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  • Articles  (76,846)
  • Springer  (76,439)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (407)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • Cell Press
  • 1985-1989  (39,527)
  • 1980-1984  (34,295)
  • 1940-1944  (3,024)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (76,846)
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  • Articles  (76,846)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EDITORIAL: SOFTWARE SURVEY SECTION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00556.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE EFFECTS OF VISCOUS FLUID FLOW IN A FATIGUE CRACK (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The influence of hydrodynamic pressure on fatigue crack growth rates has been investigated. It was shown that the effects were small but beneficial, effectively reducing the stress intensity range. A theoretical model has been developed which successfully predicted the trends and approximate magnitudes of reductions in fatigue crack growth rates for a range of test conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00561.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LIFE PREDICTION FOR CREEP-FATIGUE BASED ON THE GROWTH OF SHORT CRACKS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— For two types of steels (comparable to the 304-type and 347-type of steels) the nucleation and growth of short surface cracks was examined as a function of hold-time, strain rate, and temperature. In addition, for the same range of parameters, damage parameter vs cycles to failure curves were calculated from measured lifetimes. The measured rates, dα/dN, were compared with a model for the growth of creep-fatigue cracks. At large strains, life was found to be dominated by the growth of short cracks. The life data were compared with the life calculated from the crack growth data. The results showed that except for cases in which crack growth is controlled by the coalescence of cavities, the specimen life can be predicted correctly by integrating the growth rate of microcracks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00564.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INFORMATION ON CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00555.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DETERMINATION OF STRESS CORROSION CRACK INITIATION STRESS AND CRACK VELOCITIES USING SLOWLY STRAINED TAPERED SPECIMENS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Previous work has shown that a single tapered cylindrical specimen subjected to slow strain rate testing can provide data for the crack initiation stress of 70/30 brass in 1N NaNO2 solution. In order to test the wider applicability of that technique, crack initiation stresses of a further five systems were measured. These were 70/30 brass in an ammoniacal solution, copper in sodium nitrite and mild steel in carbonate–bicarbonate, hydroxide or nitrate solutions. The results are compared with those obtained from tests on plain cylindrical specimens subjected to interrupted slow strain rate tests or to constant load tests, and the agreement is reasonable. The method also is capable of providing data on the stress dependence of crack velocities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00558.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE EFFECTS OF STRESS RATIO, COMPRESSIVE PEAK STRESS AND MAXIMUM STRESS LEVEL ON FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF 2024-T3 ALUMINIUM ALLOY (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue crack growth behaviour of 2024-T3 aluminium alloy is investigated as a function of stress ratio, compressive peak stress and maximum stress level. It is found that as the stress ratio and the magnitude of the compressive peak stress are increased, the threshold stress intensity range decreased linearly. Intermediate and near threshold growth rate data are analysed with different formulae for effective stress intensity range. The data covered different values of stress ratio, compressive peak stress and maximum stress level. A formula for the crack opening stress level is introduced as a function of stress ratio, compressive peak stress and maximum stress level. The formula permitted a good correlation between crack growth data for both positive stress ratio and negative compressive peak stress values. Using the new formula, intermediate and near threshold crack growth data for the 2024-T3 aluminium alloy yielded a unique crack growth rate vs effective stress intensity range curve for all stress ratio and compressive peak stress values investigated. This suggests that for the 2024-T3 aluminium alloy the crack growth rate vs effective stress intensity range curve does not depend on stress ratio, compressive peak stress, or maximum stress level. The significance of the new equation and the crack growth rate versus effective stress intensity range curve is that they allow a designer to find crack growth rate vs stress intensity range data for the 2024-T3 aluminium alloy in both intermediate and near threshold regions for the particular stress ratio, compressive peak stress and maximum stress level conditions of the component under investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00503.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    VECTOR CTD CRITERION APPLIED TO MIXED MODE FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This work is aimed at developing a general parameter based on the deformation intensity at a mixed mode crack tip to predict crack growth behaviour, especially in the near threshold region. Being a mechanisms-related parameter, the vector crack tip displacement (CTD) is defined as a vector summation of CTOD and CTSDc which act, respectively in the directions of mode I and mode II fatigue crack growth. The basic assumption is that both direction and rate of mixed mode fatigue crack growth are governed by the vector ΔCTD, which represents the resultant of the “driving force”at the crack tip. The analytical predictions obtained by using the vector ΔCTD are in good agreement with the reported experimental results of mixed mode I and II fatigue cracks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00508.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FRETTING FATIGUE AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES IN TWO STEAM TURBINE STEELS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— —Fatigue tests and fretting fatigue tests of two steam turbine steels at room temperature and 773 K were carried out. The reduction of fatigue life and strength in the fretting test were significant at 773 K as well as at room temperature. The values of the friction coefficient at 773 K was almost equal to those at room temperature. The geometry of the fretting fatigue crack was flat in the early stage of fatigue life where a significant effect of fretting was observed. With increasing crack length and with a reducing effect of fretting, the fatigue crack shape changed to a semi-circular form. The fretting fatigue lives predicted on the basis of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analysis, with the frictional force between the fretting pad and the specimen taken into consideration, agreed well with experimental results at both temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00549.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE USE OF SPATE TO MEASURE RESIDUAL STRESSES AND FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— —SPATE was used to monitor thermoemissions during fatigue crack propagation tests conducted on centre-cracked tension (CCT) specimens at different mean stress levels, and on CCT specimens containing compressive residual stresses. The results obtained showed the SPATE stress intensity factor (SIF) predictions to correlate with the applied SIF range rather than the effective SIF range, thus demonstrating that SPATE was unable to account for the effects of mean stress and residual stress on fatigue crack growth. Further, although SPATE can be used to predict fatigue crack growth rates faster than 10–8m/cycle, in the region of low growth rates slower than this, the prediction of growth rates became impractical. Even at maximum resolution and scan time, the technique was unable to detect the changes in thermoemission caused by such small and slow crack tip advances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00536.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE EFFECT OF SPECIMEN SIZE ON THE CTOD R-CURVE BEHAVIOUR OF A TITANIUM ALLOY (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— —This paper presents preliminary results from a large experimental programme to study geometry and size effects in CTOD R-curves. The results presented were obtained from unloading compliance R-curve tests performed at room temperature on different sized single-edge-notch bend specimens made from Ti–3Al–2V alloy. The crack growth resistance was measured in terms of both the conventional CTOD, δ0, (i.e. as defined in BS 5762) and CTOD corrected for crack growth, δR. It was found that the δ0 and δR R-curves were independent of specimen size up to crack extensions corresponding to approximately 10–15% of the original uncracked ligament. Also, after crack extensions of 30–40% of the initial ligament the δ0 and δR R-curves exhibited well defined upswings. The upswing in the CTOD R-curves is thought to be a result of a reduction in crack tip constraint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00539.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CORROSION FATIGUE OF STEEL IN VARIOUS AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENTS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Corrosion fatigue of three steels namely: AISI 1018, AISI 4340 and 17–7 PH stainless steel are investigated in various environments. Testing mediums chosen are natural seawater, polluted sea water from an industrial site, drinking tap water produced by desalination process, 4% sodium chloride tap water solution and a laboratory air environment. Results obtained for the three steels are consistent in pointing out that pollutants in seawater do not contribute to an acceleration of corrosion fatigue. The aggressiveness of drinking water is attributed to its chemical instability, low alkalinity and bicarbonate content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00557.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EFFECTS OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON THE RATE OF FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue crack growth rate data have been obtained, for both positive and negative R stress ratios, in pressurised and unpressurised oil and in inert argon gas. Expected results show that for negative R the rate data should be correlated against the tensile stress intensity range. For tension-compression loading constant hydrostatic pressure has a detrimental effect increasing the tensile stress intensity range. For tension-tension loading constant hydrostatic pressure has a beneficial effect decreasing crack growth rates. A simple theoretical model has been proposed which describes these trends.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00560.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FATIGUE OF THICK-SECTION COLD-EXPANDED HOLES WITH AND WITHOUT CRACKS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue tests under spectrum loading were conducted to evaluate hole cold-expansion in thick-section open-hole aluminium alloy specimens, some of which contained residual fatigue cracks before cold expansion. Cold expansion resulted in an increase in life by a factor of about 7. Small residual fatigue cracks did not inhibit the effectiveness of the cold-expansion process, indicating that it may not be essential to remove such cracks prior to hole cold-expansion. The increase in life is primarily associated with a reduced crack propagation rate compared with that for cracks from non-cold-expanded holes. Cold-expanded hole fractures displayed a marked disparity in crack depths adjacent to the two faces of the specimens. Considerable differences were evident in crack depths and fatigue crack areas at failure between cold-expanded and non-cold-expanded hole specimens. These findings have ramifications in the damage tolerance assessment of aircraft structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00563.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF AN AXIAL CRACK IN A PRESSURISED PIPE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The multiple specimen technique was developed to measure the crack growth fracture resistance of a through axial crack in a pressurised pipe and the results compared with data measured from test specimens. The comparison indicates that there is no significant difference between pipe and specimen behaviour. The results are also compared with elastic-plastic three-dimensional finite element analyses of the pipe and the R6 failure assessment curve. Reasonably good agreement was found between the experimental results and finite element analyses. The experimental results all lie outside the material specific failure assessment curve of the R6 structural integrity assessment procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00566.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A UNIAXIAL CYCLIC PLASTICITY MODEL INCLUDING TRANSIENT MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A phenomenological uniaxial material model, which is a one-dimensional equivalent to a two-surface multiaxial plasticity model, is presented. The model takes into account the transient effects cyclic hardening/softening and mean stress relaxation by means of exponential relationships that are functions of number of reversals. The parameters describing these relationships are obtained from the strain-life curve and the cyclic stress-strain curve. The hysteresis loops are assumed to be bounded by two parallel, straight lines in tension and compression, i.e. bounding lines. The stress-strain curve approaches these lines with increasing strain through a nonlinearly decreasing plastic modulus. The transient effects are simulated by increasing/decreasing the distance between the lines for cycling hardening/softening at each stress or strain reversal. A positive mean stress yields translation downwards of the bounding lines if the material is subjected to strain control, and translation in the opposite direction if the mean stress is negative. Dynamic creep is simulated when the material is subjected to stress control and mean stress. The test data was obtained from an experimental programme on St52–3N, which is a normalized structural steel. The specimens were loaded in strain or stress control. The comparison between tests and simulations shows that the model described simulates the cyclic transient material behaviour quite well. The main inaccuracy is due to using parallel bounding lines, as the tests show that these lines are not completely parallel for the present steel material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00567.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EFFECT OF HOLD-TIME DAMAGE ON HIGH TEMPERATURE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— —A series of tests has been carried out to investigate the effect of sequential high frequency fatigue cycles interspersed with hold times on elevated temperature crack growth rates in AISI type 304 stainless steel. Each test sequence included different combinations of fatigue cycles and hold-times. Those sequences which included the smallest number of fatigue cycles resulted in the fastest crack propagation rates. The sequence with a block of 1000 cycles and a 120min hold time had the slowest crack propagation rate, similar to that for a reference 5 Hz fatigue test. Examination of the fracture surfaces revealed alternating regions of transgranular and intergranular fracture corresponding to the respective fatigue block and hold-time period. Intergranular fracture was observed to be characteristic of maximum time-dependent and time-independent damage interaction, which was associated with those specimens subjected to sequences including a block of 50 fatigue cycles, possessing the fastest crack propagation rates. The results may be explained using a model based on fatigue-creep-environment interaction. During the hold-time a damaged zone due to oxidation induced cavitation formed at the crack tip. Depending on the stress intensity factor range, the subsequent fatigue cycles continued to extend the crack through part or whole of the remaining portion of this region. For the remainder of the fatigue block the crack propagated in its normal transgranular mode. Oxide induced closure at low ΔK levels brought about the lowest crack propagation rate for the sequence consisting of a block of 1000 cycles and a 120 min hold period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00546.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CLOSURE AND GROWTH OF MODE I CRACKS IN BIAXIAL FATIGUE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— —The closure behavior of mode I fatigue cracks under biaxial loading is studied with an elastic-plastic plane stress finite element model. Biaxial stresses are shown to have a significant impact on crack closure behavior at higher maximum stresses. In general, normalized crack opening stresses are highest for equibiaxial loading and lowest for pure shear loading. The differences are apparently negligible for maximum applied stresses less than about 0.4 σ0. Experimental crack growth data are quantitatively consistent with these trends. Correlations of the experimental data with a simple ΔKeff were successful as first-order engineering estimates. Changes in forward and reversed plastic zone sizes with biaxiality are not entirely consistent with trends in crack growth rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00552.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RESPONSE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00554.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANNOUNCEMENT (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00535.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INFORMATION ON CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00521.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CLOSURE DEVELOPMENT AND CRACK OPENING DISPLACEMENT IN THE SHORT CRACK REGIME FOR FINE AND COARSE GRAINED A533B STEEL (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— —This paper reports the results of an investigation of the closure, growth rate and COD behaviour of small cracks in A533B steel. A laser-based interferometric strain/displacement measurement system was used in the work to quantify closure and COD values in both fine and coarse grained microstructures at stress ratios of - 1 and 0.1. The data obtained clarify the relative dominance of closure or microstructure in the two conditions of the steel and appear to shed some light on the size of crack tip plastic zones for small cracks in the two microstructures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00542.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A STUDY OF THE INTERACTION AND COALESCENCE OF TWO COPLANAR FATIGUE CRACKS IN BENDING (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper reports the results of an experimental and numerical investigation of the interaction and coalescence of two coplanar semi-elliptical cracks. Fatigue crack growth data were obtained from a four-point bend specimen using the direct current potential difference method and a beachmarking technique. A finite element simulation of the experimental conditions was also performed. Crack advance was computed from the Paris equation on a step by step basis. Good agreement between experimental fatigue crack growth data and the finite element predictions is demonstrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00524.x
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NOTCH SIZE EFFECT IN FATIGUE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The notch size effect (i.e. the decrease of the notched fatigue limit with increasing notch size for the same stress concentration factor) was quantitatively derived by describing the threshold conditions for the propagation of a short semi-elliptical crack nucleated at the notch root. A close relation between the Kitagawa—Takahashi diagram for the short crack threshold stress and the dependence of the notched fatigue limit on the notch size was shown. The derived relation for the notch size effect was experimentally verified for several specimen/notch geometries in the cases of pressure vessel steel and copper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00525.x
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LOW CYCLE FATIGUE LIVES OF NOTCHED COMPONENTS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— In low cycle fatigue situations, the plastic behaviour of the material at the root of stress concentrators is of prime importance in determining the cyclic life. However, simple procedures such as Neuber's rule do not adequately describe the development of plastic behaviour at a notch root, while the expense of a finite element analysis is not justified in many instances. This paper describes a simple, approximate numerical method of calculating plastic notch stresses and strains that would be of use in such situations. The usefulness of the technique is demonstrated by comparing low cycle fatigue lives predicted from notch plastic strains with those determined by fatigue testing of smooth specimens subjected to similar plastic strain ranges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00528.x
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    INFORMATION ON CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00512.x
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    EDITORIAL: SOFTWARE SURVEY SECTION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00513.x
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    THE EFFECT OF BIAXIAL STRESS STATE AND CHANGES OF STATE ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The effect of biaxial loading on the fatigue crack growth properties for a stainless steel has been examined. From comprehensive experiments, a significant biaxial stress effect on crack growth was found when the stress level was high and the crack was short. In this paper, the critical region where the effect of biaxial stress appears was clarified quantitatively. Moreover, the effect of changing the biaxial stress condition on fatigue crack growth behaviour was investigated. Significant acceleration of crack growth was observed just after the uniaxial or equibiaxial stress condition was changed to the shear stress condition. This acceleration seems to be due to the change of plastic zone shape at the crack tip.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00516.x
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    INFORMATION ON CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00500.x
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    A CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONSTANT-AMPLITUDE LOW CYCLE FATIGUE TESTING AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper comprises the text of a code of testing practice prepared under the auspices of a British High Temperature Mechanical Testing Committee. The code makes recommendations concerning equipment, test specimens and procedures; it includes several explanatory and cautionary notes and references to related standards and publications. It was considered that the American National Standard ASTM E606–80 [1] contained much of the required material and in order to avoid unnecessary divergence of practice the recommendations therein have been used as far as possible but with specific modifications and additions to account for current UK needs and practice. It is anticipated that this document may form the basis of a future BSI publication and consequently, the general format is similar to that recommended by BSI in BS O 1981 [2]. Currently a programme of intercomparative Low Cycle Fatigue testing is being carried out under the auspices of and with support from the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) of the Commission of European Communities. This programme will shortly be widened to include non-European countries as part of a broader initiative in the field of Materials and Standards (VAMAS). In consequence it is intended to consider and, if necessary, revise the Code of Practice in the light of results from this programme and of other on-going work in the field.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00519.x
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    FATIGUE LIMIT AND FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION IN HIGH STRENGTH COLD DRAWN EUTECTOID STEEL WIRES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Both the fatigue limit and the fatigue life of a structural member are highly dependent upon its surface condition and on the microcrack growth rate. A model based on linear elastic fracture mechanics has been developed which involves both parameters and predicts with good accuracy the available experimental results. The factors that must be modified in order to improve the fatigue behaviour of cold drawn eutectoid steel wires are indicated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00506.x
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    UNACCEPTABLE DIFFERENCES IN PUBLISHED STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR SOLUTIONS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00509.x
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    RESPONSE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00511.x
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    EDITORIAL: SOFTWARE SURVEY SECTION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00501.x
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    FRACTURE ENERGY OF WEAKLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— An experimental investigation was conducted on a series of simply supported concrete beams with an aim to determine the fracture energy of the composite beam and apply the concept of fracture mechanics to predict flexural strength. In order that a single crack from the tip of the premolded central notch would propagate, the beams were lightly reinforced with a large cover so that the moment capacity of the beam as unreinforced section would be greater than that of the reinforced section. Based on test data, compliance calibration and energy release rate (G1) curves are presented for progressive cracking and a correlation between the critical energy release rate and ultimate moment capacity is suggested.
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    IRRADIATION EMBRITTLEMENT OF A LOW ALLOY STEEL INTERPRETED IN TERMS OF A LOCAL APPROACH OF CLEAVAGE FRACTURE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— One heat of A 508 steel is investigated in both the unirradiated and the irradiated condition to determine the variation of the fracture toughness with temperature and specimen thickness. CT type specimens with three thicknesses B (12.5, 25 and 50 mm) are used. Two fluence levels (3·1019 and 8·19 n/cm2)(E 〈 1 MeV) are investigated. It is shown that the fracture toughness is a decreasing function of both specimen thickness and temperature. A model developed previously by Beremin is used to interpret the results. Axisymmetric notched specimens are tested to determine the factors used in the statistical approach of cleavage fracture. It is confirmed that the Beremin model is able to account for the large scatter in fracture toughness observed at a given temperature on the unirradiated material. The specimen thickness effect is also reasonably well interpreted by the model. The irradiation embrittlement can be explained by assuming that the cleavage fracture resistance is not modified by irradiation and by taking into account only the variations of yield strength with irradiation and test temperature.
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    DISCUSSION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00510.x
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    CRACK CLOSURE AND FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RATE IN THREE POINT BEND SPECIMENS OF DIFFERENT WIDTHS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The crack closure stress intensity factor values and fatigue crack growth rates were determined in Three Point Single Edge Bend, SE(B), specimens prepared from rails manufactured using two different grades of rail steels. The width, and correspondingly the span, of the SE(B) specimens were varied eight fold; the thickness of all the specimens being the same. It is observed that the crack closure stress intensity factor values decrease with an increase in the width of SE(B) specimens. At a given value of ΔKeff, the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) is independent of the width. However, at a given value of ΔKeff, the FCGR is observed to decrease with increasing width. In view of the above results, the scope of application of the FCGR laws based on an effective stress intensity factor to the life prediction of components, requires careful examination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    ON CRACK INITIATION LIFE DURING LOW CYCLE FATIGUE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A new method of investigating life to crack initiation during low cycle fatigue, which combines hour-glass shape specimen testing with scanning electron-microscopy observations, was introduced in the paper. The effect of grain size on low cycle fatigue crack initiation life of 37CrNi3MoV steel and the propagation of cracks in this multi-phase steel was studied. Results show that refining the grain size can increase fatigue initiation lifetime.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00568.x
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    EDITORIAL (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00544.x
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    INITIATION AND GROWTH OF FRETTING FATIGUE CRACKS IN THE PARTIAL SLIP REGIME (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— —Recent work addressing the problems of fretting fatigue crack initiation and propagation under a carefully controlled axi-symmetric Hertzian contact is described. Both experimental work, enabling the fretting damage, sites of initiation, and crack trajectory to be viewed, and theoretical work, permitting a prediction of those processes are presented. Good correlation between the two strands of work is found. In particular, the initiation criterion proposed by Ruiz, Boddington and Chen for a very different geometry is found to work well, and would seem to indicate its potential as a design tool.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00547.x
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    EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERISATION OF DYNAMIC TENSILE AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS PROPERTIES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— —An experimental procedure for obtaining material tensile and fracture toughness properties at rates applicable to shock loading is reported. A variant of the key curve approach to determine dynamic J-R curves is described and results are presented for a nickel aluminium bronze alloy for actuator loading rates in the range 0.75–7500 mm/s.
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    THE INTRODUCTION OF FATIGUE LOADING INTO THE ROUTINE TESTING OF POLYETHYLENE GAS PIPE SYSTEMS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— —This paper discusses a programme of work instigated to establish the feasibility of introducing dynamic loading into the routine quality control testing of plastic gas pipe and fittings. The initial data proved to be exceptionally consistent and showed that fatigue loading reduced the time to failure with comparable static loading by an order of magnitude at least and provided a real opportunity to get short term data that would relate to long term (50 to 60 years) service life. The work showed also that many parameters markedly affect failure times and that these would have to be closely controlled or optimised in any subsequent test procedure. As an example the effects of frequency are illustrated and a method of selecting the optimum test frequency is given.
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    INFORMATION ON CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00533.x
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    THE INFLUENCE OF TEST VARIABLES ON THE FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH THRESHOLD (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— A microcomputer controlled fatigue crack growth and threshold testing system has been used to investigate the influence of test variables on the measured values of ΔKth, the threshold for fatigue crack growth, using a C-Mn steel. The work has examined: (1) the influence of crack length and test management; (2) the basic material scatter from repeated testing; (3) the effect of unloading rate C where C= (1/Δ/K)(d ΔK/d a); (4) the effect of step unloading; (5) the influence of minimum stress intensity factor, Kmin. Comparisons have been made between the results of this computer controlled work and those published previously but made using a manual load shedding technique. The results of ΔKth and fatigue crack growth rates are in general agreement with previous data and confirm the Kmin dependence of ΔKth and da/dn. The value of ΔKth is shown to be generally independent of the other test variables for a wide range of conditions and is reproducible with a low degree of scatter.
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    NEW PATENTS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00523.x
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    CRACK GROWTH RATES DURING CREEP, FATIGUE AND CREEP-FATIGUE IN AN AUSTENITIC FEATURE WELD SPECIMEN (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Static creep crack growth tests and displacement controlled fatigue and creep-fatigue crack growth tests have been performed on austenitic feature weld specimens at 650°C. The creep-fatigue tests incorporated hold times of up to 96 h. During these tests, crack growth appeared to comprise cyclic and dwell components. Cyclic crack growth components were characterised by the fracture mechanics parameter K whilst creep crack growth contributions were correlated with C*. In order to determine K and C* for the non-standard feature weld specimen, elastic and elastic-plastic creep finite element analyses were conducted. Good correspondence is shown between the feature weld data and comparable data from compact tension specimen tests on similar materials. Equations obtained from the compact tension specimen results, which describe total crack growth rates as the sum of the cyclic and dwell contributions, are shown to adequately describe the features test results also. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that a reference stress approach can be used to estimate C* for the features specimens.
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    THE EFFECT OF FINAL FRICTION COEFFICIENT ON FRETTING FATIGUE WAVEFORMS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The waveforms of the frictional forces and the relationship between the frictional forces and the applied forces are derived for a fretting fatigue model in which the coefficient of friction is not constant. This study is a continuation of a previous one in which it was assumed that the coefficient of friction was a constant. In this new model it is assumed that the coefficient of friction between the rubbing surfaces is initially zero and slowly increases to a constant value during the early cycles of the fatigue life. The consequences of this change are examined and the results from the two models compared. It is observed that the two models give different frictional forces if the deformation of the surfaces is elastic, but are identical when non-linear macroslip occurs on both loading and unloading.
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    MIXED MODE (I + III) FATIGUE THRESHOLDS IN A FORGING STEEL (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The results of mixed mode (I + III) fatigue tests on a low pressure steam turbine rotor steel are presented. Tests were performed on a uniaxial servohydraulic fatigue machine fitted with a torsion-bending loading frame. The onset of failure was marked by fatigue facets which grew perpendicular to the maximum principal stress direction. A criterion for mixed mode (I + III) fatigue thresholds based on the orientation and the crack opening displacement of fatigue cracks is proposed.
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    NEW PATENTS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00514.x
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    INFLUENCE OF SECONDARY VOID DAMAGE IN THE MATRIX MATERIAL AROUND VOIDS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The mechanism of ductile damage caused by secondary void damage in the matrix around primary voids is studied by large strain, finite element analysis. A cylinder embedding an initially spherical void, a plane stress cell with a circular void and plane strain cell with a cylindrical or a flat void are analysed under different loading conditions. Secondary voids of smaller scale size nucleate in the strain hardening matrix, according to the requirements of some stress/strain criteria. Their growth and coalescence, handled by the empty element technique, demonstrate distinct mechanisms of damage as circumstances change. The macroscopic stress-strain curves are decomposed and illustrated in the form of the deviatoric and the volumetric parts. Concerning the stress response and the void growth prediction, comparisons are made between the present numerical results and those of previous authors. It is shown that loading condition, void growth history and void shape effect incorporated with the interaction between two generations of voids should be accounted for besides the void volume fraction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00517.x
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    FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF BAINITIC NODULAR CAST IRON (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The fracture toughness of bainitic ductile iron transformed at various austempering temperatures and austempering times was evaluated by using compact tension specimens and compared with the fracture toughness of bulleye casting structure. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy, the mechanism of the fracture mode can be understood by observing the fracture surface. An X-ray diffractometer was used to determine the volume fraction of retained austenite. From the results of fracture toughness properties, it can be concluded that the most suitable austempering temperature of the material used in the present study is from 300 to 350°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00520.x
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    NEW PATENTS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00502.x
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    APPLICATION OF FRACTURE MECHANICS TECHNIQUES TO THE ENVIRONMENTALLY ASSISTED CRACKING OF ALUMINIUM 2024 (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Stress corrosion cracking of 2024 T351 aluminium alloy in an aqueous 3.5% sodium chloride solution was investigated using three fracture mechanics based testing techniques: constant load, constant displacement, and constant displacement rate. In spite of their different loading characteristics, all three test methods yielded approximately the same Klscc value. Crack growth rates in the plateau region, as measured from bolt loaded DCB specimens and from CT specimens tested at low constant displacement rates are similar. The tests at constant displacement rate not only provide results in a much shorter time, but produce additional information in terms of crack growth resistance curves as a function of the displacement rate. Linear elastic as well as elastic-plastic fracture mechanics test evaluation procedures are applied and discussed in view of an assessment of criteria for the accelerated evaluation of SCC parameters such as Klscc, Jlscc, and δlscc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00559.x
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    THRESHOLD STRESS INTENSITY BEHAVIOUR OF CRACKED STEEL STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The effects of stress variables on the fatigue design of steel structural components (SAE 1010 steel) in the threshold region are investigated. The threshold and the closure threshold stress intensity ranges both decreased linearly as the stress ratio is increased. The threshold and opening threshold stress intensities also decreased linearly as the magnitude of compressive peak stress is increased. Crack opening stress measurements using a mechanical extensometer showed that the crack is not fully closed throughout the stress cycle at the threshold level. The crack opening stress is found to be independent of the crack length up to a certain crack length depending on the loading conditions. It is also found that the threshold stress intensity consists of two components: opening or closure stress intensity required to overcome crack closure, and intrinsic stress intensity range required to grow the crack. Linear relationships are obtained for the intrinsic stress intensity range as a function of stress ratio or compressive peak stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00562.x
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  • 55
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    FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH FROM SMALL SEMI-ELLIPTIC HYDROGEN-INDUCED CRACKS IN QIN STEEL (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Small semi-elliptic hydrogen-induced cracks were produced in QIN (HY80) steel. Fatigue crack growth rate behaviour and threshold values for these cracks were investigated at several positive stress ratios (R= 0.2 to 0.7) and compared with results from long through-cracks. At low R values the hydrogen-induced cracks gave higher thresholds, and lower crack growth rates at the same nominal ΔK value in the near threshold region. At high R values the growth rates of both crack types were almost identical. The results are explained by a combination of crack tip blunting and roughness induced closure of the intergranular hydrogen crack.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00565.x
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    INFORMATION ON CONFERENCES/SEMINARS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00543.x
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  • 57
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    FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH AND CLOSURE THROUGH A TENSILE RESIDUAL STRESS FIELD UNDER COMPRESSIVE APPLIED LOADING (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— —Fatigue crack growth and closure through a tensile residual stress field under an applied compressive loading is investigated by carrying out various applied stress ratio tests ranging from R= 0 to R= It is found that even under applied compressive loading, fatigue crack growth rates are well correlated with the effective stress intensity factor range and the behaviour of crack closure through a tensile residual stress field is uniquely controlled by an effective stress ratio which takes account of residual stresses. Consequently, the method of predicting fatigue growth rates, using da/dN vs ΔK data from residual stress-free specimens, can be successfully applied to crack growth through a tensile residual stress field. However, previously used simple assumptions may lead to non-conservative estimates of crack growth rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00545.x
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  • 58
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    SURFACE CRACK GROWTH IN A PLATE UNDER THE REMOTE HIGH STRAIN-CONTROLLED CYCLIC LOADING (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— —Low cycle fatigue surface crack growth in a plate of finite width under remote strain-controlled cyclic loading has been studied for a mild steel. Both crack growth in the depth direction and along the surface plane were measured. It is found that the cyclic J-integral, estimated by Dowling and Begley's approach, can be used as the mechanical driving force to characterize crack growth rates in both directions. The maximum strain, strain ratio and strain rate have no influence on the relation between the crack growth rates and the corresponding cyclic J-integral. The shape of the crack, idealized as a semi-ellipse, gradually changes from shallow to deep at the beginning of a test and remains unchanged after the ratio of crack depth to thickness of the plate attains a value of 0.7. The change of crack shape is not affected by maximum strain, strain rate and strain ratio, but is dependent on the precracked shape.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00548.x
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    DISCUSSION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00553.x
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    EDITORIAL: SOFTWARE SURVEY SECTION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00534.x
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    STUDY ON FATIGUE THRESHOLD BEHAVIOUR AND FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN A CAST Co-Cr-Mo ALLOY USED FOR SURGICAL IMPLANTS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— —Fatigue crack propagation rates (da/dN) and fatigue crack thresholds (ΔKth) have been studied in a cast Co-Cr-Mo alloy used for surgical implants with various grain sizes. Results for materials with average grain sizes of about 400 and 60μm respectively are presented. Threshold values close to 10–15 MPam have been measured with decreasing values observed on increasing the grain size. Similar effects of grain size are found on the crack propagation behaviour at higher growth rates, where a coarse grain size material show a higher crack growth rate than a fine grain size material at the same ΔK levels. The effects of microstructure on fatigue properties of the cast Co-Cr-Mo alloy are caused not only by grain size variation but are also attributed to the microstructural differences: a coarse-grained material with a directionally grown dendritic structure vs a fine-grained material with an equiaxed grain structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00537.x
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    THE EFFECT OF SPECIMEN SIZE ON THE J R-CURVE BEHAVIOUR OF A TITANIUM ALLOY (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— —This paper presents preliminary results from a large experimental programme to study geometry and size effects in J R-curves, The results presented were obtained from unloading compliance R-curve tests performed at room temperature on different sized single-edge-notch-bend specimens made from Ti-3Al–2V alloy. The crack growth resistance was measured in terms of the standard fracture resistance J (i.e. not corrected for crack growth), J corrected for crack growth, and the J modified parameter proposed by Ernst. It was found that the best agreement was exhibited by the R-curves based on the standard fracture resistance J, which displayed reasonable size independence up to, and in many cases beyond crack growths corresponding to 50% of the initial uncracked ligament.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00538.x
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    INITIATION AND PROPAGATION OF SHORT FATIGUE CRACKS IN A WELD METAL (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue tests were performed using a purpose designed triangular shaped specimen to investigate the initiation and propagation of short fatigue cracks in a weld metal. It was observed that short fatigue cracks evolved from slip bands and were predominantly within ferrite grains. As the test progressed, the short crack density increased with minor changes in crack length. The growth of short cracks, in the early stage resulted mainly from coalescence with other existing cracks. The mechanism of short crack behaviour is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00540.x
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  • 64
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    EDITORIAL: SOFTWARE SURVEY SECTION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00522.x
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    APPLICATION OF LOCAL DAMAGE MODELS TO THE NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF DUCTILE RUPTURE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Two damage models were implemented into the finite element program ADINA to study the correlation between microscopical damage and macroscopical material failure. In the first model, based on the Gurson yield function the nucleation, growth and the coalescence of voids were incorporated into the constitutive relations. In the second model the void growth was determined according to the Rice and Tracey model using the von Mises yield function, and material failure was simulated by eliminating the elements where the critical void growth ratio was exceeded. The numerical results for the local and global behaviour of the specimens were compared with experiments. The generality of the damage parameters was checked by investigating several specimen geometries. Both damage models deliver qualitatively consistent results with regard to the influence of the stress triaxiality on the void growth and on the beginning of the material failure. However, the Gurson model gives a more accurate numerical simulation because the damage development and the stress drop continue after the onset of void coalescence while the critical void growth model causes less convergence problems in the simulation of large crack extension. The Jn-curve was estimated on the basis of both models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00527.x
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    A CRACK CLOSURE STUDY TO PREDICT THE THRESHOLD BEHAVIOUR OF SMALL CRACKS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The small crack problem is addressed within the applicability of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics as the result of crack closure phenomenon. The variation of crack closure stress intensity factory Kop as a function of crack length, a, was determined in two materials, namely a A508 steel and a 2024A1 alloy. These results were obtained on two-dimensional small cracks (a≫ 0.1 mm) which were machined from long fatigue cracks. These measurements of Kop in addition to data published in the literature on a nodular cast iron and a 9Cr–1Mo steel yield to a unique characteristic function: Kop/Ko= 1 –exp(–ka) in which k is the only parameter to characterize the small crack effect. A prediction of the threshold behaviour of small and long cracks on A508 steel is made using the results of crack closure measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00530.x
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    A RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH UNDER RANDOM LOADING (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The fracture mechanics approach to the growth of fatigue cracks under random loading has been used to predict both the distribution of crack lengths after a given number of cycles, and the distribution of cycles to grow a crack to a given length. The analysis ignores interaction effects between cycles, and its predictions agree closely with the results of Monte-Carlo simulations. These results allow a simple method of assessing the reliability of cracked components subjected to narrow or broad band random loading and the introduction of material variability allows a quantitative description of the parameters which affect the reliability of a structural component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00531.x
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    FRACTURE MECHANISMS AND LIFE ASSESSMENT UNDER HIGH-STRAIN BIAXIAL CYCLIC LOADING OF TYPE 304 STAINLESS STEEL (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— In order to investigate the elevated-temperature low-cycle fatigue characteristics of Type 304 stainless steel under biaxial loading, strain-controlled push-pull and torsional fatigue tests were conducted at 550°C under proportional and nonproportional loading conditions with phase differences of 0, α/6, α/4, α/3 and α/2 between the applied sinusoidal axial and torsional strains. Based on the experimental results, this study presents a discussion on fracture mechanisms and failure criteria. In the case of proportional loading, the fracture mode was found, from fractographic observations, to be classified into either Mode I or Mode II, while the fractures were of mixed mode under nonproportional loading. However, failure lives under both the loading conditions could be correlated well in this study with the equivalent shear strain range, Δy, defined by extending the β -plane theory of Brown and Miller. The failure life under nonproportional loading could also be predicted by applying a strain-energy-based approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00515.x
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    CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR IN A THERMAL FATIGUE TEST. EXPERIMENTS AND CALCULATIONS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 12 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This study is concerned with the results of experiments in which thermal cycles have been repeatedly applied through the wall thickness of axisymmetrically cracked tubular specimens. The investigated material is a Cr–Mo steel used for the moulds when fabricating centrifugally cast iron pipes. Crack growth rates have been measured by using the interrupted tests technique. A methodology is proposed to model the crack growth rates under such thermal fatigue loadings. The elastic and plastic stress-strain fields are calculated on the uncracked specimen by means of a finite element code. Special attention was paid to reach a mechanical steady state regime. Fatigue crack growth rates data were obtained, both under isothermal and anisothermal conditions, on CT and SEN specimens. The latter specimens were tested under large-scale yielding in order to obtain the data appropriate to the cyclic stress-strain field calculated in the thermal fatigue specimens. An effective stress intensity factor, which takes into account both plastic strains and crack closure effect, was used to correlate the results of isothermal tests on CT and SEN specimens and to calculate the thermal fatigue crack growth rates in tubular specimens. It is shown that the use of the effective stress intensity factor gives a satisfactory agreement between the observed and the calculated crack growth rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1989.tb00518.x
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    Offsets of curves on rational B-spline surfaces (1989)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The construction of offset curves is an important problem encountered often in design processes and in interrogation of geometric models. In this paper the problem of construction of offsets of curves lying on the same parametric surface is addressed. A novel algorithm is introduced, whose main feature is the use of geodesic paths to determine points of the offset. The offset is then approximated in the underlying surface parameter space by B-splines interpolating data points obtained by traveling a known distance along the geodesics departing from corresponding points of the progenitor in a direction perpendicular to the latter. A comprehensive error checking scheme has been devised allowing adaptive improvement of the approximation of the offset. The applicability of the algorithm is demonstrated by number of numerical examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201996
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    Factors that affect planning in a knowledge-based system for mechanical engineering design optimization with application to the design of mechanical power transmissions (1989)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 47-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Intelligent computer-aided design (CAD) emulates the human activity of design so that production planning, decision making, and inventive design can be performed by computers. Based on the history of human experience in engineering design, a formalized and systematic approach to design should include procedures from (1) conceptual design, (2) layout design, and (3) numerical optimization. The highest level within such a system should be responsible for specifying and symbolically optimizing skeleton structures of generic (nonspecific) elements within the design process that are eventually to be specified uniquely (pinned down) and ultimately optimized numerically. Planning plays a key role in such a system. Planning has been utilized as a tool for process organization within the knowledge domains of chemical engineering, electrical engineering, manufacturing, as well as for general problem formulation and solution. State estimation, subtask scheduling, and constraint propagation have been found to be factors of prime importance in this type of problem. Problems associated with the implementation of a planning strategy within a knowledge-based system for mechanical engineering design optimization are discussed. A hypothesis for planning is put forth and examined within the context of a model of the mechanical design optimization process. An example that demonstrates the applicability of this approach to mechanical power transmission design is considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201997
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    Object-oriented knowledge frameworks (1989)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 79-89 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces a strategy for the construction of object-oriented knowledge frameworks. Global control programs, which are traditionally used for manipulating structured representations, have been replaced by domain-specific resources. This new approach offers increased efficiency and simplified development of knowledge-based expert systems for problem domains that deal with a variety of complex structured information. A theoretical foundation is laid for the representation of knowledge, starting with the adoption of a simple schema for structuring stereotypical information. Data and method abstraction is achieved by installing knowledge frames into part of an object-oriented class system that supports procedural attachment and object communication. This allows frame specialization using domain-specific resources and subsequent construction of modular systems with these specialist frames. Editors are introduced for the alteration of data primitives used in declarative representation. Algorithms, which operate on these data primitives, are given for frame instantiation, data access, and user-directed inference. Examples from structural engineering are used throughout the paper to illustrate the practical application of object-oriented knowledge frameworks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01199071
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    Improved optimum structural design by passive control (1989)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 13-22 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The problem of optimum structural design by passive control is stated in a nonlinear programming form. A solution procedure, based on a successive selection of design and control variables, is presented. Neglecting the implicit analysis equations, the solution becomes independent of the control variables and a lower bound (LB) on the optimum can easily be obtained. The control variables are then selected to satisfy all constraints. If this cannot be achieved, the LB constraints are modified and the control variables are chosen for the revised optimal design. These two steps are repeated until the final optimum is reached. Employing the proposed procedure on various structural systems subjected to static loads showed that the final optimum has been achieved after a very small number of iteration cycles. The numerical examples illustrate a solution with two types of control devices: a linear spring device and a limited displacement device. It has been found that the final optimum is often identical or close to the initial LB solution. Savings of 14 to 63 percent in weight, compared with conventional optima without control, have been demonstrated for some common structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201994
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    An expert system for field inspection of concrete dams: Part 1, engineering knowledge (1989)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 23-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper covers in more detail the material that was introduced in Ref. [1] and describes the final engineering reasoning and knowledge used for an expert system to assist during the field inspection of existing concrete dams. The knowledge base of this expert system was created by combining the traditional expert system approach with the reasoning procedures of qualitative physics. The traditional expert system approach was used to identify the shallow knowledge pertaining to the problem, and qualitative physics was used to identify the deep knowledge. The deep knowledge structured and organized the identification and representation of the shallow knowledge. The expert system uses shallow knowledge to combine a qualitative expert reasoning with a quantitative procedural evaluation of the stability of a dam. The present paper concentrates on the description of the engineering knowledge and Ref. [2] will concentrate on the artificial intelligence issues associated with the knowledge acquisition and representation associated with this expert system. The validation process compared results obtained by the expert system with those obtained by independent field inspection experts. Some of the results are presented here.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201995
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    An expert system for setting time steps in dynamic finite element programs (1989)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 205-219 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An expert system, ETUDES—Expert Time integration control Using Deep and Surface Knowledge System, which addresses the determination of the timestep for time integration of linear structural dynamic equations is described. This time-step may also be applicable for a moderately nonlinear simulation of the same structure. The program also determines whether an explicit or implicit method is most efficient for the particular simulation. A production rule programming system written in OPS5 is used for the implementation of this prototype expert system. Issues relating to the expert system architecture for this application, such as knowledge representation and structure, as well as domain knowledge are discussed. The prototype is evaluated by measuring it's performance in various benchmark model problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274213
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    h andh-p version error estimation and adaptive procedures from theory to practice (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 221-234 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we introduce techniques that allow us to define a posteriori error estimators via well-known recovery techniques. These allow us to construct a posteriori error estimators for relatively general problems. Further, we introduce new adaptive procedures that make use of these estimators and, in particular, describe anh-p procedure that is simple to implement and that, as numerical experiments have shown, attains an accelerated rate of convergence expected from theh-p version.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274214
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    Announcement (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 259-259 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274217
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    AnO(N) algorithm to automatically generate geometric triangulations satisfying the Delaunay circumsphere criteria (1989)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 177-193 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an algorithm for the generation of Delaunay triangulations for general nonmanifold geometric models. Octree concepts are used for point placement and providing the linear, with respect to the number of elements, growth rate of the algorithm. Compatibility and classification procedures are used in conjunction with point injection procedures to ensure that the final Delaunay triangulation is a geometric triangulation of the domain of interest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274211
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  • 79
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    Automatic mesh generation for complex three-dimensional regions using a constrained Delaunay triangulation (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 161-175 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a method for generating tetrahedral meshes. The algorithm, based on the Delaunay triangulation, can treat objects of essentially arbitrary complexity. In order to preserve the surface triangulation of solid objects, it is necessary to override the Delaunay property and redefine the triangulation when points are introduced that are close to solid boundaries. Details of this constrained Delaunay algorithm are presented and an efficient implementation of the triangulation method is described. Techniques for controlling the distribution of mesh points and tetrahedron quality are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274210
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  • 80
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    Knowledge-based control for finite element analysis (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 195-204 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper shows that control logic may be separated from analysis software and that a knowledge-based expert system can use this logic to perform interactive computation. Heuristics that control a simple interactive finite element analysis program are represented using a rule-based format and are used by a goal-driven logic processor to invoke analysis activity. Traditional algorithm-oriented control and the proposed knowledge-based control are compared in a simple displacement computation scenario to identify the advantages/disadvantages of the two approaches. General activities and constraints, practical methods of reasoning and representation, and knowledge-based expert systems are discussed with emphasis on applications to interactive finite element analysis. An analysis control expert system has been developed for use in the numerical analysis of two-dimensional linear problems in solid and structural mechanics. An example problem is used to clarify the methods used to direct activity and to identify the problems associated with conditional task processing for interactive analysis. The main difference between the analysis program described in this paper and conventional analysis programs is related to the control architecture. The general conclusion of this paper is that knowledge-based control is more effective and flexible than algorithm-oriented control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274212
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    Adaptive multiple-levelh-refinement in automated finite element analyses (1989)
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    Engineering with computers 5 (1989), S. 235-247 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses an automatic, adaptive finite element modeling system consisting of mesh generation, finite element analysis, and error estimation. The individual components interact with one another and efficiently reduce the finite element error to within an acceptable value and perform only a minimum number of finite element analyses. One of the necessary components in the automated system is a multiple-level local remeshing algorithm. Givenh-refinement information provided by an a posteriori error estimator, and adjacency information available in the mesh data structures, the local remeshing algorithm grades the refinement toward areas requesting refinement. It is shown that the optimal asymptotic convergence rate is achieved, demonstrating the effectiveness of the intelligent multiple-level localh-refinement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274215
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    Product data models (1989)
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    Research in engineering design 1 (1989), S. 43-50 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Product data models can be viewed as a class of semantic data models which take into account the needs of engineering data. In this paper the characteristics for semantic data models defined by Peckham and Maryanski [8] are taken as a starting point. The relevance of these characteristics to product data is shown. The capabilities of a prototype product description system are described in relation to the same characteristics. Additional data modeling characteristics such as parametrization and data sharing, which have been introduced to support engineering design, are then described. These can be viewed as extending beyond the accepted capabilities of semantic data models.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580002
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    A review of research in mechanical engineering design. Part I: Descriptive, prescriptive, and computer-based models of design processes (1989)
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    Research in engineering design 1 (1989), S. 51-67 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This is the first of a two part paper summarizing and reviewing research in mechanical engineering design theory and methodology. Part I includes: 1) descriptive models; 2) prescrptive models; and 3) computer-based models of design processes. Part II, which will appear in the next issue of this journal, will include: 4) languages, representations, and environments for design; 5) analysis in support of design; and 6) design for manufacture and the life-cycle. For each major area, we discuss the current topics of research and the state of the art, emphasizing recent significant advances. We also discuss the important open research issues in each area. The six categories are certainly not mutually exclusive nor even collectively exhaustive; however, some organization is necessary, and these categories have been effective in making sense of a body of research that is expending rapidly in many exciting and promising directions. The mechanical engineering design research community has made major advances over the last few years. The research community in mechanical engineering design has made significant progress not only in advancing our knowledge of design, but also in clarifying the research methods necessary to study design. Great progress is being made toward a better understanding of design, and hence toward better design tools.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01580003
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    Synthesis of schematic descriptions in mechanical design (1989)
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    Research in engineering design 1 (1989), S. 3-18 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This article describes a schematic synthesis problem and one of its solution techniques. The problem domain consists of devices that can be described as networks of lumped-parameter, idealized elements in the translational-mechanical, rotational-mechanical, fluidmechanical, and electrical media. Such devices include speedometers, accelerometers, pneumatic cylinders, and pressure gauges. Design problems in this domain are specified by an input quantity, an output quantity, and the desired relationship between the input and output. The solution technique is based on three steps: 1) generate a candidate design, 2) derive and classify the behavior of the candidate, 3) based on the derived behavior and domain knowledge, modify the candidate (if possible) to bring it in line with the specification. The key idea behind this techniques is that an abstract characterization of the essential properties of the candidate design expedites the analysis and modification. The results of this work are aimed at computer tools for preliminary mechanical design.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579999
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    Proton NMR study on the molecular motion and conformation of polyaniline doped with HCl (1989)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 21 (1989), S. 221-228 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Proton NMR spectra and spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) for polyaniline doped with HCl were measured at 90MHz over a temperature range of 110–430K. A narrow line with a width of about 1–2KHz superimposed on broad NMR peak was observed above 210K, and it was tentatively assigned to the protons in dopant and absorbed water. The analysis of linewidths and second moments for the broad lines reveal two distinct relaxation processes with activation energies of 1.9 and 7.8Kcal./mole,respectively. The former may be associated with the motion of the dopant and water absorbed and the latter with the rotation of benzoid ring about C-N bond axis. The second moment data suggest that the twist angle between the adjacent rings decreases with rising the doping ratio. Proton NMR relaxation rate was fitted with a theoretical equation containing the contributions from nuclear dipolar interaction and from electron-proton interaction, Rd and Rp, respectively.Rd is negligible below room temperature and Rp has little change above 100K. The total relaxation rate is dominated by Rp near room temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00266177
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    Acrytonitrile block copolymers (1989)
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    Polymer bulletin 21 (1989), S. 259-263 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Acrylonitrile was polymerized by an insertion process on being added to solutions containing the adduct of the reaction of tetrakis(dimethylamino) titanium (T4) and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The obtained azo-linked polyacrylonitrile has appropriate initiating functionality for a subsequent vinyl polymerization.
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    The stabilization effect of mixed-surfactants in the emulsion polymerization of styrene (1989)
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    Polymer bulletin 21 (1989), S. 301-308 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The emulsion polymerization of styrene was performed at 50°C with a mixture of anionic and nonionic surfactants using different surfactant concentrations. In the single-surfactant systems, a proportional relationship was observed between the total particle surface area per cm3 of aqueous solution at 90% conversion (TS) and the amount of surfactant used for each polymerization. For mixed-surfactant systems an additivity was established between the TS value and surfactant composition. The study of the particle size data from low to high conversion showed that the particle number changed with conversion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00955922
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    Reductive silylation of chloroprene (1989)
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    Polymer bulletin 21 (1989), S. 335-340 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Copolymers made up of 1,4-(2-trimethylsilyl-1,3-butadiene) (I) and 1,4-(2-chloro-1,3-butadiene) (II) units have been prepared by reaction of chloroprene with trimethylchlorosilane and sodium dispersion in THF. The ratio of I∶II units in the copolymers have been determined by IR,1H NMR and elemental analysis. The E∶Z ratio of these units has been determined by1H NMR.13C and29Si NMR of these copolymers is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00955927
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    Synthesis of an amphigel by the terpolymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline, 2-alkyl-2-oxazoline, and bis-oxazoline (1989)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 21 (1989), S. 353-356 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The terpolymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline, 2-alkyl-2-oxazoline (alkyl = n-butyl, n-octyl, n-dodecyl), and 2,2′-tetramethylenebis(2-oxazoline) was carried out with methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate initiator. The obtained gel was isolated in a moderate yield after Soxhlet extraction. The resulting gel showed a characteristic property as an amphiphilic gel (amphigel), i.e., it was swollen both in water and in organic solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), n-propanol, 1,2-dichloroethane, diethyleneglycol dimethyl ether (diglyme) and toluene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045169
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    Thermodynamic properties of poly(ethyl methacrylate) in binary mixtures (1989)
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    Polymer bulletin 21 (1989), S. 89-96 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Behaviour of poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) in ethyl acetate/ethanol system has been studied. Preferential sorption of ethyl acetate in the composition range studied has been observed. This is justified for the self-association of alcohol and the formation of 1∶1 complex between this one and ethyl acetate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00700274
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    An estimation of the chain branching effects in butene/ethylene copolymers from microhardness measurements (1989)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 21 (1989), S. 513-516 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this work a simple microhardness test to evaluate the degree of chain braching in butene-ethylene copolymers is proposed. The random introduction into the chain of co-units, reduces the level of crystallinity in the copolymer, a characteristic easily measurable through indentation experiments. A comparative study between density and microhardness values in samples with different concentration of chain braching is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00271975
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    Meaning of molecular weight measurements of gum arabic (1989)
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    Polymer bulletin 21 (1989), S. 517-521 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The weight-average MW and number-average Mn molecular weights of gum arabic are identical after a proteolysis treatment with pronase. The value (1.8×105) is closed from Mn early reported in the literature whereas MW before treatment are dispersed for a large lot of samples up to more 106. This can be interpreted by the “wattle blossom” model for which some homogeneous chains of molecular weight c.a. 2.105 are still linked to a protein core, the crude gum being a mixture of this complex and free chains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00271976
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    Rapid microanalytical chlorine determination in polymers by ion selective electrode (1989)
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    Polymer bulletin 21 (1989), S. 281-286 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A rapid microanalytical method has been developed for the determination of very small amounts of chlorine in polymers. The gist of the method comprises quantitative dechlorination by sodium biphenyl or dehydrochlorination bytert-BuOK, aqueous extraction of the Cl⊖ formed, followed by [Cl⊖] quantitation by chloride ion selective electrode (CSE). The method has been tested and is now used routinely for chlorine end group quantitation of telechelic polyisobutylene (PIB), poly(2,4,6-trimethylstyrene) (PTMSt), and poly(p-chlorostyrene) (PpClSt).
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    Living carbocationic polymerization (1989)
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    Polymer bulletin 21 (1989), S. 273-280 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The living polymerization of isobutylene (IB) by thetrans-2,5-diacetoxy-2,5-dimethyl-3-hexene (DiOAcDMH 6 = )/BCl3 initiating system in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) in the −30 to +21°C range has been investigated. Well-definedtert-chlorine terminated polyisobutylenes ( $$^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{t} } Cl - PIB - Cl^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{t} } $$ ) have been obtained at suitably low IB and DiOAcDMH 6 = concentrations in the −30° to 0°C range. Theoretical $$Cl^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{t} } $$ end functionality ¯Fn ∼2.0 ±0.1 was demonstrated by dechlorination with sodium biphenyl coupled with titration using a chloride ion selective electrode, and by1H NMR spectroscopy. The $$^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{t} } Cl - PIB - Cl^{\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{t} } $$ was quantitatively dehydrochlorinated to ∼CH2C(CH3) =CH2 capped PIBs which in turn were quantitatively converted by hydroboration/peroxidation to ∼CH2CH(CH3)CH2OH ended PIBs. The internal ∼C(CH3)2CH=CHC(CH3)2∼ initiator fragment in the polymer remains unchanged during end group functionalizations due to steric protection by thegem-dimethyl groups and the polymer chain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00955918
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    On the use of watersoluble carbodiimides for binding carboxylic compounds to aminated dextrans (1989)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 21 (1989), S. 309-313 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary To prepare dextran-linked benzene polycarboxylic acids which are stable in-vivo, the acids were allowed to react with aminated dextrans in water, in the presence of a water-soluble carbodiimide. Under these conditions, ester linkages are formed preferentially to amide ones, probably because of the formation of intramolecular cyclic anhydrides promoted by the carbodiimide. Thus, with benzoic acid, esterification also took place, but to a much lesser extent.
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    The influence of aging on the effectiveness of an organophosphite in suppressing transesterification in polymer blends (1989)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 21 (1989), S. 327-334 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Organophophites are being used with varying degree of effectiveness to suppress transesterification in polyester blends. Using solid state31p NMR it was discovered that for bis(2,4-di-t-butylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite a conversion of the phosphite group to a phosphonate moiety, probably via hydrolysis, is a prerequisite for an effective inhibition of transesterification. This conversion occurs readily during melt compounding if the polymers are not completely dry. However, if rigorous drying is employed and phosphite conversion does not occur, then transesterification is not arrested. It was also found that over a long period of time the conversion of the phosphite to a phosphonate takes place at room temperature as well. Thus, after aging for about a year, the originally ineffective compound, has become a very effective inhibitor of transesterification in blends containing polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, and polyarylate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00955926
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    Osmotic pressure of catenanes in solution (1989)
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    Polymer bulletin 21 (1989), S. 655-657 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary We propose a nonuniversal scaling for the osmotic pressure in the case of concatenating ring polymers. The size exponent depends on the molecular weight of the catenans. The effect is more significant the shorter and the stiffer the molecules are.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264149
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    Plasma polymerization of fluorobenzenes/SO2 mixtures (1989)
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    Polymer bulletin 22 (1989), S. 15-20 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Plasma polymerization of mixtures of fluorobenzenes (perfluorobenzene (PFB), pentafluorobenzene (PnFB), and tetrafluorobenzene (TFB)) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) is carried out for preparation of plasma polymers containing both fluorine and sulfur moieties. The chemical composition of the polymers is inspected by FT/IR and XPS, and the ion-exchange capacity and the electrical conductivity are measured. Plasma polymers prepared from these mixtures are fluro polymers with either of sulfonic acid or sulfinic acid groups. The ion-exchange capacity is 0.49 (for polymers from the PFB/SO2 mixture), 0.94 (for those from the PnFB/SO2 mixture), and 1.31 meq/g-polyer (for those from the TFB/SO2 mixture). The electrical conductivity at a relative humidity of 70 %RH is 8.3 × 10−9, 3.6 × 10−7, and 4.3 × 10−5 S/cm, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283278
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  • 99
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    Synthesis of diacetylenic-butadiene-acrylic acid block copolymers (1989)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 22 (1989), S. 21-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Synopsis This paper describes the synthesis and post-polymerization in solution of a copolymer 1,3-butadiene-acrylic acid modified with diacetylenic pendant groups. The products were characterized by UV, IR and NMR spectorscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283279
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of imide-aryl ether benzoxazole block copolymers (1989)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 22 (1989), S. 47-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Imide-aryl ether benzoxazole multiblock copolymers were investigated. A key feature of these copolymers was the preparation of bis(amino) terminated aryl ether benzoxazole oligomers (PBO) via a novel nucleophilic aromatic displacement polymerization. Oligomers with number average molecular weights of 10,500 and 26,000 g/mol were prepared, which displayed Tg's of 210 and 227°C, respectively. The oligomers were co-reacted with 4,4′-oxydianaline (ODA) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) diethyl ester diacyl chloride in a NMP/ cyclohexanone solvent mixture in the presence of N-methylmorpholine. The resulting amic ester-aryl ether benzoxazole copolymers were isolated and washed to remove homopolymer contamination. Copolymer compositions were analyzed by 13C NMR. Solutions of the copolymers were cast and cured to effect the imidization, affording tough films with high elongations. Multiphase morphologies were obtained for both of the PBO block lengths used in the copolymerization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283283
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