is proposed that the central complex is an elaboration of the interhemispheric commissure serving the fast exchange of data between the two brain hemispheres in the control of behavioral activity.
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    Immunocytological characterization of the expression of cell adhesion molecule L1 during early innervation of mouse otocysts (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 81-88 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: L1-antigen ; Cell adhesion molecule ; Developing vestibular neuroepithelium ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mouse (CBAxC57)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Doubts exist as to whether afferent nerve fibers exert a neurotrophic effect on the differentiation of sensory cells in the developing vestibular neuroepithelium. To determine whether innervation of hair cells precedes their differentiation, we have used the L1 adhesion molecule as a marker for axons. The detection of L1 on afferent axons in the otic vesicle of mouse embryos on gestation day 11 shows that nerve fibers penetrate the neuroepithelium before the sensory cells differentiate. L1-immunoreactivity of nerve endings also reveals the considerable fiber ramification on gestation days 14 and 15, i.e., corresponding to the first stages of sensory cell differentiation. The expression of L1 at successive stages of nerve fiber growth in the neuroepithelium, such as fasciculation and ramification, is not consistent with the previous role proposed for L1 as a fascicule-promoting factor and raises the possibility that other mechanisms are involved in L1 mediaded adhesion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229069
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of vertebrate neuropeptides in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (Annelida, Oligochaeta) (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 577-586 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lumbricus terrestris (Annelida, Oligochaeta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localisation and distribution of 10 vertebrate-derived neuropeptides in the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, have been determined by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. The peptides are pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), neuropeptide Y (NPY), glucagon (C-terminal), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), gastrinreleasing peptide (GRP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neurotensin (NT), and met-enkephalin. For 6 of the peptides — PYY, NPY, PHI, glucagon, GRP and CGRP — this is the first demonstration of their presence in any annelid, and NT has not previously been described in an oligochaete. Cell bodies and nerve fibres immunoreactive to the 10 peptides occur throughout the CNS. In the PNS, epidermal sensory cells displayed immunoreactivities to PP and PYY, and PP-, PYY-, NPY-, PHI- and GRP-like immunoreactivities occurred in nerve fibres supplying the main body muscles. Nerve fibres immunoreactive to PP and PYY are also associated with the innervation of the gut (pharynx, oesophageal glands, and mid and posterior regions of the intestine). No endocrine cells immunoreactive for any of the antisera tested could be identified in the gut epithelium, suggesting that dual location of peptides in the brain and gut epithelium is a phenomenon that occurred at a later stage in evolution. No immunoreactive elements were detected in any of the organs and ducts of the reproductive and excretory systems.
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    Distribution of GABA-like immunoreactive neurons in the optic lobes of Periplaneta americana (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 255 (1989), S. 225-233 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA ; Immunocytochemistry ; Visual system ; Optic lobes ; Periplaneta americana (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Specific antisera against protein-conjugated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were used in immunocytochemical staining procedures to study the distribution of the putative GABA-like immunoreactive neurons in the optic lobes of Periplaneta. GABA-like immunoreactive structures are evident in all three optic neuropil regions. Six different populations of GABAergic neurons, whose perikarya are grouped around the medulla, are found within the optic lobe. The number of these immunoreactive cells varies greatly and corresponds to the number of ommatidia of the eye. In the proximal part of the lamina, a coarse network of GABA-positive fibres is recognizable. These are the processes of large field tangential cells whose fibres pass through the distal surface of the medulla. A second fibre population of the lamina is made up of the processes of the centrifugal columnar neurons whose perikarya lie proximally to the medulla. The medulla contains 9 layers with GABAergic elements of variable immunoreactivity. Layers 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 exhibit strong labelling, as a result of partial overlapping of the processes of centrifugal and centripetal columnar neurons, tangential fibres and/or lateral processes of perpendicular fibres and (possibly) processes of amacrines. A strong immunoreactivity is found in the proximal and distal layers of the lobula.
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    Distribution of serotonin-containing neurons in the central nervous system of the snail Helix pomatia (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 313-323 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin (5HT) ; Immunocytochemistry ; 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine ; Central nervous system ; Helix pomatia (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of serotonin (5HT)-containing neurons in the central nervous system of the snail Helix pomatia has been determined in whole-mount preparations by use of immunocytochemical and in vivo 5,6-dihydroxy-tryptamine labelling. 5HT-immunoreactive neuronal somata occur in all but the buccal and pleural ganglia. Immunoreactive fibres are present throughout the central nervous system. The 5HT-immunoreactive neuronal somata characteristically appear in groups, located mainly in the cerebral, pedal, visceral and right parietal ganglia. The majority of 5HT-immunoreactive neurons is located in the pedal ganglia. Additionally a dense network of 5HT-immunoreactive varicose fibres is found in the neural sheath of the central nervous system including all the nerves and ganglia. The number and distribution of 5HT-immunoreactive neurons correlates with that demonstrated by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine labelling method.
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    Specific localization of hepatic fatty acid-binding protein in the gastric brush cells of rats (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 257 (1989), S. 545-548 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brush cells ; Fatty acid-binding protein ; Immunocytochemistry ; Stomach ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An immunocytochemical study by light- and electron microscopy using the antibody against rat hepatic fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) revealed the brush cells in the gastric epithelium of rats to be intensely immunoreactive. The immunoreactive cells were present in a group in the distal wall of the groove between forestomach and glandular stomach, as well as scattered singly in the surface and foveolar epithelia of the glandular stomach. Almost all immunoreactive brush cells had a thin basal process in contact with the basement membrane. No secretory granules with dense cores, similar to those of endocrine cells, were observed in the brush cells. The specific appearance of FABP-immunoreactivity in the brush cell indicates that this cell type is a distinct entity from other epithelial cells in the stomach and that FABP is a useful histochemical marker of the brush cells. FABP may be involved in the specific function(s) of this cell type related to fatty acid metabolism.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in light-limited and light-saturated cells ofChlorella pyrenoidosa (1989)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 149 (1989), S. 31-37 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Pyrenoid ; Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ; Chlorella pyrenoidosa ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The localization of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (RuBisCO) in cells ofC. pyrenoidosa grown at varying light intensities was determined by immunoelectron microscopy. Log phase cells grown at photon flux densities of 25 and 75 μEm−2s−1 (light-limiting) and 540 μEm−2s−1 (light-saturating) were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde and embedded in Lowicryl K4M. Sections were labelled with antiserum to each subunit of RuBisCO followed by protein A-gold. At each light fluence rate, the pyrenoid was heavily labelled by each antibody whereas chloroplast stromal labelling was not above background levels. The apparent absence of stromal RuBisCO at each light level, and hence the lack of enzyme redistribution from pyrenoid to stroma following an increase in light fluence rate, suggests that pyrenoid RuBisCO is functional in vivo.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of two key enzymes of the 2-hydroxyglutarate pathway of glutamate fermentation in Acidaminococcus fermentans (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 150 (1988), S. 504-508 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acidaminococcus fermentans ; Glutamate fermentation ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Post-embedding labelling ; Antibody-gold complexes ; Protein A-gold complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the in situ location of glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase and 2-htdroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase in Acidaminococcus fermentans using the antibody-gold and protein A-gold techniques carried out as a post-embedding immunoelectron microscopic procedure. Polyclonal antisera were raised in rabbits against homogeneous fractions of the enzymes. Anaerobically grown cells of A. fermentans of the late exponential growth phase were fixed with 0.2% glutaraldehyde and 0.3% formaldehyde (final concentrations) in the growth medium. Dehydration of the cells was achieved with methanol. The cells were embedded in the low temperature embedding resin Lowicryl K4M. The markers indicative for antigenic sites of the two enzymes unequivocally demonstrate that the sodium pump glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase is located at the cell periphery being a membrane-bound enzyme as expected whereas 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase is a soluble cytoplasmic enzyme.
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    Mutant vasopressin precursor in the endoplasmic reticulum of the Brattleboro rat. Ultrastructural evidence from individual “vasopressin” cells localized with the light microscope by use of a new gold/silver method for immunostain enhancement (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 671-676 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin precursor ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Gold/silver intensification ; Immunocytochemistry ; Brattleboro rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This ultrastructural study demonstrates that the vasopressin immunoreactivity found in the occasional, densely stained cells in the hypothalamus of the homozygous Brattleboro rat is localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. 50-μm Vibratome sections were stained with anti-vasopressin serum by use of a peroxidase method with 3,3-diaminobenzidine as chromogen. The diaminobenzidine end-product has a specific capability to bind gold particles from a chloroauric acid solution and the bound gold was used to precipitate silver grains from a silver developer. The stained sections were flat embedded in resin and ultrathin sections were cut of areas containing the immuno-identified occasional cells. In these densely stained, vasopressin-immunoreactive cells of homozygous Brattleboro rats the rough endoplasmic reticulum was dilated. The lumen of the reticulum contained both end-products of diaminobenzidine and gold/silver grains, but some parts of the reticulum appeared unstained. No other cell organelles were immunostained and no secretory granules were found. In control rats, gold/silver deposits were found throughout the cytoplasm of vasopressin-immunoreactive cells. In these immunostained cells secretory granules were seen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219759
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    Lysosomes and pancreatic islet function (1988)
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    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 9-15 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas, endocrine ; Insulin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lysosomes ; Crinophagy ; Mouse (NMRI)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies of pancreatic islets have suggested that crinophagy provides a possible mechanism for intracellular degradation of insulin in the insulin-producing B-cells. In the present study, a quantitative estimation of crinophagy in mouse pancreatic islets was attempted by morphometric analysis of lysosomes containing immunoreactive insulin. Isolated islets were incubated in tissue culture for one week in 3.3, 5.5 or 28 mmol/l glucose. The lysosomes of the pancreatic B-cells were identified by morphological and enzyme-cytochemical criteria and divided into three subpopulations comprising primary lysosomes and insulin-positive or insulin-negative secondary lysosomes. Both the volume and numerical density of the primary lysosomes increased with increasing glucose concentration. The proportion of insulin-containing secondary lysosomes was highest at 5.5 and lowest at 3.3 mmol/l glucose. Insulin-negative secondary lysosomes predominated at 3.3 mmol/l glucose. Studies of the dose-response relationships of glucose-stimulated insulin biosynthesis and insulin secretion of the pancreatic islets showed that biosynthesis had an apparent Km-value for glucose of 7.0 mmol/l, whereas it was 14.5 mmol/l for secretion. The pronounced crinophagic activity at 5.5 mmol/l glucose may thus be explained by the difference in glucose sensitivity between insulin biosynthesis and secretion resulting in an intracellular accumulation of insulin-containing secretory granules. The predominance of insulin-negative secondary lysosomes at 3.3 mmol/l glucose may reflect an increased autophagy, whereas the predominance of primary lysosomes at 28 mmol/l glucose may reflect a generally low activity of intracellular degradative processes.
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    Structural studies of nerve terminals containing melanin-concentrating hormone in the eel, Anguilla anguilla (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 433-439 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Melanin-concentrating hormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pituitary gland ; White- and black-background adaptation ; Teleost, Anguilla anguilla
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eels were adapted to black- or white-coloured backgrounds and the pituitary glands were prepared for light and electron microscopy. Immunocytochemical staining was used to study the distribution of the neurohypophysial melanin-concentrating hormone in the neurointermediate lobe. The hormone was located in small, elliptical, electron-opaque neurosecretory granules, measuring approximately 120×90 nm. The neurones terminated on blood vessels in the centre of the neurohypophysis and on the basement membrane separating neural and intermediate lobe tissues. The results of both light and electron immunocytochemistry and of radioimmunoassay are consistent with a higher rate of hormone release from eels adapted to white backgrounds than from those adapted to black backgrounds. In addition to this, when fish that had been adapted to white tanks were transferred to black tanks, there was an accumulation of irMCH in the gland and an increased numerical density of secretory granules at nerve terminals. These results reinforce the proposal that MCH is released during adaptation to a white background, to cause melanin concentration and to inhibit MSH release, and that its release is halted in black-adapted fish.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215852
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    Localization of pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of Carcinus maenas and Orconectes limosus (Crustacea), with reference to FMRFamide immunoreactivity in O. limosus (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 199-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment-dispersing hormone ; FMRFamide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Carcinus maenas ; Orconectes limosus (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of antisera raised against synthetic pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) of Uca pugilator and FMRFamide, the distribution of immunoreactive structures in the central nervous system (CNS) of Carcinus maenas and Orconectes limosus was studied by light microscopy. In both species, a total of 10–12 PDH-positive perikarya occur amongst the anterior medial, dorsal lateral and angular somata of the cerebral ganglion (CG). In C. maenas, one PDH-perikaryon was found in each commissural ganglion (COG) and several more in the thoracic ganglion. In O. limosus, only four immunopositive perikarya could be demonstrated in the ventral nerve cord, i.e., two somata in the anterior and two in the posterior region of the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG). PDH-immunoreactive tracts and fiber plexuses were present in all central ganglia of both species, and individual axons were observed in the connectives. FMRFamide-immunoreactivity was studied in O. limosus only. Neurons of different morphological types were found throughout the entire CNS, including numerous perikarya in the anterior medial, anterior olfactory, dorsal lateral and posterior cell groups of the CG. Four perikarya were found in the COG, six large and numerous smaller ones in the SOG, and up to eight cells in each of the thoracic and abdominal ganglia. In each ganglion, the perikarya form fiber plexuses. Axons from neurons belonging to the CG could be traced into the ventral nerve cord; nerve fibers arising from perikarya in the SOG appeared to project to the posterior ganglia. In none of the structures examined colocalization of PDH- and FMRF-amide-immunoreactivity was observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221755
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    Choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemical staining of the rat supraoptic nucleus and its surroundings (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 119-124 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choline acetyltransferase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Light and electron microscopy ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Rat (Wistar, Long Evans, Brattleboro)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two different monoclonal antibodies raised against choline acetyltransferase were used, together with preembedding immunocytochemical techniques, to visualize the possible cholinergic innervation of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the rat hypothalamus. Light microscopy confirmed the presence of a group of bipolar and multipolar immunoreactive neurones in the hypothalamus dorsolateral to the supraoptic nucleus as well as numerous immunopositive fibers. Electron microscopy showed that the immunopositive cell bodies contained the usual perikaryal organelles while most immunoreactive fibers appeared dendritic; immunonegative terminals made synaptic contact onto these profiles. Immunopositive terminals making synaptic contact onto dendritic profiles were also noted in this area. In contrast, light microscopy showed no immunoreactivity to choline acetyltransferase in the magnocellular nuclei themselves. Electron microscopy revealed some immunopositive profiles along the boundaries of both nuclei, along the optic chiasm adjacent to the supraoptic nucleus and in the ventral glial lamina but not within the nuclei proper. Surprisingly, these immunopositive profiles appeared dendritic and were often contacted by one or more immunonegative synapses. Our observations thus indicate that cell bodies and dendrites in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei are not directly innervated by cholinergic synapses. The functional significance of the putative cholinergic dendrites in close proximity to magnocellular neurones remains to be determined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220024
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    Immunocytochemical localization of CCAP, a novel crustacean cardioactive peptide, in the nervous system of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas L. (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 347-360 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) ; Proctolin ; FMRFamide ; Leu-enkephalin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructural immunogold-labeling ; Pericardial organs ; Neurosecretion ; Carcinus maenas (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits against synthetic crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) conjugated to bovine thyroglobulin, and were used to map CCAP-immunoreactive structures in the central nervous system of Carcinus maenas. As expected, the neurohemal pericardial organs (PO) displayed abundant immunoreactivity in nerve fibers and terminals. In addition, immunoreactive neurons were demonstrated in other parts of the nervous system. At least some of them do not appear to terminate in neurohemal structures and may have a non-endocrine, as yet unknown function. Immunoreactive perikarya with a diameter of 25–30 μm occur in the brain. They project into the optic and antennary neuropil, and into the eyestalk. One cell was found in the medulla terminalis of the eyestalk and in the connective ganglion, respectively. From the latter, axonal branches could be traced into the brain and the thoracic ganglia (TG). In the TG, small-diameter perikarya give rise to extensive networks of varicose fibers. Some of the perikarya occur in a characteristic paired arrangement with larger CCAP-immunoreactive somata (diameter 40–50 μm). These pairs of one small and one large cell occur in all mouthpart and leg segments of the TG, except the abdominal ganglia (AG), where only large cells were found. The main projections of the large neurons comprise one or more fibers in each of the seven segmental nerves (SN), leading to neurosecretory terminals in the PO. The fibers in the SN are joined by branches of an ascending axonal tract from the large perikarya in the AG. The large-type perikarya are considered to be the principal source of CCAP in the PO. The optic ganglia in the eyestalk, except the medulla terminalis, the neurohemal sinus gland and the stomatogastric nervous system are devoid of CCAP-immunoreactivity. In axon terminals of the PO, CCAP is not colocalized with other PO-neuropeptides, i.e. proctolin-, FMRFamide-like, and Leu-enkephalin-like immunoreactive materials. Electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry revealed a distinct CCAP-containing granule type in specific axon profiles and terminals in the PO. The architecture of CCAP-immunoreactive neurons is discussed with respect to previous morphological studies on the origin and pathways of fibers terminating in the PO.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225807
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    Co-existence and origin of peptidergic and adrenergic nerves in the guinea pig uterus (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 517-530 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Uterus ; Autonomic innervation ; Neuropeptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Retrograde tracing ; Pregnancy ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The occurrence and distribution of peptidergic nerves in the guinea pig uterus was studied by means of immunocytochemistry using numerous neuropeptide antisera. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive (IR) nerves were the most abundant, whereas substance P (SP)-, calcitonine gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, and neurokinin A (NKA)-IR nerves were less frequent, and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI)-IR nerves were the most sparse. Chemical sympathectomy by means of 6-hydroxydopamine, and capsaicin treatment revealed the division of the peptidergic nerves into three separate populations: (1) NPY-IR nerves, which co-existed with adrenergic nerves, (2) SP-, CGRP-and NKA-IR nerves, which mutually co-existed, and (3) PHI-IR nerves. Parallel-running adrenergic/NPY-IR and SP-IR nerves could be found with very similar although not completely identical morphological appearance. Paracervical ganglia contained neurotensin-and dynorphin A-IR cell bodies in addition to cell bodies with immunoreactivities similar to those in prevertebral ganglia. Combined retrograde tracing with True blue and immunocytochemistry showed that the adrenergic and NPY-IR uterine nerves originate in paracervical and prevertebral ganglia. In the prevertebral ganglia the cellular origin was the same for adrenergic and NPY-IR nerves. In contrast, SP-, CGRP-,and NKA-IR nerves originated in dorsal root ganglia. At full-term pregnancy all the neuropeptide immunoreactivities had vanished, probably reflecting a fetus-induced general nerve degeneration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226501
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    Pinealocytes immunoreactive with antisera against secretory glycoproteins of the subcommissural organ: A comparative study (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 469-480 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal complex ; Pinealocytes, receptor line ; Subcommissural organ ; Immunocytochemistry ; Protein secretion ; Neuroendocrine system Geotria australis (Cyclostomata) ; Onkorhynchus kisutch (Teleostei) ; Eupsophus roseus (Anura) ; Heloderma suspectum, Varanus monitor (Lacertilia) ; Domestic fowl ; Rat ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By means of light-microscopic immunocyto-chemistry two polyclonal antibodies (AFRU, ASO; see p. 470) directed against secretory glycoproteins of the subcom-missural organ were shown to cross-react with cells in the pineal organ of lamprey larvae, coho salmon, a toad, two species of lizards, domestic fowl, albino rat and bovine (taxonomic details, see below). The AFRU-immunoreactive cells were identified as pinealocytes of the receptor line (pineal photoreceptors, modified photoreceptors or classical pinealocytes, respectively) either due to their characteristic structural features or by combining AFRU-immunoreaction with S-antigen and opsin immunocytochemistry in the same or adjacent sections. Depending on the species, AFRU- or ASO-immunoreactions were found in the entire perikaryon, inner segments, perinuclear area, and in basal processes facing capillaries or the basal lamina. In most cases, only certain populations of pinealocytes were immunolabeled; these cells were arranged in a peculiar topographical pattern. In lamprey larvae, immunoreactive pinealocytes were observed only in the pineal organ, but not in the parapineal organ. In coho salmon, the immunoreaction occurred in S-antigen-positive pinealocytes of the pineal end-vesicle, but was absent from S-antigen-immunoreactive pinealocytes of the stalk region. In the rat, AFRU-immunoreaction was restricted to S-antigen-immunoreactive pinealocytes found in the deep portion of the pineal organ and the habenular region. These findings support the concept that several types of pinealocytes exist, which differ in their molecular, biochemical and functional features. They also indicate the possibility that the AFRU- and ASO-immunoreactive material found in certain pinealocytes might represent a proteinaceous or peptidic compound, which is synthesized and released from a specialized type of pinealocyte in a hormone-like fashion. This cell type may share functional characteristics with peptidergic neurons or paraneurons.
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    Mapping of enkephalin-related peptides in the nervous system of the blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria, and their co-localization with cholecystokinin (CCK)- and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-like peptides (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 399-415 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enkephalin-related peptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Co-existence of peptides ; Neurosecretory cells ; Blowly, Calliphora vomitoria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of enkephalin-like immunoreactive material has been studied in the CNS of C. vomitoria. The presence of both Met- and Leu-enkephalin-related peptides is suggested by differential immunostaining with a variety of antisera. Comparisons made between certain of the enkephalin-immunoreactive perikarya, nerve fibres and terminals with cells in corresponding positions as evidenced in previously published neuroanatomical studies of the dipteran brain have suggested specific enkephalinergic pathways. As examples, one Met-enkephalin-immunoreactive neuron appears to link the lobula with the dorsal protocerebrum, and a group of Leu-enkephalin cells in the pars intercerebralis appear to have arborisations in both the central body (fan-shaped body) and the tritocerebral neuropil around the oesophageal foramen. Neuronal pathways of this type indicate that the enkephalin-like peptides of the fly brain are functioning as neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulators. In the thoracic ganglia, symmetrically arranged cells, immunoreactive to both Met- and Leu-enkephalin antisera, are positioned ventrally in pairs on either side of the mid-line in a sagittal plane. Very little immunoreactive material is observed in the neuropil, however, and the source of the accumulation of Leu-enkephalin-immunoreactivity in the dorsal neural sheath is not certain. It is suggested that this material, in contrast to that present in areas of the brain, acts as a neurohormone and that it may have a physiological role following its release into the haemolymph. The enkephalin-like immunoreactive material of certain neurons identified within the brain and thoracic ganglion shows a complex pattern of co-existence with pancreatic polypeptide- and gastrin/cholecystokinin-like peptides.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215849
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    Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-immunoreactive structures in the brain of the domestic mallard (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 441-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Avian brain ; Domestic mallard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of immunoreactive thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the central nervous system of the domestic mallard was studied by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. After colchicine pretreatment, the highest number of TRH-immunoreactive perikarya was found in the parvocellular subdivision of the paraventricular nucleus and in the preoptic region; a smaller number of immunostained perikarya was observed in the lateral hypothalamic area and in the posterior medial hypothalamic nucleus. TRH-immunoreactive nerve fibers were detected throughout the hypothalamus, forming a dense network in the periventricular area, paraventricular nucleus, preoptic-suprachiasmatic region, and baso-lateral hypothalamic area. TRH-containing nerve fibers and terminals occurred in the organon vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and in the external zone of the median eminence in juxtaposition with hypophyseal portal vessels. Scattered fibers were also seen in the internal zone of the median eminence and in the rostral portion of the neural lobe. Numerous TRH-immunoreactive fibers were detected in extra-hypothalamic brain regions: the highest number of immunoreactive nerve fibers was found in the lateral septum, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, and parolfactory lobe. Moderate numbers of fibers were located in the basal forebrain, dorsomedial thalamic nuclei, hippocampus, interpeduncular nucleus, and the central gray of the mesencephalon. The present findings suggest that TRH may be involved in hypophysiotropic regulatory mechanisms and, in addition, may also act as neuromodulator or neurotransmitter in other regions of the avian brain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215853
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    Abundant GABAergic innervation of rat posterior pituitary revealed by inhibition of GABA-transaminase (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 59-64 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Posterior pituitary ; Immunocytochemistry ; Anti-GABA ; GABA-transaminase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antibody against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was used to identify GABAergic elements immunocytochemically in the rat posterior pituitary. In order to increase the intracellular concentration of GABA, rats were treated with the GABA-transaminase inhibitor gamma-vinyl-GABA (GVG). Light-microscopic observations of Vibratome and semithin sections revealed the presence of numerous immunoreactive nerve fibers throughout the neural lobe; the mean number and length of these fibers increased by 90% after GVG treatment. Electron microscopy demonstrated the immunostained axons to be of small diameter. The reaction product was confined to small vesicles. No immunostaining occurred in pituicytes. The richness of the GABAergic innervation of the neural lobe contrasts with previous reports using antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase and supports the idea that GABA participates in the presynaptic control of neurosecretion.
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    Localization of avian LHRH-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus of the domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus, and the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; LHRH-containing neurons ; Chicken LHRH ; Chicken GnRH-II ; Immunocytochemistry ; Domestic fowl ; Japanese quail
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of LHRH-containing perikarya and nerve fibers in the hypothalami of the domestic fowl and Japanese quail was investigated by means of the specific immunoperoxidase ABC method, using antisera against chicken LHRH-I ([Gln8]-LHRH), chicken GnRH-II ([His5-Trp7-Tyr8]-LHRH [2–10]) and mammalian LHRH ([Arg8]-LHRH). Chicken LHRH-I-immunoreactive perikarya were sparsely scattered in the nucleus preopticus periventricularis (POP), nucleus filiformis (FIL) and nucleus septalis medialis (SM), and in bilateral bands extending from these nuclei into the septal area in both species. A few reactive perikarya were also observed in the nucleus accumbens (Ac) and lobus parolfactorius (LPO). Numerous cLHRH-I-immunoreactive fibers were widely scattered in the preoptic, septal and tuberal areas, and were densely concentrated in the external layer of the median eminence and in organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) in both species. Anti-mammalian LHRH serum cross-reacted weakly with perikarya and fibers immunoreactive to anti-cLHRH-I serum in normal chicken and quail. Anti-cGnRH-II[2–10] serum immunoreacted with magnocellular neurons distributed in the rostral end of the mesencephalon along the midline close to the nervus oculomotorius (N III). These perikarya were apparently different from cLHRH-I immunoreactive neurons. No immunoreactive cells and fibers against anti-cGnRH-II[2–10] were observed in the hypothalamus and median eminence of the chicken or quail. Anti-cGnRH-II[2–10] bound specifically with cGnRH-II. The morphological evidence suggests that cGnRH-II may not be secreted into the portal circulation to act as hypothalamic hormone.
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    Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the stomatogastric nervous systems of the crab Cancer borealis and the lobsters Panulirus interruptus and Homarus americanus (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 515-522 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substance P-related peptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Invertebrate ganglia ; Peptidergic neurons ; Stomatogastric nervous system ; Cancer borealis, Panulirus interruptus, Homarus americanus (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the stomatogastric nervous systems of three decapod crustacean species, Cancer borealis, Homarus americanus, and Panulirus interruptus, was studied. The stomatogastric ganglion showed dense staining in the neuropil, but none in the somata. A single neuron stained in the esophageal ganglion. Lucifer yellow backfills and intracellular injections followed by incubation with the substance P antibody showed that the axons of this neuron project into the inferior esophageal nerves towards the paired commissural ganglia. The commissural ganglia showed a pronounced projection from a large bundle of fibers in the anterior medial portion of the circumesophageal connective. Additionally, less dense neuropil and stained somata were seen in the commissural ganglia. Staining was completely blocked by preabsorption with authentic substance P, physalaemin, eledoisin, and substance K. These data suggest that in the nervous system of crustacean species a molecule with C-terminal homology to substance P and other tachykinins is released as a neuroregulator in the stomatogastric ganglion.
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    Diversity of prolactin systems in the insect Leucophaea maderae: Use of antiserum polyclonality for immunocytochemical detection of neuropeptide heterogeneity (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 557-563 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prolactin-like neuropeptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Brain ; Neuroendocrine structures ; Insects ; Leucophaea maderae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of prolactin-like neuropeptides was demonstrated immunocytochemically in the brain and affiliated neuroendocrine structures of the insect Leucophaea maderae. Use of the unlabelled peroxidase-antiperoxidase method of Sternberger revealed a rather widespread and differential distribution of reaction products resembling human (hPRL) and ovine (oPRL) prolactin. Tests with antirat PRL antibody were negative. The specificity of the antibodies used was established by liquid-phase absorptions and confirmed in tissue control systems. In L. maderae, anti-oPRL identifies part of an oPRL-like molecule different from human and rat PRL. Anti-hPRL reveals part of a human and ovine PRL-like molecule different from rat prolactin. These results indicate the occurrence, in the nervous tissue of one insect species, of at least two types of prolactin-like molecules.
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    Retention of carboxypropeptides in type-II collagen fibrils in chick embryo chondrocyte cultures (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 619-624 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Collagen ; Carboxypropeptide ; Chondrocyte ; Tissue culture ; Immunocytochemistry ; Immunofluorescence ; Chick embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antibody reacting with the C-propeptide of chick type-II procollagen was used in an attempt to localize this terminal extension of the procollagen molecule (by immunogold labelling) during early collagen fibrillogenesis in chondrocyte cultures. After 2 days in culture the chondrocytes were surrounded by pericellular type-II collagen, as demonstrated by an indirect immunofluorescence labelling technique. An electron microscopy study of these cultures showed that the collagen fibrils were thin (∼ 15 nm diameter), with a poorly visible cross striation, sometimes enhanced by slight thickenings. The antibody against the C-propeptide of type-II procollagen labelled most of the collagen fibrils, according to a very regular pattern constituting a 60 nm periodicity. After 3 days the label was still present on the pericellular collagen fibrils but disappeared from the collagen fibrils of the extracellular matrix. Our results indicate that the C-propeptide of type-II procollagen is retained in the newly formed fibrils.
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    Immunocytochemical studies on the pituitary pars distalis of the Japanese long-fingered bat, Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 291-299 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Hibernation ; Pars distalis ; Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus (Chiroptera)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical studies were performed to describe the characteristics of cell types and their distribution in the pars distalis of Japanese long-fingered bat, Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus, collected at various stages of the reproductive cycle. Six distinct cell types have been identified in the pars distalis by the unlabeled immunoperoxidase technique and by the ABC method. Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) cells were immunostained with antisera against chicken GH and ovine PRL. The GH-immunoreactive cells were round or oval orangeophilic cells distributed throughout the pars distalis with prominent aggregation in the posterolateral region. The PRL cells were pleomorphic carminophilic cells that occurred in small groups within the central and dorsocaudal regions of the pars distalis. They were sparsely distributed in the central region of the pars distalis in the hibernating bats, but increased significantly in the pregnant and lactating bats. The adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) cells were large round or polygonal amphophilic cells in the rostroventral and ventrolateral regions of the pars distalis. The thyrotropic (TSH) cells were small rounded or polygonal and distributed mainly in the ventrolateral region of the pars distalis. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) cells were identified immunocytochemically with antisera against the specific beta subunits of ovine LH and rat FSH. There were two populations of LH and FSH cells, one aggregated in the zona tuberalis and the other scattered singly throughout the rest of the pars distalis. The aggregated cells were immunoreactive with both antisera directed to LH and FSH, while scattered cells were reactive solely with antiserum to either LHβ or FSH and exhibited seasonal variations. In females, the proportional volume of the pars distalis occupied by LH cells was significantly reduced during pregnancy and lactation. No evidence of involution was observed in pars distalis cells except for PRL cells in males or females during hibernation.
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    Lysozyme localization in human gastric and duodenal epithelium (1988)
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    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 307-313 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lysozyme (muramidase) ; Paneth cell ; Gastric gland ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of lysozyme in normal gastric and duodenal mucosa was studied by light- and electronmicroscopic immunocytochemical techniques (direct enzyme-labeled antibody method). In the duodenal mucosa, lysozyme was found in the Paneth cells and the epithelial cells of Brunner's glands. Electron-microscopically, lysozyme was found in rough endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear spaces, which were assumed to be protein-synthesizing organelles, and also in the secretory granules of Paneth cells. Additionally, lysozyme was detected in the stomach in mucinous granules and in some parts of the rough endoplasmic reticulum within the epithelial cells of the pyloric glands, the mucous neck cells of the fundic glands, and in several surface epithelial cells of the plyoric and fundic regions. This suggests that some quantity of lysozyme in gastrointestinal secretion originates from the gastric and duodenal glands, and that it acts as a defense mechanism in the gastrointestinal tract.
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    Electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the ascidian endostyle (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 137-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endostyle ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Granules ; Ciona intestinalis ; Corella parallelogramma, (Tunicata) ; Ascidia mentula (Tunicata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cellular and subcellular distribution of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the endostyle of three species of ascidians, Ciona intestinalis, Corella parallelogramma, Ascidia mentula, was studied by light-(immunoperoxidase) and electron-microscopic (immunogold) immunocytochemistry. At the light-microscopic level 5-HT-like immunoreactivity (5-HT-LI) was exclusively found in cells located in the lateral portion of the endostyle, between zone 7, known to have iodinating capacity, and zone 8, which consists of ciliated cells. At the electron-microscopic level, the 5-HT-immunoreactive cells were found to correspond to cells containing polymorphous, dense granules, 100–300 nm in diameter. The granules were located in the supranuclear cytoplasm facing the endostyle lumen as well as in the infranuclear cytoplasm facing the extracellular space. Quantification showed that the 5-HT-LI was considerably higher (13–67 times) in cytoplasmic areas containing granules as compared to areas devoid of granules. Most, but not all, of the 5-HT-LI was associated with the dense core of the granules. In conclusion, serotonin-containing cells are located in the peripheral portion of the endostyle, between zones 7 and 8. Serotonin is stored in cytoplasmic granules that are present both in the apical and basal cytoplasm. This suggests the possibility that the cells are bipolar and secrete serotonin both in a basal direction to the extracellular space, and in an apical direction to the pharyngeal lumen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221748
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    Melanin-concentrating hormone-like immunoreactive material in the rat hypothalamus; characterization and subcellular localization (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 291-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) ; Hypothalamus ; Melanin-concentrating activitiy ; Radioimmunoassay ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a neurosecretory peptide that induces melanin concentration within teleost melanophores. Here, we characterized MCH-like substance in the rat brain by both an in vitro fish-scale melanophore bioassay and a radioimmunoassay with a salmon MCH antiserum that is directed toward the carboxy-terminus and requires the cyclic configuration for recognition. Furthermore, subcellular localization of the MCH in the rat brain was examined by immunocytochemistry using electron microscopy. We confirmed that MCH-immunoreactivity and MCH-bioactivity were present together in the same effluent fractions of the rat hypothalamic extracts by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). At electron microscopic level, MCH-immunoreactivity was located specifically in secretory granules in MCH-positive cell bodies confined to the hypothalamus with their neuronal processes projecting widely in the rat brain. Although full characterization of substance must await its isolation, our results strongly support the notion that rat MCH-like substance may be homologous but not identical to salmon MCH, and simultaneously may serve some neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator role in the brain of the rat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222284
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of the neurosecretory systems containing putative moult-inhibiting hormone and hyperglycemic hormone in the eyestalk of brachyuran crustaceans (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 3-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Moult-inhibiting hormone ; Hyperglycemic hormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurosecretion ; Decapod crustaceans (five species)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of antisera raised against purified moultinhibiting (MIH) and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) from Carcinus maenas, complete and distinct neurosecretory pathways for both hormones were demonstrated with the PAP and immunofluorescence technique. By double staining, employing a combination of silver-enhanced immunogold labelling and PAP, both antigens could be visualized in the same section. Immunoreactive structures were studied in Carcinus maenas, Liocarcinus puber, Cancer pagurus, Uca pugilator and Maja squinado. They were only observed in the X-organ sinus gland (SG) system of the eyestalks and consisted of MIH-positive perikarya, which were dispersed among the more numerous CHH-positive perikarya of the medulla terminalis X-organ (XO). The MIH-positive neurons form branching collateral plexuses adjacent to the XO and axons that are arranged around the CHH-positive central axon bundle of the principal XO-SG tract. In the SG, MIH-positive axon profiles and terminals, clustered around hemolymph lacunae, are distributed between the more abundant CHH-positive axon profiles and terminals. Colocalisation of MIH and CHH was never observed. The gross morphology of both neurosecretory systems was similar in all species examined, however, in U. pugilator and M. squinado immunostaining for MIH was relatively faint unless higher concentrations of antiserum were used. Possible reasons for this phenomenon as well as observed moult cycle-related differences in immunostaining are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215441
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    Peptidergic neurohormonal systems in the basal hypothalamus of the ferret and the mink: Immunocytochemical study of variations during the annual reproductive cycle (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 153-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corticotropin-releasing hormone ; Somatostatin ; Oxytocin ; Vasopressin ; Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Reproductive cycle ; Ferret ; Mink
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamic systems secreting corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRF), somatostatin, oxytocin, vasopressin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) were characterized using immunochemistry, and variations were studied in relation to the recrudescence of testicular activity in the ferret and the mink, two species with opposite photoregulation of their annual reproductive cycles. Under the present conditions of study, the immunoreactivity of the CRF, somatostatin, and oxytocin systems showed no significant variation in either species. In contrast, in these two species, the immunoreactivity of the LHRH system varied considerably depending on the date of observation. The increase in the number and immunoreactivity of the LHRH-secreting neurons that occurred in November in the mink and in January in the ferret, is in agreement with previous results showing that the photoperiod plays an essential role in regulating the annual activity of the testis and that the photoperiodic environmental conditions required for the activation of the LHRH system differ between the species. Similarly, correlations could be found between an increase in immunoreactivity of the vasopressinergic axons projecting to the external median eminence and the recrudescence of testicular activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215460
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    Immunocytochemical localization of lipophorins in the flight muscles of the migratory locust (Locusts migratoria) at rest and during flight (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 661-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lipoprotein ; Muscle ; Extracellular space ; Cryosectioning ; Immunocytochemistry ; Locust (Locusta migratoria)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Locust lipoproteins (lipophorins) were localized by indirect immunofluorescence- and immunogold labelling in cryosections of dorsolongitudinal flight muscles. Immunolabelling was performed with monoclonal antibodies against apolipoprotein epitopes that are exposed at the surfaces of the lipophorin particles. Both at rest and during flight, lipophorins were located only in the wider spaces of the extracellular matrix, in the basement membranes of the individual muscle fibers and in the extracellular spaces that surround interfibrillar tracheoles. No internalization of lipophorins by the flight muscle cells was observed. Our results indicate that the unloading of lipophorins at the flight muscles is an extracellular event. Similarities with the vertebrate system of chylomicron and very-low-density lipoprotein degradation are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216654
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    Ultrastructural localization of immunolabeled substance P and methionine-enkephalin-octapeptide in the surface layer of the dorsal horn of rat spinal cord (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 55-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substance P ; Enkephalin ; Spinal dorsal horn ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A preembedding dual immunolabeling technique and electron microscopy were utilized to demonstrate the localization of immunoreactive substance P and methionine-enkephalin-octapeptide (Enk-8) in ultrathin sections of the surface layer (laminae I and II) of rat spinal dorsal horn. The immunoreaction of Enk-8 was visualized as goldtoned silver particles and that of substance P as diaminobenzidine reaction products. Axonal terminals with immunoreactive substance P, and also unlabeled axonal terminals, formed synaptic junctions with the perikarya and dendritic processes of Enk-8-containing neurons. Dendritic profiles immunolabeled for substance P were synaptically linked with unlabeled axons but not with Enk-8-positive ones. Furthermore, it was found that Enk-8 axons and substance P axons terminated synaptically in juxtaposition to one another on the same immunonegative dendrites. Among the Enk-8-containing neurons axonal profiles also appeared to be synaptically associated with immunoreactive Enk-8 dendritic processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221739
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    Light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry of peptidergic neurons innervating thoracico-abdominal neurohaemal areas in the blowfly (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 583-595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bioactive peptides ; Coexistence of peptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Insect nervous system ; Calliphora erythrocephala, C. vomitoria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ventral thoracic neurosecretory cells (VTNCs) of the blowflies, Calliphora erythrocephala and C. vomitoria, innervating thoracic neuropil and the dorsal neural sheath of the thoracico-abdominal ganglion have been shown to be immunoreactive to a variety of mammalian peptide antisera. In the neural sheath the VTNC terminals form an extensive neurohaemal network that is especially dense over the abdominal ganglia. The same areas are invaded by separate, ut overlapping serotonin-immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) projections derived from neuronal cell bodies in the suboesophageal ganglion. Immunocytochemical studies with different antisera, applied to adjacent sections at the lightmicroscopic level, combined with extensive cross-absorption tests, suggest that the perikarya of the VTNCs contain co-localized peptides related to gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK), bovine pancreatic polypeptide (PP), Met- and Leuenkephalin and Met-enk-Arg6-Phe7 (Met-enk-RF). Electron-microscopic immunogold-labeling shows that some of the terminals in the dorsal sheath react with several of the individual peptide antisera, whilst others with similar cytology are non-immunoreactive. In the same region, separate terminals with different cytological characteristics contain 5-HT-IR. Both 5-HT-IR and peptidergic terminals are localized outside the cellular perineurium beneath the acellular permeable sheath adjacent to the haemocoel. Hence, we propose that various bioactive substances may be released from thoracic neurosecretory neurons into the circulating haemolymph to act on peripheral targets. The same neurons may also interact by synaptic or modulatory action in the CNS in different neuropil regions of the thoracic ganglion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219749
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    Histamine-like immunoreactivity in photoreceptors of the compound eyes and ocelli of the flies Calliphora erythrocephala and Musca domestica (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 639-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect visual system ; Photoreceptors ; Neurotransmitter ; Histamine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Calliphora erythrocephala ; Musca domestica (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies to histamine were used for immunocytochemical studies of the visual system in the flies Calliphora erythrocephala and Musca domestica. Specific immunolabeling of photoreceptors was found both in the compound eyes and ocelli of both species. In the compound eyes histamine-like immunoreactivity (HA-IR) was found in all the short visual fibers (photoreceptors R1–6) and one type of long visual fiber (photoreceptor R8). In addition, the ocellar photoreceptors also show HA-IR. In view of earlier biochemical and pharmacological/physiological findings by Elias and Evans (1983) and Hardie (1987) it thus seems likely that histamine is a neurotransmitter in insect photoreceptors. Interestingly, the second type of long visual fiber (photoreceptor R7) has recently been found to be GABA-immunoreactive (Datum et al. 1986). The two types of long visual fibers may hence use different transmitters which act on different receptors of the postsynaptic neurons in the second visual neuropil, the medulla. In addition to the photoreceptors in the retina and ocelli, we found processes of HA-IR neurons in one of the optic lobe neuropils, the lobula. This finding indicates that histamine may also be a transmitter in certain interneurons in the visual system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219755
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    Immunocytochemical localization of neuropeptides in the hypothalamus of the Japanese long-fingered bat, Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Hibernating bat ; Miniopterus schreibersii (Chiroptera)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To elucidate the role of hypothalamic neuropeptides in regulation of reproductive phenomena of seasonally breeding feral mammals, we used Japanese long-fingered bats, Miniopterus schreibersii fuliginosus, for immunocytochemical study of distribution of the following neuropeptides in the hypothalamus: arginin vasopressin, oxytocin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, somatostatin, corticotropin-releasing factor, and growth hormone-releasing factor. The size, shape and location of supraoptic, paraventricular, suprachiasmatic, and arcuate nuclei of the bat were determined. Arginin vasopressin-and oxytocin-immunoreactive magnocellular neurons were found in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, where they exhibited separate distribution into two distinct groups. Parvocellular arginin vasopressin neurons occurred only in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The hibernating bats exhibited slightly increased numbers of vasopressin and oxytocin neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. The pregnant bat displayed further increased numbers of vasopressin and oxytocin neurons in both nuclei. Somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus were also immunopositive to anti-oxytocin serum, while those in the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei reacted solely to anti-somatostatin serum. They projected to the anterior median eminence and infundibular stalk. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-immunoreactive perikarya were scattered throughout the basal hypothalamus, being particularly abundant in the arcuate nucleus. They were larger in size in hibernating bats than those in normal (non-pregnant) and pregnant females. They projected fibers mainly to the internal layer of the median eminence and infundibular stalk. A few luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-reactive fibers were also observed in the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, lateral habenular nuclei, pineal stalk, retroflexus fasciculus, and olfactory tubercle. Corticotropin releasing factor-immunoreactive perikarya were distributed in the paraventricular nucleus and medial preoptic area and projected into the external layer of the anterior median eminence, while growth hormone-releasing factor-immunoreactive perikarya occurred only in the arcuate nucleus and projected into the posterior part of the median eminence.
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    Serotonin-immunoreactive neurones in the brain of Locusta migratoria innervating the corpus cardiacum (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus cardiacum ; Serotonin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lucifer yellow ; Double labelling ; Locusta migratoria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The serotoninergic innervation of the corpus cardiacum (CC) of Locusta migratoria was investigated using two antisera against serotonin. A dense network of immunoreactive nerve fibres was present in the storage lobe of the CC. Immunopositive fibres only sporadically crossed the border between the storage lobe and the glandular lobe of the CC. Immunopositive fibres entered the storage lobe of the CC via the nervus corporis cardiaci I (NCCI); NCCII was immunonegative. Unilateral retrograde fillings of the NCCI with the fluorescent tracer Lucifer yellow, followed by antiserotonin immunocytochemistry, revealed about 20 double-labelled neurones in the anterior part of the pars intercerebralis. The double-labelled neurones were scattered between fluorescent non-immunoreactive neurones. Additionally, 5–7 neurones labelled only with Lucifer yellow were found at the ventrolateral side of the tritocerebrum. No immunopositive neurones were observed in the hypocerebral ganglion. Immunopositive fibres from neurones in the frontal ganglion ran via the recurrent nerve and the neuropile of the hypocerebral ganglion into the paired oesophageal nerve. At most, a few immunopositive nerve fibres occurred in the cardiostomatogastric nerves II, which connect the storage lobe of the CC with the paired oesophageal nerve at the caudal end of the hypocerebral ganglion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220028
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    Peptide-containing neurons in explant cultures of guinea-pig myenteric plexus during development in vitro: Gross morphology and growth patterns (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 167-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasoactive intestinal peptide ; Substance P ; Enkephalin ; Somatostatin ; Caecum ; Enteric neurons ; Autonomic ganglia ; Immunocytochemistry ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The gross morphology and growth patterns of substance P, enkephalin-, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive neurons have been studied in explant cultures of the myenteric plexus taken from beneath the newborn guinea-pig taenia coli, grown for up to 4 weeks in vitro. Substance P and enkephalin-immuno-reactive neurons were more abundant than somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive neurons. The peptide-containing neuronal cell bodies were clearly visible in culture and exhibited characteristic gross morphologies similar to those described in situ, although some overlap of shape between populations containing different peptides was seen. All four types of peptide-containing fibres were found in the outgrowth and central areas of the cultures. In the case of substance P and somatostatin, the density and pattern of labelling in the central, neuronal area of the cultures resembled that previously seen in the myenteric plexus of the newborn guinea-pig caecum in situ, while the density of the enkephalin-immunoreactive fibres was greater, and that of the vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunoreactive fibres less than that seen in situ. These observations suggest that subpopulations of myenteric neurons containing different peptides may be differentially affected by the culture environment. Possible contributory factors are discussed.
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of octopamine-immunoreactive cells in the nervous system of Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 371-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Octopamine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Nervous system ; Locusta migratoria ; Schistocerca gregaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of octopamine in the metathoracic ganglion, brain and corpus cardiacum of Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria was investigated by means of immunocytochemistry with an antiserum against octopamine. The dorsal unpaired median (DUM) cells of the metathoracic ganglion were found to be strongly octopamine-immunoreactive. In the rostroventral part of the protocerebrum a group of seven immunopositive cells was demonstrated. Stained nerve fibres of these cells run into three directions: circumoesophageal connectives, midbrain, and optic lobes. As far as the protocerebrum is concerned, immunoreactive fibres were found in the central body, the protocerebral bridge, and in other neuropile areas. In the optic lobe a dense plexus of immunopositive fibres was found in the lobula and in the medulla. In the brain one other immunopositive cell was demonstrated, situated at the lateral border of the tritocerebrum. Octopamine could not be shown to occur either in the globuli cells of the mushroom bodies or in the dorsolateral part of the protocerebrum, where the perikarya of the secretomotor neurones are located that innervate the glandular cells of the corpus cardiacum. In the nervi corporis cardiaci II, which contain the axons of the neurones that extend into the glandular part of the corpus cardiacum, and in the corpus cardiacum proper no specific octopamine immunoreactivity could be found.
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    Localization of ovulation hormone-like neuropeptide in the central nervous system of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis by means of immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 477-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caudo-dorsal cells ; Neuropeptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Ovulation hormone ; Lymnaea stagnalis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The caudo-dorsal cells (CDC) in the cerebral ganglia of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis synthesize the 36-amino acid ovulation hormone (CDCH). We have used immuno-cytochemistry and in situ hybridization to reveal the localization of neurons and axons containing CDCH-like material. A monoclonal antibody to a fragment of CDCH and a cDNA probe encoding CDCH reacted with the CDC-system, with specific cell groups in the cerebral and pleural ganglia, and with individually occurring neurons throughout the central nervous system. The cells in the pleural ganglia, which were found in about 50% of the preparations studied, are considered as “ectopic” CDC. They are morphologically similar to CDC in their somal dimensions and axonal organization. By means of immuno-electron microscopy it was shown that these neurons contain secretory vesicles that are similar to those of the CDC. The neurons of the bilateral groups occurring in the cerebral ganglia in addition to the CDC are smaller and more intensely stained than the CDC. Axons of these small neurons probably have varicosities located on the CDC axons in the neuropil of the cerebral ganglion, indicating synaptic contacts. Two major axon tracts could be followed from (or toward) the neuropil of the cerebral ganglion. One tract runs from the cerebral gangion via the pleural and parietal ganglia to the visceral ganglion, giving off branches to most nerves emanating from these ganglia. The other tract could be traced through the cerebro-pedal connective to the pedal ganglia. Only in the right pedal ganglion was extensive axonal branching observed. The nerves emanating from this ganglion contained many more immunoreactive axons than those from the left pedal ganglion. A polyclonal antibody raised against the synthetic fragment of CDCH stained, in addition to the neurons and axons revealed with the monoclonal antibody and the cDNA probe, three other major groups of neurons. Two are located in the cerebral ganglion, the other in the left pedal ganglion. The present findings suggest the presence of a system of neurons that contain CDCH or CDCH-like peptides. The role this system may play in the control of egg-laying and egg-laying behaviour is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215857
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    Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of calcium-binding proteins in enteric neurons (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 79-87 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcium-binding protein ; Enteric nervous system ; Intestine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Guinea-pig ; Rat ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactivity for vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) has been localized in nerve cell bodies and nerve fibres in the gastrointestinal tracts of guinea-pig, rat and man. CaBP immunoreactivity was found in a high proportion of nerve cell bodies of the myenteric plexus, particularly in the small intestine. It was also found in submucous neurons of the small and large intestines. Immunoreactive nerve fibres were numerous in the myenteric ganglia, and were also common in the submucous ganglia and in the intestinal mucosa. Immunoreactive fibres were rare in the circular and longitudinal muscle coats. In the myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig small intestine the immunoreactivity is restricted to one class of nerve cell bodies, type-II neurons of Dogiel, which display calcium action potentials in their cell bodies. These neurons were also immunoreactive with antibodies to spot 35 protein, a calcium-binding protein from the cerebellum. From the distribution of their terminals and the electrophysiological properties of these neurons it is suggested they might be sensory neurons, or perhaps interneurons. The discovery of CaBP in restricted sub-groups of enteric neurons may provide an important key for the analysis of their functions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213828
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    Human corpus luteum: Immunocytochemical evidence for presence of prolactin (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 251 (1988), S. 233-236 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prolactin ; Corpus luteum ; Immunocytochemistry ; Luteal cells ; Luteotropic function ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six human corpora lutea (day 17–25) of the menstrual cycle and 4 ovarian stromal tissues from 7 cycling women were examined for the presence of the hormone, prolactin, by immunohistochemistry using the indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. After mounting tissue sections of 4 μm, endogenous peroxidases were removed with hydrogen peroxide and the sections were incubated for l h at room temperature followed by 16 h at 4° C with a highly specific antisera for human prolactin, nonimmunized normal rabbit serum for a control reaction, or antiserum preadsorbed with excess human prolactin for specificity determination. Following the reaction with the second antibody (goat antirabbit IgG) for l h at room temperature, prolactin was localized using peroxidase anti-peroxidase and 3.3′-diaminobenzidine as the chromogen. Prolactin was present and could be localized in the luteal cells of all 6 corpora lutea, but not in any of the ovarian stroma studied. Human adenohypophysis served as a positive tissue control for prolactin immunopositive staining. The localization of immunoreactive prolactin in the corpus luteum demonstrates directly the presence of this hormone in the human ovary, adding further evidence for its role in luteal function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215829
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    Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of l-glutamate decarboxylase and GABA in rat pancreatic zymogen granules (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA ; Glutamate decarboxylase ; GABA transaminase ; Exocrine pancreas ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural immunohistochemical localization of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its regulating enzymes, l-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and gamma aminobutyrate-α-ketoglutarate transaminase, was determined utilizing an immunogold post-embedding protocol in pancreatic exocrine tissue. Within the acinar cell, GABA and its biosynthetic enzyme, GAD, were localized in zymogen granules. Quantitative analysis of the GABA immunoreactivity in the acinar cell revealed 1.7±0.5 gold particles/μm2 over the cytoplasm, 36.6±14.1 gold particles/ μm2 over the zymogen granules, and 2.9±2.1 gold particles /μm2 over the mitochondria. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of colloidal gold particles, representing glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the acinar cells, revealed 38.4±2.5 gold particles/μm2 over the zymogen granules, 4.7±1.1 gold particles/μm2 over the mitochondria and 6.3±0.5 gold particles/μm2 over the remainder of the cytoplasm. Substitution of normal sheep serum for the sheep anti-glutamate decarboxylase serum revealed a significant (p〈 0.001) decrease of the colloidal gold particle distribution over the zymogen granules and cytoplasmic compartments of the acini. Gamma aminobutyrate -α-ketoglutarate transaminase, the catabolic enzyme for GABA, was not detected in the mitochondria, zymogen granules, and cytoplasm of the acinar cell, suggesting that GABA is not catabolized within the acinar cell. Preabsorption and substitution controls resulted in an absence of labeling. These results suggest that GABA may act extracellularly and/or have a role within the zymogen granule in the exocrine pancreas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213841
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    Selective decrease of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase in nigrostriatum of adult male rats after N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 251-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: MPTP ; Rat ; Nigrostriatum ; Parkinsonism ; Immunocytochemistry ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Animal model ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several laboratories have reported that N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine causes damage to the nigral dopamine neurons of man, monkey, and mouse. Controversial data suggest that a rat model of Parkinsonism may be possible. Although loss of dopamine cells has not been detected in the rat brain, our immunocytochemical studies show that immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme which synthesizes dopamine, is significantly reduced in concentration, or its antigenicity altered, in substantia nigra/pars compacta as well as the caudate nucleus. Optical density measurements demonstrate the reduction or alteration of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase in nigro-striatal neurons, indicating that axonal terminals, as well as parent perikarya, may be sensitive to the drug. After treatment, abnormal morphological remodelling may result in the affected neuronal processes, perhaps indicating sublethal toxicity, followed by slow recovery. Despite the lack of nigral cell death, it is proposed that the present data support the use of the rat as a model to investigate the early effects of Parkinsonism induced by this agent, and the biological mechanisms of cellular recovery.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221761
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  • 82
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    Binding of a major secretory protein from bull seminal vesicles to bovine spermatozoa (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 377-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Seminal vesicles ; Seminal fluid ; Sperm motility ; Immunocytochemistry ; Bull
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The seminal vesicles synthesize in an androgen-dependent manner a neutral protein of 13.5 kDa molecular weight that makes up about 40% of their secretion (“major protein”). An antiserum against this protein raised in rabbits was used to localize the antigen within the seminal vesicles. In addition to intraluminal secretion of the seminal vesicles and the ampulla of the vas deferens, ejaculated and ampullary spermatozoa revealed an intense immunoreaction, which was restricted to the neck region of the sperm head and the middle piece, while the principal piece of the tail as well as the sperm head were devoid of immunoreactive material. Comparison of spermatozoa taken from the tail of the epididymis with ampullary spermatozoa showed that about 90% of the latter, but only 10–20% of the former presented this distributional pattern of immunoreactive sites. Epididymal epithelium as well as calf seminal vesicle epithelium showed no immunoreactivity with major protein antiserum. Using a pre-embedding staining technique with gold-labeled primary or secondary antibodies, respectively, no immunostaining could be achieved at the ultrastructural level. Incubation experiments of epididymal spermatozoa in EGTA-containing solutions in the absence of calcium resulted in a gradual labilization and eventual loss of the plasma membrane of the sperm middle piece. After removal of (at least part of) the plasma membrane, bound major protein could be visualized immunohistochemically close to the mitochondria of the middle piece using a gold-labeled primary or secondary antibody. The acceptor site for major protein therefore seems to reside inside the plasma membrane of the sperm middle piece. Incubation of epididymal spermatozoa in phospholipase-containing solutions removed the acceptor site from the spermatozoa. Separation by polyacrylamide treatment of proteins from epididymal sperm cells extracted by sodium hydroxide or phospholipase treatment, subsequently transblotted on nitrocellulose sheets and directly labeled with gold-tagged major protein, demonstrated a protein duplet with a molecular weight of 65 and 67 kDa, respectively, which appears to represent the specific binder of major protein underneath the sperm surface. Binding of major protein to this ∼66 kDa acceptor site is regarded as a physiological event that may be related to the onset of hyperactivated sperm motility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214380
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    Immunoreactive methionine-enkephalin in the caudal neurosecretory system of the carp, Cyprinus carpio (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 485-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caudal neurosecretory system ; Urotensin ; Methionine-enkephalin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Methionine-enkephalin (Met-enk) was detected by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay in the caudal neuro-secretory system of the carp Cyprinus carpio. Some cells showing urotensin I (UI)-immunoreactivity reacted to Met-enk antiserum, but others did not. Neurons with urotensin II (UII)-immunoreactivity did not react to Met-enk antiserum; neurons with both UI and UII immunoreactivities also displayed a negative Met-enk reaction. Met-enk was detected by radioimmunoassay in the urophysis, although the content was relatively small compared with that found in other parts of the central nervous system and in the pituitary.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222307
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  • 84
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    FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the metathoracic ganglion of the locust (Schistocerca gregaria) (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 253 (1988), S. 489-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system, insects ; Immunocytochemistry ; FMRFamide ; Bovine pancreatic polypeptide ; Locust, Schistocerca gregaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the metathoracic ganglion of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, has been investigated in serial semithin transverse sections with the use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. The topographical distribution of approximately 120 immunopositive neurons was established. Antiserum against bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP) stains the same ganglionic cells as FMRFamide-antiserum, yet this staining is largely blocked after preabsorption to FMRFamide. A comparison of these results with those from other studies suggests that there may be more than one type of endogenous RFamide-like peptide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222308
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    Alignment of desmosomes in stratifying human epidermis (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 585-592 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epidermis ; Desmosomes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Fine structure ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cultured human epithelial cells stained with antibody to desmosomal proteins by indirect immunofluorescence showed linear arrays of desmosomes en face between stratified cells. To confirm that an extensive linear pattern existed on the cell surface, subconfluent cultures were viewed using scanning electron microscopy. Aligned arrays of blunt protrusions lying parallel to each other and extending in the direction of the long axis of the cell were observed on the surface of groups of superficial cells in intact cultures. That this pattern was indeed related to desmosomal distribution was verified by transmission microscopy of thin sections cut in a plane between the upper and lower surfaces of flattened stratified cells to view desmosomes directly. A similar arrangement of desmosomes was seen in intact tissue, using epidermal sheets separated from newborn foreskin. The same pattern found in flattened cells was sometimes apparent in more rounded basal cells where the cytoplasm was beginning to extend. Since desmosomal plaques are associated with keratin filaments, the alignment of desmosomes must occur in association with cytoskeletal changes as cells become flattened toward the distal epithelial surface. The primary initiation of desmosomal alignment remains to be investigated. However, the present findings demonstrate an increasingly regular membrane-cytoskeletal spatial interaction as stratified epithelial cells of skin mature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226508
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    The development of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the thoracic ganglia of the locust Schistocerca gregaria (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 635-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurotransmitters ; Development, ontogenetic ; Immunocytochemistry ; Nervous system, central ; GABA ; Schistocerca gregaria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of GABA-like immunoreactivity was investigated in embryonic and juvenile locusts using an antibody raised against GABA-protein conjugates. GABA-like immunoreactivity was first detectable in the neuropile of embryonic ganglia at 55% development, and in neuronal somata at 62% development. The total number of immunoreactive somata increased between 62% and 85% embryonic development, and followed an anterio-posterior pattern of expression. At 85% development, the number of immunoreactive somata reached adult levels and no change in number was then seen. In embryonic stages and first and second juvenile instars two dorsal and four ventral groups of somata were labeled in all three thoracic ganglia, whilst in later juvenile instars one of the dorsal groups was visible as a separate entity only in the metathoracic ganglion. These early patterns were modified by alterations in the positions of some of the groups during late embryogenesis and during juvenile development to produce the adult pattern. The results show that the development of GABA expression is similar to that of other neurotransmitters. The characteristics of the development of immunoreactivity indicate that some of these immunoreactive clusters may be derived from clonally related neurones. Finally, we demonstrate the presence of immunoreactive somata and processes in embryos, which correspond to those of identified local and intersegmental interneurones studied in the adult.
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    Immunogold localization of prolamines in developingHaynaldia villosa endosperm (1988)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 144 (1988), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Golgi complex ; Haynaldia villosa ; Immunocytochemistry ; Prolamines ; Protein A-gold ; Protein body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Haynaldia villosa is a wild grass belonging to the tribe Triticeae, which includes important crops such as wheat, barley, and rye. The alcohol-soluble proteins ofH. villosa have extensive immunological relatedness with wheat prolamines as visualized by Western blot analysis. Amorphous protein inclusions surrounded by a limiting membrane are commonly found in the vacuoles of endosperm and subaleurone layers ofH. villosa seeds. A layer of cells just beneath the aleurone layer is rich in ER. Unlike that in other cell types, the ER in these cells is highly dilated and contains materials at its swollen distal ends. These materials are structurally similar to substances found in the protein bodies. Protein A-gold immunocytochemical localization studies employing antibodies against wheat prolamine confirmed that the inclusions found in the lumen of the ER do not contain prolamines. This observation indicates that the ER does not act as the site of prolamine accumulation inH. villosa. Protein bodies found in the vacuoles and the vesicles associated with the Golgi complexes were specifically labeled. This suggests that Golgi complexes mediate the transport of prolamines into vacuoles ofH. villosa endosperm cells, in a fashion analogous to that of other vacuolar proteins of dicotyledonous plants.
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    A polyclonal antibody (anticentrin) distinguishes between two types of fibrous flagellar roots in green algae (1988)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 144 (1988), S. 56-61 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Centrin ; Ca2-modulated contractile protein ; Flagellar apparatus ; Green algae ; Fibrous flagellar roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The two main types of fibrous flagellar roots present in the flagellar apparatus of green algae (system I and system II fibers) are immunologically distinct as indicated by the localization of a Ca2+-modulated contractile protein (centrin) exclusively in one type (system II fibers) but not in the other type (system I fibers). A polyclonal antibody generated against the major protein of the striated flagellar roots (system II fibers) of the quadriflagellate green algaTetraselmis striata was used to localize centrin by immunofluorescence and pre- and postembedding immunogold electron microscopy in the flagellar apparatus ofSpermatozopsis similis, S. exsultans, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Dunaliella bioculata, Polytomella parva and gametes ofMonostroma grevillei andEnteromorpha sp. Whereas the antibody recognizes centrin in connecting fibers and system II fibers, no labeling occurs in system I fibers in all taxa investigated. This study presents the first evidence that system I fibers lack centrin and indicates that the two main types of fibrous flagellar roots in green algae are biochemically distinct.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of methyl-coenzyme M reductase in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 147 (1987), S. 190-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum ; Methyl-CoM reductase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Colloidal gold ; Energy conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cells of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were fixed with glutaraldehyde, sectioned and labeled with antibodies against the β subunit of component C (=methyl-CoM reductase) of methyl-CoM reductase system and with colloidal gold-labeled protein A. It was found that the gold particles were located predominantly in the vicinity of the cytoplasmic membrane, when the cells were grown under conditions where methyl-CoM reductase was not overproduced. This finding confirms the recent data obtained with Methanococcus voltae showing via the same immunocytochemical localization technique that in this organism methyl-CoM reductase is membrane associated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00415283
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    Localization of nitrogenase in vesicles of Frankia sp. Cc1.17 by immunogoldlabelling on ultrathin cryosections (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 146 (1987), S. 327-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Symbiosis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultracryotomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Immunogoldlabelling on ultrathin cryosections of Frankia sp. Cc1.17 showed specific labelling of nitrogenase in the spherical cells called vesicles. No label was found in the hyphae in any cells grown on a medium with combined nitrogen, nor in those to which no specific antiserum was added. Similar results were obtained with cultures grown under high (20%) and low (2%) oxygen tension in the gas phase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00410930
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  • 91
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    Localization of ornithine decarboxylase in the chick embryo during organogenesis (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 75-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ornithine decarboxylase ; Chick embryo ; Organogenesis A ; Autoradiography ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localization of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis and thus in cell growth, was determined in the 4.5-day-old chick embryo, using two independent methods of analysis. ODC protein was identified by indirect immunofluorescence with a monospecific ODC antibody, and catalytically active ODC was identified by autoradiography with α-(5-3H) difluoromethylornithine. Both methods revealed a basically similar distribution of ODC within the embryo. Among the organs, the brain exhibited the highest ODC levels. ODC levels were also high in spinal cord, mesonephric tubules and heart. Similar levels, but confined to limited areas, were found in liver tissue, head mesenchyme, and the oral and pharyngeal regions. Organs that exhibited high ODC levels are all engaged in rapid growth, as well as in extensive tissue remodeling and differentiation.
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    Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural evidence for a neurophysinergic innervation of the subcommissural organ of the snake Natrix maura (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 473-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Innervation ; Neu rophysins ; Mesotocin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Snake, Natrix maura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural organ (SCO) of the snake Natrix maura was studied by use of the immunoperoxidase procedure. Primary antisera against bovine neurophysins (Nps I + II, OXY-Np), oxytocin (OXY), mesotocin (MST), arginine-vasotocin (AVT), somatostatin (SOM), β-endorphin (END) and bovine Reissner's fiber were used. A conventional ultrastructural study, with special emphasis on the nerve fibers present in the SCO, was also performed. Nerve fibers containing immunoreactive OXY-Np and MST were seen to reach the SCO. The staining of adjacent sections with the anti-Reissner's fiber serum showed that the OXY-Np- and MST-immunoreactive fibers were distributed among the cell bodies and processes of the ependymal secretory cells. No fibers containing immunoreactive OXY, AVT, SOM or END were found in the SCO. The ultrastructural analysis revealed in the SCO the presence of nerve fibers filled with electron-dense granules, 170–210 nm in diameter. Although a direct apposition between these fibers and the SCO cells was frequently seen, no synaptic differentiations were identified. Structures identical to the Herring bodies (found in the neurohypophysis) were seen in the SCO.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218215
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    Immunocytochemical markers revealing retinal and pineal but not hypothalamic photoreceptor systems in the Japanese quail (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Pineal organ ; Hypothalamus ; Opsin ; α-Transducin ; Interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Japanese quail
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The retinal proteins opsin,α-transducin, S-antigen and interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP) are essential for the processes of vision. By use of immunocyto-chemistry we have employed antibodies directed against these “photoreceptor proteins” in an attempt to identify the photoreceptor systems (retina, pineal and deep brain) of the Japanese quail. Opsin immunostaining was identified within many outer (basal portion) and inner segments of retinal photoreceptor cells and limited numbers of photoreceptor perikarya. Opsin immunostaining was also demonstrated in limited numbers of pinealocytes with all parts of these cells being immunoreactive. These results differ from previous observations. In contrast to the results obtained with the antibody against opsin, S-antigen andα-transducin immunostaining was seen throughout the entire outer segments and many photoreceptor perikarya of the retina. In the pineal organ immunostaining was seen in numerous pinealocytes in all follicles. These results conform to previous findings in birds. In addition, IRBP has been demonstrated for the first time in the avian retina and pineal organ. These findings underline the structural and functional similarities between the retina and pineal organ and provide additional support for a photoreceptive role of the avian pineal. No specific staining was detected in any other region of the brain in the Japanese quail; the hypothalamic photoreceptors of birds remain unidentified.
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    Insulin-, glucagonand somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the endocrine pancreas of the lungfish,Neoceratodus forsteri (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 181-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine pancreas ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Somatostatin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neoceratodus forsteri (Australian lungfish)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine pancreas of the Australian lungfish,Neoceratodus forsteri, was investigated immunocytochemically for the presence of polypeptide hormone-producing cells. Three cell types were identified, namely insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive elements. The insulin cells are confined solely to the center of the islets. Glucagon and somatostatin cells are distributed peripherally around the central mass of the insulin cells. Isolated cells or clusters of glucagon and somatostatin cells are also dispersed within the exocrine parenchyma. The immunoreactive cell types are compared with those staining with standard histological procedures. The spatial relationships of the different cell populations are examined.
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    Nerve growth factor-like immunoreactivities in rodent salivary glands and testis (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 248 (1987), S. 275-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve growth factor ; Salivary glands ; Antibodies ; Immunocytochemistry ; Affinity purification ; Specificity tests ; Testis ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A series of polyclonal affinity-purified antibodies against mouse submandibular-gland nerve growth factor (NGF) are described. Using the submandibular gland of the male mouse and indirect immunofluorescence, the specificity and sensitivity of affinity-purified immunoglobulins and various other fractions from the immunized animals have been tested. It will be shown that affinity-purification schemes, including pre-purification of protein A-fractionated immunoglobulins to remove antibodies that bind to unrelated hydrophilic and hydrophobic proteins, significantly enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and specificity of the antibodies. The antibodies effectively detect NGF-like immunoreactivity in both fresh and fixed glandular tissue. Optimal fixation procedures are described. Fluorescence intensities are linearly correlated to log antibody concentration. By use of the best antibody fractions and optimal fixation protocols, the distribution of NGF-like immunoreactivity is described in eight different salivary glands (rat and mouse, male and female, submandibular and sublingual glands). In addition to the well-known large numbers of immunoreactive cells in the submandibular gland of the male mouse, immunoreactive cells were found in the sublingual gland of male mice and in the submandibular and sublingual glands of female mice. One antibody revealed a weak specific fluorescence also in the submandibular gland of the male mouse. In a survey of genital organs of male mice, one antibody revealed fluorescence in the germ cell line. We conclude that several polyclonal affinity-purified antibodies have been characterized that show a strong NGF-dependent binding to the secretory granules of tubular cells in the submandibular gland of male mice. These antibodies should make it possible to locate endogenous and perturbed NGF levels immunocytochemically, e.g., in the peripheral and central nervous system, where NGF concentrations may be several orders of magnitude lower than in the salivary glands.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218194
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    An FMRFamide antiserum differentiates between populations of antigens in the brain and retrocerebral complex of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system ; Immunocytochemistry ; FMRFamide ; Bovine pancreatic polypeptide ; Insects ; Schistocerca gregaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of FMRFamide-irmunoreactive cell bodies in the brain and retrocerebral complex of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, is described. Most of the immunoreactive cell bodies are found in the pars intercerebralis and in the optic lobes. Many, but not all, of the cell bodies also react with an antiserum raised against bovine pancreatic polypeptide, but this antiserum also reveals another population of cells that stain selectively with this antiserum. In addition to the cell bodies, numerous immunoreactive processes are revealed by both antisera in neuropilar regions of the brain. The results of blocking experiments suggest that a differential distribution of three locust antigens can be determined from the examination of alternate serial sections stained with the two antisera used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214659
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    Immunocytochemical study of the GABAergic innervation of the mouse pituitary by use of antibodies against gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) ; Pituitary ; Neuroendocrine regulation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The GABAergic innervation of the mouse pituitary, including the median eminence, was studied at light microscopic and ultrastructural levels by use of a pre-embedding immunocytochemical technique with antibodies directed against GABA. In the median eminence, a high density of GABA-immunoreactive fibers was found in the external layer where the GABAergic varicosities were frequently observed surrounding the blood vessels of the primary capillary plexus. In the internal and subependymal layers, only few fibers were immunoreactive. The intense labeling of the external layer was observed in the entire rostro-caudal extent of the median eminence. In the pituitary proper, a dense network of GABA-immunoreactive fibers was revealed throughout the neural and intermediate lobes, entering via the hypophyseal stalk. The anterior and tuberal lobes were devoid of any immunoreactivity. The GABA-immunoreactive terminals were characterized in the median eminence, and in the intermediate and posterior lobes at the electron-microscopic level. They contained small clear vesicles, occasionally associated with dense-core vesicles or neurosecretory granules. In the intermediate lobe they were seen to be in contact with the glandular cells. In the posterior lobe and in the median eminence, GABA-immunoreactive terminals were frequently located in the vicinity of blood vessels. These results further support the concept of a role of GABA in the regulation of hypophyseal functions, via the portal blood for the anterior lobe, directly on the cells in the intermediate lobe, and via axo-axonic mechanisms in the median eminence and posterior lobe.
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    Fetal expression of muscle-specific isoactins in multiple organs of the Wistar-Kyoto rat (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 7-12 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Isoactin ; Muscle ; Fetus ; Ontogeny ; Rat (Wistar-Kyoto)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Actin, a cytoskeletal and contractile protein, is expressed in six different isoforms that exhibit striking specificity. No studies have considered the muscle-specific actin expression in multiple organ systems in the intact fetus. Using a monoclonal antibody (B4) which reacts specifically with the isoactins of the smooth and skeletal muscle our immunohistochemical study examined whole fetal body sections to follow the development of actin expression throughout the last third of gestation in the Wistar-Kyoto rat. B4 staining was exclusively localized to muscle, confirming its high specificity and its usefulness for studying the ontogeny of muscle-specific isoactins. At 15 days of gestation, B4 staining was detected in the heart, the thoracic aorta and the skeletal muscle of the chest wall. The distribution and intensity of staining in the heart were initially higher than in the aorta or skeletal muscle and remained unchanged throughout the remainder of gestation, suggesting that the maturation of cardiac actin expression is well developed, although not fully completed before birth. Expression of muscle-specific actins in skeletal muscle was age-dependent and correlated with the maturational changes of muscle cell precursors. B4 staining in the fetal kidney was not apparent until day 20 of gestation and was localized to the inner cortical vessels. in association with the most mature nephrons, suggesting a centrifugal maturation of the intrarenal vasculature. The intensity of B4 staining in most tissues including bronchi, bowel, diaphragm, chest wall muscle and peripheral and pulmonary arteries increased by the end of gestation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214647
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Reissner's fiber, massa caudalis and ampulla caudalis in the spinal cord of lamprey larvae (Geotria australis) (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 359-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reissner's fiber ; Massa caudalis ; Subcommissural organ ; Spinal cord ; Central canal ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lectin histochemistry ; Lamprey ; Geotria australis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural organ (SCO), Reissner's fiber (RF) and its massa caudalis of lamprey larvae (Geotria australis) were investigated immunocytochemically by use of an antiserum raised against bovine RF as primary antibody. The affinities of RF and massa caudalis for Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA) with and without previous acid hydrolysis, concanavalin A (Con A), wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA), aldehyde fuchsin, and PAS reaction were also studied. SCO and massa caudalis were strongly immunoreactive, whereas RF proper was distinctly negative. RF did not react with Con A and RCA. Only the periphery of RF was WGA-positive. RCA showed affinity for RF only after acid hydrolysis. RF was homogeneously stained by the aldehyde-fuchsin and PAS-methods. At variance with RF proper, the periphery of the massa caudalis reacted with RCA without previous acid hydrolysis, but its core was WGA-positive and reacted with RCA only after hydrolysis. It is suggested that (i) RF has a coat of glycoproteins containing sialic acid as terminal residue, whereas the massa caudalis possesses a coat with galactose as terminal residue; (ii) in RF proper and the massa caudalis the spatial arrangement of glycoproteins might be different. Routine transmission electron-microscopic observations indicate that in larvae of Geotria australis an open communication exists between the ampulla caudalis and blood capillaries via large cavities or lacunae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218317
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical localization of pyrazine-binding protein in bovine nasal mucosa (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 247 (1987), S. 461-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nasal mucosa ; Odorant-binding protein ; 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies have been raised against purified bovine pyrazine-binding protein, a protein that binds the odorant 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine. These antibodies have been utilized in immunocytochemical experiments to localize the pyrazine-binding protein in bovine nasal mucosa. Tissue fragments, macroscopically identified as olfactory and respiratory mucosa, were fixed in Bouin's fluid and embedded in paraffin. Consecutive serial sections were processed for immunofluorescence studies and restained either with haematoxylin-eosin or with periodic acid Schiff-Alcian Blue. In both olfactory and respiratory mucosa, only seromucous tubulo-acinar glands were specifically labelled. These glands are located in the lamina propria underlying typical respiratory epithelium, even in those tissues that are macroscopically defined as olfactory mucosa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218329
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