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  • General Chemistry  (77,717)
  • Animals  (27,852)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (25,032)
  • 550 - Earth sciences  (19,122)
  • Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
  • Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
  • Meteorology and Climatology
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  • 1
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    Quantification of bone surface textures: exploring a new method of ontogenetic ageing (2023)
    In:  Journal of Analytical Science and Technology vol. 14 no. 1
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-26
    Description: Identifcation of ontogenetic age classes plays an important role in the felds of zoology, palaeontology and archaeology, where accurate age classifcations of (sub)fossil remains are a crucial component for the reconstruction \nof past life. Textural ageing\xe2\x80\x94the identifcation of age-related bone surface textures\xe2\x80\x94provides a size-independent \nmethod for age assessment of vertebrate material. However, most of the work so far is limited to qualitative results. \nWhile qualitative approaches provide helpful insights on textural ageing patterns, they are heavily subject to observer \nbias and fall short of quantitative data relevant for detailed statistical analyses and cross-comparisons. Here, we present a pilot study on the application of 3D surface digital microscopy to quantify bone surface textures on the long \nbones of the grey heron (Ardea cinerea) and the Canada goose (Branta canadensis) using internationally verifed \nroughness parameters. Using a standardised measuring protocol, computed roughness values show a strong correlation with qualitative descriptions of textural patterns. Overall, higher roughness values correspond to increased numbers of grooves and pits and vice versa. Most of the roughness parameters allowed distinguishing between diferent \nontogenetic classes and closely followed the typical sigmoidal animal growth curve. Our results show that bone \ntexture quantifcation is a feasible approach to identifying ontogenetic age classes.
    Keywords: General Physics and Astronomy ; General Environmental Science ; General Biochemistry ; Genetics and Molecular Biology ; General Materials Science ; General Chemistry ; Roughness ; Surfaces ; Taphonomy ; Topography ; Bone ; Ontogeny ; Digital microscopy
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
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    Calgary (2022)
    University of Calgary Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: How have our interactions with animals shaped Calgary? What can we do to ensure that humans and animals in the city continue to co-exist, and even flourish together? This wide-ranging book explores the ways that animals inhabit our city, our lives and our imaginations. Essays from animal historians, wildlife specialists, artists and writers address key issues such as human-wildlife interactions, livestock in the city, and animal performers at the Calgary Stampede. Contributions from some of Calgary's iconic arts institutions, including One Yellow Rabbit Performance Theatre, Decidedly Jazz Danceworks, and the Glenbow Museum, demonstrate how animals continue to be a source of inspiration and exploration for fashion, art, dance, and theatre. The full-colour volume is beautifully illustrated throughout with archival images, wildlife photography, documentary and production stills, and original artwork. Calgary: City of Animals is published in co-operation with the Calgary Institute for the Humanities.
    Keywords: Nature ; Animals ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFZ Animals & society
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Animal Metropolis (2022)
    University of Calgary Press
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    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: Animal Metropolis brings a Canadian perspective to the growing field of animal history, ranging across species and cities, from the beavers who engineered Stanley Park to the carthorses who shaped the city of Montreal. Some essays consider animals as spectacle: orca captivity in Vancouver, polar bear tourism in Churchill, Manitoba, fish on display in the Dominion Fisheries Museum, and the racialized memory of Jumbo the elephant in St. Thomas, Ontario. Others examine the bodily intimacies of shared urban spaces: the regulation of rabid dogs in Banff, the maternal politics of pure milk in Hamilton and the circulation of tetanus bacilli from horse to human in Toronto. Another considers the marginalization of women in Canada’s animal welfare movement. The authors collectively push forward from a historiography that features nonhuman animals as objects within human-centered inquiries to a historiography that considers the eclectic contacts, exchanges, and cohabitation of human and nonhuman animals. With contributions by: Kristoffer Archibald, Jason Colby, George Colpitts, Joanna Dean, Carla Hustak, Darcy Ingram, Sean Kheraj, William Knight, Sherry Olson, Rachel Poliquin, and Christabelle Sethna
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthropology ; Environmental Science ; History ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCN Environmental economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFZ Animals & society
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Sentient Ecologies (2022)
    Berghahn Books | Berghahn Books
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Employing methodological perspectives from the fields of political geography, environmental studies, anthropology, and their cognate disciplines, this volume explores alternative logics of sentient landscapes as racist, xenophobic, and right-wing. While the field of sentient landscapes has gained critical attention, the literature rarely seems to question the intentionality of sentient landscapes, which are often romanticized as pure, good, and just, and perceived as protectors of those who are powerless, indigenous, and colonized. The book takes a new stance on sentient landscapes with the intention of dispelling the denial of “coevalness” represented by their scholarly romanticization.
    Keywords: Social Science ; Sociology ; Rural ; Nature ; Animals ; Social Science ; Anthropology ; Cultural & Social ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSF Rural communities ; bic Book Industry Communication::W Lifestyle, sport & leisure::WN Natural history::WNC Wildlife: general interest ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social & cultural anthropology, ethnography
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Multispezies-Ethnographie (2021)
    transcript Verlag | transcript Verlag
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Wie werden Natur und Tiere durch die Multispezies-Ethnographie inklusiv in Forschungsprojekte integriert? Katharina Ameli fokussiert die inter- und multidisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit. Aus einer Untersuchung der Schnittstellen zwischen gesellschafts- und naturwissenschaftlich orientierten Fachdisziplinen ergibt sich eine komplexe Betrachtung von Natur, Mensch und Tier. Die Einblicke in Interdependenzen unterschiedlicher Fachdisziplinen verdeutlichen den Bedarf an einer Multispezies-Ethnographie zur Analyse von MenschenTiereNaturenKulturen.
    Keywords: Natur ; Mensch ; Tiere ; Naturverständnis ; Interdisziplinarität ; Qualitative Forschung ; Kultur ; Ethnographie ; Umwelt ; Tier ; Human-animal Studies ; Umweltsoziologie ; Kulturanthropologie ; Kultursoziologie ; Kulturwissenschaft ; Nature ; Human ; Animals ; Understanding of Nature ; Interdisciplinarity ; Qualitative Research ; Culture ; Ethnography ; Environment ; Animal ; Environmental Sociology ; Cultural Anthropology ; Sociology of Culture ; Cultural Studies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBF Social and ethical issues::JBFU Animals and society ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNT Social impact of environmental issues ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHM Anthropology::JHMC Social and cultural anthropology
    Language: German
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  • 6
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    Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World (2021)
    University Press of Colorado | University Press of Colorado
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World explores the current trends in the social archaeology of human-animal relationships, focusing on the ways in which animals are used to structure, create, support, and even deconstruct social inequalities. The authors provide a global range of case studies from both New and Old World archaeology—royal Aztec dog burial, the monumental horse tombs of Central Asia, and the ceremonial macaw cages of ancient Mexico among them. They explore the complex relationships between people and animals in social, economic, political, and ritual contexts, incorporating animal remains from archaeological sites with artifacts, texts, and iconography to develop their interpretations. Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World presents new data and interpretations that reveal the role of animals, their products, and their symbolism in structuring social inequalities in the ancient world. The volume will be of interest to archaeologists, especially zooarchaeologists, and classical scholars of pre-modern civilizations and societies.  Contributors: Alejandra Aguirre Molina, Benjamin S. Arbuckle, Levent Atici, Douglas V. Campana, Roderick Campbell, Ximena Chá­vez Balderas, Pam J. Crabtree, Susan D. deFrance, Kitty F. Emery, Abigail Holeman, H. Edwin Jackson, Leonardo López Lujá­n, Michael MacKinnon, Arkadiusz Marciniak, Sue Ann McCarty, Neil L. Norman, Gilberto Perez, Bernardo Rodriguez, William A. Saturno, Ashley E. Sharpe, Nawa Sugiyama, Charlotte K. Sunseri, Naomi Sykes, Fabiola Torres, Raul Valadez, Norma Valentin Maldonado, Adam S. Watson, Joshua Wright, Belem Zuniga-Arelleno
    Keywords: History ; Ancient ; Social Science ; Archaeology ; Nature ; Animals ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHC Ancient history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NK Archaeology ; thema EDItEUR::W Lifestyle, Hobbies and Leisure::WN Nature and the natural world: general interest::WNC Wildlife: general interest
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Human and Animal Models for Translational Research on Neurodegeneration: Challenges and Opportunities From South America (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Neurodegenerative diseases are the most frequent cause of dementia, representing a burden for public health systems (especially in middle and middle-high income countries). Although most research on this issue is concentrated in first-world centers, growing efforts in South America are affording important breakthroughs. This emerging agenda poses new challenges for the region but also new opportunities for the field. This book aims to integrate the community of experts across the globe and the region, and to establish new challenges and developments for future investigation. We present research focused on neurodegenerative research in South America. We introduce studies assessing the interplay among genetic, neural, and behavioral dimensions of these diseases, as well as articles on vulnerability factors, comparisons of findings from various countries, and works promoting multicenter and collaborative networking. More generally, our book covers a broad scope of human-research approaches (behavioral assessment, neuroimaging, electromagnetic techniques, brain connectivity, peripheral measures), animal methodologies (genetics, epigenetics, proteomics, metabolomics, other molecular biology tools), species (all human and non-human animals, sporadic, and genetic versions), and article types (original research, review, and opinion papers). Through this wide-ranging proposal, we hope to introduce a fresh approach to the challenges and opportunities of research on neurodegeneration in South America.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; South America ; Multicenter research ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neurosciences ; Public Health ; Animals ; Clinical Protocols ; Research ; Human Experimentation ; Dementia ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Neuropharmacological, Neurobiological and Behavioral Mechanisms of Learning and Memory (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: drugs ; Behavior ; Memory tasks ; pre-clinical ; clinical ; Humans ; Animals ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKG Pharmacology
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  • 9
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    InSight Aerothermal Environment Assessment (2020)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-01
    Description: The InSight spacecraft was proposed to be a build-to-print copy of the Phoenix vehicle due to the knowledge that the lander payload would be similar and the trajectory would be similar. However, the InSight aerothermal analysts, based on tests performed in CO2 during the Mars Science Laboratory mission (MSL) and completion of Russian databases, considered radiative heat flux to the aftbody from the wake for the first time for a US Mars mission. The combined convective and radiative heat flux was used to determine if the as-flown Phoenix thermal protection system (TPS) design would be sufficient for InSight. All analyses showed that the design would be adequate. Once the InSight lander was successfully delivered to Mars on November 26, 2018, work began to reconstruct the atmosphere and trajectory in order to evaluate the aerothermal environments that were actually encountered by the spacecraft and to compare them to the design environments.The best estimated trajectory (BET) reconstructed for the InSight atmospheric entry fell between the two trajectories considered for the design, when looking at the velocity versus altitude values. The maximum heat rate design trajectory (MHR) flew at a higher velocity and the maximum heat load design trajectory (MHL) flew at a lower velocity than the BET. For TPS sizing, the MHL trajectory drove the design. Reconstruction has shown that the BET flew for a shorter time than either of the design environments, hence total heat load on the vehicle should have been less than used in design. Utilizing the BET, both DPLR and LAURA were first run to analyze the convective heating on the vehicle with no angle of attack. Both codes were run with axisymmetric, laminar flow in radiative equilibrium and vibrational non-equilibrium with a surface emissivity of 0.8. Eight species Mitcheltree chemistry was assumed with CO2, CO, N2, O2, NO, C, N, and O. Both codes agreed within 1% on the forebody and had the expected differences on the aftbody. The NEQAIR and HARA codes were used to analyze the radiative heating on the vehicle using full spherical ray-tracing. The codes agreed within 5% on most aftbody points of interest.The LAURA code was then used to evaluate the conditions at angle of attack at the peak heating and peak pressure times. Boundary layer properties were investigated to confirm that the flow over the forebody was laminar for the flight.Comparisons of the aerothermal heating determined for the reconstructed trajectory to the design trajectories showed that the as-flown conditions were less severe than design
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN69598 , AIAA SciTech 2020; Jan 06, 2020 - Jan 10, 2020; Orlando, FL; United States
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  • 10
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    Progress in Interferometric Rayleigh Scattering to Measure Fluctuations Spectra of Velocity and Temperature in High Speed Flows (2020)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-18
    Description: A new, spectrally-resolved, Rayleigh scattering setup at NASA Ames is further developed to measure fluctuations in velocity and temperature. Using a combination of a continuous-wave laser, a stabilized Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI), an EMCCD camera, and a photo-multiplier tube, the setup was demonstrated to provide fairly accurate measurements of time-averaged velocity, temperature, density and spectrum of density fluctuations in a high-speed free jet (Panda & White, 2018). This paper describes further progress in fast measurement of the Rayleigh-Brillouin spectrum via a 16-anode linear-array of photo-multiplier tube and a multi-channel, photo-electron counter. Rayleigh scattered light from a 0.4mm long probe volume was directly imaged through the FPI and was imaged on the linear array. Synchronous photo-electron counting over a series of short, contiguous gates provided time-evolution of the fringes at a 10 kHz sampling rate. Sample spectra collected from a Mach 0.98 jet show spectral content floating on high noise-floor. Efforts to collect longer time series of data and different schemes of extracting velocity and temperature information are now in progress.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: AIAA 2020-0300 , ARC-E-DAA-TN76183 , AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum; Jan 06, 2020 - Jan 10, 2020; Orlando, FL; United States
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  • 11
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    Connecting Data with Data Usage: A Graph Approach (2020)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2020-01-15
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN76438 , ESIP Winter Meeting; Jan 07, 2020 - Jan 09, 2020; Bethesda, MD; United States
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  • 12
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    CFD Predictions of Soot & CO Emissions Generated by a Partially-Fueled 9-Element Lean-Direct Injection Combustor (2020)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-15
    Description: A study was undertaken to investigate the CO & soot emissions generated by a partially-fueled 9- element LDI (Lean-Direct Injection) combustor configuration operating in the idle range of jet engine conditions. In order to perform the CFD analysis, several existing soot/chemistry models were implemented into the OpenNCC (Open National Combustion Code). The calculations were based on a Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulation with standard k-epsilon turbulence model, a 62- species jet-a/air chemistry, a 2-equation soot model, & a Lagrangian spray solver. A separate transport equation was solved for all individual species involved in jet-a/air combustion. In the test LDI configuration we examined, only five of the nine injectors were fueled with the major pilot injector operating at an equivalence ratio of near one and the other four main injectors operating at an equivalence ratio near 0.55. The calculations helped to identify several reasons behind the soot & CO formation in different regions of the combustor. The predicted results were compared with the reported experimental data on soot mass concentration (SMC) & emissions index of CO (EICO). The experimental results showed that an increase in either T3 and/or F/A ratio lead to a reduction in both EICO & SMC. The predicted results were found to be in reasonable agreement. However, the predicted EICO differed substantially in one test condition associated with higher F/A ratio.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: AIAA 2020-2088 , GRC-E-DAA-TN75696 , AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum; Jan 06, 2020 - Jan 10, 2020; Orlando, FL; United States
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  • 13
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    Multigrid Preconditioning for a Space-Time Spectral-Element Discontinuous-Galerkin Solver (2020)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-24
    Description: In this work we examine a multigrid preconditioning approach in the context of a high- order tensor-product discontinuous-Galerkin spectral-element solver. We couple multigrid ideas together with memory lean and efficient tensor-product preconditioned matrix-free smoothers. Block ILU(0)-preconditioned GMRES smoothers are employed on the coarsest spaces. The performance is evaluated on nonlinear problems arising from unsteady scale- resolving solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations: separated low-Mach unsteady ow over an airfoil from laminar to turbulent ow. A reduction in the number of ne space iterations is observed, which proves the efficiency of the approach in terms of preconditioning the linear systems, however this gain was not reflected in the CPU time. Finally, the preconditioner is successfully applied to problems characterized by stiff source terms such as the set of RANS equations, where the simple tensor product preconditioner fails. Theoretical justification about the findings is reported and future work is outlined.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN76312 , AIAA SciTech 2020; Jan 06, 2020 - Jan 10, 2020; Orlando, FL; United States
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  • 14
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    Estimation of the Tropical Cyclone Diurnal Cycle Using Simulated Observations from the NASA TROPICS Earth Venture Mission (2020)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2020-01-24
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN76613 , American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting; Jan 12, 2020 - Jan 16, 2020; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 15
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    AJAX CABOTS Data (2020)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2020-01-24
    Description: The Alpha Jet Atmospheric eXperiment (AJAX) airborne science project based out of NASA Ames Research Center performed eight science flights in coordination with the California Baseline Ozone Transport Study (CABOTS) campaign. Many of these flights included a series of vertical profiles (~ 0-5 km) distributed roughly along either a North/South or East/West transect. Some flights also connected the fixed-location measurements at Visalia (TOPAZ ozone lidar) and Bodega Bay (ozonesondes). AJAX measured ozone, carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and 3-D winds on each flight, and those in situ measurements are the basis of the data sets collected here. Trace gas data sets including time and aircraft position have been delivered as comma-separated-value text files. Meteorological data (temperature, pressure and 3-dimensional winds) are provided at 1 Hz in ICARTT-compliant text files.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN77025
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  • 16
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    River Flood Prediction Using a Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network (2020)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2020-01-24
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN76760 , AMS Annual Meeting; Jan 12, 2020 - Jan 16, 2020; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 17
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    Experimental Heat Transfer Supporting Simulated Water Well Performance on Mars (2020)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2020-01-23
    Description: Favorable indications of massive quantities of water on Mars have initiated studies of potential changes to human Mars missions. Using a technique known as a Rodriguez Well to melt the ice, store the resulting water in a subsurface ice cavity until needed, and then pump water to the surface for use is one potential means to effect these changes. A computer simulation of the Rodriguez Well in a terrestrial environment is one of the engineering tools being used to characterize the performance of this type of well on Mars. An experiment at the NASA Johnson Space Center is gathering data for convective heat transfer and evaporation rates at Mars surface conditions so that this computer simulation can be properly modified to predict performance on Mars. While quantitative results await processing, tests have indicated that a pool of water can be maintained at 1C to 2 C while at Mars surface temperatures and pressures.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN74283 , International Conference on Mars Polar Science and Exploration; Jan 13, 2020 - Jan 17, 2020; Tierr del Fuego; Argentina
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  • 18
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    Robustness and Behavior of Adjoint Calculations of Observation Impacts in Numerical Weather Prediction (2020)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2020-01-23
    Description: Adjoint models are powerful tools that can be used to estimate the impact of observations on a chosen norm for numerical weather prediction forecasts. In this study, the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (NASA/GMAO) Observing System Simulation Experiment framework is employed to investigate the behavior of the adjoint tool in an environment where the 'true' state of the atmosphere is fully known. This allows for the calculation of adjoint estimates of observation impact for very short forecast times including the zero-hour analysis state. The adjoint calculations using self-analysis verification can also be compared to adjoint calculations using the 'truth' as verification in order to characterize the robustness of adjoint estimations in the operational setting. Results from a experiments exploring various aspects of performance of the adjoint tool will be presented.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN76951 , AMS Annual Meeting; Jan 12, 2020 - Jan 16, 2020; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 19
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    Verification of the Convection-Allowing Ensemble System over the Hindu Kush Himalaya Region During the 2018 and 2019 Pre-Monsoon Severe Thunderstorm Seasons (2020)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-23
    Description: Some of the most intense thunderstorms on the planet occur in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region of South-Central Asia. NASA/SERVIR Applied Sciences Team competitive project to develop capacity of severe thunderstorm monitoring and forecasting tool for HKH. Project Goal: Use [NASA] modeling and remote-sensing assets to build early warning capabilities and facilitate timely disaster response for high impact weather events in the HKH region. Specific objectives: 1. Prototype and transition High-Impact Weather Assessment Toolkit (HIWAT) 2. Jointly develop HIWAT capabilities & training with SERVIRs hub in Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) 3. Demonstrate capacity in end-user environment 4. Transition HIWAT system to ICIMOD for future maintenance.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN76785 , AMS Annual Meeting; Jan 12, 2020 - Jan 16, 2020; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 20
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    Radiometric Correction of Digital UAS Multispectral Imagery Using Free and Open Satellite Surface Reflectance Images (2020)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2020-01-23
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN76637 , AMS Annual Meeting; Jan 12, 2020 - Jan 16, 2020; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 21
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    Large-Scale Influences on Atmospheric River Induced Extreme Precipitation Events Along the Coast of Washington State (2020)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-23
    Description: Atmospheric Rivers (ARs) are responsible for much of the precipitation along the west coast of the United States. In order to accurately predict AR events in numerical weather prediction, subseasonal and seasonal timescales, it is important to understand the large-scale meteorological influence on extreme AR events.Here, characteristics of ARs that result in an extreme precipitation event are compared to typical ARs on the coast of WashingtonState. In addition to more intense water vapor transport, notable differences in the synoptic forcing are present during extreme precipitation events that are not present during typical AR events.In particular, a negatively tilted low pressure system is positioned to the west in the Gulf of Alaska, alongside an upper level jet streak. Subseasonal and seasonal teleconnection patterns are known to influence the weather in the Pacific Northwest. The Madden JulianOscillation (MJO) is shown to be particularly important in determining the strength of precipitation associated with in AR ont he Washington coast.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN76948
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  • 22
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    Modeling Heatshield Erosion Due to Dust Particle Impacts for Martian Entries (2020)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-18
    Description: Heatshield design for spacecraft entering the atmosphere of Mars may be affected by the presence of atmospheric dust. Particle impacts with sufficient kinetic energy can cause spallation damage to the heatshield that must be estimated. The dust environment in terms of particle size distribution and number density can be inferred from ground-based or atmospheric observations at Mars. Using a Lagrangian approach, the particle trajectories through the shock layer can be computed using a set of coupled ordinary differential equations. The dust particles are small enough that non-continuum effects must be accounted for when computing the drag coefficient and heat transfer to the particle surface. Surface damage correlations for impact crater diameter and penetration depth are presented for fused-silica, AVCOAT, Shuttle tiles, cork, and Norcoat Lige. The cork and Norcoat Lige correlations are new and were developed in this study. The modeling equations presented in this paper are applied to compute the heatshield erosion due to dust particle impacts on the ExoMars Schiaparelli entry capsule during dust storm conditions.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN76672 , AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum; Jan 06, 2020 - Jan 10, 2020; Orlando, FL; United States
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    Modeling Heatshield Erosion due to Dust Particle Impacts for Martian Entries (2020)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-17
    Description: Heatshield design for spacecraft entering the atmosphere of Mars may be affected by the presence of atmospheric dust. Particle impacts with sufficient kinetic energy can cause spallation damage to the heatshield that must be estimated. The dust environment in terms of particle size distribution and number density can be inferred from ground-based or atmospheric observations at Mars. Using a Lagrangian approach, the particle trajectories through the shock layer can be computed using a set of coupled ordinary differential equations. The dust particles are small enough that non-continuum effects must be accounted for when computing the drag coefficient and heat transfer to the particle surface. Surface damage correlations for impact crater diameter and penetration depth are presented for fused-silica, AVCOAT, Shuttle tiles, cork, and Norcoat Lige. The cork and Norcoat Lige correlations are new and were developed in this study. The modeling equations presented in this paper are applied to compute the heatshield erosion due to dust particle impacts on the ExoMars Schiaparelli entry capsule during dust storm conditions.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: AIAA 2020-0254 , ARC-E-DAA-TN75805 , AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum; Jan 06, 2020 - Jan 10, 2020; Orlando, FL; United States
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    Insight Aerothermal Environment Assessment (2020)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-17
    Description: The Mars Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) spacecraft, which successfully touched down on the planet surface on November 26, 2018, was proposed as a near build-to-print copy of the Mars Phoenix vehicle to reduce the overall cost and risk of the mission. Since the lander payload and the atmospheric entry trajectory were similar enough to those of the Phoenix mission, it was expected that the Phoenix thermal protection material thickness would be sufficient to withstand the entry heat load. However, allowances were made for increasing the heatshield thickness because the planned spacecraft arrival date coincided with the Mars dust storm season. The aftbody Thermal Protection System (TPS) components were not expected to change. In a first for a US Mars mission, the aerothermal environments for InSight included estimates of radiative heat flux to the aftbody from the wake. The combined convective and radiative heat fluxes were used to determine if the as-flown Phoenix thermal protection system (TPS) design would be sufficient for InSight. Although the radiative heat fluxes on the aftbody were predicted to be comparable to, or even higher than the local convective heat fluxes, all analyses of the aftbody TPS showed that the design would still be adequate. Aerothermal environments were computed for the vehicle from post-flight reconstruction of the atmosphere and trajectory and compared.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN76667 , AIAA SciTech 2020; Jan 06, 2020 - Jan 10, 2020; Orlando, FL; United States
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    Large-Scale Transport into the Arctic: The Roles of the Midlatitude Jet and the Hadley Cell (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-21
    Description: Transport from the Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitudes to the Arctic plays a crucial role in determining the abundance of trace gases and aerosols that are important to Arctic climate via impacts on radiation and chemistry. Here we examine this transport using an idealized tracer with a fixed lifetime and predominantly midlatitude land-based sources in models participating in the Chemistry Climate Model Initiative (CCMI). We show that there is a 25%-45% difference in the Arctic concentrations of this tracer among the models. This spread is correlated with the spread in the location of the Pacific jet, as well as the spread in the location of the Hadley Cell (HC) edge, which varies consistently with jet latitude. Our results suggest that it is likely that the HC-related zonal-mean meridional transport rather than the jet-related eddy mixing is the major contributor to the inter-model spread in the transport of land-based tracers into the Arctic. Specifically, in models with a more northern jet, the HC generally extends further north and the tracer source region is mostly covered by surface southward flow associated with the lower branch of the HC, resulting in less efficient transport poleward to the Arctic. During boreal summer, there are poleward biases in jet location in free-running models, and these models likely underestimate the rate of transport into the Arctic. Models using specified dynamics do not have biases in the jet location, but do have biases in the surface meridional flow, which may result in differences in transport into the Arctic. In addition to the land-based tracer, the midlatitude-to-Arctic transport is further examined by another idealized tracer with zonally uniform sources. With equal sources from both land and ocean, the inter-model spread of this zonally uniform tracer is more related to variations in parameterized convection over oceans rather than variations in HC extent, particularly during boreal winter. This suggests that transport of land-based and oceanic tracers or aerosols towards the Arctic differs in pathways and therefore their corresponding inter-model variabilities result from different physical processes.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN68258 , Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ISSN 1680-7316) (e-ISSN 1680-7324); 19; 8; 5511-5528
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    On the Use of Optimization Techniques for Turbulence Model Calibration (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-24
    Description: This article discusses the use of numerical optimization procedures to aid in the calibration of turbulence model coefficients. Such methods would increase the rigor and repeatability of the calibration procedure by requiring clearly defined and objective optimization metrics, and could be used to identify unique combinations of coefficient values for specific flow problems. The approach is applied to the re-calibration of an explicit algebraic Reynolds stress model for the incompressible planar mixing layer using the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm and a micro-genetic algorithm with minimally imposed constraints. Three composite fitness functions, each based upon the error in the mixing layer growth rate and the normal and shear components of the Reynolds stresses, are investigated. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in the target objectives through the adjustment of three pressure-strain coefficients. Adjustments of additional coefficients provide little further benefit. Issues regarding the effectiveness of the fitness functions and the efficiency of the optimization algorithms are also discussed.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-2019-220163 , E-19680 , GRC-E-DAA-TN65018
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    FUN3D Manual: 13.5 (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-24
    Description: This manual describes the installation and execution of FUN3D (Fully-UNstructured three-dimensional CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code) version 13.5, including optional dependent packages. FUN3D is a suite of computational fluid dynamics simulation and design tools that uses mixed-element unstructured grids in a large number of formats, including structured multiblock and overset grid systems. A discretely-exact adjoint solver enables efficient gradient-based design and grid adaptation to reduce estimated discretization error. FUN3D is available with and without a reacting, real-gas capability. This generic gas option is available only for those persons that qualify for its beta release status.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-2019-220271 , L-21013 , NF1676L-32825
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    Modeling Atmosphere-Ocean Radiative Transfer: A PACE Mission Perspective (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-29
    Description: The research frontiers of radiative transfer (RT) in coupled atmosphere-ocean systems are explored to enable new science and specifically to support the upcoming Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud ocean Ecosystem (PACE) satellite mission. Given (i) the multitude of atmospheric and oceanic constituents at any given moment that each exhibits a large variety of physical and chemical properties and (ii) the diversity of light-matter interactions (scattering, absorption, and emission), tackling all outstanding RT aspects related to interpreting and/or simulating light reflected by atmosphere-ocean systems becomes impossible. Instead, we focus on both theoretical and experimental studies of RT topics important to the science threshold and goal questions of the PACE mission and the measurement capabilities of its instruments. We differentiate between (a) forward (FWD) RT studies that focus mainly on sensitivity to influencing variables and/or simulating data sets, and (b) inverse (INV) RT studies that also involve the retrieval of atmosphere and ocean parameters. Our topics cover (1) the ocean (i.e., water body): absorption and elastic/inelastic scattering by pure water (FWD RT) and models for scattering and absorption by particulates (FWD RT and INV RT); (2) the air-water interface: variations in ocean surface refractive index (INV RT) and in whitecap reflectance (INV RT); (3) the atmosphere: polarimetric and/or hyperspectral remote sensing of aerosols (INV RT) and of gases (FWD RT); and (4) atmosphere-ocean systems: benchmark comparisons, impact of the Earth's sphericity and adjacency effects on space-borne observations, and scattering in the ultraviolet regime (FWD RT). We provide for each topic a summary of past relevant (heritage) work, followed by a discussion (for unresolved questions) and RT updates.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN70094 , Frontiers in Earth Science (e-ISSN 2296-6463)
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    Fire Analysis of the Thomas Fire in California Using NASA Data in a GIS (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-02
    Description: These maps are an analysis of the Thomas Fire that occurred in California during December 2017. Using a variety of NASA Earth science data from five National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sources (including four Earth Observing System Data and Information System Distributed Active Archive Centers and NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System), as well as ancillary data from Ventura County, Santa Barbara County, and the Department of Homeland Security, this analysis sought to identify forest fire risk zones, create a fire occurrence density map, examine the vegetation and subsequent burn scar, capture the affected parcels, and capture the affected vegetation.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67275 , Enviromental Systems Research Institute; 34; 54
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    AERONET Remotely Sensed Measurements and Retrievals of Biomass Burning Aerosol Optical Properties During the 2015 Indonesian Burning Season (2019)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-29
    Description: An extreme biomass-burning event occurred in Indonesia from September through October 2015 due to severe drought conditions, partially caused by a major El Nino event, thereby allowing for significant burning of peatland that had been previously drained. This event had the highest sustained aerosol optical depths (AOD) ever monitored by the global Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). The newly developed AERONET Version 3 algorithms retain high AOD at the longer wavelengths when associated with high Angstrom Exponents (AEs), which thereby allowed for measurements of AOD at 675 nanometers as high as approximately 7, the upper limit of Sun photometry. Measured AEs at the highest monitored AOD levels were subsequently utilized to estimate instantaneous values of AOD at 550 nanometers in the range of 11 to 13, well beyond the upper measurement limit. Additionally, retrievals of complex refractive indices, size distributions, and single scattering albedos (SSA) were obtained at much higher AOD levels than possible from almucantar scans due to the ability to perform retrievals at smaller solar zenith angles with new hybrid sky radiance scans. For retrievals made at the highest AOD levels the fine mode volume median radii were approximately 0.25 to 0.30 microns, which are very large particles for biomass burning. Very high SSA values (approximately 0.975 from 440 to 1020 nanometers) are consistent with the domination by smoldering combustion of peat burning. Estimates of the percentage peat contribution to total biomass burning aerosol based on retrieved SSA and laboratory measured peat SSA were approximately 80-85 percent, in excellent agreement with independent estimates.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN68573 , Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (ISSN 2169-897X) (e-ISSN 2169-8996); 124; 8; 4722-4740
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    Flood Analysis Of The Thomas Floods Using NASA Data (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-02
    Description: This analysis is a follow-on to the Thomas Fire analysis presented by Ross Bagwell ("Fire Analysis of the Thomas Fire Using NASA DATA in a GIS"). The Thomas fire and heavy rains a month later led to the historic flooding. The maps tell the story using NASA Earth Observing System data in concert with Santa Barbara County data.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67295
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    Strong Dependence of Atmospheric Feedbacks on Mixed-Phase Microphysics and Aerosol-Cloud Interactions in HadGEM3 (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-29
    Description: We analyze the atmospheric processes that explain the large changes in radiative feed-backs between the two latest climate configurations of the Hadley Centre Global Environmental model. We use a large set of atmosphere-only climate-change simulations (amip and amip-p4K) to separate the contributions to the differences in feedback parameter from all the atmospheric model developments between the two latest model configurations. We show that the differences are mostly driven by changes in the shortwave cloud radiative feedback in the midlatitudes, mainly over the Southern Ocean. Two new schemes explain most of the differences: the introduction of a new aerosol scheme; and the development of a new mixed-phase cloud scheme. Both schemes reduce the strength of the pre-existing shortwave negative cloud feedback in the midlatitudes. The new aerosol scheme dampens a strong aerosol-cloud interaction, and it also suppresses a negative clear-sky shortwave feedback. The mixed-phase scheme increases the amount of cloud liquid water path (LWP) in the present-day, thereby reducing the radiative effciency of the increase of LWP in the warmer climate. It also enhances a strong, pre-existing, positive cloud fraction feedback. We assess the realism of the changes by comparing present-day simulations against observations, and discuss avenues that could help constrain the relevant processes.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN70134 , Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (e-ISSN 1942-2466)
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    The Weather Analysis Display (WAND) Tool (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-05-15
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: M19-7317
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    WRLES: Wave Resolving Large-Eddy Simulation Code, Theory and Usage (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-11
    Description: A computational fluid dynamics code has been developed for large-eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent flow. The code uses high-order of accuracy and high-resolution numerical methods to minimize solution error and maximize the resolution of the turbulent structures. Spatial discretization is performed using explicit central differencing. The central differencing schemes in the code include 2nd- to 12th-order standard central difference methods as well as 7-, 9-, 11- and 13-point dispersion relation preserving schemes. Solution filtering and high-order shock capturing are included for stability. Time discretization is performed using multistage Runge-Kutta methods that are up to 4th order accurate. Several options are available to model turbulence including: Baldwin-Lomax and Spalart-Allmaras Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes turbulence models, and Smagorinsky, Dynamic Smagorinsky and Vreman sub-grid scale models for LES. This report presents the theory behind the numerical and physical models used in the code and provides a user's manual to the operation of the code.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-2019-220192 , GRC-E-DAA-TN67540
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    A Double Bootstrap Approach to Superposed Epoch Analysis to Evaluate Response Uncertainty (2019)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-05-25
    Description: The association between climate variability and episodic events, such as the antecedent moisture conditions prior to wildfire or the cooling following volcanic eruptions, is commonly assessed using Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA). In SEA the epochal response is typically calculated as the average climate conditions prior to and following all event years or their deviation from climatology. However, the magnitude and significance of the inferred climate association may be sensitive to the selection or omission of individual key years, potentially resulting in a biased assessment of the relationship between these events and climate. Here we describe and test a modified double-bootstrap SEA that generates multiple unique draws of the key years and evaluates the sign, magnitude, and significance of event-climate relationships within a probabilistic framework. This multiple resampling helps quantify multiple uncertainties inherent in conventional applications of SEA within dendrochronology and paleoclimatology. We demonstrate our modified SEA by evaluating the volcanic cooling signal in a Northern Hemisphere tree-ring temperature reconstruction and the link between drought and wildfire events in the western United States. Finally, we make our Matlab and R code available to be adapted for future SEA applications.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN68850 , Dendrochronologia (ISSN 1125-7865); 55; 119-124
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    Polarimetric Retrievals of Cloud Droplet Number Concentrations (2019)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-05-18
    Description: Cloud droplet number concentration (Nd) is an important parameter of liquid clouds and is crucial to understanding aerosol-cloud interactions. It couples boundary layer aerosol composition, size and concentration with cloud reflectivity. It affects cloud evolution, precipitation, radiative forcing, global climate and, through observation, can be used to partially monitor the first indirect effect. With its unique combination of multi-wavelength, multi-angle, total and polarized reflectance measurements, the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) retrieves Nd with relatively few assumptions. The approach involves measuring cloud optical thickness, mean droplet extinction cross-section and cloud physical thickness. Polarimetric observations are capable of measuring the effective variance, or width, of the droplet size distribution. Estimating cloud geometrical thickness is also an important component of the polarimetric Nd retrieval, which is accomplished using polarimetric measurements in a water vapor absorption band to retrieve the amount of in-cloud water vapor and relating this to physical thickness. We highlight the unique abilities and quantify uncertainties of the polarimetric approach. We validate the approach using observational data from the North Atlantic and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES). NAAMES targets specific phases in the seasonal phytoplankton lifecycle and ocean-atmosphere linkages. This study provides an excellent opportunity for the RSP to evaluate its approach of sensing Nd over a range of concentrations and cloud types with in situ measurements from a Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP). The RSP and CDP, along with an array of other instruments, are flown on the NASA C-130 aircraft, which flies in situ and remote sensing legs in sequence. Cloud base heights retrieved by the RSP compare well with those derived in situ (R=0.83) and by a ceilometer aboard the R.V. Atlantis (R=0.79). Comparing geometric mean values from 12 science flights throughout the NAAMES-1 and NAAMES-2 campaigns, we find a strong correlation between Nd retrieved by the RSP and CDP (R=0.96). A linear least squares fit has a slope of 0.92 and an intercept of 0.3 cm3. Uncertainty in this comparison can be attributed to cloud 3D effects, nonlinear liquid water profiles, multilayered clouds, measurement uncertainty, variation in spatial and temporal sampling, and assumptions used within the method. Radiometric uncertainties of the RSP measurements lead to biases on derived optical thickness and cloud physical thickness, but these biases largely cancel out when deriving Nd for most conditions and geometries. We find that a polarimetric approach to sensing Nd is viable and the RSP is capable of accurately retrieving Nd for a variety of cloud types and meteorological conditions.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN68261 , Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257) (e-ISSN 1879-0704); 228; 227-240
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    Uncertainties in Evapotranspiration Estimates over West Africa (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-17
    Description: An evapotranspiration (ET) ensemble composed of 36 land surface model (LSM) experiments and four diagnostic datasets (GLEAM, ALEXI, MOD16, and FLUXNET) is used to investigate uncertainties in ET estimate over five climate regions in West Africa. Diagnostic ET datasets show lower uncertainty estimates and smaller seasonal variations than the LSM-based ET values, particularly in the humid climate regions. Overall, the impact of the choice of LSMs and meteorological forcing datasets on the modeled ET rates increases from north to south. The LSM formulations and parameters have the largest impact on ET in humid regions, contributing to 90% of the ET uncertainty estimates. Precipitation contributes to the ET uncertainty primarily in arid regions. The LSM-based ET estimates are sensitive to the uncertainty of net radiation in arid region and precipitation in humid region. This study serves as support for better determining water availability for agriculture and livelihoods in Africa with earth observations and land surface models.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67775 , Remote Sensing (e-ISSN 2072-4292); 11; 8; 892
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    GPM Products (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-02
    Description: GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) Products. Includes information on these two programs that integrate GPM data: Multi-Radar/Multi-Sensor (MRMS) and Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG).
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN71369 , Weather and Air Quality Forecasting Applications Workshop; Jul 22, 2019; College Park, MD; United States
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    Near Real-Time Air Quality Forecasts Using the NASA GEOS Model (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-26
    Description: We present a new high-resolution global composition forecast system produced by NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office. The NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model has been expanded to provide global near-real-time 5-day forecasts of atmospheric composition at unprecedented horizontal resolution of 0.25 degrees (~25 km). This composition forecast system (GEOS-CF) system combines the operational GEOS weather forecasting model with the state-of-the-science GEOS-Chem chemistry module (version 12) to provide detailed analysis of a wide range of air pollutants such as ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Satellite observations are assimilated into the system for improved representation of weather and smoke.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN70165
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    Global Validation of Columnar Water Vapor Derived from EOS MODIS-MAIAC Algorithm Against the Ground-Based AERONET Observations (2019)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-23
    Description: The water vapor is a relevant greenhouse gas in the Earth's climate system, and satellite products become one of the most effective way to characterize and monitor the columnar water vapor (CWV) content at global scale. Recently, a new product (MCD19) was released as part of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Collection 6 (C6). This operational product from the Multi-Angle Implementation for Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm includes a high 1-kilometer resolution CWV retrievals. This study presents the first global validation of MAIAC C6 CWV obtained from MODIS MCD19A2 product. This evaluation was performed using Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations at 265 sites (2000-2017). Overall, the results show a good agreement between MAIAC/AERONET CWV retrievals, with correlation coefficient higher than 0.95 and RMS (Root Mean Square) error lower than 0.250 centimeters. The binned error analysis revealed an underestimation (approximately 10 percent) of Aqua CWV retrievals with negative bias for CWV higher than 3.0 centimeters. In contrast, Terra CWV retrievals show a slope of regression close to unity and a low mean bias of 0.075 centimeters. While the accuracy is relatively similar between 1.0 and 5.0 centimeters for both sensor products, Terra dataset is more reliable for applications in humid tropical areas (less than 5.0 centimeters). The expected error was defined as plus or minus 15 percent, with less than 68 percent of retrievals falling within this envelope. However, the accuracy is regionally dependent, and lower error should be expected in some regions, such as South America and Oceania. Since MODIS instruments have exceeded their design lifetime, time series analysis was also presented for both sensor products. The temporal analysis revealed a systematic offset of global average between Terra and Aqua CWV records. We also found an upward trend (approximately 0.2 centimeters per decade) in Terra CWV retrievals, while Aqua CWV retrievals remain stable over time. The sensor degradation influences the ability to detect climate signals, and this study indicates the need for revisiting calibration of the MODIS bands 17-19, mainly for Terra instrument, to assure the quality of the MODIS water vapor product. Finally, this study presents a comprehensive validation analysis of MAIAC CWV over land, raising the understanding of its overall quality.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN68951 , Atmospheric Research (ISSN 0169-8095 ); 225; 181-192
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    Predictive Thermal Control (PTC) Technology to Enable Thermally Stable Telescopes (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN69842-1
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    Predictive Thermal Control (PTC) Technology to Enable Thermally Stable Telescopes (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-20
    Description: The Predictive Thermal Control (PTC) technology development project is a multiyear effort initiated in Fiscal Year (FY) 2017, to mature the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of critical technologies required to enable ultra-thermally-stable telescopes for exoplanet science. A key PTC partner is Harris Corporation (Rochester NY).
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN69842-2
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    Ongoing Breakthroughs in Convective Parameterization (2019)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-11
    Description: While the increase of computer power mobilizes a part of the community towards models with explicit convection or based on machine learning, we review the part of the literature dedicated to convective parameterization development for large-scale forecast and climate models. Recent findings: Many developments are underway to overcome endemic limitations of traditional convective parameterizations, either in unified or multi-object frameworks: scale-aware and stochastic approaches, new prognostic equations or representations of new components such as cold pools. Understanding their impact on the emergent properties of a model remains challenging, due to subsequent tuning of parameters and the limited understanding given by traditional metrics. Summary: Further effort still needs to be dedicated to the representation of the life cycle of convective systems, in particular their mesoscale organization and associated cloud cover. The development of more process-oriented metrics based on new observations is also needed to help quantify model improvement and better understand the mechanisms of climate change.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN68302 , Current Climate Change Reports; 5; 2; 95-11
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    Rough-Wall Turbulent Heat Transfer Experiments in Hypersonic Free Flight (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-01
    Description: Experiments are being conducted in the NASA Ames Hypervelocity Free Flight Aerodynamic Facility to quantify the effects on turbulent convective heat transfer of surface roughness representative of a new class of 3D woven thermal protection system mRough-wall turbulent heat transfer measurements were obtained on ballistic-range models in hypersonic flight in the NASA Ames Hypervelocity Free Flight Aerodynamic Facility. Each model had three different surface textures on segments of the conic frustum: smooth wall, sand roughness, and a pattern roughness, thus providing smooth-wall and sand-roughness reference data for each test. The pattern roughness was representative of a woven thermal protection system material developed by NASA's Heatshield for Extreme Entry Environment Technology project. The tests were conducted at launch speeds of 3.2 km/s in air at 0.15 atm. Roughness Reynolds numbers, k+, ranged for 12 to 70 for the sand roughness, and as high as 200 for the pattern roughness. Boundary-layer parameters required for calculating k+ were evaluated using computational fluid dynamics simulations. The effects of pattern roughness are generally characterized by an equivalent sand roughness determined with a correlation developed from experimental data obtained on specifically-designed roughness patterns that do not necessarily resemble real TPS materials. Two sand roughness correlations were examined: Dirling and van Rij, et al. Both gave good agreement with the measured heat-flux augmentation for the two larger pattern roughness heights tested, but not for the smallest height tested. It has yet to be determined whether this difference is due to limitations in the experimental approach, or due to limits in the correlations used. Future experiments are planned that will include roughness patterns more like those used in developing the equivalent sand roughness correlations.aterials being developed by NASA's Heatshield for Extreme Entry Environment Technology (HEEET) project. Data were simultaneously obtained on sand-grain roughened surfaces and smooth surfaces, which can be compared with previously obtained data. Results are presented in this extended abstract for one roughness pattern. The full paper will include results from three roughness patterns representing virgin HEEET, nominal turbulent ablated HEEET, and twice the roughness of nominal turbulent ablated HEEET. Results will be used to compare with commonly used equivalent sand grain roughness correlations.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN69052 , AIAA Aviation Forum 2019; Jun 17, 2019 - Jun 21, 2019; Dallas, TX; United States
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    Supporting NASA Science with High-Altitude Long-Endurance Aircraft (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-01
    Description: NASA Earth Science and Aeronautics researchers have been involved in development and use of High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) since the 1990's. The NASA Environmental Research Aircraft Sensor and Technology Program (ERAST) demonstrated the promise of HALE aircraft for providing observations while also proving the importance of triple-redundant avionics to improve system reliability for large unmanned aircraft. Early efforts to develop an operational HALE capability for earth observations languished for nearly two decades owing to insufficient solar panel efficiency, battery power density, and light-weight, yet strong, materials. During this time NASA researchers focused on using the Global Hawk to demonstrate the utility of providing diurnal measurements over severe storms (ie. HS3) and to track stratospheric water vapor transport (ATTREX). Recent significant commercial investments are now leading to the realization of a long-held goal of week- to month-long sustained observations and measurements from the stratosphere. In addition to a historical review of NASA use and interest in HALE aircraft, this paper will present current concepts for exploiting current and planned HALE aircraft capabilities including in situ characterization of atmospheric composition and dynamics as well as imagery collection. NASA researchers anticipate HALE will provide a useful means to test smallsat instruments and components. Observations from HALE-based instruments might also provide useful gap-filler observations to flagship satellite missions where the repeat time doesn't allow for measurements of quickly changing phenomenon. HALE will likely also provide measurements and communications relay to facilitate other aircraft in multi-aircraft campaigns. We will also report on progress towards a NASA-funded flight test planned for summer 2019 of a solar-electric vehicle designed to carry 7kg (15lbs) for 30 days at 20km altitude.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN68775 , Living Planet Symposium; May 13, 2019 - May 17, 2019; Milan; Italy
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    Physically Based and Stochastic Models for Greenland Moulin Formation, Longevity, and Spatial Distribution (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Nearly all proglacial water discharge from the Greenland Ice Sheet is routed englacially, from the surface to the bed, via moulins. Identification of moulins in high-resolution imagery is a frequent topic of study, but the processes controlling how and where moulins form remain poorly understood. We seek to leverage information gained from the development of a physical model of moulin formation, remotely sensed ice-sheet data products, and an analytic model of ice-flow perturbations to develop a predictive stochastic model of moulin distribution across Greenland. Here we present initial results from the physical model of moulin formation and characterize the sensitivity of moulin geometry to a range of model parameters. This parameterization of moulin formation is the first step in developing a stochastic model that will be a predictive, computationally efficient representation of the englacial hydrologic system.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN65005 , Program for Arctic Regional Climate Assessment (PARCA); Feb 01, 2019; Greenbelt, MD; United States
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    Planetary Boundary Layer Height from AIRS and MERRA-2 Products at NASA GES DISC, and Insights from Data Intercomparison (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) is the hyperspectral infrared sounder onboard NASA's Aqua satellite, launched in 2002. The NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC), in collaboration with NASA Sounder Team at JPL, provides processing, archiving, and distribution services for NASA sounders: the Aqua AIRS mission and the subsequent Suomi-National Polar-orbiting Partnership Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) mission. The Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) Height is a new variable added in the AIRS Version 6 support product. It is derived based on gradients of the retrieved atmospheric thermodynamic profile, and gives the pressure at the top of PBL over the ocean. The GES DISC also provides services for the second Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) product generated by the Goddard Earth Observing System Model, Version 5 (GEOS-5) data assimilation system. The monthly PBL Height variable has been available in the Giovanni system, which is a Web-based application developed by the GES DISC providing a simple and intuitive way to visualize, analyze, and access vast amounts of Earth science remote sensing data. In this work, we will present the monthly PBL Height data from AIRS and MERRA-2 and the services to support data intercomparison, such as access, plotting, subsetting, re-gridding, and generation of a multi-year monthly mean. We will also show intercomparison results, and evaluate whether (over the ocean) AIRS can observe PBL features similar to the reanalysis product at monthly and longer-term scales.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN65014 , American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    Evaluation of the Impacts of Biomass Burning Aerosols on the NASA GEOS Sub-Seasonal Climate Forecasts (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Emission sources of trace gases and aerosol particles in the South American (SA)and African (Af) continents have a strong seasonal and space variability associated with the extensive vegetation fires activities. In both continents, during the austral winter, the fires affect mainly tropical forest and savannah-type biomes and are mostly associated with deforestation and agricultural/pasture land management. Smoke aerosol particles, on average, contribute to at least 90% of the total aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the visible spectrum in the case of the South America regional smoke. Smoke aerosols also act as cloud condensation nuclei affecting cloud microphysics properties and therefore, changing the radiation budget, hydrological cycle and global circulation patterns over disturbed areas (Kaufman, 1995; Rosenfeld, 1999; Andreae,et al., 2004; Koren et al., 2004, Zhang, 2008; Ott et al., 2010; Randles et al., 2013). This study aims to evaluate and quantify the impact of including a comprehensive emission field of biomass burning aerosol on the performance of a seasonal climate forecast system, not only regarding the AOD itself but mainly on the meteorological state variable (e.g., precipitation and temperature). To address the questions put above, we designed two numerical experiments: 1- named"AERO_CTL" which applies the Quick Fire Emissions Dataset (QFED) emissions estimated with intra-diurnal variation (hereafter, BBE), and 2- named "AERO_CLM" where the sourcee mission is based on a climatology of the QFED emissions, with only monthly variation(hereafter, BBCLIM). Hindcast simulations were produced using the Goddard Earth ObservingSystem global circulation model, version 5, sub-seasonal to seasonal (GEOS5-S2S) system with a nominal spatial resolution of 56km (Rienecker et al., 2008). In both experiments, the aerosol feedbacks from cloud developments and radiation interactions were accounted. The two experiments consisted of 4 members each and ran from June to November spanning over the years 2000 to 2015. Model performance was evaluated by calculating statistical metrics on the mean area of SA and Af. Our results demonstrated that the skill model in predicting AOD is significantly improve when BBE source emission is applied over SA, but not over the Afcontinent. Over SA, the correlation between the AERO_CTL model configuration and MERRA-2 is 0.93 (R2= 0.86, RMS=0.02, BIAS=0.01), while the AERO_CLM model presents a value of0.81 (R2= 0.65, RMS=0.04, BIAS=0.06). However, the AERO_CTL experiment better represents the inter-annual variability of the AOS in both regions. The gain of the skill in predicting the AOD by the AERO_CTL experiment is also seen in some meteorological variables. We observed an increase in the model skill in predicting the 2-meter temperature and precipitation of up to 0.3 for the AERO_CTL experiment in comparison to the AERO_CLM. AERO_CLM. According to the analyzed hindcast, we inferred that representing the BBE more realistically implies in a significant gain of skills in the seasonal climate forecasting over SA and Af continents.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN64697 , American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting 2019; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    Including a Cold Pool Representation in a Convection Parameterization and Simulating Its Impacts on the Spatial and Temporal Variability of the Precipitation in the NASA GEOS GCM (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: We developed and implemented a simple representation of a cold pool in the Grell-Freitas (GF) convection parameterization. The cold pool parameterization is based on the observation that convective-scale downdrafts produce a local deficit of the moist static energy (MSE). This information is advected and becoming downwind available to trigger and intensify new convection. The cold pool is dissipated by a simple exponential decay using a lifetime of a few hours, or by interacting with the underneath surface by exchanging latent and sensible heat fluxes. Preliminary results show some improvement of the simulation of the diurnal cycle of the precipitation over the land, mainly during the nighttime.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN64710 , American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling Using Machine Learning (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Atmospheric chemistry models are a central tool to study the impact of chemical constituents on the environment, vegetation and human health. These models split the atmosphere in a large number of grid-boxes and consider the emission of compounds into these boxes and their subsequent transport, deposition, and chemical processing. The chemistry is represented through a series of simultaneous ordinary differential equations, one for each compound. Given the difference in life-times between the chemical compounds (milli-seconds for O1D to years for CH4) these equations are numerically stiff and solving them consists of a significant fraction of the computational burden of a chemistry model. We have investigated a machine learning approach to emulate the chemistry instead of solving the differential equations numerically. From a one-month simulation of the GEOS-Chem model we have produced a training dataset consisting of the concentration of compounds before and after the differential equations are solved, together with some key physical parameters for every grid-box and time-step. From this dataset we have trained a machine learning algorithm (regression forest) to be able to predict the concentration of the compounds after the integration step based on the concentrations and physical state at the beginning of the time step. We have then included this algorithm back into the GEOS-Chem model, bypassing the need to integrate the chemistry. This machine learning approach shows many of the characteristics of the full simulation and has the potential to be substantially faster. There are a wide range of application for such an approach - generating boundary conditions, for use in air quality forecasts, chemical data assimilation systems, etc. We discuss speed and accuracy of our approach, and highlight some potential future directions for improving it.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67517 , European Geosciences Union General Assembly (EGU); Apr 07, 2019 - Apr 12, 2019; Vienna; Austria
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    Analysis and Applications of Water Vapor-Derived Multispectral Composites for Geostationary Satellites (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Analysis of multispectral (red-green-blue, RGB) satellite image composites can be used to improve understanding of thermodynamic and / or dynamic features associated with the development of significant weather events (cyclones, hurricanes, intense convection, turbulence, etc.) The enhanced water vapor imaging capabilities of the Advanced Baseline Imager on GOES-16 and GOES-17 satellites provide a unique opportunity to demonstrate this capability through a comparison of the Air Mass (AM) and Differential Water Vapor (DWV) RGB image products for several case studies.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN64361 , Annual American Meteorological Society Conference (AMS 2019); Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    Consensus on Aquatic Primary Productivity Field Protocols for Satellite Validation and Model Synthesis (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The NASA PACE project, in conjunction with the IOCCG, EUMETSAT, and JAXA, have initiated an Aquatic Primary Productivity working group, with the aim to develop community consensus on multiple methods for measuring aquatic primary productivity used for satellite validation and model synthesis. A workshop to commence the working group efforts was held December 05-07, 2018 at the University Space Research Association headquarters in Columbia, MD U.S.A., bringing together 26 active researchers from 16 institutions. The group discussed the primary differences, nuances, scales, uncertainties, definitions, and best practices for measurements of primary productivity derived from in situ/on-deck/laboratory radio/stable isotope incubations, dissolved oxygen concentrations (from incubations or autonomous platforms such as floats or gliders), oxygen-argon ratios, triple oxygen isotope, natural fluorescence, and FRRF/ETR/kinetic analysis. These discussions highlighted the necessity to move the community forward towards the establishment of climate-quality primary productivity measurements that follow uniform protocols, which is imperative to ensure that existing and future measurements can be compared, assimilated, and their uncertainties determined for model development and validation. The specific deliverable resulting from of this activity will be a protocol document, published in coordination with the IOCCG. This presentation will discuss the findings of the meeting, and address future activities of the working group.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67407 , 2019 International Ocean Colour Science Meeting; Apr 09, 2019 - Apr 12, 2019; Busan; Korea, Republic of
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    A Spatial Pattern Analysis of Forest Loss in the Madre de Dios Region, Peru (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Previous studies have quantified the expansion of gold mining-related forest loss (Espejo et al., 2018; Asner et al., 2017; Swenson et al., 2011) in the Madre de Dios region of Peru. This study uses Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) in a cloud-computing platform to map general forest loss within and outside key land tenure areas in this region. Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) Surface Reflectance data were utilized spanning 2013 and 2018 and spectral unmixing was performed to identify patterns of forest loss for each year. Planet Scope and RapidEye imagery were used to conduct an accuracy assessment and to identify potential drivers.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN67447 , 2019 CPU2AL Science and Technology Open House (STOH); Apr 03, 2019 - Apr 05, 2019; Mobile, AL; United States
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    NASA Earth Science Activities Supporting Analysis and Response to Hurricanes Florence and Michael (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN64476 , American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoneix, AZ; United States
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    Overview of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN64237 , Annual Meeting of the American Meteorological Society; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    NASA's SPoRT Center: Progress in Extending Terrestrial Weather R2O/O2R to Space Weather (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN66996 , 2019 Space Weather Workshop; Apr 01, 2019 - Apr 05, 2019; Boulder, CO; United States
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    Land Long Term Climate Data Record (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: AVHRR data record is well alive and continue to improve and be used by a large land user community.Most of the improvement are due to the overlapping with MODIS Aqua, Terra.We recommend operating missions as long as possible to enable overlap of at least a few years (especially for applications).
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN69234 , Japan Geoscience Union Meeting 2019; May 26, 2019 - May 30, 2019; Makuhari, Chiba; Japan
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    Near-saturation Conditions at the Tropical Tropopause: Results from Ticosonde (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Balloon-borne frostpoint measurements have shown a high frequency of supersaturation near the tropical tropopause, and this has been attributed to forced ascent associated with wavemotions as well as diabatic heating. Long-term profile statistics are typically presented on altitude, pressure or potential temperature surfaces. For example, at Costa Rica long-term mean values of CFH RH at 16.8 km, the mean annual height of the tropopause, range from less than 60 percent in July to over 90% in October. While a plot of the annual cycle vs height shows relatively high humidities in the upper troposphere and especially so as one approaches the tropopause, the overall picture is one of subsaturation. A very different picture emerges,however, if the analysis is done in height relative to the tropopause. Here the long-term average of RH at the tropopause is 94 percent or greater throughout the year. We discuss this paradoxical result in the context of dynamical and cloud processes occurring near the tropical tropopause.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN66441 , NASA Code SGG Seminar Series; Apr 25, 2019; Moffett Field, CA; United States
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    Exploring the Role of Antecedent Land Surface Conditions Associated with Wildfire Events in the Western United States (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN64469 , Conference on Hydrology; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    Statistical Analysis of the Existence of Thundersnow and Snow-to-Liquid Ratios (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN64174 , American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    Research to Operations Activities of NASA's Short-Term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) Center: Current and Future Missions and Capabilities (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN64396 , American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting 2019; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    A Radar Investigation of Precipitation Properties During Discrepancies Between GOES-16 GLM and LMA Observed Flash Rates in the Skyline Alabama Supercell of 22 April 2017 (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Conclusions: GLM (Geostationary Lightning Mapper) flash rates were 2 to 5 times lower than LMA (Lightning Mapping Array) in an Alabama supercell that was tracked using a combination of GLM flash initiation density and VIL (Vertically Integrated Liquid); Since most lightning was initiating at 8-9 kilometers (and not at low levels) according to LMA, flash height does not appear to be a primary factor in low GLM flash rates; When (LMA-GLM) flash rate differences were largest, the LMA observed flash areas were relatively small (and vice versa); Flash size may be a primary factor in low GLM flash rates due to detectability and/or flash clustering issues with small flashes within the coarse 8 kilometers by 8 kilometers resolution; High cloud liquid water droplet concentrations were inferred indirectly from riming necessary for large radar MESH (Maximum Expected Size of Hail), VIL and hail/graupel volumes. High cloud water droplet concentrations in supercells may decrease GLM detection efficiency due to optical extinction of near IR (near Infrared) emitted by lightning as it moves through cloud; Despite large flash rate differences, GLM & LMA lightning jumps during robust supercell generally agreed with each other and radar trends in HID (Radar Reflectivity and Hydrometeor Identification), MESH and VIL.However, more LMA jumps (than GLM) in developing supercell and more GLM jumps (than LMA) in weak to decaying supercell. Future work: improve GLM tracking.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN64184 , AMS 2019-1018 , Annual American Meteorological Society Conference (AMS 2019); Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    The JPSS-1 CrIS Instrument: Successful First-Year On-Orbit (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN63728 , American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    Long-Term Ozone Variability and Trends from Reanalyses: Can It Be Done? (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Stratospheric ozone concentrations have begun to show early signs of recovery following the implementation of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments as well as in response to decreasing upper-stratospheric temperatures. Secular trends in stratospheric ozone are modulated by considerable interannual variability and systematic changes in transport patterns that are expected under increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, especially in the lower stratosphere. These factors necessitate the continued close monitoring of stratospheric ozone in upcoming decades, with a special focus on the lower stratosphere.As highly resolved data sets combining a plethora of observations with model simulations atmospheric reanalyses are, in principle, well suited for the task. All major reanalyses generate ozone output. However, significant spurious discontinuities that arise from step changes in the observing systems prevent a straightforward analysis of ozone trends and long-term variability. Building on our recent work, in this presentation we will demonstrate that trend detection is nonetheless possible using the ozone record from NASA's MERRA-2 (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2) reanalysis bias-corrected using a chemistry model simulation as a transfer function. Next, we will outline several strategies to reduce artificial discontinuities in the ozone record in future NASA reanalyses. This discussion will be illustrated by an example of joint assimilation of bias-corrected ozone profiles from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura satellite (2004 to present) and the Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite Limb Profiler (OMPS-LP) sensors that are expected to operate on future NOAA platforms.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN64589 , American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    Assimilation of Microwave Observations in the Rainbands of Tropical Cyclones (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: We propose a novel Bayesian Monte Carlo Integration (BMCI) technique to retrieve the profiles of temperature, water vapor, and cloud liquid/ice water content from microwave cloudy measurements in the presence of tropical cyclones (TC). These retrievals then can either be directly used by meteorologists to analyze the structure of TCs or be assimilated into numerical models to provide accurate initial conditions for the NWP (Numerical Weather Prediction) models. The BMCI technique is applied to the data from the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) onboard Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI). The retrieved profiles are then assimilated into Hurricane WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) using the GSI (Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation) data assimilation system.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN66775 , Meteorology, Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences Seminar; Apr 17, 2019; Melborne, FL; United States|University of Maryland Departmental Seminar Series: AOSC 494: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Seminar; Mar 14, 2019; College Park, MD; United States
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    Overview of the Development and Testing of the Heatshield for Extreme Entry Environment Technology (HEEET) TPS (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Over the last 5 years, the Heatshield for Extreme Entry Environment Technology (HEEET) project has been working to mature a 3-D Woven Thermal Protection System (TPS) to Technical Readiness Level (TRL) 6 to support future NASA missions to destinations such as Venus and Saturn. A key aspect of the project has been the development of the manufacturing and integration processes/procedures necessary to build a heat shield utilizing the HEEET 3D-woven material. This has culminated in the building of a 1-meter diameter Engineering Test Unit (ETU) representative of what would be used for a Saturn probe. The present talk provides an overview of recent testing of NASA's Heatshield for Extreme Entry Environment Technology (HEEET) 3D Woven TPS. Under the current program, the ETU has been subjected to Thermal and Mechanical loads typical of deep space mission to Saturn. Thermal testing of HEEET coupons has performance up to 4,500 watts per centimeter squared at 5 atmospheres stagnation pressure and successful shear performance up to 3000 pascals at 1,650 watts per centimeter squared at 2.6 atmospheres pressure.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN65177 , National Space & Missile Materials Joint Symposium (NSMMS 2019); Jun 24, 2019 - Jun 27, 2019; Henderson, NV; United States|Commercial and Government Responsive Access to Space Technology Exchange Joint Symposium (CRASTE 2019); Jun 24, 2019 - Jun 27, 2019; Henderson, NV; United States
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    Using Multi-Sensor Aerosol Optical Depth Retrievals to Improve Infrared Radiance Assimilation (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN64526 , American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    Laser Rayleigh Scattering for Flow Density and Condensation Measurements in the Supercooled Mach-14 Free-Stream at AEDC Wind Tunnel No. 9 (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Laser Rayleigh scattering was used to investigate clusters in the free-stream flow at Arnold Engineering Development Centers Tunnel 9 (T9). The facility was run at Mach-14, with a pure-N2 flow medium, and at several total pressures and temperatures. Using an excimer laser operating at 248 nm, the Rayleigh instrument imaged scattering from the focused laser beam in the free-stream. As a wind-tunnel flow is accelerated, it cools and approaches the condensation boundary. As a precursor to condensation, small clusters of molecules are first formed, but the individual clusters are too small to be spatially resolved in typical images of the beam. Thus clusters effectively add a spatially smooth background signal to the pure diatomic-molecule Rayleigh signal. The main result of the present work is that clustering was not significant. After correcting for interference by small particles imbedded in the T9 flow, cluster scattering was unobservable or smaller than one standard deviation (1-sigma) of the uncertainties for almost all tunnel runs. The total light scattering level was measured to be 1.05 +/- 0.15 (1-sigma) of the expected diatomic scattering, when averaged over the entire usable data set. This result included flow conditions that were supercooled to temperatures of ~ 20 K, about 25 K below the condensation limit of ~ 45 K. Thus the Mach-14 nozzle flow is essentially cluster-free for many supercooled conditions that might be used to extend the facility operating range to larger Reynolds numbers.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-2019-220259 , L-21001 , NF1676L-32466
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    Progress Toward a Comprehensive Cloud-Cleared AIRS-CrIS Radiance Assimilation Strategy (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67432 , NASA Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) Spring Science Team Meeting 2019; Apr 03, 2019 - Apr 05, 2019; Pasadena, CA; United States
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    The SAR Handbook: Comprehensive Methodologies for Forest Monitoring and Biomass Estimation (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: This Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) handbook of applied methods for forest monitoring and biomass estimation has been developed by SERVIR in collaboration with SilvaCarbon to address pressing needs in the development of operational forest monitoring services. Despite the existence of SAR technology with all-weather capability for over 30 years, the applied use of this technology for operational purposes has proven difficult. This handbook seeks to provide understandable, easy-to-assimilate technical material to remote sensing specialists that may not have expertise on SAR but are interested in leveraging SAR technology in the forestry sector.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN67454
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    Temporal Characterization of Dust Activity in the Central Patagonia Desert (years 1964-2017) (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Like a peninsula into the Southern Ocean, the vast Patagonia desert in the southern tip of South America is exposed to extreme winds. Dust blown from this region has important impacts thousands of kilometers away, but these impacts are very difficult to assess. Questions such as the sources of dust found in snow in East Antarctica as well as the provenance of nutrients in the Southern Ocean remain unanswered. While the Patagonia desert is the likely source of dust, there is a dearth of observational records of dust activity from this desert. This study fills the gap in observations by providing a record of 50 years of surface and satellite observations of the largest and most active dust source in Patagonia: lake Colhu Huapi. The seasonality, frequency and periods of major dust activity are identified from meteorological records at a station located 100km downwind from the lake. Collocated satellite observations confirmed the major periods of dust activity in the last 30 years. This dataset provides information on how to interpret records of recent dust found in East Antarctica snow as well as help to understand the CO2 cycle in the Southern Ocean.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67426 , Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres; 124; 6; 3417-3434
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    Integrated Multi-Satellite Evaluation for the Global Precipitation Measurement: Impact of Precipitation Types on Spaceborne Precipitation Estimation (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Integrated multi-sensor assessment is proposed as a novel approach to advance satellite precipitation validation in order to provide users and algorithm developers with an assessment adequately coping with the varying performances of merged satellite precipitation estimates. Gridded precipitation rates retrieved from space sensors with quasi-global coverage feed numerous applications ranging from water budget studies to forecasting natural hazards caused by extreme events. Characterizing the error structure of satellite precipitation products is recognized as a major issue for the usefulness of these estimates. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission aims at unifying precipitation measurements from a constellation of low-earth orbiting (LEO) sensors with various capabilities to detect, classify and quantify precipitation. They are used in combination with geostationary observations to provide gridded precipitation accumulations. The GPM Core Observatory satellite serves as a calibration reference for consistent precipitation retrieval algorithms across the constellation. The propagation of QPE uncertainty from LEO active/passive microwave (PMW) precipitation estimates to gridded QPE is addressed in this study, by focusing on the impact of precipitation typology on QPE from the Level-2 GPM Core Observatory Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) to the Microwave Imager (GMI) to Level-3 IMERG precipitation over the Conterminous U.S. A high-resolution surface precipitation used as a consistent reference across scales is derived from the ground radar-based Multi-Radar/Multi-Sensor. While the error structure of the DPR, GMI and subsequent IMERG is complex because of the interaction of various error factors, systematic biases related to precipitation typology are consistently quantified across products. These biases display similar features across Level-2 and Level-3, highlighting the need to better resolve precipitation typology from space and the room for improvement in global-scale precipitation estimates. The integrated analysis and framework proposed herein applies more generally to precipitation estimates from sensors and error sources affecting low-earth orbiting satellites and derived gridded products.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN63401
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    SAR Handbook: Background (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN67620 , Global Forest Observations Initiative (GFOI) Plenary 2019; Apr 08, 2019 - Apr 11, 2019; Maputo; Mozambique
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    Objective 3: Storm Dynamics (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN67317 , NASA Decadal Survey Designated Observable Mission: ACCP Community Workshop; Apr 02, 2019 - Apr 04, 2019; Pasadena, CA; United States
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    Assessing Changes in Mangrove Forests in Africa: Quantifying Loss and Identifying Drivers of Change using Landsat-8 OLI (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The objective of this project is to quantify changes of mangrove extent in Madagascar and Nigeria from 2015-2018. Both countries contain a significant portion of the worlds mangroves, and which are known to be deforested and degraded due to natural and anthropogenic factors. Change is estimated using multi-date Landsat-8 OLI data and cloud computational techniques. Findings show that mangroves in both countries have exhibited areal loss during the study period, but loss varies across space. Understanding the rate and magnitude of mangrove change can aid in identifying priority areas for forest regenerations, and can help construct sustainable management practices for the future.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN67476 , 2019 CPU2AL Science and Technology Open House; Apr 05, 2019; Mobile, AL; United States
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    Evaluating A New Treatment Assessment Methodology on the Productivity of Agricultural Fields in Nepal using Machine Learning Techniques and Space-Borne Data (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN67443 , 2019 CPU2AL Science and Technology Open House; Apr 03, 2019 - Apr 04, 2019; Mobile, AL; United States
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    An Analysis of the Lightning Jump Algorithm Using the GOES-16 Geostationary Lightning Mapper (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN64336 , Annual American Meteorological Society Conference (AMS 2019); Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    Utilizing the Geostationary Lightning Mapper for Lightning Safety (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Outline: Collaborative Partners; What is the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM)?; Initial observations (Density Products); Lightning safety with GLM; The 30-minute lightning hazard product; Goal - Basic understanding of and how to use the lightning hazard product.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN64243 , Annual American Meteorological Society Conference (AMS 2019); Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    Use of Kalman Filtering to Improve CYGNSS Air-Sea Interaction Applications (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN64556 , 2019 AMS Annual Meeting; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    Building a Multi-Channel Hail Climatology in the GPM Domain (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN66424 , European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2019; Apr 07, 2019 - Apr 12, 2019; Vienna; Austria
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    GMAO Seasonal Forecast Ensemble Exploration (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN67155 , Workshop on Predictability, Dynamics and Applications Research Using the TIGGE and S2S Ensembles; Apr 02, 2019 - Apr 05, 2019; Reading; United Kingdom
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    Risk Analysis Associated with Loss of Toxic Gases During Orion Landing and Recovery Operations (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Mission, landing and recovery operations for the Orion crew module involve reentry into the Earth's atmosphere and the deployment of three Nomex parachutes to slow the descent before landing along the west coast of the United States. Orion may have residual fuel (hydrazine, N2H4) or coolant (ammonia, NH3) on board which are both highly toxic to crew in the event of exposure. These risks were evaluated using a first principles analysis approach through fluid dynamics modeling. Plume calculations were first performed with the ANSYS Fluent computational fluid dynamics code. Data were then extracted at locations relevant to crew safety such as the snorkel fan inlet and the egress hatch. Mixing calculations were performed to quantify exposure concentrations within the crew bay before and during egress and departure. Finally, results included herein were used to inform the Orion post-landing Concept of Operations (ConOps) so that strategies could be formulated to maintain crew safety in the event of the loss of fuel or coolant.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN62706 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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    Thermal Performance of an Aluminum/Ammonia Heat Pipe Under Reflux Mode (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: During instrument-level or spacecraft-level ground testing, heat pipes may be placed in reflux mode, with condenser above evaporator. A liquid pool will form at the bottom of the heat pipe. If heat is applied to a site below the surface of the liquid pool in a vertical heat pipe, the heat pipe can work properly under reflux mode. A superheat is required for startup. If heat is applied to a site above the liquid pool, the heat pipe is not expected to work unless additional heat is applied to the liquid pool to provide the needed flow circulation. There are many reason to minimize the additional heater power. An experimental investigation was conducted to study the heat pipe behavior under this configuration.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN66142 , Spacecraft Thermal Control Workshop; Mar 26, 2019 - Mar 28, 2019; Torrance, CA; United States
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    Microgravity Liquid-Gas Two-Phase Flow: Review of Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer Correlations and Guidelines for Equipment Operability (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: In this report we have catalogued the flow regimes observed in microgravity, summarized correlations for the pressure drop and rate of heat transfer that are commonly used, and discuss the validation of a few correlations from available experimental results. Two-phase flow through some specific components such as bends, tees, filters and pumps are discussed from a physical perspective to guide the designer on how reduced gravity might affect their performance. Phase separation in zero gravity is addressed through the behavior and basic design concepts for devices based on passive centrifugal action, capillary forces, gas extraction through a membrane installed in a channel wall and the use of a syringe with a perforated piston to remove bubbles from small liquid volumes. We address the common instabilities that develop in flow loops owing exclusively to the two-phase nature of the flow, e.g., Ledinegg instability and concentration waves. Finally we briefly review flow metering and gauging; two-phase flow through porous media, where pressure drop and flow regime map correlations in zero-g are a current research topic; and basic operation principles of heat pipes and capillary pumped loops.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-2019-220147 , E-19668 , GRC-E-DAA-TN65638
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    SI-Traceable Calibration of Satellite Microwave Radiometers (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Background (what): SI (International System of Units)-traceable Microwave Radiometer calibration; Motivation (why): NWP (Numerical Weather Prediction), FCDR (Fundamental Climate Data Record); Technology (how): NIST (National Inst. of Standards and Technology) blackbody target for ; Standards: Status & Future Plans. Development of a National Standard for Microwave Brightness Temperature (TB) at NIST.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN66555 , Annual Meeting Global Space-based Inter-Calibration System (GSICS 2019); Mar 04, 2019 - Mar 08, 2019; Frascati; Italy
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    Widespread Global Peatland Establishment and Persistence over the Last 130,000 Y (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Glacialinterglacial variations in CO2 (exp) and methane in polar ice cores have been attributed, in part, to changes in global wetland extent, but the wetland distribution before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 ka to 18 ka) remains virtually unknown. We present a study of global peatland extent and carbon (C) stocks through the last glacial cycle (130 ka to present) using a newly compiled database of 1,063 detailed stratigraphic records of peat deposits buried by mineral sediments, as well as a global peatland model. Quantitative agreement between modeling and observations shows extensive peat accumulation before the LGM in northern latitudes (〉40N), particularly during warmer periods including the last interglacial (130 ka to 116 ka, MIS 5e) and the interstadial (57 ka to 29 ka, MIS 3). During cooling periods of glacial advance and permafrost formation, the burial of northern peatlands by glaciers and mineral sediments decreased active peatland extent, thickness, and modeled C stocks by 70 to 90% from warmer times. Tropical peatland extent and C stocks show little temporal variation throughout the study period. While the increased burial of northern peats was correlated with cooling periods, the burial of tropical peat was predominately driven by changes in sea level and regional hydrology. Peat burial by mineral sediments represents a mechanism for long-term terrestrial C storage in the Earth system. These results show that northern peatlands accumulate significant C stocks during warmer times, indicating their potential for C sequestration during the warming Anthropocene.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN66093 , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; 116; 11; 4822-4827
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    PACE Technical Report Series, Volume 6: Data Product Requirements and Error Budgets Consensus Document (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: This chapter summarizes ocean color science data product requirements for the Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud,ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission's Ocean Color Instrument (OCI) and observatory. NASA HQ delivered Level-1 science data product requirements to the PACE Project, which encompass data products to be produced and their associated uncertainties. These products and uncertainties ultimately determine the spectral nature of OCI and the performance requirements assigned to OCI and the observatory. This chapter ultimately serves to provide context for the remainder of this volume, which describes tools developed that allocate these uncertainties into their components, including allowable OCI systematic and random uncertainties, observatory geo location uncertainties, and geophysical model uncertainties.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: NASA/TM?2018-219027/ Vol. 6 , GSFC-E-DAA-TN65850
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    NOAA-20 ATMS Status: ATMS SDR Team (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Data quality looks better than Suomi-NPP (Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership): similar biases. Smaller standard deviation of first guess departures and diagnosed observation errors. Weaker striping signal than Suomi-NPP ATMS (Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder). Improved first guess fits to: temperature observations (AMSU-A (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A), CrIS (Cross-track Infrared Sounder), GPSRO (Global Positioning System Radio Occultation)); Humidity observations (MHS (Microwave Humidity Sounder), GEO CSRs (Geostationary Orbit Clear Sky Radiances)). Indicates improved accuracy of short range temperature and humidity forecasts. Neutral to slightly positive forecast scores.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN66556 , Annual Meeting Global Space-based Inter-Calibration System (GSICS 2019); Mar 04, 2019 - Mar 08, 2019; Frascati; Italy
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    NASA GES DISC's Customized Services for Climatology and Meteorology (2019)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: At the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Service Center (DISC), we have archived and distributed more than 2,400 Earth science data products, from different missions or projects containing more than 100 M data files/granules with a total volume size nearly 2 PB that broadly serve user needs in science areas such as Atmospheric Composition, Water & Energy Cycles and Climate Variability. To date, GES DISC has developed many pertinent services to facilitate the usage of data products by our research communities, represented by approximately 24,000 registered users. We are facing the big data with increasingly archival volume and data types, moreover, we also encounter increasing users' demands and the demands are more diversified. It is still a challenge for us to better understand exactly what our users' needs are, even after developing more than 70 services, including well-known online tools such as Giovanni and MERRA subsetter. In this presentation, we will try to address how we can accommodate the users' needs from two applicational user communities, Air Quality and Wind Energy, from data or service discovery to guide them properly utilize the data and services to fit their needs.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN65771 , American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    Early Assessment of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN64434 , American Meteorological Society Conference; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    An AI Based System for Objective Tropical Cyclone Intensity Estimation (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN64167 , American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    Online Visualization and Analysis of NASA Satellite-Based Global and Regional Precipitation Products Through Giovanni (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Observational data are essential for Earth science research and applications. Traditional ground-based observations suffer from many limitations (e.g. costly deployment). As a result, data are often sparse and inconsistent, especially over vast oceans that cover nearly 71% of the Earth's surface, and for remote continents. Precipitation is one of the important physical parameters in the global hydrological cycle and other disciplines. Each year, severe floods and droughts happen in different parts of the world and cause significant damage to the economy, as well as human casualties (e.g. Hurricane Katrina, the Dust Bowl). Accurate and timely precipitation observations and predictions are important for research and applications. However, ground-based precipitation observations are quite limited, especially in remote and mountainous regions. Since the satellite era began, satellite-based precipitation products have gained popularity in Earth science research, applications, and education. Accessing satellite products can be a daunting task to many users, especially those who do not have prior experience or knowledge with satellite data. Recognizing this obstacle, the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences and Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC), home to data archives for the NASA-JAXA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), has developed data services including an online visualization and analysis tool, Giovanni (the Geospatial Interactive Online Visualization ANd aNalysis Infrastructure), enabling users at different levels to access, explore, and evaluate NASA satellite-based data products without downloading either data and software, or requiring coding. Currently, global and regional precipitation products from different satellite missions (TRMM, GPM) and projects (e.g. the Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2), and the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS)), ranging from half-hourly to monthly temporal resolution, are available in Giovanni. There are over 1900 variables in Giovanni, covering measurements in precipitation, hydrology, atmospheric dynamics, atmospheric chemistry, etc. In this poster presentation, we will provide a live demonstration of Giovanni and its latest development, including precipitation-related variables, and new basic features such as polar projections. The session will also provide a Q&A opportunity for attendees.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN64638 , American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    An Update on GPM and TRMM Data Services at NASA GES DISC (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services Center (DISC) is home to data archives of the NASA-JAXA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), and other NASA missions and projects. To maximize the use of NASA data products in scientific research and applications as well as for societal benefits, we provide data and information services that make datasets easy to find and use through simplification of data access for users at all levels around the world. Over the years, user-friendly data services have been developed at GES DISC, including data subsetting, format conversion, online visualization and analysis (i.e. Giovanni), user support system, etc. We routinely analyze questions, feedback, and use cases from users and algorithm developers around the world as well as best practices and new technology to improve existing services and formulate new data services. Interaction between users and algorithm developers is an important process for identifying issues in products, collecting user requirements, and improving product quality and usability. Staff members regularly communicate with algorithm developers with user questions and concerns through conferences and workshops. We publish peer-reviewed papers and articles in major Earth science journals and book chapters to describe NASA global and regional precipitation datasets and services with examples. News articles about GPM and TRMM datasets associated with significant events are regularly posted in the GES DISC Web portal and social media. We also actively participate in training activities. In this presentation, we present our latest activities about GPM and TRMM data services, data/service metrics, and future plans at GES DISC.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN64656 , American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    Impact of Assimilating AIRS Cloud-Cleared Radiances on Atmospheric Dynamics and Boundary Layer Height at High Latitudes (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: High latitude weather forecasts, on scales ranging from mesoscale to synoptic, present difficulties due, in part, to the sparsity of conventional observations. In addition, the prevalence of extended low-level stratus cloud cover limits the use of infrared data, which are operationally assimilated only in areas unaffected by clouds. Use of cloud-cleared AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) radiances (AIRS CCR), allows the assimilation of infrared information in cloudy regions, permitting data ingestion in regions usually undersampled. This study explores the sensitivity of planetary boundary layer height and related atmospheric dynamics to the assimilation of these data in the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS, version 5) data assimilation and forecast system during the boreal fall 2014 season using observing system experiments (OSEs). Examined here are comparisons between the current, operational approach of assimilating AIRS clear-sky radiances against the assimilation of CCR. Assimilation of hyperspectral infrared information from AIRS over the Arctic region slightly modifies the lower midtropospheric temperature structure, which in turn contributes to adjustments in geopotential height, affecting the baroclinic instability properties over the entire hemisphere and explaining the overall improvement in global forecast skill.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN64778 , Arctic Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP) Science Workshop; Jan 14, 2019 - Jan 16, 2019; Helsinki; Finland
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    20,000 Years of Societal Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change in Southwest Asia (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The Fertile Crescent, its hilly flanks and surrounding drylands has been a critical region for studying how climate has influenced societal change, and this review focuses on the region over the last 20,000 years. The complex social, economic, and environmental landscapes in the region today are not new phenomena and understanding their interactions requires a nuanced, multidisciplinary understanding of the past. This review builds on a history of collaboration between the social and natural palaeoscience disciplines. We provide a multidisciplinary, multiscalar perspective on the relevance of past climate, environmental, and archaeological research in assessing present day vulnerabilities and risks for the populations of southwest Asia. We discuss the complexity of palaeoclimatic data interpretation, particularly in relation to hydrology, and provide an overview of key time periods of palaeoclimatic interest. We discuss the critical role that vegetation plays in the humanclimateenvironment nexus and discuss the implications of the available palaeoclimate and archaeological data, and their interpretation, for palaeonarratives of the region, both climatically and socially. We also provide an overview of how modelling can improve our understanding of past climate impacts and associated change in risk to societies. We conclude by looking to future work, and identify themes of scale and seasonality as still requiring further focus. We suggest that by appreciating a given locale's place in the regional hydroscape, be it an archaeological site or palaeoenvironmental archive, more robust links to climate can be made where appropriate and interpretations drawn will demand the resolution of factors acting across multiple scales.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN65528 , WIREs Water; 6; 2; e1330
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    A Comparison of Boundary Layer Wind Profiling Systems for Use with Space Launch Vehicles (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: M18-7128 , Conference on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for the Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    Why Operational Meteorologists Need More Satellite Soundings (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN64453 , American Meteorological Society (AMS) Annual Meeting; Jan 06, 2019 - Jan 10, 2019; Phoenix, AZ; United States
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    A 40-Y Record Reveals Gradual Antarctic Sea Ice Increases Followed by Decreases at Rates Far Exceeding the Rates Seen in the Arctic (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-25
    Description: Following over 3 decades of gradual but uneven increases in sea ice coverage, the yearly average Antarctic sea ice extents reached a record high of 12.8 by 10 (sup 6) square kilometers in 2014, followed by a decline so precipitous that they reached their lowest value in the 40-year 1979-2018 satellite multichannel passive-microwave record, 10.7 by 10 (sup 6) square kilometers, in 2017. In contrast, it took the Arctic sea ice cover a full 3 decades to register a loss that great in yearly average ice extents. Still, when considering the 40-year record as a whole, the Antarctic sea ice continues to have a positive overall trend in yearly average ice extents, although at 11,300 plus or minus 5,300 square kilometers per year, this trend is only 50 percent of the trend for 1979-2014, before the precipitous decline. Four of the 5 sectors into which the Antarctic sea ice cover is divided all also have 40-year positive trends that are well reduced from their 2014-2017 values. The one anomalous sector in this regard,the Bellingshausen/Amundsen Seas, has a 40-year negative trend, with the yearly average ice extents decreasing overall in the first 3 decades, reaching a minimum in 2007, and exhibiting an overall upward trend since 2007 (i.e., reflecting a reversal in the opposite direction from the other 4 sectors and the Antarctic sea ice cover as a whole).
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN70817 , PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences) (ISSN 0027-8424) (e-ISSN 1091-6490); 116 ; 29 ; 14414-14423
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    Cloud Governance at Scale (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-25
    Description: Operating and maintaining a large multi-tenant ecosystem in the cloud requires scalable solutions to unique technical and process challenges. The Cloud Computing model grants significant permissions to development teams that traditionally were reserved for Data-Center Administrators and Supply-Chain Managers. Earthdata Cloud has worked to re-cast traditional data-center management into a sensible cloud-first model. This talk discusses some of our challenges, solutions, and way ahead.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN70382 , 2019 ESIP Summer Meeting; Jul 16, 2019 - Jul 19, 2019; Tacoma, WA; United States
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    Cumulus Lessons Learned: Building, Testing, and Sharing a Cloud Archive (2019)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-24
    Description: Cumulus is a scalable, extensible cloud-based archive system which is capable of ingesting, archiving, and distributing data from both existing on-prem sources and new cloud-native missions. As we have built and evolved the system with contributions from seven NASA EOSDIS organizations, we have learned several lessons about how to build a robust, broadly-applicable, microservices-based cloud system for geospatial data which we will share in this talk.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN69899 , ESIP Summer Meeting; Jul 16, 2019 - Jul 19, 2019; Tacoma, WA; United States
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