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  • Other Sources  (61)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (31)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Oxford University Press
  • 1995-1999  (41)
  • 1975-1979  (8)
  • 1970-1974  (8)
  • 1965-1969  (1)
  • 1960-1964  (3)
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  • 1
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    Oceanography: All change in the Arctic (1999)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 397 (6718). pp. 389-391.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-16
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 2
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    Increased El Niño frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming (1999)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 398 (6729). pp. 694-697.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-25
    Description: The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is the strongest natural interannual climate fluctuation1. ENSO originates in the tropical Pacific Ocean and has large effects on the ecology of the region, but it also influences the entire global climate system and affects the societies and economies of manycountries2. ENSO can be understood as an irregular low-frequency oscillation between a warm (El Niño) and a cold (La Niña) state. The strong El Niños of 1982/1983 and 1997/1998, along with the more frequent occurrences of El Niños during the past few decades, raise the question of whether human-induced 'greenhouse' warming affects, or will affect, ENSO3. Several global climate models have been applied to transient greenhouse-gas-induced warming simulations to address this question4, 6, but the results have been debated owing to the inability of the models to fully simulate ENSO (because of their coarse equatorial resolution)7. Here we present results from a global climate model with sufficient resolution in the tropics to adequately represent the narrow equatorial upwelling and low-frequency waves. When the model is forced by a realistic future scenario of increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations, more frequent El-Niño-like conditions and stronger cold events in the tropical Pacific Ocean result
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  • 3
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    A Possible 20th-Century Slowdown of Southern Ocean Deep Water Formation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 286 (5442). pp. 1132-1135.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-10
    Description: Chlorofluorocarbon-11 inventories for the deep Southern Ocean appear to confirm physical oceanographic and geochemical studies in the Southern Ocean, which suggest that no more than 5 × 106 cubic meters per second of ventilated deep water is currently being produced. This result conflicts with conclusions based on the distributions of the carbon-14/carbon ratio and a quasi-conservative property, PO4 *, in the deep sea, which seem to require an average of about 15 × 106cubic meters per second of Southern Ocean deep ventilation over about the past 800 years. A major reduction in Southern Ocean deep water production during the 20th century (from high rates during the Little Ice Age) may explain this apparent discordance. If this is true, a seesawing of deep water production between the northern Atlantic and Southern oceans may lie at the heart of the 1500-year ice-rafting cycle.
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  • 4
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    Ecology: Competition and coexistence (1999)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 402 . pp. 366-367.
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    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
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  • 5
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    Geochemical Consequences of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Coral Reefs (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 284 (5411). pp. 118-120.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-10
    Description: A coral reef represents the net accumulation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) produced by corals and other calcifying organisms. If calcification declines, then reef-building capacity also declines. Coral reef calcification depends on the saturation state of the carbonate mineral aragonite of surface waters. By the middle of the next century, an increased concentration of carbon dioxide will decrease the aragonite saturation state in the tropics by 30 percent and biogenic aragonite precipitation by 14 to 30 percent. Coral reefs are particularly threatened, because reef-building organisms secrete metastable forms of CaCO3, but the biogeochemical consequences on other calcifying marine ecosystems may be equally severe.
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  • 6
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    Possible predictability in overflow from the Denmark Strait (1999)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 397 . pp. 243-246.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: The overflow and descent of cold dense water from the Denmark Strait sill-a submarine passage between Greenland and Iceland-is a principal means by which the deep ocean is ventilated, and is an important element in the global thermohaline circulation. Previous investigations of its variability-in particular, direct current measurements(1,2) in the overflow core since 1986-have shown surprisingly little evidence of long-term changes in now speed. Here we report significant changes in the overflow characteristics during the winter of 1996-97, measured using two current-meter moorings and an inverted echo sounder located at different depths in the fastest part of the now. The overflow warmed to the highest monthly value yet recorded (2.4 degrees C), and showed a pronounced slowing and thinning at its lower margin. We believe that the extreme warmth of the overflow caused it to run higher on the continental slope off east Greenland, so that the lower current meters and the echo sounder were temporarily outside and deeper than the fast-flowing core; model simulations appear to confirm this interpretation, We suggest that the extreme warmth of the overflow is a lagged response to a warming upstream in the Fram Strait three years earlier (caused by an exceptional amplification of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation). If this is so, over-now characteristics may be predictable.
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  • 7
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    Rayleigh Fractionation (1999)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: Rayleigh fractionation is an important, open system process that involves the progressive removal of a fractional increment of a trace substance from a larger reservoir. A consistent relationship, such as a distribution coefficient, equilibrium constant, or a fractionation factor, is maintained between the reservoir and each increment at the instant of its formation, but, once formed, each increment is thereafter removed or otherwise isolated from the system. The mathematical constraints of this process include the distribution coefficient along with a statement of material balance in the shrinking system. These constraints may be combined into a single differential equation that may be integrated to a well-known relationship discovered by Rayleigh (1902). Examples of this common process include condensation, distillation, and the formation of crystals from a melt or a solution. As shown in the following, Rayleigh fractionation explains many different characteristics of meteoric waters, and provides a first-order explanation of the MWL
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  • 8
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    El Niño Dynamics (1998)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    In:  Physics Today, 51 (12). p. 32.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-25
    Description: Bringer of storms and droughts, the El Niño∕Southern Oscillation results from the complex, sometimes chaotic interplay of ocean and atmosphere.
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  • 9
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    Eddy-induced enhancement of primary production in a model of the north Atlantic Ocean (1998)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 394 . pp. 266-269.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-27
    Description: In steady state, the export of photosynthetically fixed organic matter to the deep ocean has to be balanced by an upward flux of nutrients into the euphotic zone1. Indirect geochemical estimates2 of the nutrient supply to surface waters have been substantially higher than direct biological and physical measurements3, particularly in subtropical regions. A possible explanation for the apparent discrepancy is that the sampling strategy of the direct measurements has under-represented episodic nutrient injections forced by mesoscale eddy dynamics, whereas geochemical tracer budgets integrate fluxes over longer time and space scales. Here we investigate the eddy-induced nutrient supply by combining two methods potentially capable of delivering synoptic descriptions of the ocean's state on a basin scale. Remotely sensed sea-surface height data from the simultaneous TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 satellite missions are assimilated into a numerical eddy-resolving coupled ecosystem–circulation model of the North Atlantic Ocean. Our results indicate that mesoscale eddy activity accounts for about one-third of the total flux of nitrate into the euphotic zone (taken to represent new production) in the subtropics and at mid-latitudes. This contribution is not sufficient to maintain the observed primary production in parts of the subtropical gyre, where alternative routes of nitrogen supply will have to be considered.
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  • 10
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    The Role of Mountains and Plateaus in a Triassic Climate Model (1998)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  In: Tectonic Boundary Conditions for Climate Reconstructions. , ed. by Crowley, T. J. and Burke, K. C. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics, 39 . Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 116-143. ISBN 0-19-511245-8
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-06
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 11
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    Distribution and abundance of the fished population ofLoligo forbesiin Scottish waters: analysis of research cruise data (1998)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 55 (1). pp. 14-33.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-21
    Description: Length-frequency data on squid (Loligo forbesi) collected during trawling surveys in Scottish waters from 1980 to 1994 were analysed to describe temporal and spatial patterns in abundance and to examine the prospects for using survey abundance to forecast fishery abundance. Loligo was patchily distributed in space and time. Distribution patterns in the North Sea in February appeared to be strongly related to bottom temperature (squid avoided waters 〈7°C) and, to a lesser extent, salinity (more squid in more saline water). For other areas and times, no temperature or salinity data were available, but there were trends for squid on the west coast to be more abundant in westerly areas and higher latitudes, and for squid at Rockall to be more abundant in shallow water. Inter-annual trends in abundance differed between the North Sea, west coast and Rockall, but average survey abundances for the North Sea and west coast tended to be positively correlated. For the North Sea and west coast, survey abundance was positively correlated with fishery abundance for the same month and area, and average abundance for the February North Sea survey was a reasonable predictor of commercial CPUE in the autumn of the same year (the peak of the fishery). Some of the observed trends were consistent with the existence of a stock-recruitment relationship but may indicate that abundance in a given calendar year is linked to climatic factors.
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  • 12
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    Aspects of the biology of the giant form of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) from the Arabian Sea (1998)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Molluscan Studies, 64 (1). pp. 21-34.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-21
    Description: An investigation was carried out on the recently discovered ‘giant’ extra large (XL) form of the squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis from the Arabian Sea. The sample consisted of 2 males, which have not been previously described, and 13 females. Diet composition, parasite loading, sucker ring dentition, biolumi-nescence and sexual dimorphism were examined and compared to known parameters of the medium (M) form. Reproductive strategy, potential fecundity, egg size distribution in the ovary and oviducts were examined in mature XL females. Evidence of multiple spawning in the giant form was also investigated. Overall body shape, bioluminescent structures and coloration of the giant form were similar to the M form, though the XL form had a smaller fin angle than the M form. The mature female XL form has a dorsal mantle length about twice that of a mature female M form. Adult females of the XL form have a dorsal mantle length about twice that of adult males of the same form. Differences between males and females were found in arm sucker ring dentition and parasite load, suggesting a difference in diet. This could be linked to size differences between the sexes. A strong correlation between ovary mass and mantle length was found (r2 = 0.64). Poor correlation was found between mantle length and oviduct mass (r2 = 0.128) and potential fecundity (r2 = 0.07). Potential fecundity ranged between 2–5 million eggs and the holding capacity of the oviducts was approximately 300, 000 eggs. This combined with the presence of spermatangia and the presence of food in the stomach suggest that the XL form is a multiple spawner. S. oualaniensis appears to have a plastic phenotype and has adapted to the Arabian Sea conditions by evolving the capacity to grow to a giant size.
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  • 13
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    Prey and feeding patterns of resident bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Sarasota Bay, Florida (1998)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Mammalogy, 79 (3). pp. 1045-1059.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Stomach contents of a resident community of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Sarasota Bay area of the westcentral coast of Florida were studied to examine potential factors leading to patterns of habitat use. Composition and size of prey were analyzed and correlated with feeding behavior of individual dolphins of known histories. Examination of stomach contents of 16 stranded dolphins revealed a diet composed exclusively of fish (15 species), most of which were associated with seagrasses in varying degrees. Observational records for 21 years showed that feeding typically occurred in shallow (2–3 m) waters and in the vicinity of seagrasses in 23% of cases. Dolphins usually fed alone or in small groups and on non-obligate schooling prey. The main species of prey were soniferous, an indication that passive listening may be important in detection of prey. The close agreement between species of fishes represented in stomach contents and habitat of prey, as indicated by observations of feeding, suggests that analysis of stomach contents is a reasonable approach for studying prey and feeding patterns of dolphins. Meadows of seagrass are one of the habitats of importance to dolphins in the Sarasota Bay area, and their protection is important for conservation of these animals.
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  • 14
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    The Geology of Earthquakes (1997)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  New York, Oxford University Press, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-40, (ISBN: 1-4020-1348-5 hb, ISBN: 1-4020-1349-3 pb)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997
    Keywords: Textbook of geology ; Seismology ; Tectonics ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake risk ; Induced seismicity ; Magnitude ; Maximum likelihood
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 15
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    Acoustic observations of heat content across the Mediterranean Sea (1997)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 385 . pp. 615-617.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-27
    Description: The ability to monitor the heat content of oceans over long distances is becoming increasingly important for understanding the role of oceans in climate change, for determining the variability of the state of the oceans, for operational ocean observing systems, and for studying large-scale ocean processes such as water-mass formation. Although the properties of the upper layers of the ocean can be routinely measured on large scales by satellite remote sensing (providing altimetric and infrared data) and with expendable probes dropped from commercial vessels, the deep interior of the ocean is more difficult to monitor. Ocean acoustic tomography1 is a promising technique for such applications, as it has the potential to provide systematic, instantaneous and repeated measurements of the ocean interior over large parts of an ocean basin. Here we demonstrate the capability of this technique for measuring the heat content across an entire (albeit small) ocean basin—the western Mediterranean Sea.
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  • 16
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    Basin-scale ocean circulation from combined altimetric, tomographic and model data (1997)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 385 . pp. 618-621.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-27
    Description: The ocean stores and transports vast quantities of heat, fresh water, carbon and other materials, and its circulation plays an important role in determining both the Earth's climate and fundamental processes in the biosphere. Understanding the development of climate and important biological cycles therefore requires detailed knowledge of ocean circulation and its transport properties. This cannot be achieved solely through modelling, but must involve accurate observations of the spatio-temporal evolution of the global oceanic flow field. Estimates of oceanic flow are currently made on the basis of space-borne measurements of the sea surface, and monitoring of the ocean interior. Satellite altimetry and acoustic tomography are complementary for this purpose1, as the former provides detailed horizontal coverage of the surface, and the latter the requisite vertical sampling of the interior. High-quality acoustic-tomographic2 and altimetric3 data are now available to test the combined power of these technologies for estimating oceanic flows. Here we demonstrate that, with the aid of state-of-the-art numerical models, it is possible to recover from these data a detailed spatio-temporal record of flow over basin-scale volumes of fluid. Our present results are restricted to the Mediterranean Sea, but the method described here provides a powerful tool for studying oceanic circulation worldwide.
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  • 17
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    Salty brines on the Mediterranean sea floor (1997)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 387 . pp. 31-32.
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    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
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  • 18
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    Reproductive cycle of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (L.) in the northern part of the bay of Biscay (1997)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Molluscan Studies, 63 . pp. 19-28.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-16
    Description: The sexual cycle of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, from the northern part of the Bay of Biscay was followed over several years (1988 to 1990 and 1992 to 1993). Sucessive maturity stages are reached at the same time regardless of site in the northern part of the Bay. In this area, the majority of cuttlefish reproduce during their second year of life (group II) whereas the remainder reproduce in their first year (group I). The first visible signs of sexual development concern the testis in males and the genital tract in females. Males mature earlier than females: the first spermatophores appear in July (group II) and October (group I) while mature eggs appear from December (group II) and March (group I). The breeding season lasts from about mid-March to late June (3.5 months).
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  • 19
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    Sex in giant squid (1997)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 389 (6652). pp. 683-684.
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    Publication Date: 2021-02-15
    Description: Recent captures of two female giant squid ( Architeuthis ) off southern Australia have provided the first record of a mated female specimen of these almost mythical deepsea creatures. We found sperm packages (spermatophores) embedded within the skin of both ventral arms of the larger of the two specimens. It seems that male giant squids may use their muscular elongate penis to ‘inject’ sperm packages under pressure directly into the arms of females.
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  • 20
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    Cladistic analysis of the octopods based on anatomical characters (1997)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Molluscan Studies, 63 (3). pp. 311-325.
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    Publication Date: 2021-04-19
    Description: Parsimony analysis of 29 finned and finless octopod taxa considered 66 anatomical and morphological characters to discover synapomorphies that unite monophyletic groups. The resultant cladogram (177 equally parsimonious trees at 191 steps, CI 0.429) resolved all relationships except those among the 16 exemplars of the Octopodidae included and those among Tremoctopus, Ocythoe and Argonauta. Bootstrap values of over 90% support the monophyly of the finned and finless octopods, relationships among the finned octopods, the bolitaenids and the monophyly of Haliphron, Tremoctopus, Ocythoe and Argonauta; bootstrap values for other nodes range from 57 to 79%. Among finned octopods, specimens representing Grimpoteuthis are basal, as Voss (1988a) suggested. Specimens of Opisthoteuthis represent a distinct lineage, and are sister taxon, in this analysis, of Cirroteuthis (although specimens of Stauroteuthis could not be included). New definitions of the genera Opisthoteuthis and Grimpoteuthis are provided to reflect their separate evolutionary histories rather than their overt morphological similarity. Among finless octopods, bolitaenids are basal. The monophyletic Octopodidae is the sister taxon to the clade containing the sister taxa Vitreledonella and Amphitretus, and Haliphron, Tremoctopus, Ocythoe and Argonauta. The Ctenoglossa and Heteroglossa, families grouped by shared radular dentition, are diphyletic and paraphyletic, respectively. The cladistic relationships demonstrate that both the Vitrele-donellidae and Idioctopodidae are junior synonyms of the Amphitretidae; despite conspicuous morphological differences separating these taxa, they share a recent evolutionary history.
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  • 21
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    Statolith shape and microstructure in studies of systematics, age and growth in planktonic paralarvae of gonatid squids (Cephalopoda, Oegopsida) from the western Bering Sea (1997)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 19 (12). pp. 1993-2030.
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    Publication Date: 2021-04-21
    Description: The microstructure, morphology and ontogenetic development of statoliths and age and growth of 405 planktonic paralarvae and 117 juveniles belonging to 10 species of gonatid squids (Cephalopoda, Oegopsida) were studied in the region of the continental slope in the western part of the Bering Sea (57°00′–61°30′N, 163°00′E–179°20′W). The statolith microstructure of all species was characterized by the presence of a large droplet-shaped nucleus and bipartite postnuclear zone divided into two by the first stress check, except for Berryteuthis magister which had only one stress check and an undivided postnuclear zone. In Gonatus spp., completion of development of the postnuclear zone coincided with full development of the central hook on the tentacular club. Daily periodicity of statolith growth increments was validated by maintaining 13 paralarvae of the four most abundant species in captivity. All species might be subdivided into two groups based on statolith microstructure, i.e. species with a central position of the nucleus within the first statolith check (Gonatopsis spp., Egonatus tinro and B.magister) and species with the nucleus shifted to the inner side of the first statolith check (Gonatus spp.). Comparative analysis of statolith morphology showed that paralarval statoliths have species-specific characters that allowed the construction of keys to identify species of gonatid paralarvae based on their statoliths. Analysis of paralarval growth using statoliths revealed that these cold-water planktonic gonatid paralarvae have fast growth rates, attaining a mantle length of 7–10 mm at 15–20 days and 20–25 mm at 35–70 days.
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  • 22
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    Age of the micronektonic squid Pterygioteuthis gemmata (Cephalopoda: Pyroteuthidae) from the central-east Atlantic based on statolith growth increments (1997)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Molluscan Studies, 63 (2). pp. 287-290.
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    Publication Date: 2021-04-21
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  • 23
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    Is Warming Trend Harming Penguins? (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 276 (5320). p. 1790.
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    Publication Date: 2021-04-15
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  • 24
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    Changes in mantle muscle structure associated with growth and reproduction in the tropical squid Photololigo sp. (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) (1997)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Molluscan Studies, 63 (2). pp. 290-293.
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-03
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  • 25
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    Contribution of Southern Ocean surface-water stratification to low atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the last glacial period (1997)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 389 . pp. 929-935.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-09
    Description: The nitrogen-isotope record preserved in Southern Ocean sediments, along with several geochemical tracers for the settling fluxes of biogenic matter, reveals patterns of past nutrient supply to phytoplankton and surface-water stratification in this oceanic region. Areal averaging of these spatial patterns indicates that reduction of the CO2 'leak' from ocean to atmosphere by increased surface-water stratification south of the Polar Front made a greater contribution to the lowering of atmospheric CO2 concentration during the Last Glacial Maximum than did the increased export of organic carbon from surface to deep waters occurring further north.
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  • 26
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    Two-way exchange between the Easter mantle plume and the Easter microplate spreading axis (1996)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 382 (6589). pp. 344-346.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-27
    Description: The conventional model whereby plume volcanism forms linear age-progressive volcanic chains, with the youngest activity occurring nearest a spreading axis (at a 'hotspot'), has been challenged for the Easter seamount chain1–4. Whereas early work suggested the existence of a linear melting anomaly (a 'hotline')1,2, more recent studies3,4 have proposed a hotspot near Salas y Gomez island, connected with the Easter microplate spreading system by an ~800-km-long, volcanically active plume channel. Here we use geochemical, geological and geochronological data to argue that the hotspot lies close to Easter Island. Moreover, new isotopic data for lavas from the seamount chain provide evidence for bidirectional flow between the spreading axis and the plume, thus supporting geophysical and fluid-dynamical models of mantle flow in a plume/spreading axis system5–7. Material balance and flux considerations show the Easter plume to be weak and cool compared with those beneath larger features such as Iceland, Hawaii and the Galápagos islands.
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  • 27
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    Chlorin accumulation rate as a proxy for Quaternary marine primary productivity (1996)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 383 (6595). pp. 63-65.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-27
    Description: A knowledge of past changes in the biological productivity of the oceans is important for understanding the interactions between carbon cycling and climate. Phytoplankton productivity in today's oceans can be estimated from the concentrations of chlorophyll in sea water1, but chlorophyll is not preserved in the sediments. Existing proxies for past algal productivity do not represent total productivity; for example, biogenic opal2 reflects the contribution of only part of the phytoplankton community, and the organic carbon record can be subject to contamination from terrestrial inputs2,3. Although chlorins, the pigment-transformation products of chlorophyll, are widespread in Quaternary marine sediments, their potential as proxy measures of past variations in primary productivity has not been convincingly demonstrated. Here we report a high-resolution molecular stratigraphic record of chlorin concentrations over the past 350,000 years in a sediment core from the subtropical Atlantic continental margin. Maxima in the chlorin accumulation rate coincide with significant peaks in the accumulation rates of biogenic opal (at the end of glacial terminations) and organic carbon (between terminations). These results suggest that chlorins, unlike other proxies, can serve as a measure of total primary productivity variations.
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  • 28
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    Glacial Climate in the Tropics (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 272 (5270). pp. 1902-1904.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
    Description: During glacial cycles, different parts of the Earth cool by different amounts. A growing collection of evidence has begun to show that cooling in the tropical oceans was greater than previously thought. In his Perspective, Broecker discusses the oxygen isotope evidence reported by Schrag et al. (p. 1930) that indicates that the cooling in deep tropical water was close to the freezing point.
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  • 29
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    Flavodoxin as an in situ marker for iron stress in phytoplankton (1996)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 382 . pp. 802-805.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-27
    Description: A fundamental issue in marine science is the identification of the factors controlling biological uptake of CO2, in high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll regions. A recent in situ iron fertilization experiment demonstrated that iron limitation is responsible for low phytoplankton stocks in the equatorial Pacific4. Here we show that flavodoxin, a biochemical marker of iron limitation, can be used to map the degree of iron stress in natural populations. Flavodoxin assays along a 900-km east-west transect in the northeastern subarctic Pacific revealed a pronounced increase in iron stress in the region west of the 135° W meridian. Addition of dissolved iron alleviated this stress. Immunostaining of single cells from the most western station showed that flavodoxin is present specifically within the chloroplasts of diatoms. Our approach provides a rapid means of defining the extent of iron stress in the ocean5 and supports the hypothesis that diatoms are iron stressed in the northeast Pacific.
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  • 30
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    Age and growth of planktonic squids Cranchia scabra and Licoranchia reinhardti (Cephalopoda, Cranchiidae) in epipelagic waters of the central-east Atlantic (1996)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 18 (9). pp. 1675-1683.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-19
    Description: Statolith microstructure was studied in two abundant planktonic cranchiids, Cranchia scabra (56 specimens, 38-127mm mantle lengh, ML) and Liocranchia reinhardti (34 specimens, 99-205mm ML) sampled in epipelagic waters of the western part of the Gulf of Guinea (tropical Atlantic). Growth increments were revealed in ground statoliths of both species. It was possible to distinguish two growth zones in statolith microstructure by their colour in reflected light of the microscope: the translucent postnuclear zone and pale white opaque zone. Assuming that growth increments in statoliths were produced daily, ages of the largest immature C. scabra and L. reinhardti were 166 and 146 days, respectively. Both cranchiids are fast-growing squids with growth rates in length resembling those of juveniles of tropical ommastrephids and Thysanoteuthis rhombus. Liocranchia reinhardti grows faster: its growth rate in ML is approximately twice that of same-aged C. scabra. The life cycle of both cranchiids consists of two phases. During their epipelagic phase, C. scabra and L. reinhardti feed and grow rapidly from paralarvae to immature young in the epipelagic waters, attaining 120-130 and 170-200 mm ML by ages of 4-5 months, respectively. Then they change their life style to a deepwater phase.
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  • 31
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    Deep-breathing cephalopods? (1996)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 384 (6608). p. 421.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-20
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  • 32
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    Age and growth of the squid loligo vulgaris off the south coast of Portugal, using statolith analysis (1996)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  Journal of Molluscan Studies, 62 . pp. 359-366.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: Age composition and growth rates of the squid Loligo vulgaris (Lamark, 1797) were studied by examination of growth increments within statoliths of 419 specimens (mantle length, ML, ranging from 32 to 400mm). The squid were obtained by monthly sampling from the catches of commercial trawls off southern Portugal between March and September, 1993. The total number of growth increments in the mounted and ground statoliths was counted using a semi-automatic image analysis system. ML was significantly correlated with both the statolith length, TSL and the number of increments, NI. The female statolith was slightly larger than the male statolith for the same mantle size. Growth rates of individuals showed high variability with an average estimated at 34.6mm month-1 for males and 33.5mm month-1 for females. Growth in length between 70 and 280 days was best described by a power function for both sexes. The growth index of the statolith (TSL/NI) decreased with individual growth. The result may be related with the onset of sexual maturation. L. vulgaris hatched throughout the year with two distinct peaks, in spring which is the main breeding period, and in autumn. The life cycle of the L. vulgaris population on the south Portugese shelf was completed in one year.
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  • 33
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    The planktonic life of octopuses (1995)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 377 (6545). p. 107.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-04
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  • 34
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    Yet more danger for coelacanths (1995)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 374 (6520). p. 314.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-06
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  • 35
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    Cooling the tropics (1995)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 376 (6537). pp. 212-213.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
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  • 36
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    Growth limits on phytoplankton (1995)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 373 . p. 28.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-27
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  • 37
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    Seismic and geochemical evidence for large-scale mantle upwelling beneath the eastern Atlantic and western and central Europe (1995)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 374 . pp. 34-39.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-27
    Description: Seismic tomography and the isotope geochemistry of Cenozoic volcanic rocks suggest the existence of a large, sheet-like region of upwelling in the upper mantle which extends from the eastern Atlantic Ocean to central Europe and the western Mediterranean. A belt of extension and rifting in the latter two areas appears to lie above the intersection of the centre of the upwelling region with the base of the lithosphere. Lead, strontium and neodymium isotope data for all three regions converge on a restricted composition, inferred to be that of the upwelling mantle.
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  • 38
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    Decadal Trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional Temperatures and Precipitation (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 269 (5224). pp. 676-679.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-10
    Description: Greenland ice-core data have revealed large decadal climate variations over the North Atlantic that can be related to a major source of low-frequency variability, the North Atlantic Oscillation. Over the past decade, the Oscillation has remained in one extreme phase during the winters, contributing significantly to the recent wintertime warmth across Europe and to cold conditions in the northwest Atlantic. An evaluation of the atmospheric moisture budget reveals coherent large-scale changes since 1980 that are linked to recent dry conditions over southern Europe and the Mediterranean, whereas northern Europe and parts of Scandinavia have generally experienced wetter than normal conditions.
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  • 39
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    Penguins disturbed by tourists (1995)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 376 (6538). pp. 301-302.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-15
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  • 40
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    The internal structure of an active sea-floor massive sulphide deposit (1995)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 377 (6551). pp. 713-716.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-27
    Description: THE hydrothermal circulation of sea water through permeable ocean crust results in rock–water interactions that lead to the formation of massive sulphide deposits. These are the modern analogues of many ancient ophiolite-hosted deposits1–4, such as those exposed in Cyprus. Here we report results obtained from drilling a series of holes into an actively forming sulphide deposit on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A complex assemblage of sulphide–anhydrite–silica breccias provides striking evidence that such hydrothermal mounds do not grow simply by the accumulation of sulphides on the sea floor. Indeed, the deposit grows largely as an in situ breccia pile, as successive episodes of hydrothermal activity each form new hydrothermal precipitates and cement earlier deposits. During inactive periods, the collapse of sulphide chimneys, dissolution of anhydrite, and disruption by faulting cause brecciation of the deposit. The abundance of anhydrite beneath the present region of focused hydrothermal venting reflects the high temperatures ( 〉 150 °C) currently maintained within the mound, and implies substantial entrainment of cold sea water into the interior of the deposit. These observations demonstrate the important role of anhydrite in the growth of massive sulphide deposits, despite its absence in those preserved on land.
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  • 41
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    Growth of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis, using a new method based on gladius microstucture (1995)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science, 199 . pp. 445-458.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-19
    Description: A study of individual and group growth rates based on a method of growth determination using the gladius was carried out in two populations of the purple-back flying squid (Sthenoteuthis oualaniesis) in the Arabian Sea. The duration of the life cycle in all populations and size groups examined was approximately one year. The growth pattern of linear increase was either slightly S-shaped or almost linear, while growth in weight followed a power-type pattern. Generally, females grew faster than males. Use of the gladius as a recording structure makes it possible to study the real growth of a specimen, rather than the statistical correlation of length/weight versus age, as in the commonly used statolith method. Analysis of individual growth rates in large-sized sawning females revealed growth rhythm with roughly a one-month periodicity in which phases of rapid growth (17-21 days; 1.6-3,6mm per day) alternate with phases of slow growth (12-14 days; 0.4-1.2mm per day). This new method is simple to use and may be applied even on board a vessel during research cruises.
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  • 42
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    Strontium-Calcium Thermometry in Coral Skeletons (1979)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 204 (4391). pp. 404-407.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-24
    Description: The strontium to calcium ratio of skeletal aragonite in three genera of reef-building corals varies as a simple function of temperature and the strontium to calcium ratio of the incubation water. The strontiumlcalcium distribution coefficients of coral aragonite apparently differ from the corresponding coefficient of inorganically precipitated aragonite. With some care, coral skeletons can be used as recording thermometers.
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  • 43
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    The blind octopus, Cirrothauma (1978)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 275 (5680). pp. 547-549.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-20
    Description: THE rare deep-sea octopod Cirrothauma murrayi Chun 1910 was first described from a single specimen caught during the Michael Sars Expedition of 1910 (ref. 1). Until now it has been caught only four more times2. We describe here three specimens of this species that were recently caught during biological cruises of RRS Discovery (Fig. 1). All of these animals, including the Discovery ones, have been caught at depths of more than 1,500 m, except one that was dip-netted through the ice of the Arctic Ocean3.
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  • 44
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    Volcanics from the Sierra Leone Rise (1978)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 275 (5680). pp. 536-538.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-22
    Description: THE Sierra Leone Rise, located in the east equatorial Atlantic, forms a discontinuous chain of seamounts as shallow as 2 km extending with a general NE–SW trend from near the Sierra Leone coast of Africa, to the St Paul fracture zone near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Fig. 1). The origin of this feature has remained a topic of discussion. Sheridan et al.1 have hypothesised that the Sierra Leone Rise is a volcanic structure formed at the beginning of the opening of the Atlantic in the early Cretaceous period. The twin features of the Sierra Leone and the Ceara Rises are probably of oceanic origin and were created 80 Myr ago or later in their present-day position with respect to Africa and South America2. The Atlantic ocean exhibits several similar aseismic structures which appear symmetrically oriented with respect to the mid-oceanic ridge, such as the Walvis–Rio Grande Rise and the Iceland Faeroes–Iceland Greenland Ridges. These structures are volcanic edifices having a composition similar to that found in their associated islands3–7. Deep sea drilling of the Ceara Rise8,9 penetrated a basaltic basement of the upper Cretaceous period (Maestrichtian) (Leg 39, Site 354). Similarly, a DSDP hole (Leg 41, Site 366) on the Sierra Leone Rise, penetrated sediments of the same period, without reaching basement10. We report here the discovery of alkali-rich volcanics in an area of the Sierra Leone Rise. The sediment overlying the rock fragments is aged ∼45 Myr.
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  • 45
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    Sand deserts during glacial maximum and climatic optimum (1978)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 272 (5648). pp. 43-46.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-02
    Description: The past 20,000 yr have witnessed tremendous climatic changes, a glacial maximum at about 18,000 yr BP and a climatic optimum centred on about 6,000 yr BP, both of which mark extreme situations for the Quaternary. This paper attempts to show that active sand dunes were extensive 18,000 yr ago. Conversely, it seems that sand dunes were generally dormant 6,000 yr ago. Thus the former textbook concept1,2 of an arid climatic optimum and a pluvially active glacial maximum is reversed.
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  • 46
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    Estimates of Cenozoic Oceanic Sedimentation Rates (1977)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 197 (4298). pp. 53-55.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-07
    Description: Estimation of average Cenozoic sedimentation rates for the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans indicates global synchronous fluctuations. Paleocene-early Eocene and late Eocene-early Miocene rates are only a fraction of middle Eocene and middle Miocene-Recent rates. These changes must reflect significantly different modes of continental weathering, which may be due to alternate states of atmospheric circulation marked by reduction of global precipitation.
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  • 47
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    Continental margin fault pattern mapped south-west of Ireland (1977)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 268 (5622). pp. 720-722.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-15
    Description: A SIMPLE model for continental basement structures at rifted continental margins comprises large fault blocks which trend approximately parallel to, and step down towards, the continental–ocean boundary (for example, see ref. 1). These blocks may be cut by faults which strike across the margin, and, in many theoretical discussions, are shown as being separated from the true oceanic crust by an intermediate zone (see transitional crust of Fig. 3, ref. 2). On many rifted margins these features are deeply buried by young sediments and cannot be stutied in detail. On Goban Spur (Fig. 1), a marginal plateau south-west of Ireland, the young sediment cover is abnormally thin, however, and we have been able to map in detail a 150 km wide continental basement fracture pattern of horsts and grabens using a simple seismic reflection system (160 inch3 air-gun and two-channel hydrophone array). We also suggest a location for the continent–ocean boundary between the Spur and Porcupine Abyssal Plain. There are few previously published data from Goban Spur relevant to our study, although valuable sampling3 and geophysical3–5 results have been obtained north and south of the area.
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  • 48
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    Bioluminescent countershading in midwater animals: evidence from living squid (1976)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 191 (4231). pp. 1046-1048.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-08
    Description: Midwater squid respond to overhead illumination by turning on numerous downward-directed photophores; they turn off the photophores when overhead illumination is eliminated. The squid are invisible when the intensity of the photophores matches the intensity of the overhead illumination. These results strongly support the theory of ventral bioluminescent countershading.
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  • 49
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    First fossil records of cephalopod statoliths (1975)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 257 (5525). pp. 380-381.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-15
    Description: THE class Cephalopoda is represented by over 10,000 fossil species and about 1,000 living species. Almost the entire fossil record so far described consists of external or internal calcareous shells of the Ammonoidea, the Nautiloidea and some members of the Coleoidea. The subclass Coleoidea includes all but three (Nautilus spp.) of the living species of cephalopods, and is represented in the fossil record largely by the order Belemnitida which is important from the early Jurassic to the Eocene. Another coleoid order, the Sepioidea, including the living Sepia and Spirula have internal calcareous shells, and have left traces from the Upper Jurassic (Voltzia) to the present. The three remaining coleoid orders, the Teuthoidea, the Vampyromorpha and the Octopodida include all the remaining living cephalopods, comprising 29 teuthoid or squid families, one vampyromorph family and 12 octopod families.
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  • 50
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    The Response of Rainbow Trout to Varying Protein/Energy Ratios in a Test Diet (1973)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  The Journal of Nutrition, 103 (6). pp. 916-922.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-11
    Description: Nine semipurified diets containing protein/energy ratios that ranged from 73 to 162 mg protein/kilocalorie were fed to young rainbow trout for 18 weeks. A casein-gelatin (70–30) mixture and herring oil were each fed at three levels in a factorial type of experiment. Each of the casein-gelatin levels (36, 44 and 53%) was fed at each of the fat levels (8, 16 and 24%). Cornstarch was added at the expense of the casein-gelatin mix to adjust dietary protein levels. Caloric intake regulated feed consumption; and except for diets low in both fat and protein, no significant differences in weight gains were noted, although feed and energy conversions were markedly influenced. Higher protein/calorie ratios were positively correlated with liver size, level of liver sugars, percentage body fat, percentage body protein, and negatively correlated with percentage liver lipids, size of gastrointestinal tract and gain/gram ingested protein. These correlations were observed for similar protein/calorie ratios regardless of the dietary levels of protein and lipid.
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  • 51
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    Variability of the thermohaline staircase (1973)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 244 (131). pp. 11-12.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-02
    Description: STEP-LIKE structures in temperature and salinity beneath the Mediterranean water have been observed in the Eastern Atlantic1–6. In Fig. 1 we show the stations where steps have been found in the area to the west of Gibraltar. Salt fingering as a result of double diffusive processes has been suggested as a possible cause for the generation of such step-like structures7. During cruise No. 23 of RV Meteor in 1971 we intended to study the small scale features of such structures8. Some previous observations6 in August/September 1970 had revealed an extensive zone where a “thermohaline staircase” existed (Fig. 1). We therefore selected stations in this area and close to it for the proposed study. A high resolution in situ conductivity-temperature-depth meter of the “Kieler Multi-Meeressonde” type was used for the vertical profiling of temperature and salinity.
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  • 52
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    Essential Fatty Acids in the Diet of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Growth, Feed Conversion and Some Gross Deficiency Symptoms (1972)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  The Journal of Nutrition, 102 (1). pp. 77-85.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-18
    Description: Experiments are described to define further the fatty acid requirements of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). In all cases, feeding semipurified diets containing no polyunsaturated fatty acids resulted in poor growth and feed conversion. Linolenic acid was superior to linoleic in stimulating growth and improving feed conversion. The requirement of linolenic acid (ω3 fatty acids) for rainbow trout is 1% of the diet or approximately 2.7% of the dietary calories. Essential fatty acid deficiency symptoms that were cured or prevented by linolenic acid included fin erosion, heart myopathy, and a shock syndrome. It is concluded that linolenic acid has an essential role in rainbow trout similar to that assigned to linoleic acid in man and higher animals.
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  • 53
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    New Technique for the Study of Sperm Whale Migration (1972)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 238 (5364). pp. 405-406.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-14
    Description: In the southern hemisphere, female and young male sperm whales (up to about 39 feet long) are not normally found in higher latitudes than 40° S while large males occur in Antarctic waters1–3; clearly many large bulls must migrate from the breeding areas into colder regions. Evidence of the return of large bulls to lower latitudes rests upon marking them in the Antarctic4 or external infestation by Antarctic Cocconeis or Cyamus 5. Only a single mark5 has been recovered which provides direct evidence for the return north from Antarctic waters. This mark (USSR No. 650203) was fired on December 25, 1967, at 62° 22′ S 26° 25′ E and the whale was killed on May 13, 1968, off Durban. The small size of the male concerned (35 feet at death) makes this record rather surprising although Jonsgård6 did mention that the smallest whales from Antarctic waters were about 35 feet. Marking can provide information on only a small part of the whale population at considerable cost, freshness of the whale restricts the value of infestation as an indicator but the study of food remnants in sperm whale stomachs provides another method without these disadvantages.
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  • 54
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    Coral Chronometers: Seasonal Growth Bands in Reef Corals (1972)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 177 (4045). pp. 270-272.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-05
    Description: Autoradiagraphs and x-radiographs have been made of vertical sections through the centers of reef corals from Eniwetok. Radioactivity bands in the coral structure are caused by strontium-90 and are related to specific series of nuclear tests, thus making possible calculation of long-term growth rates. These data indicate that the cyclic variations in radial density revealed by x-radiography are annual.
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  • 55
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    Leg 4 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (1971)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 172 (3989). pp. 1197-1205.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-05
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  • 56
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    Significance of Upper Jurassic Sediments in the Knysana Outlier (Cape Province) for Timing of the Breakout of Gondwanaland (1971)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 232 (28). pp. 37-38.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-11
    Description: Marine Upper Jurassic sediments have recently been reported from South Africa (Knysna Outlier, Cape Province) for the first time1. They occur as shallow water, sandy clays (Brenton Beds) in association with terrestrial/fluviatile conglomerates and sandstones, which were deposited in an approximately east-west elongate intermontane basin between the Cape Fold mountains (formed of Lower Palaeozoic sediments). Post-Cretaceous erosion has reduced the original deposits to a series of small, isolated outliers, only two of which have been reported to contain marine sediments (Knysna, lower Upper Jurassic; Algoa, Valanginian2) (Fig. 1). Extensive Neocomian-Maas-trichtian outcrops are known from the continental shelf off to the south of South Africa3, and a complete mid-Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous marine succession is suspected on the Agulhas Bank infilling and overlying east-west striking, fault bounded folds of Lower Palaeozoic Cape Supergroup rocks as shown in Fig. 1 (R. V. D., in preparation and refs. 1 and 4).
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 57
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    Rangia cuneata on the East Coast: Thousand Mile Range Extension, or Resurgence? (1970)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 167 (3919). pp. 868-869.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-02
    Description: Rangia cuneata, a valuable clam of the estuarine zone where fluctuating salinities (from 0 to 15 parts per thousand) exclude most animals, is now developing large populations in many estuaries from Florida to Maryland. Before 1955 it was thought to be extinct on the East Coast since the Pleistocene and to be living only in Gulf Coast estuaries.
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  • 58
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    Manganese Nodules, Topography and Thickness of Quaternary Sediments in the Central Pacific (1966)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 212 (5066). pp. 983-985.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-19
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 59
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    Revival of Oceanography in Germany (1964)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In:  Science, 146 (3640). pp. 45-48.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-01
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 60
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    Respiratory and swimming movements in the cephalopod Cranchia scabra (1962)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 196 (4852). pp. 351-352.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-09
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  • 61
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    Relationship Between Calcium in Sweat, Calcium Balance, and Calcium Requirements (1962)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  The Journal of Nutrition, 78 (1). pp. 78-88.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-30
    Description: These data suggest that calcium may be lost during heavy sweating conditions (up to 20 mg calcium/hour) and that this loss should be considered in establishing recommended allowances for calcium. It was observed that 7 men consuming 441 mg of calcium a day in a study extending for 48 days, excreted 8.1, 11.6 and 20.2 mg/hour of calcium when living at 70, 85 and 100°F. This accounted for 21.8, 25.1 and 33.2% of the total calcium excreted. These observations are important since they show an additional calcium loss, which has not been reported in previous calcium balance studies in the literature. It is questionable whether an individual, consuming a low calcium diet, ever really attains calcium balance (equilibrium), under heavy sweating conditions. It was observed that (a) the calcium excreted in sweat, in men working at a moderate rate in extreme heat (100°F), was still fairly high after acclimatization, averaging 17 mg/hour after the first 4 days, and (b) that the daily total calcium in sweat increased as the sweat rate increased. Therefore it appears that the calcium requirements may be increased under these conditions. It was shown that even after acclimatization the urinary calcium did not decrease in compensation for the losses of calcium in sweat. It is recognized that changes in the urinary excretion of calcium in adjusting to different levels of dietary calcium and the various other metabolic factors, may require months to achieve.
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