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  • Triticum aestivum  (495)
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  • Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • Springer  (921)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding damage by Diuraphis noxia results in a nutritionally enhanced phloem diet (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 403-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aphid ; Diuraphis noxia ; Triticum aestivum ; endosymbiont ; insect-plant interactions ; phloem ; amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The feeding behavior of Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko (Homoptera: Aphididae) on susceptible hosts causes both ultrastructural and tissue level damage which may affect phloem composition. Genetic evidence suggests that endosymbiotic bacteria in most aphids overproduce limiting amino acids to benefit hosts but that D. noxia depends less on endosymbionts for these nutrients, possibly due to an enriched diet. To determine whether D. noxia feeding damage results in higher concentrations of essential amino acids, stylet exudates were analyzed from wheat (Triticum aestivum) damaged to different degrees. Comparison of samples from undamaged and damaged susceptible wheat revealed changes in amino acid composition and an increase in levels of essential amino acids, indicating a nutritionally enhanced ingesta. The changes in stylet exudates paralleled changes in leaf exudates, indicating that the effects are systemic. Feeding damage is not observed on a resistant wheat host, var. Halt, and leaf exudates from infested Halt did not show changes in amino acid composition. Mean relative growth of nymphs was significantly lower on Halt than on susceptible Arapahoe, indicating that Halt is a less suitable host. Both varieties show similar amino acid levels in non-infested samples, suggesting that D. noxia infestation does not enhance the phloem environment in Halt. This study provides evidence that aphid feeding can generate a nutritionally enhanced phloem diet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003617523820
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salivation into sieve elements in relation to plant chemistry: the case of the aphid Sitobion fragariae and the wheat, Triticum aestivum (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 111-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sieve element ; salivation ; aphid ; plant resistance ; wheat ; Sitobion fragariae ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extended sieve element salivation (E1 waveform in the electrical penetration graph) is a characteristic activity during early sieve element punctures, particularly in resistant plants. In order to explore a chemically-mediated mechanism of resistance associated with sieve element salivation, we compared the pattern of feeding behaviour of the aphid, Sitobion fragariae (Walker), on two cultivars of the wheat Triticum aestivum L., with different concentrations of hydroxamic acids (Hx). During 24 h of electronic monitoring, aphids dedicated over 50% of the total time to phloem ingestion from the sieve elements. Total time allocated to E1 in the experiment, time to first E1 within the experiment, time allocated to E1 before a sustained phloem ingestion (E2) and the contribution of sieve element salivation to the phloem phase (E1/[E1+E2]) were significantly higher in the high-Hx cultivar. The increased salivation in plants with higher contents of Hx suggests the existence, at least in this system, of a chemically-mediated sieve element constraint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003628703035
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Taxonomy of Evolutionary Algorithms in Combinatorial Optimization (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of heuristics 5 (1999), S. 145-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9397
    Keywords: evolutionary algorithms ; genetic algorithms ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper shows how evolutionary algorithms can be described in a concise, yet comprehensive and accurate way. A classification scheme is introduced and presented in a tabular form called TEA (Table of Evolutionary Algorithms). It distinguishes between different classes of evolutionary algorithms (e.g., genetic algorithms, ant systems) by enumerating the fundamental ingredients of each of these algorithms. At the end, possible uses of the TEA are illustrated on classical evolutionary algorithms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009625526657
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Root respiratory quotient and nitrate uptake in hydroponically grown non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 9 (1999), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Glomus mosseae ; Hydroponics ; Nitrate uptake ; Root respiration ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Oxygen and CO2 fluxes were measured in hydroponically grown mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Triticum aestivum L. cv. Hano roots. The NO3 – uptake of the plants was used to estimate the amount of root respiration attributable to ion uptake. Plants were grown at 4 mM N and 10 μM P, where a total and viable mycorrhizal root colonisation of 48% and 18%, respectively, by Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe (BEG 107) was observed. The O2 consumption and NO3 – uptake rates were similar and the CO2 release was higher in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal wheat. This resulted in a significantly higher respiratory quotient (RQ, mol CO2 mol–1 O2) in mycorrhizal (1.27±0.13) than in non-mycorrhizal (0.79±0.05) wheat. As the biomass and N and P concentrations in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal wheat were the same, the higher RQ resulted from the mycorrhizal colonisation and not differences in nutrition per se.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050263
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus improves dry matter yield and nutrient uptake by wheat grown in a sandy soil (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms ; Mussoorie rock phosphate ; Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Triticum aestivum ; Nutrient-deficient soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of inoculating wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with the PO4 3–-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) Bacillus circulans and Cladosporium herbarum and the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus sp. 88 with or without Mussoorie rock phosphate (MRP) amendment in a nutrient-deficient natural sandy soil was studied. In the sandy soil of low fertility root colonization by VAM fungi was low. Inoculation with Glomus sp. 88 improved root colonization. At maturity, grain and straw yields as well as N and P uptake improved significantly following inoculation with PSM or the VAM fungus. These increases were higher on combined inoculation of PSM and the VAM fungus with MRP amendment. In general, a larger population of PSM was maintained in the rhizosphere of wheat in treatments with VAM fungal inoculation and MRP amendment. The results suggest that combined inoculation with PSM and a VAM fungus along with MRP amendment can improve crop yields in nutrient-deficient soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050475
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of otolith chemistry in Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) from the Bahamas and Belize using solution-based ICP-MS (1999)
    Springer
    Coral reefs 18 (1999), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Keywords: Key words Otolith ; Chemistry ; ICP-MS ; Stock discrimination ; Epinephelus striatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  We examined the utility of otolith minor and trace element chemistry, assayed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), as a means of delineating population structure in the Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus). We characterized the elemental composition of otoliths collected in 1993 from three locations in Exuma Sound, Bahamas and from Glover Reef, Belize in 1995. A single location in Exuma Sound was sampled in 1994 to test temporal variability in otolith composition. Five elements (Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba and Pb) were routinely detected, at levels significantly above background, by solution-based ICP-MS. Results from analysis of variance of elemental data, expressed as a ratio to Ca, indicated that there were no significant differences among the Exuma locations for any element, but significant variability was found between Glover Reef and the pooled Exuma localities for Zn/Ca, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios. Significant inter-annual differences at one Exuma Sound location was restricted to Ba/Ca ratios. Discriminant function analysis correctly classified 86% and 95% of the Belize and pooled Exuma sites, respectively. Otoliths from Belize were characterized by low Zn/Ca and high Ba/Ca and Pb/Ca ratios compared to otoliths from fish collected in Exuma Sound. Although differences in Ba levels may be related to upwelling at Glover Reef, more data are needed to definitely link otolith composition with regional differences in water chemistry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003380050176
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparing responses of grain legumes, wheat and canola to applications of superphosphate (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1999), S. 157-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Cicer arietinum ; current P ; Lens culinaris ; Lupinus albus ; Lupinus angustifolius ; P concentration response ; P content response ; Pisum sativum ; previous P ; sigmoid response ; single superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; Vicia faba ; yield response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus (P) is a major deficiency of soils of south-western Australia (WA). The fertilizer P requirements are not known for grain legumes being evaluated for neutral to alkaline, fine textured soils in WA. To rectify this, glasshouse and field experiments were undertaken to compare the responses of several grain legume species, wheat and canola to applications of single superphosphate and the results are reported in this paper. The glasshouse experiments measured responses of dried tops, harvested at 26 to 42 days after sowing, to P that was freshly-applied (current P) and previously-applied (previous P). Responses in the glasshouse were measured using yield, P concentration and P content (P concentration multiplied by yield) of oven dried tops of the following: wheat (Triticum aestivum), canola (Brassica napus), faba bean (Vicia faba), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), lentil (Lens culinaris), field pea (Pisum sativum), albus lupin (Lupinus albus) and narrow leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius). Field experiments in 1994 and 1995 compared seed (grain) yield responses of faba bean, chickpea, lentil, albus lupin and wheat to applications of current P. The P was banded (drilled) with the seed while sowing at 5 cm depth. Canola and wheat produced very large yield responses to increasing applications of current P. Responses were much smaller for albus lupin, faba bean and chickpea. Responses for lentil, narrow leaf lupin and field pea, fell in between responses of the small and large seeded species. Similar trends for responses were obtained as measured using yield, P concentration, or P content. For soils treated with previous P, similar trends were observed as for current P, but differences in yield responses between species were much less marked and the response curves tended to become more sigmoid. In the field experiments, grain yield responses to current P of albus lupin and chickpea were less than that for wheat. Relative to wheat, faba bean was the most responsive grain legume to applications of current P, with lentil producing similar responses to wheat in one experiment at a newly cleared, P deficient site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009798506480
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taxonomy and the Personal Equation: The Historical Fates of Charles Girard and Louis Agassiz (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of the history of biology 32 (1999), S. 509-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: Louis Agassiz ; Spencer Baird ; Charles Girard ; reputation ; taxonomy ; ichthyology ; Museum of Comparative Zoology ; Smithsonian Institution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract The reputations of scientists among their contemporaries depend not only on accomplishment, but also on interactions affected by influence and personality. The historical lore of most fields of scientific endeavor preserve these reputations, often through the identification of founders, innovators, and prolific workers whose contributions are considered fundamental to progress in the field. Historians frequently rely on the historical lore of scientists to guide their studies of the development of ideas, exhibiting justifiable caution in reassessing reputations in the light of current knowledge. However, the transmission of historical lore can obscure the relative importance of accomplishment, influence and personality in shaping contemporary reputations, leaving the historian to either accept reputations at face value or attempt to reconstruct the context in which they were created. The science of taxonomy, because of its rules of priority, leaves a relatively accurate record of historical accomplishment through the persistence of taxa in catalogues and faunal guides. These records allow the modern historian an unbiased means to assess the relative accomplishments of historical figures and therefore a means to critically reassess reputations independent of personality and influence. In the historical lore of North American ichthyology, Louis Agassiz at Harvard and Spencer Baird at the Smithsonian emerge as central figures in the early development of the field during the mid-1800s, contributing not only through the quality and quantity of their science, but also through their roles as institutional leaders and mentors to workers who followed. Charles Girard, originally a student of Agassiz's and later a coworker with Baird, receives little notice in the history of ichthyology, and his reputation is that of a minor player in the initial description of the North American fish fauna, and one whose work appears to have been flawed or even careless when compared to his contemporaries. However, a review of both contemporary and modern taxonomic works reveals that Girard's productivity far exceeded that of either Agassiz or Baird. Furthermore, an examination of the tendency of Girard and his contemporaries to introduce synonymous names into the literature, which might reflect careless or uncritical work, suggests that Girard was among the more accomplished workers of hisera, including Agassiz and Baird. Girard's low ranking in the folklore of North American ichthyology, therefore, can not be attributed to discernible shortcomings in his scientific work, but rather to a public and private campaign of criticism waged by Agassiz after Girard's departure from Harvard. While Agassiz's dispute with Girard stemmed from their personal interactions, he expressed them as criticisms of Girard's work, and thus helped shape Girard's scientific reputation as it has been transmitted through the lore of ichthyology. This case study reveals how scientific reputation may not always rest on accomplishment, but can be influenced by personal interactions obscured by time but nonetheless important to history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004784904703
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of secondary compounds in barley and wheat roots in response to inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and co-inoculation with rhizosphere bacteria (1999)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 8 (1999), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; Glomus intraradices ; Mycorrhiza-helper bacteria ; Secondary compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Colonization of Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Salome (barley)and Triticum aestivum L. cv. Caprimus (wheat) roots by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith leads to de novo synthesis of isoprenoid cyclohexenone derivatives with blumenin [9-O-(2′-O-β-glucuronosyl)-β-glucopyranoside of 6-(3-hydroxybutyl)-1,1,5-trimethyl-4-cyclohexen-3-one] as the major constituent and to transient accumulation of hydroxycinnamate amides (4-coumaroylagmatine and -putrescine). Accumulation of these compounds in mycorrhizal wheat roots started 2 weeks after sowing together with the onset of arbuscule formation and proceeded with mycorrhizal progression. Highest levels were reached in 3- to 4-week-old secondary roots (root branches of first and higher order) characterized by the formation of vesicles. In the final developmental stages, the fungus produced massive amounts of spores, enclosing the stele of older root parts (older than 5 weeks) characterized by cortical death. In these root parts, the secondary compounds were detected in trace amounts only, indicating that they were located in the cortical tissues. Some rhizosphere bacteria tested, i.e. Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Rhizobium leguminosarum, markedly stimulated both fungal root colonization and blumenin accumulation, thus, acting as mycorrhiza-helper bacteria (MHB). Application of blumenin itself strongly inhibited fungal colonization and arbuscule formation at early stages of mycorrhiza development. This was associated with a markedly reduced accumulation of the hydroxycinnamate amides 4-coumaroylputrescine and -agmatine. The results suggest that both the isoprenoid and the phenylpropanoid metabolism are closely linked to the developmental stage and the extent of fungal colonization. Their possible involvement in the regulation of mycorrhiza development is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050240
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    QTL mapping of genes controlling ear emergence time and plant height on chromosome 5A of wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 472-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words QTL ; Ear emergence time ; Plant height ; Recombinant substitution line ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Chromosome 5A of wheat carries major gene loci for agronomic traits including the vernalization requirement (Vrn-A1) and ear morphology (Q). To determine whether the genetic variation for ear emergence time and plant height is attributable to either of these major genes as pleiotropic effects or independent QTL, we combined a RFLP map constructed from 120 recombinant substitution lines derived from a cross between ‘Chinese Spring’ (Cappelle-Desprez 5A) and CS(Triticum spelta 5A) with data collected from field trials over 3 years. For ear emergence time the main effects on flowering time were by Vrn-A1 and QEet.ocs-5A.1, the latter a QTL in the 28.6-cM Xcdo584/Q interval linked to Q by less than 10 cM. The CS(T. spelta 5A) allele at QEet.ocs-5A.1 contributed to an earlier ear emergence time by 2.7–6.0 days, which was approximately equal to the effects of Vrn-A1. For plant height, three QTLs were identified on the long arm and linked in repulsion. The CS(T. spelta 5A) allele at Vrn-A1 or closely linked to Xfba068 contributed to a height reduction of 3.5–6.1 cm, whereas both the Q allele and Qt.ocs-5A.1 allele within the Xcdo1088/Xbcd9 interval from CS(Cappelle-Desprez 5A) produced a shorter plant. When plant height was partitioned into culm length and ear length, the Vrn-A1 allele and CS(Cappelle-Desprez 5A) allele at QCl.ocs-5A.1 within the Xcd1088/Xbcd9 interval were found to contribute to a shorter culm. CS(T. spelta 5A) allele at q was a major determinant of a long ear, together with minor effects at QEl.ocs-5A.1 within the Xcdo1088/Xbcd9 interval.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051094
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative trait loci for resistance against powdery mildew in a segregating wheat×spelt population (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 903-912 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Erysiphe graminis ; Powdery mildew resistance ; QTL ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum spelta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Powdery mildew is one of the major diseases of wheat in regions with a maritime or semi-continental climate and can strongly affect grain yield. The attempt to control powdery mildew with major resistance genes (Pm genes) has not provided a durable resistance. Breeding for quantitative resistance to powdery mildew is more promising, but is difficult to select on a phenotypic basis. In this study, we mapped and characterised quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for adult-plant powdery mildew resistance in a segregating population of 226 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of the Swiss wheat variety Forno with the Swiss spelt variety Oberkulmer. Forno possibly contains the Pm5 gene and showed good adult-plant resistance in the field. Oberkulmer does not have any known Pm gene and showed a moderate susceptible reaction. Powdery mildew resistance was assessed in field trials at two locations in 1995 and at three locations in 1996. The high heritability (h2=0.97) for powdery mildew resistance suggests that the environmental influence did not affect the resistance phenotype to a great extent. QTL analysis was based on a genetic map containing 182 loci with 23 linkage groups (2469 cM). With the method of composite interval mapping 18 QTLs for powdery mildew resistance were detected, explaining 77% of the phenotypic variance in a simultaneous fit. Two QTLs with major effects were consistent over all five environments. One of them corresponds to the Pm5 locus derived from Forno on chromosome 7B. The other QTL on 5A, was derived from the spelt variety Oberkulmer and did not correspond to any known Pm gene. In addition, five QTLs were consistent over three environments, and six QTLs over two environments. The QTL at the Pm5 locus showed a large effect, although virulent races for Pm5 were present in the mixture of isolates. Molecular markers linked with QTLs for adult-plant resistance offer the possibility of simultaneous marker-assisted selection for major and minor genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051149
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A high-density genetic linkage map of Aegilops tauschii, the D-genome progenitor of bread wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 16-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops tauschii ; Triticum aestivum ; Genetic mapping ; Molecular markers ; Agronomically important genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Aegilops tauschii is the diploid D-genome progenitor of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell, 2n=6x=42, AABBDD). A genetic linkage map of the Ae. tauschii genome was constructed, composed of 546 loci. One hundred and thirty two loci (24%) gave distorted segregation ratios. Sixty nine probes (13%) detected multiple copies in the genome. One hundred and twenty three of the 157 markers shared between the Ae. tauschii genetic and T. aestivum physical maps were colinear. The discrepancy in the order of five markers on the Ae. tauschii 3DS genetic map versus the T. aestivum 3D physical map indicated a possible inversion. Further work is needed to verify the discrepancies in the order of markers on the 4D, 5D and 7D Ae. tauschii genetic maps versus the physical and genetic maps of T. aestivum. Using common markers, 164 agronomically important genes were assigned to specific regions on Ae. tauschii linkage, and T. aestivum physical, maps. This information may be useful for map-based cloning and marker-assisted plant breeding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051204
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative trait loci for lodging resistance in a segregating wheat×spelt population (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 1171-1182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Lodging ; Morphological traits ; QTL ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum spelta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Lodging can strongly affect both the grain yield and the quality of wheat. Lodging represents a quantitative trait and is difficult to assess on a phenotypic basis. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) could therefore become an important tool in breeding for lodging resistance. In this study, we mapped and characterised quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for lodging resistance, as well as morphological traits correlated with lodging, in a segregating population of 226 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of the lodging-resistant wheat variety Forno with the susceptible spelt variety Oberkulmer. Lodging, plant height, leaf width, leaf-growth habit, culm stiffness, culm swinging, culm thickness, days to ear emergence and days to flowering were assessed in field trials at two locations in 1996 and at one location in 1997. Additionally, at one location weight and length parameters were also assessed. Plant height and culm stiffness explained 77% of the phenotypic variance of lodging in a multiple regression model over all three environments. QTL analysis of lodging and morphological parameters was based on a genetic map containing 230 loci with 23 linkage groups (2469 cM). With the method of composite interval mapping nine QTLs for lodging resistance were detected, explaining 63% of the phenotypic variance in a simultaneous fit. Seven of these QTLs coincided with QTLs for morphological traits, reflecting the correlations between these traits and lodging. In our population the most efficient way to improve lodging resistance would be by a combination of indirect selection on plant height and culm stiffness together with MAS on the two QTLs for lodging resistance which did not coincide with QTLs for morphological traits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051182
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolating individual wheat (Triticum aestivum) chromosome arms by flow cytometric analysis of ditelosomic lines (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 1248-1252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Wheat ; Chromosome sorting ; Chromosome isolation ; Aneuploids ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We are reporting the successful isolation of wheat chromosome arm 1DS by flow cytometry. A chromosome suspension was prepared for the 1DS ditelosomic line and the normal ‘Chinese Spring’ (CS) by chopping 2-day-old root tip meristems, synchronized by hydroxyurea, in HEPES-magnesium sulfate buffer containing propidium iodide. Chromosomes were analyzed and sorted with a FACS Vantage flow cytometer and cell sorter. An extra peak was observed in the flow karyotype of the ditelosomic line that was absent in ‘CS’. The estimated size of chromosomes from the extra peak matched with the expected size of chromosome 1DS. Chromosomes from the putative 1DS peak were analyzed by both fluorescent microscopy and N-banding analysis. A total of 571 chromosomes from two separate experiments were analyzed, and all were observed to be telosomics except for 2 which were broken. About 82% of these telosomics showed the diagnostic N-band of 1DS, the remaining were unbanded and are probably also 1DS. This strategy can also be used to sort other wheat arms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051190
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A population of wheat and tritordeum transformants showing a high degree of marker gene stability and heritability (1999)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 772-784 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Transgenic wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Tritordeum ; Transgene inheritance ; Marker gene stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The stability and heritability of three marker genes was investigated in a population of twelve independent transgenic cereal lines (six wheat and six tritordeum). Integration patterns, inheritance of structural transgenes and inheritance of expression were analysed in the T0 and T1 generations for all 12 lines. Transmission and expression were analysed in the T2 generation for 9 lines and in the T3 generation for the six wheat lines. Inheritance of integration patterns was highly stable, and transmission of the transgenes and inheritance of their expression followed Mendelian ratios in the majority of lines. A gradual reduction in uidA expression was observed over three generations, which was not accompanied by a similar reduction in bar expression. Some unexpected phenomena associated with transgene inheritance were also observed and are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051296
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    Constitutive versus seed specific expression in transgenic wheat: temporal and spatial control (1999)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 8 (1999), S. 73-82 
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    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: low molecular weight glutenin promoter ; particle bombardment ; transgene expression ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transgenic wheat plants from specific cultivars can now be routinely engineered in many laboratories. However, our understanding of the factors controlling transgene expression and stability in wheat compared to other cereals is rather limited. Only a few promoters have been tested in transgenic wheat, and relatively little is known of their relative activities and expression parameters. In the present study, the spatial and temporal properties of one heterologous constitutive promoter and one seed‐specific wheat promoter were investigated. We generated constructs with the reporter gene gusA (β‐glucuronidase) driven by: (a) the constitutive maize ubiquitin‐1 (ubi‐1) promoter, and (b) two different‐sized fragments of the seed‐specific low molecular weight glutenin (LMWG1D1) promoter from wheat. The activities of all three promoter constructs were comparable in endosperm tissue. A detailed analysis of spatial and temporal properties of the promoters is described. Heat shock treatment of transgenic plants carrying the ubi‐1: gusA construct resulted in a significant elevation in the levels of GUS activity. The inheritance of transgene expression levels and stability was evaluated over four generations, as a function of transgene integration patterns and copy number.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008801929494
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    Mycena auricoma, a new species ofMycena sectionRadiatae from Japan, andMycena spinosissima, a new record in Japan (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 73-80 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Mycena auricoma ; Mycena sect.Radiatae ; Mycena spinosissima ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two lignicolous species ofMycena (Agaricales, Basidiomycetes) are described and illustrated from eastern, Japan:Mycena auricoma sp. nov., forming ephemeral coprinoid basidiomata and belonging to sectionRadiatae, was found on a dead fallen twig ofQuercus serrata. It appears to close to a Malaysian species,“Trogia” crinipelliformis. Mycena spinosissima in sectionSacchariferae, new to Japan, was collected from dead bark ofAphananthe aspera, a dead fallen inflorescence ofCryptomeria japonica, and a dead fallen twig ofQuercus serrata.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02465677
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    Macrocyst formation in three dictyostelid species,Dictyostelium monochasioides, Polysphondylium candidum, andP. pseudo-candidum (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 359-361 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: cellular slime molds ; dictyostelids ; macrocyst ; mating system ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Macrocyst formation in the sexual cycle was found in three dictyostelid species:Dictyostelium monochasioides, Polysphondylium candidum, andP. pseudo-candidum. Mating tests suggested thatD. monochasioides andP. pseudocandidum were heterothallic andP. candidum was homothallic. The primary walls of macrocysts had partially or fully degenerated, while the inner walls, believed to be tertiary walls, showed an undulate structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02463881
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    Cryptophiale sphaerospora sp. nov. occurring onJanetia synnematosa (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 189-191 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: bamboo fungus ; hyperparasitism ; hyphomycetes ; mycoparasites ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cryptophiale sphaerospora sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on a single collection attached to a synnematous fungus,Janetia synnematosa, from a dead bamboo culm. It differs from other species ofCryptophiala in having spherical to subspherical conidia and a cerebroid layer of phialides. The overall morohology of this species is smaller than that of previously described species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464297
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    A molecular phylogeny of bryophytes based on nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrialnad5 gene (1999)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 218 (1999), S. 179-192 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Bryophyta ; Mitochondria ; nad5 gene ; group I intron ; molecular phylogeny ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to animals, the slowly evolving mitochondrial nucleotide sequences of plants appear well suited to investigate phylogenetic relations between old taxonomic groups. Analysis ofnad5 gene sequences in 47 bryophytes, the living representatives of very early land plants, confirm this assessment. Statistically reliable phylogenetic trees are obtained with different mathematical approaches. A group I intron sequence conserved in thenad5 gene of all 30 mosses and 15 liverworts investigated supports a sister group relationship of the two classes. The intron sequence adds phylogenetic information for fine resolution on top of the conserved exon sequences down to the level of classically defined orders or families, respectively. This intron is not present in the hornwortsAnthoceros husnotii andA. punctatus. The results allow statements on diverging taxonomic interpretations and support the monophyly of the liverworts, mosses, Jungermanniidae, Marchantiidae and Bryidae, and allow recognition of subclasses like Hypnanae and Dicrananae. Among the mosses, the derived orders (subclass Bryidae) are confidently set apart from the Sphagnales, Andreaeales, Polytrichales and Tetraphidales with Buxbaumiales occupying a mediating position. Among the liverworts, full support is found for the classic separation of simple (jungermanniid) and complex thalloid (marchantiid) species with a strikingly low mitochondrial sequence divergence among the latter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01089226
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    An evaluation of characters obtained from life history studies for distinguishing New Zealand Porphyra species (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 411-419 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Bangiales ; Porphyra life history ; culture ; conchocelis ; conchosporangia ; spores ; neutral conchospores morphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Since 1992, as part of a study to circumscribe the genus Porphyra in New Zealand, an extensive culture programme has been developed at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. This collection currently houses more than 800 cultures and 150strains. We currently recognise at least 20 species in New Zealand, most of which are undescribed. Close observation of reproduction and the development of conchocelis-phase filaments grown in the laboratory, under controlled conditions of temperature, irradiance and photoperiod, has enabled the recognition of characters that can assist in species separation. The comparative taxonomic value of a range of such characters is discussed, including reporting a novel reproductive mode.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008175226816
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    Distribution and population dynamics of Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) in the southern Western Cape, South Africa (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 429-436 
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: distribution ; harvesting ; Porphyra ; recruitment ; seasonality ; South Africa ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although Porphyra is commercially farmed in many countries, in South Africa only small harvests of wild populations for sale as nori have been carried out. The discovery that Porphyra improves growth of South African abalone (Haliotis midae) farmed inland-based tanks has led to increased pressure to harvest wild populations. This paper reports on a survey of the distribution and seasonality of Porphyra in the southern Western Cape. Porphyrawas present at all sites surveyed, and showed considerable temporal variation. A significant amount of the Porphyra present is in reserves and therefore protected from harvesting. Close rexamination of one site revealed seasonal populations of Porphyra that occupied different niches dependent on season. Recruitment peaked in spring and autumn, leading to dense summer and winter populations. Summer populations generally grew lower in the eulittoral than winter populations. No pattern in the mortality of larger thalli wasde tected, though sporeling mortality was high following recruitment peaks. Although it seems that most sites in the southern Western Cape are suitable for harvesting, the taxonomy of the genus in the region urgently needs revision if populations are to be appropriately managed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008173321969
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    Fusarium globosum from subtropical Japan and the effect of different light conditions on its conidiogenesis (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: BLB light ; conidiogenesis ; Fusarium globosum ; subtropical Japan ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The second report ofFusarium globosum is based on strains isolated from wheat in Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, in subtropical Japan. Morphological features of the Japanese isolates are described. These strains show different reactions in conidiogenesis to light conditions. Under continuous BLB light, falcate sporodochial conidia are typically induced, but production of aerial globose conidia is suppressed. In two of the strains, clavate conidia became longer under BLB light. Application of both, complete darkness and continuous BLB light, is recommended as standard light conditions to cultureFusarium isolates.
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    The generaAniptodera, Halosarpheia, Nais andPhaeonectriella from freshwater habitats (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 165-183 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: freshwater fungi ; Halosphaeriaceae ; taxonomy ; tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The generic concepts inAniptodera, Halosarpheia, Nais andPhaeonectriella are discussed and those species occurring in freshwater are described, some with illustrations. Five new species:Aniptodera lignicola, A. mauritaniensis, A. megalospora, A. palmicola, Phaeonectriella appendiculata are also described. A key to the freshwater species in the above genera and a synoptic diagram of their ascospores are provided.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464295
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    Dactylospora mangrovei sp. nov. (Discomycetes, ascomycota) from mangrove wood (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 317-320 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Ascomycota ; marine fungi ; new species ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new speciesDactylospora mangrovei is described and illustrated and compared withD. haliotrepha andD. canariensis, all marine inhabiting species.Dactylospora haliotrepha andD. mangrovei are tropical/sub-tropical mangrove species collected in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Taiwan and Thailand, whileD. canariensis was described from temperate waters. A map of the geographical distribution of the three marineDactylospora species is presented.
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    Arecophila bambusae sp. nov. andA. coronata comb. nov., from dead culms of bamboo (1999)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 40 (1999), S. 185-188 
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    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Amphisphaeria ; ascomycetes ; bamboo fungi ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species ofArecophila and a species previously known asAmphisphaeria coronata are described and illustrated from dead culms of bamboo.Arecophila bambusae sp. nov. is distinct in the genus in having ellipsoidal ascospores with slightly round ends, and asci with a narrow subapical ring.Arecophila coronata comb. nov. has asci with a wedgeshaped apical ring and weakly striated ascospores enclosed in wide mucilaginous sheath.
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    System Thoughts in Manufacturing (1999)
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    Journal of systems integration 9 (1999), S. 167-185 
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    ISSN: 1573-8787
    Keywords: flexibility ; complexity ; systems approach ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present a taxonomy of manufacturing problems, labeled in a general sense as Design, Production, or Distribution problems. One or more basic systems concepts, such as complexity and adaptation, attach themselves to each such problems. By combining the hierarchical Design—Production—Distribution idea with system concepts, we establish the fact that there is, indeed, a significant systems component to most problems of modern manufacturing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008422627181
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    Pollen morphology ofSonchus and related genera, and a general discussion (1999)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 214 (1999), S. 91-102 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Aetheorhiza ; Launaea ; Reichardia ; Sonchus ; Pollen ; taxonomy ; harmomegathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pollen morphology of the taxa belonging to the generaAetheorhiza Cass.,Launaea Cass.,Reichardia Roth andSonchus L. in the Iberian Peninsula has been studied with light and electron microscopy. The pollen is 3(-4)-zonocolporate and echinolophate (without polar lacunae, but in general with prelacunae), with equatorial ridges and 15–20 lacunae: 3–4 poral, 6–8 abporal and 6–8 paraporal. Small to medium size, P × E = 19−36 × 23–42 µm; sometimes two different sizes have been found. Exine 3–9 µm thick and ornamentation microreticulate and echinate. The results clearly show the relationships between genera.
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    Therps16 intron and the phylogeny of theRubioideae (Rubiaceae) (1999)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 214 (1999), S. 161-186 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Rubiaceae ; Rubioideae ; Angiosperms ; cladistics ; DNA sequences ; phylogeny ; rps16 intron ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phylogeny of the subfamilyRubioideae (Rubiaceae) was estimated from sequence variation in therps16 intron (cpDNA) in 143 ingroup and 5 outgroup taxa. The analysis largely confirms a recent one based onrbcL sequences, but branch support is often much stronger. Three of the traditional subfamilies are supported,Rubioideae, Cinchonoideae s. str., andIxoroideae s. l. while there is no support forAntirheoideae. TheRubioideae are the sister group of all otherRubiaceae and comprise the tribesAnthospermeae, Coccocypseleae, Cruckshanksieae, Coussareeae, Gaertnereae, Hedyotideae, Knoxieae, Morindeae, Ophiorrhizeae, Paederieae, Pauridiantheae, Perameae, Psychotrieae, Rubieae, Spermacoceae, Theligoneae, andUrophylleae. TheHamelieae andHillieae belong to theCinchonoideae. Rachicallis andSiemensia should be transferred from theHedyotideae to theCinchonoideae. ThePauridiantheae, Urophylleae, Ophiorrhizeae, andRaritebe form the basalmost subclade of theRubioideae. The second basalmost clade consists of the generaLasianthus andPerama. The third basalmost clade consists of the tribesCoussareeae, Coccocypseleae andCruckshanksieae, and the generaDeclieuxia andHindsia. The tribesKnoxieae, Anthospermeae, Argostemmateae, Paederieae, Theligoneae, Rubieae, Hedyotideae, andSpermacoceae are members of one clade. TheKnoxieae are monophyletic ifOtiophora, Otomeria, andPentas are included. The tribeAnthospermeae is supported as monophyletic, but its subtribes are not. ThePaederieae, together withTheligonum, form a paraphyletic grade basal to theRubieae. TheHedyotideae, includingSchismatoclada, form a grade at the base of theSpermacoceae. TheGaertnereae are monophyletic and distinct from thePsychotrieae. TheMorindeae are monophyletic and includeDamnacanthus andMitchella. Schradera is the sister group of theMorindeae. ThePsychotrieae are monophyletic when theGaertnereae, Lasianthus, andDeclieuxia are excluded. The recognition of a subtribeHydnophytineae leaves the rest of thePsychotrieae paraphyletic.Psychotria is paraphyletic with respect to all other genera of the tribe. Approximately 50 genera are here classified for the first time based on molecular data.
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    DNA sequence data reveal polyphyly of Brexioideae (Brexiaceae; Saxifragaceae sensu lato) (1999)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 219 (1999), S. 199-208 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Brexioideae ; Brexia ; Ixerba ; Roussea ; Saxifragaceae s. l. ; 18S rDNA andrbcL sequence analysis ; molecular systematics ; phylogenetic analysis ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses have demonstrated that Saxifragaceae sensu lato are polyphyletic, with component lineages scattered throughout the eudicots. As part of our effort to elucidate the relationships of members of Engler and Prantl's Saxifragaceae s. l., we undertook a molecular systematic study of subfamily Brexioideae, which comprises three genera:Brexia, Ixerba, andRoussea. Not all taxonomic treatments have concurred, however, in placing these genera together. To elucidate relationships among these three genera as well as their relationships to other angiosperms we constructed large data sets ofrbcL, 18S rDNA, andrbcL + 18S rDNA sequences. Our phylogenetic analyses indicate clearly that Brexioideae are polyphyletic.Brexia is part of a celastroid clade that also includesParnassia, Lepuropetalon, and Celastraceae.Ixerba appears as sister to a large eurosid I clade;Roussea appears as part of Asterales. Molecular data, therefore, indicate that Brexioideae are a polyphyletic assemblage and component genera should ultimately be incorporated into other groups. Our studies continue to demonstrate the polyphyly not only Saxifragaceae s. l., but also of its constituent subfamilies.
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    Uptake of zinc by rye, bread wheat and durum wheat cultivars differing in zinc efficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 245-252 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: genotypic variation ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; zinc efficiency ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effect of zinc (Zn) nutritional status on uptake of inorganic 65Zn was studied in rye (Secale cereale, cv. Aslim), three bread wheat (Triticum aestivum, cvs. Dagdas, Bezostaja, BDME-10) and durum wheat (Triticum durum, cv. Kunduru-1149) cultivars grown for 13 days in nutrient solution under controlled environmental conditions. The cultivars were selected based on their response to Zn deficiency and to Zn fertilization in calcareous soils under field conditions. When grown in Zn-deficient calcareous soil in the field, the rye cultivar had the highest, and the durum wheat the lowest Zn efficiency. Among the bread wheats, BDME-10 showed higher susceptibility to Zn deficiency and Bezostaja and Dagdas were less affected by Zn deficiency. Similarly to field conditions, in nutrient solution visual Zn deficiency symptoms (i.e. necrotic lesions on leaf blade) appeared to be more severe in Kunduru-1149 and BDME-10 and less severe in rye cultivar Aslim. Under Zn deficiency, shoot concentrations of Zn were similar between all cultivars. Cultivars with adequate Zn supply did not differ in uptake and root-to-shoot translocation rate of 65Zn, but under Zn deficiency there were distinct differences; rye showed the highest rate of Zn uptake and the durum wheat the lowest. In the case of bread wheat cultivars, 65Zn uptake rate was about the same and not related to their differential Zn efficiency. Under Zn deficiency, rye had the highest rate of root-to-shoot translocation of 65Zn, while all bread and durum wheat cultivars were similar in their capacity to translocate 65Zn from roots to shoots. When Zn2+ activity in uptake solution ranged between 117 p M and 34550 pM, Zn-efficient and Zn-inefficient bread wheat genotypes were again similar in uptake and root-to-shoot translocation rate of 65Zn. The results indicate that high Zn efficiency of rye can be attributed to its greater Zn uptake capacity from soils. The inability of the durum wheat cultivar Kunduru-1149 to have a high Zn uptake capacity seems to be an important reason for its Zn inefficiency. Differential Zn efficiency between the bread wheat cultivars used in this study is not related to their capacity to take up inorganic Zn.
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    Genotypic variation in response of barley to boron deficiency (1999)
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    Plant and soil 215 (1999), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; boron deficiency ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Responses of a range of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes to boron (B) deficiency were studied in two experiments carried out in sand culture and in the field at Chiang Mai, Thailand. In experiment 1, two barley genotypes, Stirling (two-row) and BRB 2 (six-row) and one wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype, SW 41, were evaluated in sand culture with three levels of applied B (0, 0.1 and 1.0 μM B) to the nutrient solution. It was found that B deficiency depressed flag leaf B concentration at booting, grain number and grain yield of all genotypes. In barley Stirling, B deficiency also depressed number of spikes plant-1, spikelets spike-1 and straw yield. However, no significant difference between genotypes in flag leaf B concentration was found under low B treatments. Flag leaf B concentration below 4 mg kg-1 was associated with grain set reduction and could, therefore, be used as a general indicator for B status in barley. In experiment 2, nine barley and two wheat genotypes were evaluated in the field on a low B soil with three levels of B. Boron levels were varied by applying either 2 t of lime ha-1 (BL), no B (B0) or 10 kg Borax ha-1 (B+) to the soil prior to sowing. Genotypes differed in their B response for grain spike-1, grain spikelet-1 and grain set index (GSI). The GSI of the B efficient wheat, Fang 60, exceeded 90% in all B treatments. The B inefficient wheat SW 41 and most of the barley genotypes set grain normally (GSI 〉80%) only at the B+. In B0 GSI of the barley genotypes ranged from 23% to 84%, and in BL from 19% to 65%. Three of the barley with severely depressed GSI in B0 and BL also had a decreased number of spikelets spike-1. In experiment 3, 21 advanced barley lines from the Barley Thailand Yield Nursery 1997/98 (BTYN 1997/98) were screened for B response in sand culture with no added B. Grain Set Index of the Fang 60 and SW 41 checks were 98 and 65%, respectively, and GSI of barley lines ranged between 5 and 90%. One advanced line was identified as B efficient and two as moderately B efficient. The remaining lines ranked between moderately inefficient to inefficient. These experiments have established that there is a range of responses to B in barley genotypes. This variation in the B response was observed in vegetative as well as reproductive growth. Boron efficiency should be considered in breeding and selection of barley in low B soils.
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    Amylose synthesis capacity of the three Wx genes of wheat cv. Chinese Spring (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 91-95 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: amylose content ; granule-bound starch synthase ; null alleles ; Triticum aestivum ; Wx loci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Wx locus controls amylose synthesis in the cereal endosperm. Hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has the three Wx loci on chromosomes 7A ( Wx-A1), 4A (Wx-B1) and 7D (Wx-D1). To verify the effects of null alleles on reducing amylose content and determine the amylose synthesis capacity of each Wx gene independently and accurately, we produced eight possible types of recombinant lines carrying different null alleles at the Wx loci under the ‘Chinese Spring’ genetic background. Amylose content varied from 0% of the waxy ‘Chinese Spring’ to 25% of the ‘Chinese Spring’ normal type. The reducing effect of the single null alleles was the largest in Wx-B1b, and there was no significant difference between Wx-A1b and Wx-D1b. More than 3% reductions in amylose content were detected in the double null types. The results of the double null lines further demonstrated that for the capacity of amylose synthesis, Wx-B1a predominates and produces 21–22% amylose, followed by Wx-D1a (20–21%) and Wx-A1a (15–18%). These significant differences were partly correlated with variation in the amounts of the Wx proteins produced by different Wx genes. However, comparisons of the double null lines with the single null or normal lines indicated that amylose content was not linearly proportional to the number of the Wx genes, suggesting that the Wx genes act in an epistatic manner.
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    The promotive effect of combustion products from plant vegetation on the release of seeds from dormancy (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 28 (1999), S. 129-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: dormancy ; Lactuca sativa ; lettuce seeds ; Brassica napus ; rapeseed ; combustion products ; Salix viminalis ; Themeda triandra ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In darkness, dormancy was imposed on seeds of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand rapids) by high temperature and on seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Apex) by osmotic stress using polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000). In both cases, dormancy was broken by incubating the seeds in aqueous extracts of combustion products from Salix viminalis wood chips or Themeda triandra leaves. Dormancy of rapeseed, but not lettuce, was also broken by a solution of smoke from burnt straw of Triticum aestivum. The greatest stimulation from burnt vegetation was achieved with an aqueous extract of pyrolysed willow wood chips, which had been subjected to temperatures of up to 800 °C during combustion in a down-draught gasifier. This suggests that some biologically active substances obtained from combustion of plant tissues are highly heat-stable.
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    On the Origin of Almond (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 143-147 
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    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Amygdalus ; distribution ; domestication ; taxonomy ; wild relatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Almond, Amygdalus communis L., is an ancient crop of south west Asia. Selection of the sweet type marks the beginning of almond domestication. Wild almonds are bitter and eating even a relatively small number of nuts can be fatal. How man selected the sweet type remains a riddle. Also, the wild ancestor of almond has not been properly identified among the many wild almond species. Breeding experiment, which is the most critical test for identifying the wild progenitors of other crops, is ineffective in almond, because it is interfertile with many wild taxa. The so-called wild A. communis of central Asia cannot be regarded as a genuine wild form, but as a feral form, or remains of old afforestation. The wild taxa morphologically akin to almond, A. korshinskyi (H.-M.) Bomm. and A. webbii Spach, are also feral types occurring in the Middle East and southern Europe, respectively. The taxon A. fenzliana (Fritsch) Lipsky is the most likely wild ancestor of almond for three reasons: 1. It is a genuine wild type forming extensive thickets of large trees young seedlings and all the intergradations between them in nature; 2. Its morphology, and particularly the partially pitted grooved nut-shell are within the range of variation of almond, and 3. A. fenzliana is native of Armenia and western Azerbaijan in the Middle East where almond was apparently domesticated.
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    Phylogeny of Vicia Subgenus Vicia (Fabaceae) Based on Analysis of RAPDs and RFLP of PCR-Amplified Chloroplast Genes (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 149-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: evolution ; genetic resources ; PCR-RFLP ; RAPDs ; Vicia ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We report the results of two methods of DNA analysis to elucidate phylogenetic relationships among 29 Vicia subgen. Vicia species in comparison with two species of subgenus Vicilla sect. Vicilla. The methods employed were RAPD analysis of total genomic DNA and PCR-RFLP analysis of five chloroplast genes, rbcL, rpoB, 16S, psaA and trnK. The results of each method were similar and complementary, and support the current taxonomic systems of subsp. Vicia. According to RAPD and PCR-RFLP analysis the Narbonensis complex can be considered a well separated section, which may be related to section Vicia. Sections Vicia, Atossa and Wiggersia are separate, but closely related sections. Species of the section Hypechusa form a single monophyletic section, where V. lutea, V. anatolica and V. hyrcanica are quite remote from other species. Our results suggest that within the subgenus Vicia, V. faba is more closely related to V. bithynica and that these two species are most closely related to section Peregrinae. We found that PCR-RFLP of cp DNA provided more precise information concerning relationships between Vicia sections than RAPD analysis. However, RAPD analysis was more informative concerning diversity of closely related Vicia taxa, such as the variable groups, section Narbonensis and V. sativa aggregate.
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    Gibberellic acid (GA) increases fibre cell differentiation and secondary cell-wall deposition in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) culms (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 27 (1999), S. 161-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: cortical fibre cell ; gibberellic acid ; spring wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The role of gibberellic acid (GA) in differentiation and secondary cell-wall deposition of fibre cells of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) culms was studied using applications of GA and chlormequat (a GA biosynthesis inhibitor). In certain genotypes, higher GA levels may increase the number of cortical fibre cell files by changing cell fate from parenchyma to fibre, and induce thicker secondary cell-walls.
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    The Vicia sativa L. aggregate (Fabaceae) in Southern Brazil (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 207-211 
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    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: introduced species ; karyotypes ; taxonomy ; Vicia sativa agg
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract V. sativa L. sensu strictu was introduced in Rio Grande do Sul (Southern Brazil) by Italian settlers and is nowadays cultivated for forage in backyards and fields. V. angustifolia L. is a widespread highly polymorphic naturalized ruderal. Both taxa grow sympatrically and morphologically transitional types are often found. We analyzed 37 accessions of V. sativa, V. angustifolia, intermediate types, and V. cordata Wulf. ex. Hoppe from Rio Grande do Sul, for karyotypes, corolla and legume color, seed color pattern, pod constrictions and phenological development. Karyotypes allowed a clear distinction between the taxa: V. sativa (2n=12) had a metacentric marker chromosome, V. angustifolia and intermediate types (2n=12) only acrocentric chromosomes and V. cordata presented 2n=10. Flowering and fruiting periods were shorter for V. sativa than for V. angustifolia, which was separated into early and late flowering groups. Qualitative characters separated the taxa by Jaccard coefficients into three groups: V. sativa at 0.5 similarity level, V. angustifolia and intermediate types at 0.6 and V. cordata joined V. sativa at 0.12. Our results show that karyotypes and a range of qualitative characters are diagnostic for the aggregate represented in Southern Brazil.
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    Resistance to foliar blight of wheat: A search (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 469-475 
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    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: foliar blight ; germplasm ; resistance ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract One thousand three hundred and eighty-seven spring wheat germplasm (Triticum aestivum L.) lines belonging to the Indian and CIMMYT wheat programmes were evaluated for their tolerance to foliar blight disease for three consecutive years i.e., from 1994 to 1997. Disease severity at six different growth stages, beginning from tillering to late milk stage, was recorded. None of the genotypes showed immunity to the disease. Of 43 lines showing resistant reaction, a major proportion (25) was represented by CIMMYT material. Comparatively, Indian germplasm lines tended to be more susceptible at more advanced growth stages. Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) and Apparent Infection Rate (r) values of resistant lines were much lower than those of susceptible ones, but lower AUDPC in some of the resistant lines did not correspond to a lower 'r' value. Most of the resistant lines were derived from Seri, Myna, Bau, kauz, Hork 's' and Aegilops tauschii Coss.
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    Status and phylogenetic relationships of Daphnia sarsi Daday, 1902 (Crustacea: Anomopoda) (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 403 (1999), S. 27-38 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cladocera ; Daphnia ; taxonomy ; homonymy ; phylogenetic relationships ; Patagonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Daphnia sarsi Daday, 1902 is redescribed from Patagonian populations and type material. Its taxonomic and nomenclatorial status is discussed. Because of the homonymy with D. sarsi Schödler, 1877, assigned to Australian populations, D. dadayana is proposed as new name. It is concluded that D. dadayana is a valid species with several morphological peculiarities and the proposed synonymies with D. carinata and D. similis can not be supported. Its subgeneric position is intermediate between Daphnia s. str. and Ctenodaphnia and there is an ontogenetical shift of the dorsocephalic suture from Ctenodaphnia-like to Daphnia-like. The possible origin of the group of species assigned to the subgenus Daphnia from a Ctenodaphnia-like ancestor is suggested.
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    Nematodes from the Strait of Magellan and the Beagle Channel (Chile): the genus Sabatieria (Comesomatidae: Nematoda) with the description of Sabatieria coomansi n. sp. (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 405 (1999), S. 95-115 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: taxonomy ; marine nematodes ; Sabatieria ; the Strait of Magellan ; Chile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eight species of the genus Sabatieria, one of which is new to science, are described from the Strait of Magellan and the Beagle Channel, Chile. Sabatieria coomansi n. sp. is characterised by a rather long body (3236–4012 μm) with conspicuous lateral differentiation; head diameter 24 μm, amphids 2.25 turns; long spicules (132–149 μm) or 1.6–1.9 abd, 23–26 precloacal supplements, tail 3.3–3.6 abd. This species belongs to the praedatrix group (Platt, 1985). Sabatieria arcuata is found since its original description by Wieser in 1954. Six other species, i.e., S. celtica Southern, 1914, S. falcifera Wieser, 1954, S. furcillata Wieser, 1954, S. granifer Wieser, 1954, S. mortenseni (Ditlevsen, 1921) and S. parabyssalis Wieser, 1954 are redescribed in detail with emphasis on new or shortly described morphological features.
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    Redescription of Heliodiaptomus elegans Kiefer, 1935, a rare south-east Asian calanoid copepod (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 394 (1999), S. 145-152 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Heliodiaptomus ; H. elegans ; redescription ; synonymy ; H. serratus ; taxonomy ; Copepoda ; Calanoida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Heliodiaptomus elegans Kiefer, 1935, incompletely described from Myanmar, is redescribed on specimens from Thailand. A Chinese congener, H. serratus Shen & Tai, 1962, is sunk into the synonymy of H. elegans.
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    Taxonomy and morphology of limnic microturbellarians (Plathelminthes) in Extremadura (Spain) (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 397 (1999), S. 21-28 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Turbellaria ; taxonomy ; morphology ; Extremadura ; Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three new species of Rhabdocoela belonging to the Families Dalyellidae: Microdalyellia bipennata, and Typhloplanidae: Mesocastrada iberiensis, and Mesostoma extremeniensis are described. Fourteen species of the Orders Catenulida, Macrostomida, Proseriata and Rhabdocoela are cited the first time for Extremadura (southwest Spain).
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    On the presence of Chirocephalus croaticus (Steuer, 1899) in an intermittent lake in SW Slovenia (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 412 (1999), S. 25-34 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chirocephalus ; Anostraca ; taxonomy ; ecology ; Slovenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Numerous specimens of Chirocephaluswere found repeatedly over the last eight years in an intermittent lake in SW Slovenia. They were first identified as Chirocephalus spinicaudatusSimon, 1886. Later it turned out that they fit the diagnosis of Chirocephalus croaticus (Steuer, 1899), a species described from a small lake in Southern Croatia, about 300 km from Slovenia. It was considered as endemic of its type locality only. Now its range expands into NW direction. The population in Slovenia is in good condition and, if there is no change in land use, could persist for a long time. A small population of the same species in a small puddle near the intermittent lake Cerkniško Jezero (about 30 km from lake Petelinjsko Jezero) was destroyed a few years ago. A detailed description of specimens of both sexes is given and some information on their ecology is added. Particular attention is given to the male legs which could provide good diagnostic characters. For comparison, legs of Chirocephalus diaphanus Prévost, 1803 are shown.
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    A new species of Cletocamptus Schmankewitsch 1875 (Copepoda; Harpacticoida) from a mangrove forest in Malaysia (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 412 (1999), S. 143-153 
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cletocamptus merbokensis ; Harpacticoida ; taxonomy ; Malaysia ; mangroves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cletocamptus merbokensis sp. nov. is described from material collected out of muddy sediments in the Merbok mangrove forest, northwest peninsula Malaysia. It is distinguished from all other known species of Cletocamptus by the presence of only two setae on P2 and P3 endopod-2 and no inner seta on P4 exopod-2; and by the form of the male P5 in which the baseoendopod and most of the endopodal and exopodal lobes are absorbed into the somatic cuticle. The higher taxonomic position of the genus is briefly discussed.
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    Variation in Gillraker Number During Growth of the Sea Bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (Perciformes: Moronidae), Reared at Different Salinities (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 55 (1999), S. 391-398 
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    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: ecophenotypism ; branchial sieve ; geographic variation ; fish ; meristics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A marked salinity-related decrease in gillraker number in sea bass samples during growth was documented. All specimens share the same genetic stock and rearing conditions were constant during early ontogeny. Variation in gillraker number could be related to the ecophenotypism of this character but selection can not be excluded. Results obtained from reared specimens were compared with those reported in the literature and with data collected from wild stocks. Attention is focused on the pitfalls that the use of this character may have on the taxonomy of fish species.
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    The effects of O3 fumigation during leaf development on photosynthesis of wheat and pea: An in vivo analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 59 (1999), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: leaf gas exchange ; ozone ; Pisum sativum ; Rubisco ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have shown that short exposure of plants to high doses of ozone decreases subsequent photosynthesis; initially by reducing carboxylation capacity. This study tests the hypothesis that this is also the primary cause of loss of photosynthetic capacity in leaves affected by development under a low level of ozone. Triticum aestivum and Pisum sativum plants were exposed from germination to ozone in air (80 nmol mol-1 for 7 hours per day, for 18 days. Leaves that had completed lamina expansion at this time were free of visible injury and light absorptance was unaffected. However, some significant changes in photosynthetic gas exchange were evident. Photosynthetic CO2 uptake at light saturation was decreased significantly by 35% in T. aestivum but was unchanged in P. sativum. The reduction in photosynthesis of T. aestivum was accompanied by a 31% decline in the maximum velocity of carboxylation measured in vivo. Decreased stomatal conductance did not contribute to this reduction of photosynthesis because there was no significant change in the stomatal limitation to CO2. Processes directly dependent upon photochemical reactions; that is, the quantum yield of CO2 uptake and capacity for regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate were not affected by O3 fumigation in either species. This suggests that for wheat, the quantitative cause of decreased photosynthetic rate in vivo is a decrease in the quantity of active ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase.
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    Geographical variation in the southern distributional range of the Rufous-tailed Hummingbird,Amazilia tzacatl De la Llave, 1832: a new subspecies from Nariño, southwestern Colombia (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 140 (1999), S. 457-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: Geographic variation ; taxonomy ; Rufous-tailed Hummingbird ; Amazilia tzacatl brehmi ; subspec. nov. ; Trochilidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von der in Mittelamerika und in NW-Südamerika weitverbreiteten Braunschwanzamazilie (Amazilia tzacatl) wurden mehrere Unterarten beschrieben, von denen in der neueren Literatur drei anerkannt wurden:A. t. tzacatl (De la Llave, 1832) mit einem Vorkommen von NO-Mexiko bis W-Venezuela einschließlich N-Kolumbiens;A. t. jucunda (Heine, 1863) von W-Kolumbien bis SW-Ecuador; undA. t. handleyi (Wetmore, 1963) als Endemit der Panamá vorgelagerten Isla Escudo de Veraguas (Karibik). Letzteres Taxon wird von einigen Autoren als Allospezies angesehen, hier aber lediglich als Unterart bewertet, da offenbar nur morphometrische Unterschiede zu den übrigen Taxa bestehen. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden biogeographisch-taxonomischen Analyse belegen, daß die geographische Variation der Art im südlichen Verbreitungsgebiet größer ist als bislang angenommen wurde. Aufgrund signifikanter Unterschiede in den Gefiedermaßen erhält die kolumbianischvenezuelanische Population ihren früheren, eigenständigen taxonomischen Rang (A. t. fuscicaudata Fraser, 1840) zurück. Ein neues Taxon,Amazilia tzacatl brehmi subsp. nov., wird von Nariño, Südwestkolumbien, beschrieben. Diese Unterart tritt offenbar allopatrisch zuA. t. jucunda auf und unterscheidet sich morphometrisch deutlich von konspezifischen Nachbarpopulationen.
    Notes: Summary The Rufous-tailed Hummingbird (Amazilia tzacatl De la Llave, 1832), a widespread inhabitant of Central America and NW South America, currently comprises two subspecies (A. t. tzacatl andA. t. jucunda). Another taxon of the species complex isA. t. handleyi (Wetmore, 1963), initially described as an allospecies but here regarded only as a subspecies ofA. tzacatl. Based on diverging morphological features, the amount of geographical variation ofA. tzacatl in its South American range suggests the distinction of further populations. As a taxonomical consequence, we recognize the validity ofA. t. fuscicaudata (Fraser, 1840), and describe a new subspecies,A. t. brehmi subspec. nov., from Nariño, Colombia.
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    Isolation, taxonomic and fermentation studies on a new strain of Streptomyces arenae var ukrainiana producing a tetraene antibiotic (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 545-552 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Fermentation ; polyene antifungal antibiotic ; Streptomyces ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A Streptomyces strain UK10 was isolated from Ukrainian soil and identified by taxonomical studies as Streptomyces arenae var ukrainiana. HA-2-91 was isolated from the biomass of S. arenae var ukrainiana and is supposedly a polyene macrolide antibiotic belonging to the tetraene group. HA-2-91 showed promising antifungal activity (in vitro) against yeasts and filamentous fungi, including plant pathogens and dermatophytes and was found to be less toxic in mice than nystatin and rimocidin.
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    Effect of Previous Exposure to Hydroxamic Acids in Probing Behavior of Aphid Sitobion fragariae on Wheat Seedlings (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 771-779 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aphid ; experience ; probing behavior ; sieve elements ; salivation ; cell punctures ; hydroxamic acids ; EPG ; Sitobion fragariae ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We hypothesized that aphids after previous exposure to hydroxamic acids (Hx), a family of secondary plant compounds deleterious to aphids, are able to reduce their subsequent exposure to them. This hypothesis was tested by evaluating the time to produce salivation into a sieve element (SSE) by the aphid Sitobion fragariae on seedlings of two wheat cultivars of Triticum aestivum differing in their concentration of Hx. The total time to produce a first SSE was significantly longer in the high-Hx cultivar; however, the subsequent, second SSE (first SSE after interruption of probing) in this cultivar was significantly reduced, reaching the level observed in the low-Hx plants. Therefore, a strategy to reduce the exposure to secondary compounds was observed only in the second SSE in high-Hx plants. When the experimental plant was replaced by a new unattacked plant after the first SSE, aphids did not change the behavior described, thus excluding an aphid-induced plant susceptibility. The number of cell punctures and accumulated duration was not affected by previous exposure to Hx, either in low or high Hx cultivars. Total time and pathway time but not cell punctures, seem to be the variables affected by previous exposure to Hx.
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    Decreases in Colwell bicarbonate soil test P in the years after addition of superphosphate, and the residual value of superphosphate measured using plant yield and soil test P (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 157-173 
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    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: bicarbonate-extractable soil phosphorus ; Lupinus angustifolius ; residual value ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Decreases in Colwell bicarbonate soil test P in the years after applying single (ordinary) superphosphate, and the residual value of superphosphate, was measured in a long-term field experiment on a duplex (texture contrast) soil (sand over lateritic ironstone gravel clay sand at 10–15 cm), at Wongan Hills, Western Australia, typical of many soils used to grow crops in Western Australia. Ten levels of P (0–91 kg P ha-1) were applied once only in late May to different plots in different years from 1988 to 1993. Wheat (Triticum aestivum), or lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius)) were sown in late May of each year, when the P treatments applied that year were banded (drilled) with the seed. Soil samples were collected each June to measure soil test P. Seed (grain) yields of the crops were measured each December. The residual value (RV) of P applied in previous years was calculated relative to P applied in the current year, using grain yields (RVyield) and soil test P (RVsoil). Soil test P measured on soil samples collected in June was related to yields measured in December that year to provide soil P test calibrations. Relative to P applied in the current year, soil test P decreased by between 15 to 30% for P applied one year previously, by 25 to 30% for P applied three years previously, and by 60 to 70% for P applied six years previously. Soil test P was affected by spatial variation, and it also varied in the different years, for P applied in the current year, one year previously, two years previously, etc. Compared with P applied in the current year, mean RVyield determined in the different years decreased by about 40% one year after P application, followed by a further 20% decrease for P applied two years previously, followed by a further 20% decrease for P applied three to five years previously. Relative to current P, RVsoil decreased by about 25% one year after P application, followed by a further 20% for P applied two years previously, followed by a further 10% for P applied three years ago, and followed by a further 6% for P applied four and five years ago. As measured in the different years, the soil P test calibration varied between years for P applied one, two etc. years previously. This was so even when the same cultivar of wheat was grown at the same site in different years.
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    Effects of kinetin on growth, grain yield and some mineral elements in wheat plants growing under excess salinity and oxygen deficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 27 (1999), S. 63-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: flooding ; kinetin ; leaf relative water content ; membrane stability ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat plants, 22d. old, were exposed to wide range of soil water osmotic potential (Ψs = 0 to −1.2 MPa) induced by NaCl and CaCl2 treatments in combination with roots maintained under aerobic (drained at field capacity) or nonaerobic (flooded) conditions in the soil, and sprayed with 10 mg L−1 kinetin solution. In drained plants, not receiving kinetin, increased soil salinity resulted in appreciable inhibition of shoot growth and reduction in chlorophyll (Ch1.), soluble sugars (SS) contents and grain yield. Shoot growth, Ch1. content, soluble sugars and grain yield were significantly lower for flooded plants than unflooded analogues over the entire Ψs range. Both salinity and waterlogging synergize to increase Na+, Ca+ and Cl− accumulation in shoot tissues and to decrease the stability of leaf membranes to either dehydration (40% polyethylene glycol 6000) or heat (51 °C) stress. The ratio of K+/Na+ transported to shoots under aerobic and anaerobic conditions decreased progressively on salinization. The association between the internal mineral element concentrations was largely affected by kinetin treatment. Kinetin application ameliorated the deleterious effects of salinity and oxygen deficiency. It reduced Na+, Ca2+ and Cl− accumulation and improved K+ uptake under salinity and waterlogging stresses. Increased K+/Na+ ratio helped the plants to avoid Na+ toxicity and enhanced shoot growth and grain yield. Kinetin also reduced membrane injury by dehydration and heat stresses and improved the water status of plants under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The effects of single factors (Soil salinity ‘Ψs’, soil waterlogging ‘WL’ and Kinetin ‘Kin’) and their interactions (Ψs × WL, Ψs × Kin, WL × Kin and Ψs × WL × Kin) were shown by analysis of variance to be statistically significant for most parameters tested. Calculation of the coefficient of determination (η+) led to three important findings. (1) Salinity (Ψs) was dominant in affecting leaf relative water content (RWC), shoot dry mass, grain yield, stability of leaf membranes to dehydration stress and the contents of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl−. (2) Kinetin (Kin) had a dominant effect on the stability of leaf membranes to heat stress as well as on chlorophyll and soluble sugars contents. (3) The share of waterlogging (WL) was dominant for K+ content. It can be concluded that kinetin application helped wheat plants to grow successfully in the areas subjected to combined effects of salinity and oxygen deficiency, such as in salt marshes.
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    Inheritance in hexaploid wheat of genes for hairy auricles and hairy leaf sheath derived from Aegilops tauschii Coss. (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 319-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Aegilops tauschii ; hairy auricles ; hairy leaf sheath ; inheritance ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inheritance of genes for hairy auricles and hairy leaf sheath of Ae. tauschii in hexaploid wheat backgrounds (synthetic hexaploid wheat and common wheat varieties) was analyzed. The results indicated that hairy auricles and hairy leaf sheath of Ae. tauschii can be transferred and are expressed in hexaploid wheat. In a synthetic hexaploid wheat ('Ae. tauschii' 188) hairy auricles was proved to be controlled by a single dominant gene derived from Ae. tauschii, which was different from the Pa gene located on chromosome 4BS of common wheat. The hairy leaf sheath phenotype of 'Altar 84/Ae. tauschii 188' was also controlled by a single dominant gene derived from Ae. tauschii, which is obviously different from the Hls gene in T. dicoccoides. We suggest to designate the Ae. tauschii genes for hairy auricles and hairy leaf sheath as Pa2 and Hls2, respectively; such genes could be used as useful genetic markers in common wheat.
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    Ear culture as a technique to overcome hybrid necrosis in wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 59 (1999), S. 151-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Ne1 ; Ne2 ; necrotic hybrid ; Triticum aestivum ; viable seeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hybrid necrosis in wheat is a problem for gene transfer in wheat breeding. Hybrid necrosis occurs due to dominant complementary interaction of two genes, Ne1 and Ne2. A cross between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties C306 (drought tolerant, Ne1 carrier) and WL711(high yielding, Ne2 carrier) produced necrotic F1 hybrids, which died before ear emergence and produced no seeds. To overcome the problem of hybrid necrosis, ears enclosed in the leaf sheath were taken and cultured to maturity in liquid medium containing 5% sucrose and 0.04% glutamine. The necrotic hybrids produced only a few seeds per ear compared to parents, but individual grain weight was similar in the hybrid and the parents. The F1 ear culture study has been repeated for three years and F2 seeds obtained. In 1996–97, the cultured ears of F1 hybrids produced 62 seeds, of which only 52 showed germination and were grown under normal field conditions. Out of the 52 seeds, 50% were non-necrotic and showed segregation for various physiological traits. The results reveal that hybrids ears had the potential to form viable seeds. Culturing of wheat ears before ear emergence and production of viable F2 seeds from necrotic hybrids is a simple and efficient method for overcoming the problem of hybrid necrosis.
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    Genetics of resistance to Karnal bunt disease of wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 105 (1999), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: disease resistance ; inheritance ; Karnal bunt ; Neovossia ; Tilletia indica ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inheritance of resistance to Neovossia indica was studied in a Triticum aestivum line HD 29. To overcome the influence of environment on disease expression, the study was conducted by extensive evaluation of advanced generation (F8) recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed by single seed descent from the cross WL 711 (susceptible) × HD 29 (resistant. The results suggested that HD 29 possesses three major genes for resistance to isolated Ni7 and two genes for resistance to isolate Ni8. One of the two genes controlling resistance to Ni8 is common with one of the genes conferring resistance to Ni7. These observations have important implications in breeding for Karnal bunt resistance.
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    Molecular cytogenetic identification of wheat-Elymus tsukushiense introgression lines (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 107 (1999), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: C-banding ; chromosome additions ; chromosome substitution ; Elymus tsukushiense ; homoeology ; in situ hybridization ; RFLP ; Roegneria kamoji ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Elymus tsukushiense Honda (syn. Roegneria kamoji C. Koch) (2n = 6x = 42, StsStsHtsHtsYtsYts) is a hexaploid species, distantly related to bread wheat Triticum aestivum L. em Thell (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD). Apart from the delineation of evolutionary relationships, this species is a potential source of resistance to scab, a devastating disease of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum Schw. A standard C-banded karyotype was established identifying all 21 chromosome pairs of E. tsukushiense. By using C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization analyses, three wheat-E. tsukushiense chromosome addition lines, one ditelosomic addition line, and one disomic substitution line were identified in BC2 progenies from wheat × E. tsukushiense hybrids. Twenty DNA markers specific for the seven homoeologous groups of the Triticeae were used to determine the homoeology of the added E. tsukushiense chromosomes. The E. tsukushiense chromosomes in the addition lines NAU702, NAU703, and NAU701 were identified as belonging to homoeologous groups 1, 3, and 5, and thus, were designated as 1Ets#1, 3Ets#1, and 5Ets#1, respectively. NAU751 was identified as a disomic substitution line with chromosome 3A of wheat replaced by chromosome 3Ets#1. Line NAU702 has a high level of resistance to scab and will be used in chromosomal engineering and development of improved wheat germplasm for scab resistance breeding.
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    Cumulative and interaction effects of prolamin allelic variation and of 1BL/1RS translocation on flour quality in bread wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: 1BL/1RS ; bread-making quality ; prolamins ; wheat-rye translocations ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The allelic variation of prolamin loci was studied in three F2 progenies from three crosses between the 1BL/1RS cultivar Triana and Yécora Rojo, Pavón and Florence Aurora, cultivars without the translocation. According to the 1:2:1 theoretical proportions observed in the allelic variants of the Glu-B3/Gli-B1 loci of the parent without the translocation, the inheritance as a block of the rye chromosome arm was confirmed. A group of F3-F4 recombinant lines, developed from these crosses was evaluated using the SDS-sedimentation test and the mixograph and alveograph tests. The presence of the 1BL/1RS translocation was not associated with significantly lower grain protein content values or with the optimum mixing time in the mixograph of the genotypes. The effect of the 1BL/1RS translocation on most of the quality parameters was highly dependent on the genetic pool. Significant increases in gluten strength and better mixing properties associated with the presence of some alleles of the Glu-A1, Glu-A3/ Gli-A1 and Gli-D2 loci were detected. The additivity and the interaction of prolamin gene effects with the rye translocation in the 1BL/1RS lines and its possible use in plant breeding are discussed.
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    Location of Pm3g, a powdery mildew resistance allele in wheat, by using a monosomic analysis and by identifying associated molecular markers (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 110 (1999), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Blumeria graminis ; powdery mildew ; QTL ; RFLPs ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A segregating population of doubled-haploid lines issued from the cross between the wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) cultivars Courtot, resistant to several isolates of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis DC. f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal), and Chinese Spring (susceptible) was used to map Mlar, a gene carried by Courtot and conferring resistance to this pathogen. The assignation of Mlar using monosomic lines of Courtot was confirmed by the mapping analysis. Mlar was located on the short arm of the chromosome 1A, in the vicinity of the locus XGli-A5 coding for storage proteins. This result was in accordance with those demonstrating that Mlar was an allele of the Pm3 locus (Pm3g), a gene also involved in the resistance to powdery mildew.
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    Heading date and resistance to septoria tritici blotch in wheat not genetically associated (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 63-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: disease assessment ; maturity ; resistance ; Septoria tritici ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nineteen cultivars, with large differences in heading date, were evaluated for their response to septoria tritici blotch in two experimental setups in Njoro, Kenya. Due to the more or less constant temperatures during the growing season and the overhead irrigation applied the epidemic conditions were similar over the whole observation period for the early and late cultivars. In experiment 1 the cultivars were assessed for disease severity at the same moment irrespective of the developmental stage, while in experiment 2 the cultivars were assessed at the same developmental stage. Measured at the same time, the disease severity was highest in the early maturing cultivars and lowest in the late maturing cultivars (r = –0.78). When assessed at the same development stage the disease build up was independent of heading date (r = –0.10) but strongly dependent on resistance level. There were no indications that early heading cultivars were more susceptible than late heading cultivars.
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    Allelic variation in high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit Loci of Glu-1 in Japanese common wheats (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: allelic variation ; glutenin subunit ; Japanese Norin variety ; seed storage protein ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seed storage proteins of 131 Japanese Norin wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine allelic make-up in varieties at each of three loci that control high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits. Three alleles were identified at the Glu-A1 locus, six at the Glu-B1 locus and five at the Glu-D1 locus. Twenty-four different, major glutenin HMW subunits were identified and each contained three to five subunits and seventeen different glutenin subunit patterns were observed for 19 subunits in the 131 Japanese Norin varieties. Fourteen alleles were identified by comparison of subunit mobility with that previously found in hexaploid wheat. Japanese Norin varieties showed a specific pattern of allelic variation in glutenin HMW subunits, different from that of Chinese and other country common wheats in allelic frequency at Glu-1 loci.
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    Boron accumulation and partitioning in wheat cultivars with contrasting tolerance to boron deficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 214 (1999), S. 141-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron ; genotypic difference ; sterility ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two pot experiments at the Plant Environment Laboratory (PEL), Reading, UK investigated sterility, boron (B) accumulation and B partitioning of wheat cultivars grown with limited B in the growing medium. The first experiment evaluated nine cultivars of spring wheat with diverse field responses to low available soil B, supplied with or without 20 μM B. A second experiment examined the response of a susceptible (SW-41) and a tolerant (Fang-60) cultivar to B-deficiency. These cultivars were supplied with either 20 μM B from sowing to flag leaf emergence and no added B thereafter, or 20 μM B from sowing to maturity. When B was not supplied in the nutrient solution, the number of grains ranged from 4 per ear (cv. BL-1135) to 32 per ear (cv. BL-1249) and sterility of competent florets ranged from 39% to 93%. Boron concentration in the flag leaf at anthesis did not differ greatly when the growing medium contained limited B, but differences between cultivars were evident when B was unlimited. Tolerance of B-deficiency was not related to the B concentration in the flag leaf. Some cultivars produced viable pollen and set grains while others failed to do so at similar B concentrations in the flag leaf. The two contrasting cultivars did not differ much in their pattern of B partitioning when B supply was restricted from flag leaf emergence onwards. Similarly, little evidence was found that the tolerant cultivars translocated B from their leaves, roots or stems when the supply in the growing medium was restricted. The proportion of total B partitioned in different organs was the same irrespective of B supply and cultivar. On average, leaves contained 68% of the total B content in the whole plant compared to 16% in the roots, 10% in the ears and only 6% in the stems. Tolerant or susceptible cultivars of wheat could not be distinguished based on the B concentration and B content of the flag leaf.
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    Optimisation of procedures for microprojectile bombardment of microspore-derived embryos in wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 57 (1999), S. 207-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: biolistics ; gene expression ; haploid ; transformation ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using the PDS-1000/He Biolistic® Particle Delivery System, the microprojectile travel distance, rupture disk pressure and DNA/gold particle concentrations were assessed in order to optimise short and longer-term β-glucuronidase reporter gene expression in microspore-derived embryos of wheat. The effects were also evaluated of using sterile filter paper to support explants and treatment with a high osmoticum medium (0.2 M mannitol/0.2 M sorbitol or 0.4 M maltose). In the optimised procedure, wheat microspore-derived embryos (MDEs), were placed on filter paper and incubated on medium containing 0.4 M maltose, for 4 h pre- and 45 h post-bombardment. Five μl pAHC25 (0.75 mg ml-1 in TE buffer) was precipitated onto 25 μl gold particles (60 mg ml-1 in sterile water), using 20 μl spermidine (0.1 M) and 50 μl CaCl2 (2.5 M). The particles were centrifuged and resuspended in 75 μl absolute ethanol prior to the preparation of 6 macrocarriers. A microprojectile travel distance of 70 mm, a rupture pressure of 1300 p.s.i., and a vacuum of 29′′ Hg were employed. Maltose at 0.4 M in the support medium was the most important factor influencing GUS activity in bombarded tissues. GUS activity, 1 day post-bombardment, reached 52 ± 17 GUS-positive foci/MDE (mean ± s.e.m, n=3), with 17 ± 4 foci/MDE at 15 days, giving a 3.0-fold increase (p〈0.05) compared to expression in MDEs bombarded on medium without a high osmoticum treatment.
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    A review of the genus Cobitis in Turkey (Pisces: Ostariophysi: Cobitidae) (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 403 (1999), S. 13-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cobitidae ; Cobitis ; taxonomy ; new subgenus ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the rivers and lakes of Turkey, ten species of loaches of the genus Cobitis occur, viz. C. fahireae, C. varderensis, C. splendens, C. kellei, C. puncticulata, C. strumicae, C. levantina, C. turcica, C. simplicispina and C. bilseli. Cobitis bilseli is separated into a new subgenus, Beyshehiria.
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    Redescription of Macrothrix laticornis (Jurine, 1820), and description of two new species of the M. laticornis-group (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 403 (1999), S. 39-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Macrothrix laticornis-complex ; morphology ; taxonomy ; distribution ; males
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Macrothix laticornis is redescribed and compared with populations from central North America (Mexico), and from south-east Asia (Vietnam). All three are closely related, but with sufficient morphological differences to establish a laticornis species-group. Two species new for science are described, viz. M. sierrafriatensis (Mexico) and M. vietnamensis (Vietnam).
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    Redescription of Macrothrix tripectinata Weisig, 1934 (Anomopoda, Branchiopoda), with a discussion of some features rarely used in the systematics of the genus (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 403 (1999), S. 63-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Branchiopoda ; ‘Cladocera’ ; Anomopoda ; Macrothrix tripectinata ; morphology ; redescription ; taxonomy ; key ; Eurasia ; distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rare Macrothrix tripectinata Weisig, 1934 is redescribed on material from the East Pamirs (Tajikistan) and Tuva (Russia). Adult and juvenile parthenogenetic females and adult males were studied using optical microscopy and SEM. The thoracic appendages and the molar surface of mandibles were investigated in detail. Selected ‘conventional’ diagnostic features are critically reviewed. The importance of characters, rarely used in the systematics of Macrothrix, such as: type of valve reticulation, similarity or dissimilarity in size of the terminal esthetascs of the antennules of females and males, presence of an abdominal projection and reticulation on the postabdomen, presence, length and armature of a male seta on the antennule, are discussed. A key for the Eurasian species of Macrothrix is proposed.
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    The genus Thermocyclops Kiefer, 1927 (Copepoda: Cyclopidae) in China (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 403 (1999), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Thermocyclops ; China ; taxonomy ; distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Based on the result of investigations and former records, there are five freshwater species of the genus Thermocyclops in China, namely T. taihokuensis Harada, 1931, T. crassus (Fischer, 1853), T. vermifer Lindberg, 1935, T. dybowskii (Lande, 1890), and T. kawamurai Kikuchi, 1940. Two previously recorded species, T. brevifurcatus Harada, 1931 and T. hyalinus (Rehberg, 1880) are recognized as synonyms of Thermocyclops crassus. Another species, Thermocyclops mongolicus Kiefer, 1937, described from China by Tai & Chen, is a synonym of T. taihokuensis based on this study. Thermocyclops orientalis Dussart & Fernando, 1985 was compared with Thermocyclops kawamurai Kikuchi, 1940. It shows conspicuous differences and it seems unlikely that it is a synonym of T. kawamurai. The paper presents diagnostic characteristics of each species and a key to five Chinese species of Thermocyclops.
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    Studies on the aquatic oligochaete fauna in Lake Biwa, central Japan. II. Records and taxonomic remarks of nine species (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 406 (1999), S. 33-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic Oligochaeta ; Lake Biwa ; Japan ; taxonomy ; zoogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract At least 41 taxa of aquatic oligochaetes including five new records have been recorded from the ancient Lake Biwa in Japan. The lake is characterized by eurybathyal occurrence of Branchiura sowerbyi. The posterior gill filaments of B. sowerbyi develop normally in lagoons adjacent to the lake, while in the lake they weakly develop or often disappear at littoral and sublittoral depths shallower than 30 m, and they almost completely disappear in the profundal zone. The profundal population of B. sowerbyi also differs from other populations in eastern Asia in having fewer and shorter hairs, and simple-pointed crotchets, or bifid crotchets with parallel teeth, in dorsal bundles of chaetae. This suggests that an intralacustrine speciation is progressing in the profundal population. An aberrant modification is found in the pectination of dorsal crotchets in Tubifex tubifex occurring at deep profundal depths of the lake. The ventral chaetae in segment II of Teneridrilus mastix are rarely modified in Lake Biwa. This requires cancellation of the modification of chaetae in II as a diagnostic characteristic of the genus Teneridrilus. Limnodrilus amblysetus, previously known only from China, is recorded from Lake Biwa. Descriptions and taxonomic remarks are provided for Haemonais waldvogeli (new to Japan), Pristina longiseta, Stephensoniana trivandrana and Ripistes parasita (new to Lake Biwa), and Ophidonais serpentina, based on Lake Biwa material.
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    Marine benthic algae of North East Herald Cay, Coral Sea, South Pacific (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 398-399 (1999), S. 65-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Australia ; Coral Sea ; marine algae ; taxonomy ; biogeography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The marine benthic algae from North East Herald Cay, Coral Sea, South Pacific, are listed with taxonomic, bibliographic and biogeographic details. The checklist includes 66 species of which 23 are green, 2 are brown, and 41 are red algal species. The almost complete absence of brown algae from what is seemingly a typical tropical reef environment on which a true coral cay has developed is noteworthy. All samples were from the lagoon, which forms the concave side of a crescent-shaped reef and which ranges in depth from 0–30 m. The endemic Caribbean green alga Chamaedoris peniculum is recorded for the Pacific for the first time, and a possibly undescribed species of the genus Rhipiliopsis was also discovered. Although only preliminary, the survey shows that the marine flora is seemingly typical of coral cays for the general region of the Great Barrier Reef.
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    Retrospect and Prospect: reflections on forty years of study of aquatic oligochaetes (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 406 (1999), S. 9-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Annelida ; Clitellata ; history ; taxonomy ; ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fourteen aquatic oligochaetes were described between 1773 and 1828. Dramatic increases in descriptions occurred in the decades beginning 1900, 1930 and 1960. These can be associated with specific authors, such as W. Michaelsen and S. Hrabě. In the period 1970–1990, some 250 marine species (excluding Enchytraeidae) were described, largely by C. Erséus. Some of the major scholars, such as W. Michaelsen and F. Vejdovský, I. I. Malevič and P. G. Svetlov, founded centers of oligochaete study that survive in Europe today. Others, such as those in the English speaking world, have had to develop in isolation. While numerical and phenetic methods had little influence on microdrile systematics, phylogenetic (parsimony) methods have, since the first publication by B. G. M. Jamieson. Most literature prior to 1970 was taxonomic. Other earlier work documented community structure in relation to pollution. The study of Rybinsk Reservoir (Russia) stimulated a large body of ecological and biological work by T. L. Poddubnaya. The St. Lawrence Great Lakes was also a focus for worm studies until recently. Early physiological work focused on respiration, with studies dating from the 1920s. This has been continued in relation to pollution ecology and energy flow. Physiological work was notably absent from our first proceedings volume and only poorly represented since then. Future prospects are difficult to identify. Developments in ultrastructure (including sperm and muscle cells), molecular biology and parsimony or cladistic phylogenetic methods will move from rather simple initial work that shows the possibilities, to a revisionary phase where the complexities begin to be revealed before it is possible to assess their value. This author has too superficial a level of understanding to predict the outcome, but suspects that agreement among the results of several methods is needed for them to be persuasive. I would hope that multivariate methods of data analysis in pollution studies would prove superior to the development of indices and over-reliance on toxicology. Toxicity studies are of use in comparing risks among products but not in predicting field effects. Benthic biology needs a method for identifying factors that are directly related to worm biology, such as food, rather than physical and chemical factors related to the water column. Surveys, relating communities to chemical and physiographic factors will remain unpredictive. It is easier to forsee some changes in taxonomy that are almost overdue. The haplotaxids should be broken up into several small families, Haplotaxis s.s. will be one of them, with a number of highly adapted and very similar species, many currently regarded as synonymous, redefined by careful anatomical study. The lumbriculids and branchiobdellidans may well be combined into a single taxon defined by their unique semi-prosopore male ducts, with lumbriculids defined by their unique muscle structure and the branchiobdellids by many apomorphic characters related to ectocommensal life. The position of Hirudinea remains unresolved, but relationship to this taxon is not excluded. Detailed study of penes in lumbriculids is required. The naidids and tubificids seem to be a monophyly. Existing genera may be hard to analyze phylogenetically because definitions are based on atrial form, which is hard to express as characters. Chaetotaxy in Naididae will prove insufficient and many synonyms will be declared. Capilloventridae and Randiellidae require description of male ducts and gonads. They may provide evidence counter to the octogonadal theory of oligochaete descent, or of polyphyly in the group. Knowledge of phreodrilid diversity will increase. Work will increase in Asia and South America, but sub-Saharan Africa remains under explored. Fish diseases will create more interest in North American worms. New methods, including molecular studies, and renewed interest in ontogeny and detailed anatomical studies, may improve our ability to resolve clusters of taxa with few, if any, apomorphic character states that remain at the base of cladograms. An ability to include sound evidence from vestigial organs and logical arguments on a 'weight of evidence' basis is needed as an adjunct. While molecular studies seem to hold much promise, early studies can prove over simplistic and can provide conflicting hypotheses. We need to complete the review of taxonomy according to parsimony before major terminology changes, such as abandonment of the term Oligochaeta, can gain acceptance.
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    Taxonomic and systematic assessment of planktonic copepods using mitochondrial COI sequence variation and competitive, species-specific PCR (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 401 (1999), S. 239-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mitochondrial DNA ; cytochrome oxidase I ; competitive PCR ; copepoda ; taxonomy ; marine zooplankton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Accurate taxonomic identification of species at all life stages is critical to understand and predict the processes that together determine marine community dynamics. However, zooplankton assemblages may include numerous sibling and congeneric species distinguished by subtle morphological characteristics. Molecular systematic databases, including DNA sequences of homologous gene regions for selected taxonomic groups, allow the design of rapid protocols to determine species' diversity and identify individuals. In this study, the DNA sequence of a 300 base-pair region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene was determined for eight species of three genera of calanoid copepods: Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis and C. helgolandicus; Neocalanus cristatus, N. flemingeri and N. plumchrus; and Pseudocalanus moultoni and P. newmani. The DNA sequences differed between congeneric species by 13 – 22% of the nucleotides; the protein sequences differed by zero to five amino acid substitutions. Both the DNA and amino acid sequences resolved the evolutionary relationships among congeneric species; relationships among the genera were not well-resolved by this region of mtCOI. Using the same conserved primers, the only amplification product for C. finmarchicus was an aberrant sequence (and putative pseudogene) which differed from the C. finmarchicus COI sequence by 36% of the nucleotides and 32 amino acid substitutions. Species-specific oligonucleotide primers were designed for Calanus spp. (which cannot be distinguished at larval stages) and Pseudocalanus spp. (which are difficult to distinguish even as adults). Individual copepods were identified using competitive, multiplexed species-specific polymerase chain reactions (PCR) in two studies of co-occurring sibling species. The first study confirmed the presence of three Calanus spp. in Oslofjord, Norway and found a predominance of C. helgolandicus. The second study determined patterns of distribution and abundance of Pseudocalanus spp. on Georges Bank in the NW Atlantic and showed that P. moultoni predominated in shallow and coastal waters, while P. newmani was more abundant in offshore regions flanking the Bank. Competitive, species-specific PCR is a useful tool for biological oceanographers. This simple, rapid, and inexpensive assay may be used to identify morphologically-similar individuals of any size and life stage, and to determine a species' presence or absence in pooled samples.
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    Fish species – how and why (1999)
    Springer
    Reviews in fish biology and fisheries 9 (1999), S. 325-352 
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    ISSN: 1573-5184
    Keywords: evolution ; nomenclature ; phylogeny ; species ; systematics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract It is argued, with selected examples from freshwaterfish systematics, that species should be viewed as anexpression of self-perpetuated clustered variation innature, conforming to the phylogenetic speciesconcept. The importance of species lies in thefunctional and structural significance of theirdiagnostic characters. Species can be nested by theircharacters into a tree diagram (phylogeny) orhierarchical alignment structure (classification) ofcharacter distribution, which may be taken to reflectevolution, the unifying theory of organismaldiversification. The phylogenetic species concept,which emphasizes recognition of a pattern ofvariation, describes better than any other proposedconcept the units called species by systematists.Other concepts are based on processes and normally donot permit recognition of particular taxa. Specieshave unique histories, and speciation may proceed bydifferent mechanisms. Whereas it may be postulatedthat speciation entails an irreversible change in thegenetic structure of taxa, recognized by phenotypicexpression and apparently also maintained to a largeextent by selection for a particular phenotype,species recognition must remain independent ofassumptions about species history and spatialdistribution. Species are monophyletic taxa and thespecies category does not differ significantly inphylogenetic regard from other systematic categories.Species as such are not necessarily evolutionaryunits. It is recommended to apply species names withreference to the diagnostic characters of the speciesand to abandon the type specimen described by theInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature as anomenclatural reference unit.
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    Euthecosomatous gastropods (Mollusca: Heterobranchia) from Buton (SE Sulawesi, Indonesia), with notes on species from Viti Levu, Fiji; systematics, biostratigraphy (1999)
    Springer
    Netherlands journal of geosciences 78 (1999), S. 179-189 
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    ISSN: 1573-9708
    Keywords: biostratigraphy ; Fiji ; Gastropoda Indonesia ; Miocene ; Mollusca ; Pteropoda ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Pteropoda (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Euthecosomata) described by Beets (1943, 1950, 1953) from the alleged Late Miocene/Early Pliocene asphaltic deposits of Buton (SE Sulawesi, Indonesia) are revised. The following species are distinguished: Styliola subula (Quoy & Gaimard, 1827), Cavolinia bituminata (Beets, 1953), Cavolinia mexicana (Collins, 1934), Cavolinia vendryesiana (Guppy, 1873) and Diacria mbaensis Ladd, 1934. A comparison with the Fiji pteropod associations suggests a Miocene (Tortonian to Messinian) age for the Indonesian faunules. Pteropod species described by Ladd (1934) from Viti Levu (Fiji Islands), are revised in an appendix. Five species are distinguished, viz. Creseis acicula (Rang, 1828) (?), Cavolinia gypsorum (Bellardi, 1873), C. mexicana, C. rewaensis (Ladd, 1934) and Diacria mbaensis Ladd, 1934. The presence of Cavolina gypsorum dates this association as Miocene (Tortonian–Messinian).
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    The actinopterygian fish fauna of the Late Kimmeridgian and Early Tithonian ‘Plattenkalke’ near Solnhofen (Bavaria, Germany): state of the art (1999)
    Springer
    Netherlands journal of geosciences 78 (1999), S. 215-229 
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    ISSN: 1573-9708
    Keywords: Actinopterygii ; Coccolepidae ; Halecomorphi ; Halecostomi ; taxonomy ; Teleostei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract An overview is presented of the actinopterygian fishes from the Late Jurassic (Late Kimmeridgian and Early Tithonian) ‘Plattenkalke’ near Solnhofen (Solnhofen lithographic limestone), Bavaria, Germany. The fish fauna is very diverse, with the palaeonisciform Coccolepis, halecostomes such as Lepidotes, Heterostrophus, three genera of macrosemiids and six genera of pycnodontiforms, halecomorphs including two genera of caturids, two genera of amiids, Ophiopsis, ‘Furo’, Ionoscopus, Brachyichthys, Callopterus, Liodesmus, ?Lophiurus, five genera of pachycormids, three genera of pholidophorids, Pleuropholis, two genera of aspidorhynchids and eleven genera of basal teleosts. Although several groups have been subject of revision, most of the fauna remains poorly known. Study of this rich fauna will provide a lot of information on the phylogeny and interrelationships of halecostome fishes.
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    Late Silurian fish microfossils from Helvetesgraven, Skåne (southern Sweden) (I) (1999)
    Springer
    Netherlands journal of geosciences 78 (1999), S. 267-280 
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    ISSN: 1573-9708
    Keywords: ‘Agnatha’ ; biostratigraphy ; Gnathostomata ; Ludlovian ; Pridolian ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The fauna from a Late Silurian residue sample from Övedskloster (Skåne) is listed. It comprises scales of ‘Agnatha’ (rare osteostracan scales, and the thelodonts Thelodus parvidens, ‘T. traquairi’, T. sculptilis, T. admirabilis, and ‘Loganellia cuneata’) and of Gnathostomata (the acanthodians Nostolepis striata, Gomphonchus sandelensis, Poracanthodes? lehmani sp. nov., and Poracanthodes cf. punctatus, tesserae of the head and other specialised elements of the squamation; and the osteichthyan Andreolepis hedei). This fauna is considered to be as old as, or slightly younger than that from the complex of sedimentary rocks along the Anglo-Central Urals margin of the Laurussian continent affected by the Ludfordian A. hedei Event. This event marks the transition between the hedei and sculptilis Zones of the Microvertebrate Standard Zonation and can be correlated with the snajdri Conodont Interval Zone. The evidence favours a simultaneous palaeogeographical appearance of the punctatiform and porosiform poracanthodid acanthodians within the Baltica region of Laurussia.
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    Changes in the Non-Photochemical Quenching of Chlorophyll Fluorescence During Aging of Wheat Flag Leaves (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 36 (1999), S. 621-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: diurnal variation ; photoinhibition ; photosystem 2 reaction centres ; state transition ; trans-thylakoid membrane proton gradient ; Triticum aestivum ; xanthophyll cycle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (qN) and its three components (qNf, qNm, and qNs) in the flag leaves of wheat grown in the field were studied by a fluorometer PAM-2000 on clear days. The diurnal variation patterns of qN in just fully extended (JFEL) and aging leaves (AL) were similar, but qNm declined markedly in JFEL while it remained at a relatively high level in AL under strong sunlight at noon. Furthermore, at midday qNf was higher than qNs in JFEL, but much lower in AL. The results show the relative contributions of different mechanisms in preventing the photosynthetic apparatus from photodamage change during leaf development.
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    Formation of cross-linking between photosystem 2 proteins during irradiation of thylakoid membranes at high temperature (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 36 (1999), S. 213-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: D1 protein ; diphenylcarbazide ; oxygen evolving complex ; scavengers ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Irradiation of thylakoid membranes at 40 °C resulted in complete inhibition of photosystem (PS) 2 activity measured as 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCIP) photoreduction either in the absence or presence of 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC). Concomitant with the inactivation of PS2 activity, several thylakoid proteins were lost and high molecular mass cross-linking products appeared that cross-reacted with antibodies against proteins of PS2 but not with antibodies against proteins of other three complexes PS1, ATP synthase, and cytochrome b6f. Irradiation of thylakoid membranes suspended in buffer of basic pH or high concentration of Tris at 25 °C resulted in the formation of cross-linking products similar to those in thylakoid membranes irradiated at 40 °C. Presence of radical scavengers and DPC during the high temperature treatment prevented the formation of cross-linking products. These results suggest the involvement of oxygen evolving co mplex (OEC) in the formation of cross-linking between PS2 proteins in thylakoid membrane irradiated at high temperature.
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    Specific Degradation of D1 Protein during Exposure of Thylakoid Membranes to High Temperature in the Dark (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 36 (1999), S. 433-440 
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    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: antibody ; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; protease ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Exposure of thylakoid membranes to high temperature in dark leads to the degradation of D1 protein. Maximum degradation of D1 protein occurred at 45 °C. Using N-terminal specific D1 antibody, a 23 kDa fragment of D1 protein was detected. The degradation of D1 protein could be prevented both by radical scavengers and inhibitors of serine protease and metallo-protease. These results suggest that degradation of D1 protein during exposure of thylakoid membranes to high temperature in dark is catalyzed by protease.
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    Effect of introduced Pseudomonas fluorescens strains on the uptake of nitrogen by wheat from 15N-enriched organic residues (1999)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 417-423 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: 15N ; nitrogen mineralization ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; rhizosphere ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of an antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas fluorescens strain (F113) carrying the marker gene cassette lacZY and a marked, non-producing strain (F113G22) on the uptake of nitrogen from 15N-enriched organic residues incorporated into a sandy soil were investigated in microcosm studies. Strain F113 produces the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), whilst its modified derivative strain F113G22 has DAPG production deleted by Tn5 mutagenesis. Uptake of nitrogen by wheat (Triticum aestivum) from 15N-enriched organic residues was estimated using stable isotope-ratio mass spectrometry of shoot and root material of 17-day-old plants. In addition, plant growth and active microbial biomass in soil were monitored. In contrast to results obtained in our previous study on pea (Pisum sativum), it was found that in wheat, inoculation with either strain F113 or F113G22 decreased the proportion of nitrogen derived from 15N-labelled organic residues incorporated into soil as compared to non-inoculated controls. It is therefore suggested that these strains decreased mineralization of organic residues in the rhizosphere of wheat, making less inorganic N (15N) available for plant uptake. The results of this study indicate that the effects of introduced Pseudomonas fluorescens strains on nitrogen mineralization in the rhizosphere are plant-species dependent, and highlight the importance of testing microbial inocula on a range of plant species.
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    The Geometric and Thermodynamic Properties of Grain Boundary Junctions (1999)
    Springer
    Interface science 7 (1999), S. 251-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2746
    Keywords: triple junctions ; taxonomy ; dimensionality ; structure ; energy ; segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We provide an overview of the properties of triple junctions and quadruple points. It is shown that these junctions may exhibit distinct behaviors that imply that they have and thermodynamically distinct properties in the same way that grain boundaries can be considered as thermodynamically distinct phases, separate from the material that they inhabit. It is shown that the treatment of triple junctions as thermodynamically distinct defects is a natural extension of the treatment of grain boundaries, and that it can be further extended to other junctions such as quadruple nodes. Equilibrium dihedral angles under conditions of anisotropic interfacial energy are explored, and it is found that the dihedral angles may be variable under a range of different conditions.
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    Studies on the Interaction Between Septoria tritici and Stagonospora nodorum in Wheat (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 917-925 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: ergosterol ; detached glumes ; interaction ; Mycosphaerella graminicola ; Phaeosphaeria nodorum ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Interactions between Stagonospora nodorum and Septoria tritici were studied. Results from a detached glume experiment indicated that the interaction may be isolate-dependent, as it was shown that the interaction between the two pathogens may be beneficial or antagonistic depending on the isolate of each pathogen present. The number of spores produced by both pathogens was significantly greater when an aggressive isolate of S. tritici was mixed with a non-aggressive isolate of S. nodorum, whereas the number of spores produced by both pathogens was significantly less when two non-aggressive isolates were mixed. There was a significant reduction in disease level when S. tritici was applied prior to S. nodorum, compared to vice versa in the growth chamber. Results from growth chamber and field studies showed that S. nodorum produced significantly more spores when both pathogens were present together. It is concluded that S. tritici has a stimulatory effect on spore production by S. nodorum. However, there was a reduction of S. tritici spores observed in the dual inoculation treatments, suggesting that S. nodorum inhibits S. tritici.
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    Photosynthetic Characteristics in Two Wheat Genotypes as Affected by Nitrogen Nutrition (1999)
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    Biologia plantarum 42 (1999), S. 217-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; photochemical activity ; photosystem 2 ; ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chlorophyll (Chl) a and b content, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO) content and activity, and electron transport rate were measured in flag leaves of wheat genotypes Uniculm and Kalyansona, grown at suboptimal and optimal supply of nitrogen. The Chl content, RuBPCO activity, and electron transport rate were decreased due to suboptimal nitrogen supply only in Kalyansona. There was no change in the ratio of RuBPCO and photosystem 2 (PS2) activity at various stages which suggests that there was no alteration in distribution of N due to additional N supply.
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    Dry Matter and Leaf Structure in Young Wheat Plants as Affected by Cadmium, Lead, and Nickel (1999)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 42 (1999), S. 119-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: anatomy ; epidermis ; heavy metals ; mesophyll ; Triticum aestivum ; vascular bundles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of 1 mM cadmium, lead and nickel on dry mass, Cd, Pb, and Ni contents, and changes in leaf structure in young wheat plants were studied. In leaves, Cd content was highest, followed by Pb and Ni, in roots Cd content was also highest, but followed by Ni and Pb. Roots accumulated considerably larger amounts of the three heavy metals than leaves. Largest reductions of leaf and root mass were obtained with Cd. Pb and Ni effects were almost equal. Ni excess had a strong negative effect on mesophyll thickness, while Cd mostly reduced the number and size of vascular bundles and vessel diameter. High Pb reduced the diameter of vessels causing their different deformations.
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    Selektive Partnerwahl der Aaskrähe (Corvus corone) in der Hybridisierungszone von Rabenkrähe (C. c. corone) und Nebelkrähe (C. c. cornix) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 139 (1998), S. 173-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: mate choice ; taxonomy ; phenotypic hybrids ; fitness ; decision rule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die als Unterarten klassifizierten europäischen Formen der Aaskrähe, Rabenkrähe und Nebelkrähe, besiedeln verschiedene, aneinandergrenzende Verbreitungsgebiete und hybridisieren in der Kontaktzone. Die Nachkommen von Mischpaaren sind fruchtbar und können sowohl mit anderen Hybriden als auch mit Raben- und Nebelkrähen erfolgreich brüten. Trotzdem kommt es zu keiner völligen Vermischung der Formen und/oder Verlagerung der Verbreitungsgebiete. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersuchten wir die Partnerwahl von Aaskrähen in der Hybridisierungszone auf der nordfriesischen Insel Amrum und stellten fest, daß Partner gleichen Phänotyps häufiger miteinander verpaart waren, als stochastisch zu erwarten gewesen wäre. Unsere Daten bestätigen vergleichbare Studien aus Hybridisierungszonen in Italien und Sibirien. Wir schließen daraus, daß phänotypisch selektive Partnerwahl bei der Aaskrähe ein allgemeines Phänomen sein könnte und diskutieren, warum dieses Verhalten anfitness-relevante Parameter gekoppelt sein sollte. Um welche es sich dabei handeln könnte, wurde bisher nicht hinreichend untersucht und muß deshalb offen bleiben.
    Notes: Summary Carrion Crow and Hooded Crow are regarded as subspecies of the Crow. They show frequent hybridisation along the adjacent borders of their distribution. Mixed pairs produce fertile offspring which are able to breed successfully with both hybrids and mates of either phenotype. However, hybridisation does not lead to phenotypic changes of Carrion and Hooded Crows in general nor in their distinct distribution. We studied the mating behaviour of Crows in the hybrid zone on the Island of Amrum (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany) and found evidence that Crows may prefer mates of the same phenotype. Our data confirm previous studies which reported assortative mating with respect to plumage coloration from hybrid zones in Italy and Siberia. We discuss why this behaviour should be related tofitness traits which in our opinion have not yet been studied adequately nor identified.
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    Dipodascus capitatus, Dipodascus spicifer and Geotrichum clavatum: Genomic characterization (1998)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 74 (1998), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Dipodascus capitatus ; D.spicifer ; Geotrichum clavatum ; yeast ; taxonomy ; DNA heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The G+C contents of 25 strains of Dipodascus capitatus, Dipodascus spicifer and Geotrichum clavatum were found to be heterogeneous on basis of derivative graphs of the melting profiles. Strains showing similar derivative graphs of the melting curve exhibited high levels of DNA homology (80-100%); strains showing dissimilar derivative graphs exhibited low levels of DNA homology (5 to 45%). Being considered separate taxa on basis of these parameters, D. capitatus, D. spicifer and G. clavatum could be identified by a combination of the key characteristics growth on xylose, cellobiose, salicin and arbutin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1001762024710
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    Identification of Taxa in the Genus shape Beta using ITS1 Sequence Information (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 147-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: allele-specific PCR ; Beta ; ITS1 ; plant identification ; rDNA ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sequence variation in the ITS1 locus of the nuclear ribosomal DNA in beets has previously been used to reconstruct phylogeny of the species in the genus Beta. We have developed protocols that allow the identification of Beta taxa by use of taxon-specific primers. Beta sections, species and subspecies can be identified. Differences within the ITS1 region of a single base can be exploited for species identification. The results from this study not only provide effective methods for wild beet identification, but also indicate the potential use of the techniques in other crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007416817736
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  • 86
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    The taxonomic impediment in orthopteran research and conservation (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 2 (1998), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Orthoptera ; biodiversity ; taxonomy ; conservation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract It is estimated that only 10–15% of the world's insect fauna has been described and named. Efforts to inventory insect biodiversity are hampered by this taxonomic impediment, which is compounded by the logistical problems of an insufficient taxonomic workforce and their remote location in museums thousands of miles from the areas of highest biodiversity. Compared to most other invertebrate groups however, the taxonomic impediment is relatively benign in the order Orthoptera. This is a small to medium-sized order (approximately 20 000 described species) which is well known taxonomically, owing to the group's agricultural importance worldwide. Furthermore, orthopteran taxonomists are now fortunate to have a published up-to-date catalogue of all known species, which has just become accessible as a regularly updated database on the World Wide Web. Whilst new information technology, in the form of e-mail networks, World Wide Web sites and CD-ROM information archives, is already enhancing communication between specialists and helping to reduce the logistical problems of documenting orthopteran biodiversity, a major reinvestment in basic taxonomic research is needed if we are to reduce the existing taxonomic impediment significantly. There is general agreement that an internationally coordinated approach will be necessary and priorities must be set to tackle the biodiversity/systematics crisis. In the future, the Orthoptera can make an important contribution to invertebrate faunal surveys and have potential as an indicator taxon. Furthermore, the Orthoptera Species File establishes a taxonomic framework which could be readily enlarged to include geographic data and phenology of species from existing museum specimens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009633811789
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  • 87
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    Influence of Taxonomy, Ecology, and Seasonality in River Stage on Fish Contamination Risks in Floodplain Swamps of the Lower Mississippi River (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 325-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: contamination risks ; fish ; Mississippi River ; ecological factors ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We compared contamination levels in fish from contaminated and uncontaminated floodplain swamps of the lower Mississippi River to assess differences in contamination risks between swamps, across different taxonomic and ecological groupings of fishes within and between swamps, and with seasonality in river stage. Fish tissue levels of inorganic contaminants were substantially lower than environmental levels in both swamps, suggesting either that fish were not uptaking these contaminants, or they were effectively eliminating the contaminants from their bodies. Tissue levels of organic contaminants were high relative to environmental levels, suggesting that these contaminants were bioaccumulating. Organic contaminants were significantly higher in fish from the contaminated swamp (Devil's Swamp) than in fish from a reference swamp up river (Tunica Swamp). Because the organic contaminants were largely confined to sediments, we expected bottom-oriented fishes to have higher concentrations than pelagic fishes. Assuming that uptake was primarily through the food chain, we expected top predators to exhibit higher concentrations than low-level consumers. We also expected year- round swamp residents to exhibit higher accumulations than more transitory users of backswamp habitat. However, organic contaminant levels did not differ in the directions expected for any of these groupings. We did observe differences in organic contaminant levels within and between swamps for different taxonomic groupings of fishes (species and genera). Some taxa occupying low to middle positions in the food web (e.g., gizzard shad, Lepomis spp.) exhibited higher concentrations than taxa near the top of the food web. Within Devil's Swamp, organic contaminant levels were significantly higher at low river stage, when fish were confined to the swamp, than at high river stage, when fish were free to move between the river and the swamp. We caught more species and more fish per unit effort in Devil's Swamp than in Tunica Swamp, contrary to expectations if contaminants in the former were negatively impacting population and community structure. Species richness differences between swamps were a consequence of catch differences, with higher catch corresponding to inclusion of more rare species. The lower catch in Tunica Swamp may have resulted from physical modifications of its waterways to support agriculture and hunting. The results of this study underscore the importance in factoring information on the taxonomy and ecology of organisms, and seasonal changes in environmental conditions, into assessments of contamination risks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008811713427
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  • 88
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    Analysis and optimisation of DNA delivery into wheat scutellum and Tritordeum inflorescence explants by tissue electroporation (1998)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 18 (1998), S. 64-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Bread wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Tritordeum ; Tissue electroporation ; Transient gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat scutella and tritordeum inflorescences were transformed by tissue electroporation with plasmid DNA containing a β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene (gus A) under the control of the rice actin1 promoter. Factors affecting electroporation efficiency were analysed. Important factors were electroporation voltage and pulse length, the volume of electroporation buffer, the osmoticum of electroporation buffer and medium, the osmoticum of pre-electroporation culture medium, and pre-electroporation incubation time and temperature. Maximum transient gene expression was obtained with a single pulse of 550 V/cm from a 960-μF capacitor, using 200 μl of electroporation buffer, after 2–3 h culture on media with 357 mOsm for wheat scutella or 1 day on media with 222 mOsm for tritordeum inflorescences, and 0.5–1 h pre-electroporation incubation with DNA at 24 °C. Under these conditions, up to 90% of the explants showed GUS expression, and up to 149 expression signals were recorded per replicate. Electroporated explants showed high rates of survival and retained the ability to regenerate plants via somatic embryogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990050533
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  • 89
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    The application of wheat microsatellites to identify disomic Triticum aestivum-Aegilops markgrafii addition lines (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 138-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops markgrafii ; Triticum aestivum ; Addition lines ; Chromosome markers ; Homoeology ; Wheat ; Wheat microsatellites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We describe the use of wheat microsatellites for the discrimination of Aegilops markgrafii chromosomes. Twenty out of eighty eight wheat microsatellites (WMS) tested were able to distinguish Triticum aestivum-Ae. markgrafii addition lines. Six, three, three, one and six of 18 WMS can be used as markers for single Ae. markgrafii chromosomes B, C, D, F and G, respectively. Addition line A is not available but additional bands, appearing only in Ae. markgrafii and the T. aestivum-Ae. markgrafii amphiploid and not in any of the available addition lines, indicate that three WMS detect markers for Ae. markgrafii chromosomes A. Addition line E could not be detected by any of the WMS markers applied, although the 20 WMS represented all the homologous groups of wheat. All three WMS located on the short arm of group-2 chromosomes were located on Ae. markgrafii chromosome B; three of four WMS, located on the long arm of wheat group-2 chromosomes, were specific to Ae. markgrafii chromosome G and three of four WMS, specific to group-5 chromosomes, were markers for Ae. markgrafii chromosome C, indicating the homoeology of these wheat chromosome arms with the respective Ae. markgrafii chromosomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050720
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  • 90
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    Genetic diversity in Australian wheat varieties and breeding material based on RFLP data (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 435-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words RFLP analysis ; Triticum aestivum ; Genetic diversity ; Genetic similarity estimates ; Cluster analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been used to characterise the genetic diversity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) germplasm. One hundred and twenty-four accessions comprising all major Australian wheat varieties and lines important for breeding purposes were assayed for RFLPs with clones of known genetic location and selected to give uniform genome coverage. The objectives of this study were to determine RFLP-based genetic similarity between accessions and to derive associations between agronomically significant traits and RFLP phenotypes. Ninety-eight probes screened against genomic DNA digested with five restriction endonucleases detected a total of 1968 polymorphic fragments. Genetic similarity (GS) calculated from the RFLP data ranged from 0.004 to 0.409 between accessions, with a mean of 0.18. Cluster analysis based on GS estimates produced four groupings that were generally consistent with available pedigree information. Comparisons of the RFLP phenotypes of accessions containing disease resistance genes present on introgressed alien segments enabled the identification of specific alleles characteristic of these regions. Associations were derived for a range of stem-rust, leaf-rust and yellow-rust resistance genes. These results suggest that RFLP analysis can be used for the characterisation and grouping of elite breeding material of wheat and RFLP profiling can identify chromosome segments associated with agronomic traits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050760
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  • 91
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    Relationships between the chromosomes of Aegilops umbellulata and wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 69-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops umbellulata ; Co-linearity ; Comparative mapping ; Translocations ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A comparative genetic map of Aegilops umbellulata with wheat was constructed using RFLP probes that detect homoeoloci previously mapped in hexaploid bread wheat. All seven Ae. umbellulata chromosomes display one or more rearrangements relative to wheat. These structural changes are consistent with the sub-terminal morphology of chromosomes 2 U, 3 U, 6 U and 7 U. Comparison of the chromosomal locations assigned by mapping and those obtained by hybridization to wheat/Ae. umbellulata single chromosome addition lines verified the composition of the added Ae. umbellulata chromosomes and indicated that no further cytological rearrangements had taken place during the production of the alien-wheat aneuploid lines. Relationships between Ae. umbellulata and wheat chromosomes were confirmed, based on homoeology of the centromeric regions, for 1 U, 2 U, 3 U, 5 U and 7 U. However, homoeology of the centromeric regions of 4 U with wheat group-6 chromosomes and of 6 U with wheat group-4 chromosomes was also confirmed, suggesting that a re-naming of these chromosomes may be pertinent. The consequences of the rearrangements of the Ae. umbellulata genome relative to wheat for gene introgression are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050710
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  • 92
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    Molecular cytogenetic characterization of Thinopyrum intermedium-derived wheat germplasm specifying resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Fluorescence in situ hybridization ; Translocation ; WSMV resistance ; Thinopyrum intermedium ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Thinopyrum intermedium is a promising source of resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), a devastating disease of wheat. Three wheat germplasm lines possessing resistance to WSMV, derived from Triticum aestivum×Th. intermedium crosses, are analyzed by C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) to determine the amount and location of alien chromatin in the transfer lines. Line CI15092 was confirmed as a disomic substitution line in which wheat chromosome 4A was replaced by Th. intermedium chromosome 4Ai?2. The other two lines, CI17766 and A29-13-3, carry an identical Robertsonian translocation chromosome in which the complete short arm of chromosome 4Ai?2 was transferred to the long arm of wheat chromosome 4A. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using ABD genomic DNA from wheat as a probe and S genomic DNA from Pseudoroegneria stipifolia as the blocker, and vice versa, revealed that the entire short arm of the translocation was derived from the short arm of chromosome 4Ai?2 and the breakpoint was located at the centromere. Chromosomal arm ratios (L/S) of 2.12 in CI17766 and 2.15 in A29-13-3 showed that the translocated chromosome is submetacentric. This translocated chromosome is designated as T4AL ⋅ 4Ai?2S as suggested by Friebe et al. (1991).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050701
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    Characterization of spelt (Triticum spelta L.) forms by gel-electrophoretic analyses of seed storage proteins. III. Comparative analyses of spelt and Central European winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars by SDS-PAGE and acid-PAGE (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1340-1346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Triticum spelta ; Triticum aestivum ; SDS-PAGE ; Acid-PAGE ; Seed storage proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Seed storage proteins of a few selected spelt forms and crosses have already been electrophoretically analysed by SDS-PAGE and acid-PAGE and compared with a few winter wheat cultivars. In the analyses presented here further important Central European spelt varieties were included, as well as modern winter wheat cultivars which were chosen as standards. In this study gliadin and glutenin band patterns of modern Central European winter wheat cultivars were analysed, in particular for a comparison with spelt varieties. An improved differentiation within and between the two species was obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051027
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    Comparative analyses of RFLP diversity in landraces of Triticum aestivum and collections of T. tauschii from China and Southwest Asia (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 312-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genetic diversity ; Triticum tauschii ; Triticum aestivum ; RFLP ; Landrace wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Chinese accessions of Triticum tauschii and T. aestivum L. from the Sichuan white (SW), Yunnan hulled (YH), Tibetan weedrace (TW), and Xinjiang rice (XR) wheat groups were subjected to RFLP analysis. T. tauschii and landraces of T. aestivum from countries in Southwest Asia were also evaluated. For T. tauschii, a west to east gradient was apparent where the Chinese accessions exhibited less diversity than those from Southwest Asia. Compared to the Southwest Asian gene pool, the Chinese T. tauschii was highly homogeneous giving a low frequency of polymorphic bands (16%) and banding patterns (1.33 per probe) with 75 RFLP probe-HindIII combinations. Accessions of T. tauschii from Afghanistan and Pakistan were genetically more similar to the Chinese T. tauschii than those from Iran. Of 368 bands found for 39 Chinese hexaploid wheat accessions with 63 RFLP probe-HindIII combinations, 28.3% were polymorphic with an average of 2.6 banding patterns per probe and 5.0 bands per genotype. The individual Chinese landrace wheat groups revealed less variation than those from Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey. When classified into country based groups, however, the diversity level over all Chinese landraces was greater than that of some Southwest Asian landraces, especially those from Afghanistan and Iran . The XR wheat group was genetically distinct from the other three Chinese landrace groups and was more related to the Southwest Asian landraces. The TW group was genetically similar to, but more diverse than, the SW and YH groups. The Chinese landraces had a higher degree of genetic relatedness to the Southwest Asian T. tauschii, particularly to accessions from Iran, rather than to the Chinese T. tauschii. ‘Chinese Spring’ was most related to ‘Chengdu-guang-tou’, a cultivar from the SW wheat group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050742
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    A cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.) resistance gene transferred from Aegilops triuncialis to hexaploid wheat (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 1135-1140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Aegilops triuncialis ; Triticum aestivum ; Heterodera avenae ; Cereal cyst nematode ; Resistance gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) is an important root parasite of common wheat. A high level of resistance was transferred to wheat from Aegilops triuncialis (TR lines) using the cross [(T. turgidum×Ae. triuncialis)×T. aestivum]. Low fertility (3–5 viable kernels per plant) was observed during the process but the surviving hybrid plants were highly vigorous. To obtain stable resistant lines further crosses to T. aestivum were performed. The resistance in TR lines seems to be transferred from the C genome of Ae. triuncialis (genomes CCUU). Ae. triuncialis was highly resistant to the two Spanish populations of H. avenae tested, as well as to four French races and two Swedish populations. The histological analysis showed a hypersensitive reaction in the roots of a resistant TR line inoculated with the Ha71 pathotype of H. avenae, whereas well-formed syncytia were observed in the roots of the susceptible control. Resistance to the H. avenae Ha71 pathotype seemed to be inherited as determined by a single dominant factor in the crosses between resistant TR lines and susceptible cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050849
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  • 96
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    Molecular Characteristics of Transgenic Wheat and the Effect on Transgene Expression (1998)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 7 (1998), S. 463-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: particle bombardment ; transgene expression ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A population of R0 transgenic wheat plants, generated by particle bombardment, was analyzed to define molecular, genetic and phenotypic properties resulting from transformation with a cointegrate vector, or cotransformation with two separate plasmids. By evaluating the progeny of 70 independently-derived transgenic plants, we also identified rare events such as chimerism and transgene elimination, which provide valuable information concerning the development of transgenic cereal plants following bombardment experiments. The frequency of chimerism in our transgenic wheat plants was very low. Furthermore, while transgene elimination did occur, this was also a very rare event. We determined the copy numbers of integrated transgenes and the levels of transgene expression. Comparisons to transgenic rice plants generated in the same manner demonstrated some similarities, but also important differences in transgene behavior. Whereas in rice there is no evidence for any direct relationship between transgene copy number and transgene expression or stability, multicopy populations in wheat demonstrated a bias towards higher levels of expression for the two genes and the maize ubiquitin promoter evaluated in the present study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008833324193
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    Morphology and molecular phylogeny ofTretopileus sphaerophorus, a synnematous hyphomycete with basidiomycetous affinities (1998)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 39 (1998), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Aphyllophorales ; ribosomalDNA ; synnematous hyphomycete ; taxonomy ; Tretopileus sphaerophorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tretopileus sphaerophorus, a synnematous hyphomycete with basidiomycetous affinities was newly isolated from the decaying petiole and peduncle ofCocos nucifera collected in Depok, Indonesia. The species produced first a bulbil as a propagule on the top of a synnema. After the bulbil had fallen, the synnema proliferated about seven times to produce new bulbils, each time making conspicuous nodes at the upper part. By careful morphological observation, clamp connections were confirmed on the hyphae in the specimens and culture. In culture, each hyphal cell with or without a clamp was found to be dikaryotic by DAPI nuclear staining. Germination of the bulbils occurred first from projecting hyphal tips on their upper surface, which have been treated as germ pores. The inner structure of the bulbils, the hyaline mucus of the bulbils, and conidium-like hyphal fragments were also examined. Phylogenetically,T. sphaerophorus was inferred to be related to the Aphyllophorales based on the nuclear encoded small subunit (18S) rDNA using the homology search system (FASTA) and the neighbour-joining method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02461574
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    The order phyllachorales: Taxonomic review (1998)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 39 (1998), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Loculoascomycetes ; phyllachoraceae ; phyllachorales ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The order Phyllachorales contains ascomycetous fungi of considerable economic importance. The group is represented mostly by foliar parasites which produce perithecia under a clypeus, inside a stroma, or do not produce any stromatic tissue. A major taxonomic problem with this order is the lack of reliable morphological characters that clearly delimit the entire group. The main purpose of this review is to provide a clear picture of the taxonomic relationships of the order Phyllachorales, along with a key to the most important genera in the family Phyllachoraceae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02461586
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    On some species ofMycogloea (1998)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 39 (1998), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Mycogloea ; Platygloea ; Platygloeaceae ; Platygloeales ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three new species ofMycogloea are described and illustrated; they are:M. amethystina from Canada,M. nipponica, from Japan, andM. bullata from Thailand.Mycogloea tahitiensis is reported from Japan and additional undescribed taxa in the genus are briefly noted. Some characteristics of the genus are discussed, and a key is provided for six species recognized at this time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02461575
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  • 100
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    Phylogenetic relationships betweenVicia faba (Fabaceae) and related species inferred from chloroplasttrnL sequences (1998)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 212 (1998), S. 247-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Vicia faba ; trnL intron ; PCR-sequencing ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chloroplasttrnL intron from 46 differentVicia accessions, representing five of the nine sections of the genusVicia subg.Vicia sensuMaxted (1991a) were amplified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using oligonucleotide primers homologous to conserved regions intrnL. The products fell into two distinct groups; those of approximately 250 nt and those of around 450 nt in length. Of these, products from 17 differentVicia species were cloned and their nucleotide sequences determined. Multiple alignments were assembled and phylogenetic trees constructed by the weighted least-squares distance method. ALathyrus latifolius trnL intron sequence was used as an outgroup. The resulting trees clearly group and separate the sectt.Narbonensis, Bithynica andFaba species but were less able to distinguish species from sectt.Hypechusa andPeregrinae. Based on these sequence data,V. faba appears to be more distant from sect.Narbonensis than sectt.Hypechusa andPeregrinae. The results are in general agreement with a recent treatment ofVicia subg.Vicia (Maxted 1993) and lend further support to placingV. faba in the monospecific sect.Faba.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01089741
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