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  • 551  (491)
  • Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics  (457)
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  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    TU Berlin
    In:  Autorenexemplar
    Publication Date: 2021-05-25
    Description: Das Ziel vorliegender Untersuchungen war, das ehemalige Ablagerungsmilieu der karnischnorischen Hallstätter Fazies im Berchtesgadener Raum zu charakterisieren. Es wird zum ersten Male eine Überschau des petrographischen, mikrofaziellen, geochemischen, mineralogischen und paläontologischen Bestandes dieser marinen Folge gegeben.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551 ; Nördliche Ostalpen {Geologie} ; Mesozoikum ; Fazies ; Kalkalpen ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: monograph_digi
    Format: 177
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  • 2
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Univ.-Verl. Göttingen, Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Rock fractures play a major role in many geological processes, such as plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and fluid transport in the earthś crust. The present volume contains the abstracts of all presentations of the symposium Rock Fractures in Geological Processes, held on 26-27 November 2013 in London honouring the 60th birthday of Ágúst Guðmundsson, chair in Structural Geology, Royal Holloway University of London, a leading expert in the field and author of a well known text book of the same title. The symposium covered all topics related to fractures in the earthś crust, e.g., crustal stresses, rock mechanical properties, field analysis of fractures - from joints and faults to mineral veins and dykes - , analytical, analogue and numerical models of fractures and related fluid transport, as well as the activity of faults and volcanoes including calderas, and economic aspects such as exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons and geothermal energy.
    Description: research
    Description: conference
    Keywords: 551 ; Festschriften {Geologische Wissenschaften} ; Festschriften {Geophysik} ; Strukturelle Erscheinungen {Strukturgeologie} ; Übertragungsmedien {Seismologie} ; Gesteinsdeformation {Strukturgeologie} ; Bruch ; Klüftung
    Language: English
    Type: anthology , publishedVersion
    Format: PDF-Datei: 73 S., ca. 4 MB
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Rammsondierungen sind ein gängiges Verfahren zur qualitativen Bestimmung der Lagerungsdichte bzw. Festigkeit nichtbindiger Böden im Rahmen geotechnischer Untersuchungen. Viele Jahre lang war die Verwendung der leichten Rammsonde mit 5 cm2 Spitzenfläche („Künzelstab“) in der Feldpraxis üblich und es existieren solide Erfahrungswerte zur Interpretation ihrer Schlagzahlen. Mit Einführung der DIN EN ISO 22476-2:2012-03 ist ihre Verwendung jedoch nicht mehr zugelassen, sie wurde abgelöst von der leichten Rammsonde mit 10 cm2 Spitzenfläche. Bisherige Veröffentlichungen geben eine große Spannweite für Umrechnungsfaktoren zwischen den Schlagzahlen dieser Sonden an, so dass die Interpretation von heute normkonform gewonnenen Messwerten anhand der früheren Erfahrungen und im Vergleich mit älteren Ergebnissen schwer fällt. Die vorliegende Arbeit bewertet anhand systematischer vergleichender Feldversuche in unterschiedlich gekörnten Böden über und unter dem Grundwasserspiegel die leichte, mittlere und schwere Rammsonde sowie den Künzelstab hinsichtlich der Reproduzierbarkeit ihrer Messwerte. Sie stellt die Schlagzahlen der Sonden zueinander ins Verhältnis, abhängig von der Korngrößenverteilung und Festigkeit des Bodens, der Wassersättigung und der Arbeitstiefe. Die Verlässlichkeit der Festigkeitseinschätzung wird mit Hilfe von Spitzendruckmesswerten einer Drucksondierung überprüft. Es werden gegenüber den bisherigen Veröffentlichungen verbesserte Umrechnungstabellen aufgestellt und ein Beitrag zur Beantwortung der Frage geleistet, ob die Schlagzahlen von Rammsonden einen direkten Rückschluss auf die Lagerungsdichte nichtbindiger Böden zulassen, oder ob dafür die Kenntnis weiterer Bodenparameter erforderlich ist.
    Description: Dynamic probing is an established method of determining soil density and strength, respectively. For many years, the light dynamic probe with a cone area of 5 cm2 (locally also known as „Künzelstab“) was routinely used in field surveys across Germany, and from that substantial experience its measurements could be interpreted well. However, with the introduction of DIN EN ISO 22476-2:2012-03, its use is no longer permitted; it was replaced by the light dynamic probe with a cone area of 10 cm2. Previous publications specified a large range of conversion factors between the two probes, leading to difficulties interpreting measurements that comply with today’s standards in comparison with earlier experience and older field work. The study at hand assesses the reproducibility of measurements done with the light, medium and heavy dynamic probe and the „Künzelstab“ in sands of different grain size distributions, above and below the groundwater level. The different probes’ stroke counts are correlated to each other, depending on the grain size distribution and the penetration resistance of the soil, on water saturation and depth. The reliability of the probes’ soil strength assessments is checked by comparing them to tip resistance readings from a cone penetrometer. Compared to previous publications, improved conversion tables are established and a contribution is made to answering the question of whether the stroke count of dynamic probes allows a direct evaluation of the density of non-cohesive soils, or whether knowledge of further soil parameters is necessary for this purpose.
    Description: HPC AG
    Description: Hamburg Port Authority
    Description: Burmann, Mandel + Partner
    Description: Eggers Umwelttechnik
    Description: 1 Einleitung 1.1 Kontext, Grundlagen und Motivation 1.2 Ziele dieser Arbeit 2 Stand der Forschung 3 Untersuchungsgebiete 3.1 Vorbelastungsschüttung Baakenhafen Nord 3.2 Verfüllung Baakenhafen 3.3 Spülfeld Moorburg-Ellerholz 3.4 Baggergutdeponie Francop 4 Material und Methoden 4.1 Gerätebeschreibung 4.1.1 Rammsonden 4.1.2 Drucksonde 4.1.3 Rammkernsonde 4.2 Feldversuche 4.3 Laborversuche 4.4 Datenaufbereitung 5 Ergebnisse 5.1 Bodenproben 5.2 Streuung und Reproduzierbarkeit 5.3 Verhältniszahlen zwischen den Rammsonden 5.4 Verhältnis zwischen Drucksonde und Rammsonde 6 Diskussion 6.1 Bewertung der Ergebnisse 6.2 Grenzen der Studie 7 Schlussfolgerungen 7.1 Umrechnungstabellen und Diagramme 7.2 Fazit und Ausblick Anhang A Tabellen aus der Literatur B Bohrprofile und Messwerte
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 551 ; Ingenieurgeologie ; Geologie ; Ingenieurgeologie ; Rammsondierungen ; Bodenmechanik ; Geotechnik ; Lagerungsdichte ; Künzelstab ; DPL ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 64
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Es werden grundsätzliche Fragestellungen einer mathematisch bzw. axiomatisch begründeten Geologie dargestellt.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551
    Language: German
    Type: article_first
    Format: 8
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  • 5
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Univ.-Verl. Göttingen, Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Der vorliegende Band enthält eine Sammlung von Arbeiten, die sich mit unterschiedlichen Aspekten der geologischen Entwicklung des Leinetalgrabens und seines strukturellen Rahmens befassen. Grundlage stellen neue und ältere, bislang nicht veröffentlichte Ergebnisse dar, die teilweise im Rahmen von geowissenschaftlichen Examensarbeiten erbracht wurden. Diese häufig in Archiven versteckten Daten sollen hiermit interessierten Fachleuten aber auch geologisch interessierten Laien zugänglich gemacht werden. Herausgeber ist die GeothermieGruppeGöttingen (GGG), in der GeowissenschaftlerInnen aus verschiedenen Abteilungen des Geowissenschaftlichen Zentrums der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (GZG) tätig sind. Aktuelles Forschungsziel der GGG ist, ein dreidimensionales Strukturmodell für die Region Göttingen mit dem Leinetalgraben als zentrale Struktur zu erstellen, das als Grundlage für eine anwendungsbezogene Bewertung geothermischer Potentiale dienen soll.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551 ; Niedersächsisches Bergland {Geologie} ; Niedersachsen und Bremen {Geologie} ; Rifts {Tektonik} ; Geothermalfelder ; Störungstektonik ; Geothermik
    Language: German
    Type: anthology , publishedVersion
    Format: PDF-Datei: 170 S., 58 MB
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551
    Language: German
    Type: article_first
    Format: 2
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  • 7
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Zugl.: Berlin, Techn. Hochsch.
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 4 MIN III, 960:57
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die Kalisalzlagerstätte des Werragebietes hat bereits verschiedentlich ihre Bearbeitung gefunden. Zu den ersten zusammenfassenden Untersuchungen gehören die von BECK aus dem Jahre 1912, in denen die Kalisalzbildung vom Standpunkt der EVERDING’schen Theorie der „deszendenten“ Salzablagerungen betrachtet ist. […] Die folgenden Untersuchungen gehen dahin, die Veränderungen in der Salzausbildung zu ergründen. Zu diesem Zweck galt es, den Wechsel in der Mineralführung an den Übergangsstellen zu verfolgen und die äußeren Begleiterscheinungen an diesen Punkten zu ermitteln. Ergeben sich hierin gewisse Gesetzmäßigkeiten, so ist die Möglichkeit vorhanden, aus der Art der äußeren Einwirkung und aus den durch sie hervorgerufenen Salzneubildungen Schlüsse auf die ursprüngliche Ausbildung der Kalisalze zu ziehen. Es ist dann aber auch aus den Veränderungen in der Mineralführung auf die mit diesen eintretenden Begleiterscheinungen zu schließen, ein Umstand, der für den Bergbau von Bedeutung sein kann und bei den Aus- und Vorrichtungsarbeiten Hinweise auf die zu erwartende Lagerausbildung gibt. So liegt das Ziel der folgenden Untersuchungen einerseits in wissenschaftlicher Hinsicht, einen Einblick in die Bildungsverhältnisse der Kalisalzlagerstätte zu bekommen, andererseits aber auch in bergmännischer Hinsicht, Unterlagen für die bei der Ausrichtung der Kalilagerstätten so wichtige Deutung der verschiedenartigen Salzausbildungen zu gewinnen.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551 ; Hessisch-thüringisches Bergland {Geologie} ; Evaporite, Salze {Sedimentologie} ; Ober-Perm ; Salzlagerstätten ; Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz und Saarland {Rohstoffgeologie} ; Thüringen {Rohstoffgeologie} ; Kalisalze ; Geologie ; Gesteinskunde ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: monograph_digi
    Format: 64
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  • 8
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Borntraeger, Berlin
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 MIN III, 1180:34
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Seit mehr als 100 Jahren ist das Leitmeritzer vulkanische Gebirge, gewöhnlich Böhmisches Mittelgebirge genannt, als vulkanisches Gebiet der Tertiärzeit bekannt und das Ziel für die Wanderungen der Geologen. Vorliegendes Büchlein gibt zunächst eine Übersicht über den geologischen Bau des Gebietes, es zeigt die auftretenden Erstarrungsgesteine und ihre Formen sowie ihr Traggerüst in Umrissen auf. Im besonderen Teile werden einzelne Wanderungen angeführt, die zu den wichtigsten geologischen Aufschlüssen leiten. Hierbei sind auch die zahlreichen Mineralfundorte des Gebietes berücksichtigt.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551 ; Böhmische Masse {Geologie} ; Topografie ; Böhmisches Mittelgebirge ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: monograph_digi
    Format: 384
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  • 9
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Das breite inhaltliche Spektrum der vorgestellten Region auf dem Kraton Baltica (Präkambrisches Grundgebirge, Deckgebirge, Deformationszonen, Quartärgeologie) eignet sich sehr gut für eine allgemeingeologische Exkursion für Studierende und Hobby-Geologinnen und -Geologen. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch angewandte/geotechnische Aspekte, hier als Schwerpunkt die Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle in den proterozoischen Graniten des Kratons.
    Description: excursionguide
    Keywords: 551 ; Schweden Südost ; Geologie ; Schweden {Geologie}
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: VII, 184 Seiten
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  • 10
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Dieser Band enthält Beiträge zur Geologie des Harzes und seines Umfeldes, die anlässlich des 5. Workshops Harzgeologie am Geowissenschaftlichen Zentrum der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgestellt wurden. Der Band umfasst die Kurzfassungen der Vorträge und Poster und den Exkursionsführer zu dieser zweitägigen Veranstaltung.
    Description: conference
    Description: excursionguide
    Keywords: 554.3 ; 551 ; Harz und seine Vorländer {Geologie} ; Kongress ; Geologie ; Geologie ; Exkursion ; Führer
    Language: English
    Type: anthology , publishedVersion
    Format: 117 Seiten
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Das duale System proportionaler Zusammenhäng des natürlich geschlossenen Systems ( geologisches Binärsystem) ist mit der philosophisch begründeten Logik ( materialistische Dialektik) in perfekter Übereinstimmung. Somit sind funktionale Zusammenhänge der Mathematik, der Philosophie und der Geologie mittels Logik und Dialektik widerspruchsfrei erklärbar. Die Philosophen interpretieren die philosophischen Begriffe "endgültige Wahrheit letzter Instanz" und "Negation der Negation" unterschiedlich, entweder werden diese angefochten oder sie besitzen unterschiedliche Inhalte. Das natürlich geschlossene System liefert zur Aufklärung dieser Fragestellung einen Beitrag, der durchaus als diskussionswürdig einzuschätzen ist.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551 ; Philosophie, Mathematik, Geologie, Biologie, Binärsystem, Zusammenhang, Formel, Wahrheit, Erkenntnis
    Language: German
    Type: article_first
    Format: 5
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  • 12
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    TH Dresden
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 DISS TECHN DRESDEN 1928,A-L,14
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Der Kampf der Meinungen um Erosion, Denudation oder Gesteinswechsel ist also noch nicht entschieden und mit den angewandten Methoden nicht zu entscheiden. So mehren sich die Stimmen, die eine Lösung der Fragen, soweit sie überhaupt möglich ist, von eingehenderen Untersuchungen des Gesteins erwarten. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll einen Beitrag hierzu liefern. Das der Untersuchung dienende Gebiet musste zwei Bedingungen erfüllen: Der Sandstein musste erstens in genügender Mächtigkeit erschlossen sein, und zweitens durften sich keine fremden Einflüsse geltend machen. […] So bleibt uns als einziges Gebiet von größerer räumlicher Ausdehnung das Gebiet des Großen Winterberges, das sich ganz vorzüglich für die folgenden Untersuchungen eignet. Es gestattet einen Einblick in die Schichten des Brongniartiquaders in einem etwa 350 m mächtigen Querschnitt, der sich nur an wenigen Stellen, etwa im Bereiche der Basaltschuttströme der Winterberge, unseren Blicken entzieht. Das von mir gewählte Untersuchungsgebiet wird begrenzt durch folgende Linie: Zahnsgrund, Nasser Grund, Kirnitzschtal, Großer Zschand, Teichstein, Torwalder Wände, Reinwiese, Bezirksstraße bis Herrnskretschen, Elbe von Herrnskretschen bis zum Zahnsgrund.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 551 ; Oberkreide ; Klastische Sedimentgesteine ; Morphogenese einzelner Regionen {Geomorphologie} ; Sachsen {Geologie} ; Schichtenfolge ; Erosion ; Elbsandsteingebirge ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: monograph_digi
    Format: 66
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  • 13
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Vieweg, Braunschweig
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 PHYS MATH I, 4405:92
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Seit Beginn unseres Jahrhunderts wird eine Änderung verschiedener Klimaelemente immer auffälliger. Es scheint an der Zeit, die zahlreichen Einzelarbeiten, welche kleinere Gebiete der Erde und einzelne Klimaelemente oder kürzere Zeitintervalle betreffen, zusammenzufassen und die Ergebnisse übersichtlich darzustellen. So gelangt man zur einwandfreien Feststellung, dass das, was man im landläufigen Sinne als Klima bezeichnet, nichts Unveränderliches ist, sondern recht merklichen Abwandlungen im Laufe von Jahrzehnten oder Jahrhunderten unterworfen ist. […] Es scheint auch lohnend, die viel gewaltigeren Klimaänderungen in der postglazialen Zeit und während der Eiszeit einer zusammenfassenden Diskussion vom meteorologischen Standpunkt zu unterziehen. […] Den Abschluss bildet eine kritische Besprechung der Periodenforschung als solcher sowie einiger Klimaperioden, die in der Literatur zumeist als „bewiesen“ bezeichnet werden.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 910 ; 551 ; Klimaänderungen ; Klimaentwicklung ; Klimaänderungen ; Meteorologie ; Eiszeit ; Klimaperioden ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: monograph_digi
    Format: 227
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2019-05-24
    Description: This article discusses the use of numerical optimization procedures to aid in the calibration of turbulence model coefficients. Such methods would increase the rigor and repeatability of the calibration procedure by requiring clearly defined and objective optimization metrics, and could be used to identify unique combinations of coefficient values for specific flow problems. The approach is applied to the re-calibration of an explicit algebraic Reynolds stress model for the incompressible planar mixing layer using the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm and a micro-genetic algorithm with minimally imposed constraints. Three composite fitness functions, each based upon the error in the mixing layer growth rate and the normal and shear components of the Reynolds stresses, are investigated. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in the target objectives through the adjustment of three pressure-strain coefficients. Adjustments of additional coefficients provide little further benefit. Issues regarding the effectiveness of the fitness functions and the efficiency of the optimization algorithms are also discussed.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-2019-220163 , E-19680 , GRC-E-DAA-TN65018
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2019-05-24
    Description: This manual describes the installation and execution of FUN3D (Fully-UNstructured three-dimensional CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code) version 13.5, including optional dependent packages. FUN3D is a suite of computational fluid dynamics simulation and design tools that uses mixed-element unstructured grids in a large number of formats, including structured multiblock and overset grid systems. A discretely-exact adjoint solver enables efficient gradient-based design and grid adaptation to reduce estimated discretization error. FUN3D is available with and without a reacting, real-gas capability. This generic gas option is available only for those persons that qualify for its beta release status.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-2019-220271 , L-21013 , NF1676L-32825
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2019-05-11
    Description: A computational fluid dynamics code has been developed for large-eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent flow. The code uses high-order of accuracy and high-resolution numerical methods to minimize solution error and maximize the resolution of the turbulent structures. Spatial discretization is performed using explicit central differencing. The central differencing schemes in the code include 2nd- to 12th-order standard central difference methods as well as 7-, 9-, 11- and 13-point dispersion relation preserving schemes. Solution filtering and high-order shock capturing are included for stability. Time discretization is performed using multistage Runge-Kutta methods that are up to 4th order accurate. Several options are available to model turbulence including: Baldwin-Lomax and Spalart-Allmaras Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes turbulence models, and Smagorinsky, Dynamic Smagorinsky and Vreman sub-grid scale models for LES. This report presents the theory behind the numerical and physical models used in the code and provides a user's manual to the operation of the code.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-2019-220192 , GRC-E-DAA-TN67540
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2019-06-20
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN69842-1
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2019-06-20
    Description: The Predictive Thermal Control (PTC) technology development project is a multiyear effort initiated in Fiscal Year (FY) 2017, to mature the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of critical technologies required to enable ultra-thermally-stable telescopes for exoplanet science. A key PTC partner is Harris Corporation (Rochester NY).
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: MSFC-E-DAA-TN69842-2
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2019-08-01
    Description: Experiments are being conducted in the NASA Ames Hypervelocity Free Flight Aerodynamic Facility to quantify the effects on turbulent convective heat transfer of surface roughness representative of a new class of 3D woven thermal protection system mRough-wall turbulent heat transfer measurements were obtained on ballistic-range models in hypersonic flight in the NASA Ames Hypervelocity Free Flight Aerodynamic Facility. Each model had three different surface textures on segments of the conic frustum: smooth wall, sand roughness, and a pattern roughness, thus providing smooth-wall and sand-roughness reference data for each test. The pattern roughness was representative of a woven thermal protection system material developed by NASA's Heatshield for Extreme Entry Environment Technology project. The tests were conducted at launch speeds of 3.2 km/s in air at 0.15 atm. Roughness Reynolds numbers, k+, ranged for 12 to 70 for the sand roughness, and as high as 200 for the pattern roughness. Boundary-layer parameters required for calculating k+ were evaluated using computational fluid dynamics simulations. The effects of pattern roughness are generally characterized by an equivalent sand roughness determined with a correlation developed from experimental data obtained on specifically-designed roughness patterns that do not necessarily resemble real TPS materials. Two sand roughness correlations were examined: Dirling and van Rij, et al. Both gave good agreement with the measured heat-flux augmentation for the two larger pattern roughness heights tested, but not for the smallest height tested. It has yet to be determined whether this difference is due to limitations in the experimental approach, or due to limits in the correlations used. Future experiments are planned that will include roughness patterns more like those used in developing the equivalent sand roughness correlations.aterials being developed by NASA's Heatshield for Extreme Entry Environment Technology (HEEET) project. Data were simultaneously obtained on sand-grain roughened surfaces and smooth surfaces, which can be compared with previously obtained data. Results are presented in this extended abstract for one roughness pattern. The full paper will include results from three roughness patterns representing virgin HEEET, nominal turbulent ablated HEEET, and twice the roughness of nominal turbulent ablated HEEET. Results will be used to compare with commonly used equivalent sand grain roughness correlations.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN69052 , AIAA Aviation Forum 2019; Jun 17, 2019 - Jun 21, 2019; Dallas, TX; United States
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Over the last 5 years, the Heatshield for Extreme Entry Environment Technology (HEEET) project has been working to mature a 3-D Woven Thermal Protection System (TPS) to Technical Readiness Level (TRL) 6 to support future NASA missions to destinations such as Venus and Saturn. A key aspect of the project has been the development of the manufacturing and integration processes/procedures necessary to build a heat shield utilizing the HEEET 3D-woven material. This has culminated in the building of a 1-meter diameter Engineering Test Unit (ETU) representative of what would be used for a Saturn probe. The present talk provides an overview of recent testing of NASA's Heatshield for Extreme Entry Environment Technology (HEEET) 3D Woven TPS. Under the current program, the ETU has been subjected to Thermal and Mechanical loads typical of deep space mission to Saturn. Thermal testing of HEEET coupons has performance up to 4,500 watts per centimeter squared at 5 atmospheres stagnation pressure and successful shear performance up to 3000 pascals at 1,650 watts per centimeter squared at 2.6 atmospheres pressure.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN65177 , National Space & Missile Materials Joint Symposium (NSMMS 2019); Jun 24, 2019 - Jun 27, 2019; Henderson, NV; United States|Commercial and Government Responsive Access to Space Technology Exchange Joint Symposium (CRASTE 2019); Jun 24, 2019 - Jun 27, 2019; Henderson, NV; United States
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Laser Rayleigh scattering was used to investigate clusters in the free-stream flow at Arnold Engineering Development Centers Tunnel 9 (T9). The facility was run at Mach-14, with a pure-N2 flow medium, and at several total pressures and temperatures. Using an excimer laser operating at 248 nm, the Rayleigh instrument imaged scattering from the focused laser beam in the free-stream. As a wind-tunnel flow is accelerated, it cools and approaches the condensation boundary. As a precursor to condensation, small clusters of molecules are first formed, but the individual clusters are too small to be spatially resolved in typical images of the beam. Thus clusters effectively add a spatially smooth background signal to the pure diatomic-molecule Rayleigh signal. The main result of the present work is that clustering was not significant. After correcting for interference by small particles imbedded in the T9 flow, cluster scattering was unobservable or smaller than one standard deviation (1-sigma) of the uncertainties for almost all tunnel runs. The total light scattering level was measured to be 1.05 +/- 0.15 (1-sigma) of the expected diatomic scattering, when averaged over the entire usable data set. This result included flow conditions that were supercooled to temperatures of ~ 20 K, about 25 K below the condensation limit of ~ 45 K. Thus the Mach-14 nozzle flow is essentially cluster-free for many supercooled conditions that might be used to extend the facility operating range to larger Reynolds numbers.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-2019-220259 , L-21001 , NF1676L-32466
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Mission, landing and recovery operations for the Orion crew module involve reentry into the Earth's atmosphere and the deployment of three Nomex parachutes to slow the descent before landing along the west coast of the United States. Orion may have residual fuel (hydrazine, N2H4) or coolant (ammonia, NH3) on board which are both highly toxic to crew in the event of exposure. These risks were evaluated using a first principles analysis approach through fluid dynamics modeling. Plume calculations were first performed with the ANSYS Fluent computational fluid dynamics code. Data were then extracted at locations relevant to crew safety such as the snorkel fan inlet and the egress hatch. Mixing calculations were performed to quantify exposure concentrations within the crew bay before and during egress and departure. Finally, results included herein were used to inform the Orion post-landing Concept of Operations (ConOps) so that strategies could be formulated to maintain crew safety in the event of the loss of fuel or coolant.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN62706 , International Conference on Environmental Systems; Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: During instrument-level or spacecraft-level ground testing, heat pipes may be placed in reflux mode, with condenser above evaporator. A liquid pool will form at the bottom of the heat pipe. If heat is applied to a site below the surface of the liquid pool in a vertical heat pipe, the heat pipe can work properly under reflux mode. A superheat is required for startup. If heat is applied to a site above the liquid pool, the heat pipe is not expected to work unless additional heat is applied to the liquid pool to provide the needed flow circulation. There are many reason to minimize the additional heater power. An experimental investigation was conducted to study the heat pipe behavior under this configuration.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN66142 , Spacecraft Thermal Control Workshop; Mar 26, 2019 - Mar 28, 2019; Torrance, CA; United States
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: In this report we have catalogued the flow regimes observed in microgravity, summarized correlations for the pressure drop and rate of heat transfer that are commonly used, and discuss the validation of a few correlations from available experimental results. Two-phase flow through some specific components such as bends, tees, filters and pumps are discussed from a physical perspective to guide the designer on how reduced gravity might affect their performance. Phase separation in zero gravity is addressed through the behavior and basic design concepts for devices based on passive centrifugal action, capillary forces, gas extraction through a membrane installed in a channel wall and the use of a syringe with a perforated piston to remove bubbles from small liquid volumes. We address the common instabilities that develop in flow loops owing exclusively to the two-phase nature of the flow, e.g., Ledinegg instability and concentration waves. Finally we briefly review flow metering and gauging; two-phase flow through porous media, where pressure drop and flow regime map correlations in zero-g are a current research topic; and basic operation principles of heat pipes and capillary pumped loops.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-2019-220147 , E-19668 , GRC-E-DAA-TN65638
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Current turbulence models, such as those employed in Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes CFD, are unable to reliably predict the onset and extent of the three-dimensional separated flow that typically occurs in wing-fuselage junctions. To critically assess, as well as to improve upon, existing turbulence models, experimental validation-quality flow-field data in the junction region is needed. In this report, we present an overview of experimental measurements on a wing-fuselage junction model that addresses this need. The experimental measurements were performed in the NASA Langley 14- by 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel. The model was a full-span wing-fuselage body that was configured with truncated DLR-F6 wings, both with and without leading-edge extensions at the wing root. The model was tested at a fixed chord Reynolds number of 2.4 million, and angles-of-attack ranging from -10 degrees to +10 degrees were considered. Flow-field measurements were performed with a pair of miniature laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) probes that were housed inside the model and attached to three-axis traverse systems. One LDV probe was used to measure the separated flow field in the trailing-edge junction region. The other LDV probe was alternately used to measure the flow field in the leading-edge region of the wing and to measure the incoming fuselage boundary layer well upstream of the leading edge. Both LDV probes provided measurements from which all three mean velocity components, all six independent components of the Reynolds-stress tensor, and all ten independent components of the velocity triple products were calculated. In addition to the flow-field measurements, static and dynamic pressures were measured at selected locations on the wings and fuselage of the model, infrared imaging was used to characterize boundary-layer transition, oil-flow visualization was used to visualize the separated flow in the leading- and trailing-edge regions of the wing, and unsteady shear stress was measured at limited locations using capacitive shear-stress sensors. Sample results from the measurement techniques employed during the test are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-2019-220286 , NF1676L-33264
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: The InSight Mars Lander successfully landed on the surface on November 26, 2018. This poster will describe the methodologies and margins used in developing the aerothermal environments for design of the thermal protection systems (TPS), as well as a prediction of as-flown environments based on the best estimated trajectory. The InSight mission spacecraft design approach included the effects of radiant heat flux to the aft body from the wake for the first time on a US Mars Mission, due to overwhelming evidence in ground testing for the European ExoMars mission (2009/2010) [1] and 2010 tests in the Electric Arc Shock Tube (EAST) facility [2]. The radiant energy on an aftbody was also recently confirmed via measurement on the Schiaparelli mission [3]. In addition, the InSight mission expected to enter the Mars atmosphere during the dust storm season, so the heatshield TPS was designed to accommodate the extra recession due to the potential dust impact. This poster will compare the predicted aerothermal environments using the reconstructed best estimated trajectory to the design environments. Design Approach: The InSight spacecraft was planned to be a near-design-to-print copy of the Phoenix spacecraft. The determination of the heatshield TPS requirements was approached as if it was a new design due to the new requirement of flying through a dust storm. The baseline for aftbody was build-to-print, and all analyses focused on ensuring adequate margin. This proved to be a challenge because the Phoenix aftbody was designed to withstand only convective heating and the InSight aftbody was evaluated for both convective and radiative heating. Aerothermal environments were predicted using the Langley Aerothermodynamic Upwind Relaxation Algorithm (LAURA) and the Data Parallel Line Relaxation (DPLR) CFD codes, and the Nonequilibrium Radiative Transport and Spectra Program (NEQAIR) utilizing bounding design trajectories derived from Monte Carlo analyses from the Program to Optimize Simulated Trajectories II (POST2). In all cases, super-catalytic flowfields were assigned to ensure the most conservative heating results. Two trajectories were evaluated: 1) the trajectory with the maximum heat flux was utilized to determine the flowfield characteristics and the viability of the selection of TPS materials; and 2) the trajectory with the maximum heat load was used to determine the required thicknesses of the TPS materials. Evaluation of the MEDLI data [4], along with ground test data [5] led to the determination of whether or not the flow would transition from laminar to turbulent on the heatshield, which also determined the TPS sizing location for the heatshield. Aerothermal margins were added for the convective heating and developed for the radiative heating. TPS material sizing was determined with the Reaction Kinetic Ablation Program (REKAP) and the Fully Implicit Ablation and Thermal Analysis program (FIAT) using a three-branched approach to account for aerothermal, material response, and material properties uncertainties. In addition, the heatshield recession was augmented by an analysis of the effect of entry through a potential dusty atmosphere using a methodology developed in References [6] and [7]. These analyses resulted in an increase to the Phoenix heatshield TPS thickness. Reconstruction Efforts: Once the best estimated trajectory is reconstructed by the team, the LAURA/HARA (High-Temperature Aerothermo-dynamic Radiation model) and DPLR/NEQAIR code pairs will be used to predict the as-flown aerothermal conditions. In these runs, fully-catalytic flowfields will be assigned because it is a more physically accurate description of the chemistry in the flow. Once again, determination of the onset of turbulence on the heatshield will be evaluated. The as-flown aerothermal environments will then be compared to the design environments.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN66480 , International Planetary Probe Workshop - 2019; Jul 08, 2019 - Jul 12, 2019; Oxford, England; United Kingdom
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Abstract and not the Final document is attached. Low Lunar orbit presents a unique thermal environment with high planetary and high solar IR requirements. Orion requires a phase change material heat exchanger (PCM HX) to act as a supplemental heat rejection device (SHReD) during this orbit. As a result, Orion currently uses a PCMHX to meet heat rejection demands in low lunar orbit. This PCM HX weighs 145 lbs, a significant amount of weight on the Crew Module Adaptor. To reduce this weight, a new PCM HX and phase change material is being proposed. This new PCM HX, constructed by Mezzo technologies, was originally designed as a water based PCM HX but is now be repurposed for phase change materials with transition temperatures in Orion's set points and different freeze front propagations. Mezzo's PCM HX utilizes micro tubes which greatly increase the overall heat transfer efficiency allowing for a compact design and significant weight savings. A new phase change material is also being proposed which has a higher latent heat of fusion as well as a higher density. This paper investigates the design, testing, and analysis done on the new Mezzo PCM HX as well as the corresponding phase change material.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN62557 , International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES); Jul 07, 2019 - Jul 11, 2019; Boston, MA; United States
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Computational ice shapes were generated on the boundary layer ingesting engine nacelle of the D8 Double Bubble aircraft. The computations were generated using LEWICE3D, a well-known CFD icing post processor. A 50-bin global drop diameter discretization was used to capture the collection efficiency due to the direct impingement of water onto the engine nacelle. These discrete results were superposed in a weighted fashion to generate six drop size distributions that span the Appendix C and O regimes. Due to the presence of upstream geometries, i.e. the fuselage nose, the trajectories of the water drops are highly complex. Since the ice shapes are significantly correlated with the collection efficiency, the upstream fuselage nose has a significant impact on the ice accretion on the engine nacelle. These complex trajectories are caused by the ballistic nature of the particles and are thus exacerbated as particle size increases. Shadowzones are generated on the engine nacelle, and due to the curvature of the nose of the aircraft the shadowzone boundary moves from lower inboard to upper outboard as particle size increases. The largest particle impinging one the engine nacelle from the 50-bin discretization was the 47 um drop diameter. As a result, the MVD greater than 40 um Appendix O conditions were characterized by extremely low collection efficiency on the engine nacelle for these direct impingement simulations.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: GRC-E-DAA-TN66779 , International Conference on Icing of Aircraft, Engines, and Structures; Jun 17, 2019 - Jun 21, 2019; Minneapolis, MN; United States
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Radiative heating computations are performed for high speed lunar return experiments conducted in the Electric Arc Shock Tube (EAST) facility at NASA Ames Research Center. The nonequilibrium radiative transport equations are solved via NASA's in-house radiation code NEQAIR using flow field input from US3D flow solver. The post-shock flow properties for the 10 km/s Earth entry conditions are computed using the stagnation line of a blunt-body and a full facility CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation of the EAST shock tube. The shocked gas in the blunt-body flow achieves a thermochemical equilibrium away from the shock front whereas EAST flow exhibits a nonequilibrium behavior due to strong viscous dissipation of the shock by boundary layer. The full-tube flow calculations capture the influence of the boundary layer on the shocked gas state and provide a realistic fluid dynamic input for the radiative predictions. The integrated radiance behind the shock is calculated in NEQAIR for wavelength regimes from Vacuum-UltraViolet (VUV) to InfraRed (IR), which are pertinent to the emission characteristics of high enthalpy shock waves in air. These radiance profiles are validated against corresponding EAST shots. The full-tube simulations successfully predict a sharp radiance peak at the shock front which gets smeared in the test data due to the spatial resolution in the measurements. The full facility based radiance behind the shock shows a slightly better match with the test data in the VUV and Red spectral regions, as compared to that from a blunt-body based predictions. The UV radiance is very similar for both geometries and under-predicts the test behavior. The IR test data matches better with the blunt-body based predictions where the full-tube simulations show a significant over-prediction.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN57169 , AIAA SciTech Forum & Exposition (SciTech 2019); Jan 07, 2019 - Jan 11, 2019; San Diego, CA; United States
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Numerical investigations of the flowfield inside NASA Ames' Electric Arc Shock Tube have been performed. The focus is to simulate the experiments designed to reproduce shock layer radiation layer relevant to Earth re-entry conditions. This paper assess the current computational capability in simulating time-accurate unsteady nonequilibrium flows in the presence of strong shock waves with state-of-the-art physical models. The technical approach is described with preliminary results presented for one specific flow condition. It was found that the axisymmetric source term generates a numerical instability that appears as shock bending. This instability is time dependent which greatly affects the shock speed. Post-shock conditions are discussed and compared to CEA equilibrium prediction and good agreement was obtained close to the test-section and just behind the shock.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN64558 , AIAA SciTech Forum 2019; Jan 07, 2019 - Jan 11, 2019; San Diego, CA; United States
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2019-08-03
    Description: The HEEET project was conceived to develop a heatshield with a high performance ablative thermal protection material that can withstand the extreme entry environment produced as a result of rapid deceleration during high speed entry into Venus, Saturn, Uranus or higher speed entry into Earth's atmosphere. Successful maturation of HEEET supports future New Frontiers and Discovery AO's, as well as Flagship and directed missions in the longer term. In addition, HEEET has the potential to evolve and to support re-entry to Earth, for missions such as Mars Sample Return.The primary goal of the HEEET Project was to develop an ablative TPS heat-shield based on woven TPS technology to Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6. Key evidence to support the TRL evaluation includes: Demonstration of reproducible manufacturing of a dual layer material over a range of thicknesses and integrated on to a heatshield engineering test unit at a scale that is applicable to near term Discovery as the highest priority and future NF missions as secondary priority set of missions. Demonstration of predictable and stable performance of the dual layer TPS over a range of entry environments that are applicable to near term Discovery and NF missions of interest to SMD.Includes completion of coupon arc jet and laser testing and development of a mid-fidelity thermal response model that correlates with test results. Demonstration of flight heatshield system design for a range of sizes and loads that are relevant to near term Discovery and NF missions of interest to SMD. Includes completion of structural testing to validate analytic thermal/structural models and development of a material property database. Includes structural testing of a ~1m Engineering Test Unit under relevant entry loads.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN70346 , International Planetary Probe Workshop (IPPW) 2019; Jul 08, 2019 - Jul 12, 2019; Oxford; United Kingdom
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2019-08-03
    Description: This paper reports computational analyses and flow characterization studies in a high enthalpy arc-jet facility at NASA Ames Research Center. These tests were conducted using a wedge model placed in a free jet downstream of new 9-inch diameter conical nozzle in the Ames 60-MW Interaction Heating Facility. Both the nozzle and wedge model were specifically designed for testing in the new Laser-Enhanced Arc-jet Facility. Data were obtained using stagnation calorimeters and wedge models placed downstream of the nozzle exit. Two instrumented wedge calibration plates were used: one water-cooled and the other RCG-coated tile plate. Experimental surveys of arc-jet test flow with pitot and heat flux probes were also performed at three arc-heater conditions, providing assessment of the flow uniformity and valuable data for the flow characterization. The present analysis comprises computational fluid dynamics simulations of the nonequilibrium flowfield in the facility nozzle and test box, including the models tested, and comparisons with the experimental measurements. By taking into account nonuniform total enthalpy and mass flux profiles at the nozzle inlet as well as the expansion waves emanating from the nozzle exit and their effects on the model flowfields, these simulations approximately reproduce the probe survey data and predict the wedge model surface pressure and heat flux measurements.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN68962 , AIAA & ASME Joint Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference; Jun 17, 2019 - Jun 21, 2019; Dallas, TX; United States
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2019-08-21
    Description: Recently, heat transfer correlations based on liquid nitrogen (LN2) and liquid hydrogen (LH2) pipe quenching data were developed to improve the predictive accuracy of lumped node codes like SINDA/FLUINT and the Generalized Fluid System Simulation Program (GFSSP). After implementing these correlations into both programs, updated model runs showed strong improvement in LN2 pipe chilldown modeling but only modest improvement in LH2 modeling. Due to large differences in thermal and fluid properties between the two fluids, results indicated a need to develop a separate set of LH2-only correlations to improve the accuracy of the simulations. This paper presents a new set of two-phase convection heat transfer correlations based on LH2 pipe quenching data. A correlation to predict the bulk vapor temperature was developed after analysis showed that high amounts of thermal nonequilibrium of the liquid and vapor phases occurred during film boiling of LH2. Implemented in a numerical model, the new correlations achieve a mean absolute error of 19.5 K in the predicted wall temperature when compared to recent LH2 pipe chilldown data, an improvement of 40% over recent GFSSP predictions. This correlation set can be implemented in simulations of the transient LH2 chilldown process. Such simulations are useful for predicting the chilldown time and boil-off mass of LH2 for applications such as the transfer of LH2 from a ground storage tank to the rocket vehicle propellant tank, or through a rocket engine feedline during engine startup.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: GRC-E-DAA-TN70773 , 2019 Space Cryogenics Workshop; Jul 17, 2019 - Jul 19, 2019; Southbury, CT; United States
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2019-08-21
    Description: Film cooling is used in a wide variety of engineering applications for protection of surfaces from hot or combusting gases. The design of more efficient film cooling geometries/configurations could be facilitated by an ability to accurately model and predict the effectiveness of current designs using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code predictions. Hence, a benchmark set of flow field property data were obtained for use in assessing current CFD capabilities and for development of better modeling approaches for these turbulent flow fields where accurate calculation of turbulent heat flux is important. Both Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and spontaneous rotational Raman scattering (SRS) spectroscopy were used to acquire high quality, spatially-resolved measurements of the mean velocity, turbulence intensity as well as the mean temperature and root mean square (rms) temperatures in a film cooling flow field. In addition to off-body flow field measurements, infrared thermography (IR) and thermocouple measurements on the plate surface enabled estimates of the film effectiveness. Raman spectra in air were obtained across a matrix of axial locations downstream from a 68.07 mm square nozzle blowing heated air over a range of temperatures (up to TR = 2.7) and Mach numbers (up to M0.9), across a 30.48 cm long plate equipped with three patches of 45 small (~1 mm) diameter cooling holes arranged in a staggered configuration. In addition, both centerline streamwise 2-component PIV and cross-stream 3-component Stereo PIV data at 14 axial stations were collected in the same flows. Only a subset of the data collected in the test program is included in this Part I report and are available from the NASA STI office. The final portion of the data will be published in a future report, Part II, along with CFD predictions of the complex cooling film flow.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-2019-220227/PART1 , GRC-E-DAA-TN69722 , E-19711
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: This summer internship is focused on using CFD and fluid mechanics to optimize the SRL-ADEPT geometry in an attempt to increase drag and area-effectiveness, and reduce flow separation.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN72164
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: ESA recently flew an entry, descent, and landing demonstrator module called Schiaparelli that entered the atmosphere of Mars on the 19th of October, 2016. The instrumentation suite included heatshield and backshell pressure transducers and thermocouples (known as AMELIA) and backshell radiation and direct heatflux-sensing sensors (known as COMARS and ICOTOM). Due to the failed landing of Schiaparelli, only a subset of the flight data was transmitted before and after plasma black-out. The goal of this paper is to present comparisons of the flight data with calculations from NASA simulation tools, DPLR/NEQAIR and LAURA/HARA. DPLR and LAURA are used to calculate the flowfield around the vehicle and surface properties, such as pressure and convective heating. The flowfield data are passed to NEQAIR and HARA to calculate the radiative heat flux. Comparisons will be made to the COMARS total heat flux, radiative heat flux and pressure measurements. Results will also be shown against the reconstructed heat flux which was calculated from an inverse analysis of the AMELIA thermocouple data performed by Astrium. Preliminary calculations are presented in this abstract. The aerodynamics of the vehicle and certain as yet unexplained features of the inverse analysis and forebody data will be investigated.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN65889 , International Planetary Probe Workshop (IPPW); Jul 08, 2019 - Jul 12, 2019; Oxford; United Kingdom
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2019-08-29
    Description: NASA's Descent System Studies (DSS) Program is studying various concept vehicles to enable landing of heavy payloads on the surface of Mars. While it is desirable to run high-fidelity CFD simulations to accurately assess the aerodynamic and aerothermal effects of various design changes during EDL, it is usually difficult to quickly generate high-quality grids suitable for such analyses. One approach to address this bottleneck in mesh generation is through the use oversetting grids. Although the overset approach is efficient and powerful in solving partial differential equations on complex geometries, new users often find it challenging to apply overset concepts for their simulations. For example, generating hyperbolic grids with sufficient overlap; priority in hole-cutting on multiple overlapping grids; and fixes to assemble overlapping viscous grids at the body surface. The objective of this presentation is to introduce a simple process that combines the advantages of near-body, point-matched, structured grids with oversetting background grids suitable for grid alignment. This approach allows for grids that can be sequenced, reclustering of mesh spacing at the wall, and grid alignment with the bow shock. The current methodology is tested on a Mid-L/D configuration using the overset DPLR code.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN72528 , Thermal & Fluids Analysis Workshop (TFAWS 2019); Aug 26, 2019 - Aug 30, 2019; Hampton, VA; United States
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2019-08-30
    Description: Electronics Boxes with high heat dissipations use a thermal interface material to increase heat transfer to the radiator in a vacuum/space environment. There are lots of materials to choose from, but for Spacecraft applications, there are more than high heat transfer metrics which must be met. Contamination (both particle generation and outgassing), ease of cutting, and removal are just as important metrics in material selection. However, vendor data of material thermal conductance is usually based on a 1" X 1" piece of material under high uniform pressures. Large Electronics boxes almost never have optimal pressures, as they are bolted along the perimeter and leave gaps in the center regions. In order to characterize the relative thermal conductance for large Electronics boxes, an 8" X 8" plate was fabricated to simulate an electronics box bottom and bolted around the perimeter to a cold plate. Various thermal interface materials were inserted between the box and cold plate, and overall thermal conductance's were calculated. A table was generated which compares the full gamut of thermal interface materials for large boxes, from a dry joint to a wet joint. Materials were placed in order of high to low conductance's, so an engineer can compare the benefit of each material in a real-world scenario.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN70827 , Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop (TFAWS 2019); Aug 26, 2019 - Aug 30, 2019; Hampton, VA; United States
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2019-08-30
    Description: The intermediate wake region of a thick flat plate with a circular trailing edge (TE) is investigated with a direct numerical simulation (DNS). The upper and lower separating boundary layers are both turbulent and are statistically identical; the resulting wake is symmetric in the mean. Earlier research dealt with the near/very-near wake of the same plate (x/D 〈 13.0, x is the streamwise distance from the center of the circular TE and D is the plate-thickness/TE-diameter). In the present investigation the emphasis is on the evolution of shed-vortex structure and turbulence intensity distributions with increasing x; the focus is on the region 20.0 〈 x/D 〈 40.0. Profile similarity in wake velocity statistics is explored.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-2019-220338 , ARC-E-DAA-TN72722
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2019-08-31
    Description: Ammonia is used in the Starboard 1 (S1) and Port 1 (P1) External Active Thermal Control System (EATCS) to cool the pressurized modules, and some of the external electrical power distribution hardware. Leaks that develop in these critical cooling systems that deplete in-line tanks can ultimately result in loss of cooling, which can have devastating impacts to the mission, science and crew onboard the ISS. A slow ammonia leak was initially observed from the P1 EATCS in 2011, but later in 2013 the leak rate began to accelerate. The ammonia inventory eventually began to decay exponentially, raising concerns that the inventory could drop to levels where the system would not be operational.The Robotic External Leak Locator (RELL) was built and launched to the ISS to detect and help locate ammonia leaks using the ISS Robotic Arm and remote ground operator control without constant crew involvement. RELL pinpointed the ammonia leak to the two flexible jumper hose assemblies connecting one of two fluid loops in one of the three deployable radiators to the P1 EATCS. The ammonia inside the two hose assemblies and that radiator fluid loop was isolated and vented to space in 2017. This stopped the leak and an Extravehicular Activity was conducted to remove the two hose assemblies so they could be returned to ground for further Test, Teardown and Evaluation (TT&E). The purpose of this presentation is to discuss this leakage scenario and the TT&E efforts.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN70723 , 2019 Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop; Aug 26, 2019 - Aug 30, 2019; Newport News, VA; United States
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Normally, in order to characterize multilayer insulation installed onto a test tank, the boil-off of the tank is measured and then heat loads from structural and fluid penetrations are calculated from temperature measurements throughout the system. For the Structural Heat Intercept, Insulation, and Vibration Evaluation Rig testing, it was determined that this approach would have significant uncertainties (over 50%) and that another method was needed to characterize the heat load through the blanket. Heat flux sensors are widely used to measure heat loads and characterize insulation systems at room temperature, however, the heat fluxes measured are usually two orders of magnitude higher than high performance MLI. Three different heat flux sensors were initially checked out on a liquid hydrogen calorimeter. One was chosen for actual implementation and 20 sensors were ordered. Of those sensors, calibration was attempted on 7 of the sensors. The results from testing and calibration are discussed.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: GRC-E-DAA-TN70640 , Cryogenic Engineering Conference; Jul 21, 2019 - Jul 25, 2019; Hartford, CT; United States
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2019-09-14
    Description: The two decades old high order central differencing via entropy splitting and summation-by-parts (SBP) difference boundary closure of Ols- son & Oliger (1994), Gerritsen & Olsson (1996), and Yee et al. (2000) is revisited. The entropy splitting is a form of skew-symmetric splitting of the nonlinear Euler flux derivatives. Central differencing applied to the entropy splitting form of the Euler flux derivatives together with SBP difference operators will, hereafter, be referred to as entropy split schemes. This study is prompted by the recent growing interest in numerical methods for which a discrete entropy conservation law holds, a discrete global entropy conservation can be proved and/or the numerical method possesses a stable entropy in the framework of SBP difference operators and L2-energy norm estimate. The objective of this paper is to recast the entropy split scheme as the re- cent definition of an entropy stable method for central differencing with SBP operators for both periodic and non-periodic boundary conditions for non- linear Euler equations. Standard high order spatial central differencing as well as high order central spatial DRP (dispersion relation preserving) spatial differencing is part of the entropy stable methodology framework. Long time integration of 2D and 3D test cases is included to show the comparison of this efficient entropy stable method with the Tadmor-type of entropy conservative methods. Studies also include the comparison among the three skew-symmetric splittings on their nonlinear stability and accuracy performance without added numerical dissipations for smooth flows. These are, namely, entropy splitting, Ducros et al. splitting and the Kennedy & Grub- ber splitting.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN71641 , International Conference on Numerical Modeling of Space Plasma Flows (ASTRONUM); Jul 01, 2019 - Jul 05, 2019; Paris; France
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2019-09-06
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: M19-7573-2 , Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop (TFAWS 2019); Aug 26, 2019 - Aug 30, 2019; Newport News, VA; United States
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2019-09-06
    Description: This paper presents numerical models of boiling in a heated tube using the Generalized Fluid System Simulation Program (GFSSP), a finite-volume-based general-purpose flow network code developed at NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center. The heated tube is discretized into a one-dimensional array of nodes and branches to represent the flow of liquid and vapor in a tube with a prescribed pressure differential. The solid wall is also discretized into solid nodes and conductors to allow for heat transfer between the wall and the fluid. The conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy of the fluid are solved simultaneously with the energy conservation equation for the solid wall. Two experimental configurations of fluid flowing in a vertical tube have been simulated, one with water and the other with liquid hydrogen. This paper compares experimental data with numerical predictions based on four different published correlations for boiling heat transfer coefficients. Three of these correlations are applicable to the saturated vertical flow conditions of the experiments. One of them is applicable to film boiling and has been used for the liquid hydrogen experiment, which was in film boiling regime. For the case of boiling water, the predictions of wall temperatures using the boiling heat transfer correlations agreed well with the experimental results. However, in the case of boiling hydrogen larger discrepancies were observed between the experimental data and numerical predictions.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: M19-7514 , Space Cryogenic Workshop; Jul 17, 2019 - Jul 19, 2019; Southbury, CT; United States
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2019-09-07
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: M19-7565 , Thermal & Fluids Analysis Workshop (TFAWS 2019); Aug 26, 2019 - Aug 30, 2019; Hampton, VA; United States
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2019-10-09
    Description: Free-Flight CFD capability has been implemented into the finite-volume solver US3D under the Entry Systems Modeling project. Several simulations of ballistic range experiments have been performed in order to validate the simulation software and methodology. Extension of the software to flight scale trajectories with varying freestream conditions has been carried out. Results show promising ability to predict vehicle behavior as compared to flight. Finally, a multi-body free-flight capability has been developed to generalize the single-body free-flight solver to study multiple bodies in proximal flight.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN73924 , International Conference on Flight Vehicles, Aerothermodynamics and Re-entry Missions and Engineering (FAR); Sep 30, 2019 - Oct 03, 2019; Monopoli; United States
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2019-09-06
    Description: NASAs Flight Imagery Launch Monitoring Real-time System (FILMRS) cameras were originally developed for the Space Launch System (SLS) Core Stage. These Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS) cameras have been redesigned and reduced by an order of magnitude in size for the Exploration Upper Stage (EUS). The change in thermal environment has led to the application of various passive thermal control methods and the addition of a heater option. This paper will give a summary of the design and development test effort associated with adapting the COTS camera for the demands of the space environment and associated thermal mitigations applied as the project prepares to complete the design. The application of this camera for other space systems is discussed.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: M19-7573-1 , Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop (TFAWS 2019); Aug 26, 2019 - Aug 30, 2019; Newport News, VA; United States
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2019-08-06
    Description: Active flow control (AFC) subscale experiments were conducted at the Lucas Wind Tunnel of the California Institute of Technology. Tests were performed on a generic vertical tail model at low speeds. Fluidic oscillators were used at the trailing edge of the main element (vertical stabilizer) to redirect the flow over the rudder and delay or prevent flow separation. Side force increases in excess of 50% were achieved with a 2% momentum coefficient (C(sub )) input. The results indicated that a collective C(sub ) of about 1% could increase the side force by 3050%. This result is achieved by reducing the spanwise flow on the swept back wings that contributes to early flow separation near their tips. These experiments provided the technical backdrop to test the full-scale Boeing 757 vertical tail model equipped with a fluidic oscillator system at the National Full-scale Aerodynamics Complex 40-by 80-foot Wind Tunnel, NASA Ames Research Center. The C(sub ) is shown to be an important parameter for scaling a fluidic oscillator AFC system from subscale to full-scale wind tunnel tests. The results of these tests provided the required rationale to use a fluidic oscillator AFC configuration for a follow-on flight test on the Boeing 757 ecoDemonstrator.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NF1676L-29550 , AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452) (e-ISSN 1533-385X); 57; 8; 3322-3338
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  • 49
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-10-11
    Description: Plant Water Management is a technology demonstration of recent advances in micro-g capillary fluidics research applied to plant growth systems. It has applications in long-term food production systems for missions to the Moon and Mars, as well as the immediate need for ISS food supplements to the crew diet. PWM will demonstrate the low-gravity role of surface tension, wetting, and system geometry to effectively replace the role of gravity in certain terrestrial plant growth systems.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: GRC-E-DAA-TN73325 , Joint CSA/ESA/JAXA/NASA Increments 61 and 62 Science Symposium; Sep 17, 2019 - Sep 19, 2019; Telecon
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2019-11-06
    Description: Numerical investigations of the ow field inside NASA Ames' Electric Arc Shock Tube have been performed. The focus is to simulate the experiments designed to reproduce shock layer radiation layer relevant to Earth re-entry conditions. This paper assess the current computational capability in simulating unsteady nonequilibrium flows in the presence of strong shock waves with state-of-the-art physical models. The technical approach is described with preliminary results presented for one specific ow condition. The numerical problems encountered during the computation of these flows are detailed, along with the methods used to resolve them. Post-shock conditions are discussed and compared to CEA equilibrium prediction.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN64117 , AIAA SciTech Forum; Jan 07, 2019 - Jan 11, 2019; San Diego, CA; United States
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2019-11-06
    Description: In order to improve the cryogenic propellant management technologies for a liquid hydrogen rocket with high specific impulse, JAXA, the University of Tokyo, and the NASA Glenn Research Center have jointly organized a multi-agency model validation collaboration project. As part of this project, JAXA's boiling simulation was validated with NASA's experimental data on vertical pipeline chill-down. Simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental data obtained using an improved boiling model to reproduce the spray flow. This activity achieved liquid hydrogen turbo-pump simulation at JAXA for grasping the boiling flow phenomenon from engine cut-off to re-ignition. This joint research resulted in an international cooperative relationship for discussing the cryogenic propellant management technologies necessary to develop next-generation liquid rockets.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: GRC-E-DAA-TN71160 , AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum; Aug 19, 2019 - Aug 22, 2019; Indianapolis, IN; United States
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2019-11-14
    Description: "Heat pipes are being used on many spacecraft to acquire heat dissipated by the payload and transport the heat to a remote radiator. In instrument-level or spacecraft-level ground testing, many heat pipes are placed in a gravity-driven reflux mode where the condenser is well above the evaporator, resulting in the formation of a liquid pool at the bottom of the heat pipe. If a head load is applied to a site that is in contact with the liquid pool, the generated vapor will flow upward to the condenser and the condensate will fall back to the evaporator due the influence of gravity. Hence, the heat pipe can operate steadily under reflux mode because the heated site always has sufficient liquid supply to sustain the fluid flow. In contrast, when a heat load is applied to a site remote from the liquid pool, the heat pipe will be unable to transfer heat through liquid evaporation unless the heated site has a chance to be in contact with liquid. This can be accomplished by applying an additional heat load to the liquid pool to establish a reflux flow so that the remote site can capture the falling condensate. An experimental investigation was conducted to study the effect of gravity on the thermal performance of a heat pipe under reflux mode with multiple heat loads. An aluminum ammonia heat pipe with internal axial grooves was placed in a vertical position. Cooling was provided to the top of the heat pipe, and heat was applied to three sites below the condenser with various heat distributions. One of the heated sites was above the liquid pool, and two were in direct contact with the liquid pool. Test results showed that when a heat load was applied to either one or both of the lower sites, the heat pipe could run steadily under reflux mode. After a reflux flow had been established, a heat load could be applied to the upper site. If the upper site could capture sufficient liquid falling from the condenser to handle its heat load solely by liquid evaporation, the heat pipe could reach steady operation. Otherwise, the temperature of the upper site would oscillate due to its intermittent contact with the falling liquid. For a given heat load to the upper site, the amplitude of temperature oscillation decreased with an increasing heat load to the lower sites because there was more falling condensate available for the upper site to capture. Moreover, the temperature oscillation disappeared completely when the total heat loads to lower sites exceeded a threshold power, and the threshold power increased with an increasing heat load to the upper site."
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN71130 , International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition (IMECE); Nov 08, 2019 - Nov 14, 2019; Salt Lake City, UT; United States
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2019-11-13
    Description: NEQAIR v15.0 provides the first steps to improved coupling between NEQAIR and the DPLR CFD code, which will be fully realized in v15.1. The plan is to release NEQAIR v15.1 and DPLR 4.05 at the same time. The improvements implemented in NEQAIR v15.0 have focused on improving stability, solution robustness, usability and providing different options for running the code. It is also the first version of the code to have a new input file and line of sight format since 2009. Backward compatibility with previous formats of the input files (neqair.inp and LOS.dat) has also been provided. NEQAIR v15.0 supersedes the prerelease of this version, as well as NEQAIR v14.0, v13.2, v13.1 and the suite of NEQAIR2009 versions. These updates have predominantly been performed by Brett Cruden and Aaron Brandis from AMA Inc at NASA Ames Research Center between 2016 and 2018. NEQAIR v15.0 is a standalone software tool for line-by-line spectral computation of radiative intensities and/or radiative heat flux, with one-dimensional transport of radiation. In order to accomplish this, NEQAIR v15.0, as in previous versions, requires the specification of distances (in cm), temperatures (in K) and number densities (in parts/cc) of constituent species along lines of sight. Therefore, it is assumed that flow quantities have been extracted from flow fields computed using other tools, such as CFD codes like DPLR or LAURA, and that lines of sight have been constructed and written out in the format required by NEQAIR v15.0. There are two principal modes for running NEQAIR v15.0. In the first mode NEQAIR v15.0 is used as a tool for creating synthetic spectra of any desired resolution (including convolution with a specified instrument/slit function). The first mode is typically exercised in simulating/interpreting spectroscopic measurements of different sources (e.g. shock tube data, plasma torches, etc.). In the second mode, NEQAIR v15.0 is used as a radiative heat flux prediction tool for flight projects. Correspondingly, NEQAIR has also been used to simulate the radiance measured on previous flight missions. This report summarizes the database updates, corrections that have been made to the code, changes to input files, parallelization, the current usage recommendations, including test cases, and an indication of the performance enhancements achieved.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN72963
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2019-08-09
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN65782 , Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI) Lecture Series: Series on Pyrolysis Phenomena in Porous Media ; Apr 01, 2019 - Apr 04, 2019; Brussels; Belgium
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2019-10-29
    Description: A validated computational fluid-structure interaction method for simulating the complex interaction between the large deformation of very thin, highly deformable structures and compressible flows is extended to consider large-scale problems in supersonic flows using parallel computing. The coupled fluid-structure interaction system is solved in a partitioned, or weakly-coupled, manner. The foundations of the applied fluid-structure interaction method are a higher-order, block-structured Cartesian, sharp immersed boundary method for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations and a computational structural dynamics solver employing a geometrically nonlinear 3-node shell element based on the mixed interpolation of tensorial components formulation. The method is applied to large deformation fluid-structure interaction validation cases before being applied to the inflation of a supersonic parachute in the upper Martian atmosphere where the goal is to demonstrate the capabilities of the solver when considering large-scale problems in supersonic flows.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN69971 , AIAA Aviation 2019; Jun 17, 2019 - Jun 21, 2019; Dallas, TX; United States
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2020-01-18
    Description: The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) was protected during entry into the Martian atmosphere by a thermal protection system that used NASAs Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator (PICA). The heat shield of the probe was instrumented with the Mars Entry Descent and Landing Instrument (MEDLI) suite of sensors. MEDLI Integrated Sensor Plugs (MISP) included thermocouples that measured in-depth temperatures at various locations on the heatshield. The flight data has been used as a benchmark for validating ablation codes within NASA. This work seeks to refine the estimate of the material properties for the MSL heat shield and the aerothermal environment during Mars entry using estimation methods in DAKOTA on the temperature data obtained from MEDLI.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN73346 , Ablation Workshop; Sep 16, 2019 - Sep 17, 2019; Minneapolis, MN; United States
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2020-01-04
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: M19-7790_Presentation , APS Fluids Conference; Nov 23, 2019 - Nov 26, 2019; Seattle, WA; United States
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN72260 , Research Group Presentation; Aug 20, 2019; Atlanta, GA; United States
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2019-11-09
    Description: The high power density of emerging electronic devices is driving the transition from remote cooling, which relies on conduction and spreading, to embedded cooling, which extracts dissipated heat on-site. Two-phase microgap coolers employ the forced flow of dielectric fluids undergoing phase change in a heated channel within or between devices. Such coolers must work reliably in all orientations for a variety of applications (e.g., vehicle-based equipment), as well as in microgravity and high-g for aerospace applications, but the lack of acceptable models and correlations for orientation- and gravity-independent operation has limited their use. Reliable criteria for achieving orientation- and gravity-independent flow boiling would enable emerging systems to exploit this thermal management technique and streamline the technology development process. As a first step toward understanding the effect of gravity in two-phase microgap flow and transport, in an earlier effort, the authors studied the effects of evaporator orientation, mass flux, and heat flux on flow boiling of HFE7100 in a 1.01 mm tall by 13.0 mm wide by 12.7 mm long microgap channel. Orientation-independence, defined as achieving similar critical heat fluxes, heat transfer coefficients, and flow regimes across orientations, was achieved for mass fluxes of 400 kg/sq.m-s and greater (corresponding to a Froude number of about 0.8). In the present effort, the authors have studied the effects of gravity, mass flux, and subcooling on flow boiling of HFE7100 in a 0.17 mm tall by 13.0 mm wide by 12.7 mm long microgap channel. The Flow Boiling in Microgap Coolers payload experienced about three minutes of weightlessness and shorter periods of high-g (up to about 5 g) during two recent flights aboard the Blue Origin New Shepard reusable launch vehicle. The results from the flight experiments will be presented and compared with published criteria for achieving gravity-independence.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN73788 , International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems (InterPACK); Oct 07, 2019 - Oct 09, 2019; Anaheim, CA; United States
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2019-12-11
    Description: An infrared (IR) camera provides a way of examining temperature trends associated with simulated microgravity flame spread in the Narrow Channel Apparatus (NCA). The IR camera measures the surface temperature of solid poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) fuel. These tests examine the forward conduction of heat ahead of the flame front in the non-thermally thin fuel.The NCA is a combustion wind tunnel that simulates a microgravity flame spread environment by employing a narrow gap between the fuel and ceiling of the device, limiting the effects of buoyancy. Test conditions of a 5 mm gap, mean opposed flow velocity of 15 cm/s, and fuel thickness of 3 mm are used.PMMA is selected as the fuel due to repeatability of test results, ease of computational modeling, and known combustion mechanics. Using specific lens and bandpass filter combinations the PMMA can be imaged as effectively opaque. The spectral emissivity for PMMA was calculated and incorporated into the calibration of the camera.Surface temperatures from the IR camera are compared to results from thermocouples embedded in the surface of the fuel. The IR camera results show that nontrivial forward conduction occurs during tests, and therefore must be included in computational models of the process.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: GRC-E-DAA-TN75460 , 2019 WSSCI Fall Technical Meeting; Oct 14, 2019 - Oct 15, 2019; Albuquerque, NM; United States
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An efficient strategy for propagating sonic boom signatures from a near-field Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solution to the mid-field is presented. The method is based on a high-order accurate finite-difference discretization of the 3D Euler equations on a specially designed curvilinear grid and a single sweep space marching solution algorithm. The new approach leads to more than a factor of two reduction in overall computational resources compared to the current method used to propagate near-field sonic booms to the ground. Accuracy and efficiency of the near-field to mid-field process is demonstrated using a selection of test cases from the AIAA Sonic Boom Prediction Workshops. Azimuthal dependence of nonlinear wave propagation from the near-field to mid-field is analyzed along with its effects on the ground level noise.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN69561 , AIAA Aviation 2019; Jun 17, 2019 - Jun 20, 2019; Dallas, TX; United States
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Detailed spectrally and spatially resolved radiance has been measured in the Electric Arc Shock Tube at NASA Ames Research Center for conditions relevant to Titan entry, with varying atmospheric composition, free-stream density (equivalently, altitude) and shock velocity. The test campaign measured radiation at velocities from 4.7 km/s to 8 km/s and free-stream pressures of 0.1, 0.28 and 0.47 Torr with a variety of compositions. Radiances measured in this work are substantially larger compared to that reported both in past EAST test campaigns and in other shock tube facilities. Depending on the metric used for comparison, the discrepancy can be as high as an order of magnitude. Due to the difference with previously reported data, a substantial effort was undertaken to provide confidence in the new results. The present work provides a new benchmark set of data to replace those published in previous studies. The effect of gas impurities identified in previous shock tube studies was also examined by testing in pure N2 and deliberate addition of air to the CH4/N2 mixtures. Furthermore, a test campaign in pure N2 was also conducted with the aim of providing data for improving fundamental understanding of high enthalpy flows containing N2, such as high-speed entries into Earth or Titan. These experiments cover conditions from approximately 6 km/s to 11 km/s at an initial pressure of 0.2 Torr. It is the intention of this paper to motivate code comparisons benchmarked against this data set.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN61964 , International Workshop on Radiation of High Temperature Gases in Atmospheric Entry; Mar 25, 2019 - Mar 29, 2019; Madrid; Spain
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Modifications to key coefficients in a k E based explicit algebraic stress model (EASM) are examined with the objective of improving the prediction of turbulent jet flows. The pressure strain coefficient, C2 and the turbulent diffusion coefficients, k and E were investigated. For a series of benchmark subsonic jets at heated and unheated conditions, lowering C2 from the default value of 0.36 to 0.10 resulted in a significant improvement in the jet mixing, when compared to experimental data. Changing k and E from default values of 1.00 and 1.4489, respectively, to 0.50 and 0.7244, respectively, improved the initial mixing rate, while reducing the farfield mixing rate and the peak turbulent kinetic energy along the centerline. A high-speed mixing layer was also investigated for performance of baseline and modified EASM coefficients, with similar results as for the jet cases. A flat plate boundary layer was briefly examined to determine the effects of changing the coefficients on the turbulent skin friction coefficient. The change to the pressure strain coefficient, C2 = 0.10 is recommended for future EASM calculation of jets flow; however, it is also recommended that the diffusion coefficients remain at their default values.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM—2019-219978 , AIAA Paper 2019–0325 , E-19661 , GRC-E-DAA-TN65223 , 2019 Science and Technology Forum (SciTech); Jan 07, 2019 - Jan 11, 2019; San Diego, CA; United States
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Two full seven-equation turbulence models available in the FUN3D code are evaluated for their ability to improve the computation of challenging mixing flows encountered in aerospace propulsion. These models are the SSG/LRR and Wilcox full second-moment Reynolds stress models. They solve equations for the six components of the Reynolds stress and a seventh equation for the turbulent length scale. Two standard eddy viscosity models are also evaluated for comparison, the Spalart-Allmaras (SA) one-equation model and the Menter Shear Stress Transport (SST-V) two-equation turbulence model. Flow through an axisymmetric reference nozzle is examined at three flow conditions: subsonic unheated, subsonic heated, and near sonic unheated. Centerline profiles of velocity and turbulent kinetic energy and radial profiles of velocity, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent stresses are examined. Results showed that the SA model did well at predicting the jet potential core length, but over-mixed the downstream flow, whereas the SST-V model over-predicted the potential core length. The Wilcox-model significantly over-predicted the potential core length and under-predicted the mixing and was not well-suited for the jet flows evaluated, however the SSG/LRR Reynolds stress model did well at predicting the mixing rate and mean velocity for all cases examined.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM—2019-220067 , AIAA Paper 2019–2332 , E-19657 , GRC-E-DAA-TN64966 , 2019 Science and Technology Forum (SciTech); Jan 07, 2019 - Jan 11, 2019; San Diego, CA; United States
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2019-09-17
    Description: Film cooling is used in a wide variety of engineering applications for protection of surfaces from hot or combusting gases. The design of more efficient film cooling geometries/configurations could be facilitated by an ability to accurately model and predict the effectiveness of current designs using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code predictions. Hence, a benchmark set of flow field property data were obtained for use in assessing current CFD capabilities and for development of better modeling approaches for these turbulent flow fields where accurate calculation of turbulent heat flux is important. Both Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and spontaneous rotational Raman scattering (SRS) spectroscopy were used to acquire high quality, spatially-resolved measurements of the mean velocity, turbulence intensity as well as the mean temperature and root mean square (rms) temperatures in a film cooling flow field. In addition to off-body flow field measurements, infrared thermography (IR) and thermocouple measurements on the plate surface enabled estimates of the film effectiveness. Raman spectra in air were obtained across a matrix of axial locations downstream from a 68.07 mm square nozzle blowing heated air over a range of temperatures (up to TR = 2.7) and Mach numbers (up to M0.9), across a 30.48 cm long plate equipped with three patches of 45 small (~1 mm) diameter cooling holes arranged in a staggered configuration. In addition, both centerline streamwise 2-component PIV and cross-stream 3-component Stereo PIV data at 14 axial stations were collected in the same flows. Only a subset of the data collected in the test program is included in this Part I report and are available from the NASA STI office. The final portion of the data will be published in a future report, Part II, along with CFD predictions of the complex cooling film flow.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-2019-220227/PART1/SUPP , E-19711 , GRC-E-DAA-TN69722
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2019-09-14
    Description: The two decades old high order central differencing via entropy splitting and summation-by-parts (SBP) difference boundary closure of Olsson & Oliger, Gerritsen & Olsson, and Yee et al. (15, 7, 37) is revisited. The objective of this paper is to prove for the first time that the entropy split scheme is an entropy stable method for central differencing with SBP operators for both periodic and non-periodic boundary conditions for nonlinear Euler equations. Standard high order spatial central differencing as well as high order central spatial DRP (dispersion relation preserving) spatial differencing is part of the entropy stable methodology framework. The proof is to replace the spatial derivatives by summation-by-parts (SBP) difference operators in the entropy split form of the equations using the physical entropy of the Euler equations. The numerical boundary closure follows directly from the SBP operator. No additional numerical boundary procedure is required. In contrast, Tadmor-type entropy conserving schemes (31) using mathematical entropies and more recently in (35], do not naturally come with a numerical boundary closure and a generalized SBP operator has to be developed (18). Long time integration of 2D and 3D test cases is included to show the comparison of this efficient entropy stable method with the Tadmor-type of entropy conservative methods. Studies also include the comparison among the three skew-symmetric splittings on their nonlinear stability and accuracy performance without added numerical dissipations for smooth flows. These are, namely, entropy splitting, Ducros et al. splitting and the Kennedy & Grubber splitting.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN71834 , U.S. National Congress on Computational Mechanics; Jul 28, 2019 - Aug 01, 2019; Austin, TX; United States
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2019-09-12
    Description: Arc-jets are unique facilities used in research, development, and evaluation of high-temperature thermal protection systems for hypersonic vehicles and planetary entry systems. Thermochemical non-equilibrium computational fluid dynamics simulations have been carried out for the Hypersonic Materials Environmental Test System arc-jet facility to determine the size of a capsule model before arc-jet testing by better understanding of the physical phenomena. The results show the effect of the test article geometry and the importance of high-quality grids for accurate solutions. Accurate computational modeling of hypersonic flow fields inside arc-jets under simulated planetary entry conditions would help improve the design of thermal protection systems that may enable human exploration of the Moon, Mars, and beyond.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN69900 , AIAA AVIATION Forum 2019; Jun 17, 2019 - Jun 21, 2019; Dallas, TX; United States
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2019-08-26
    Description: A system and method for determining a change in a thickness and temperature of a surface of a material are disclosed herein. The system and the method are usable in a thermal protection system of a space vehicle, such as an aeroshell of a space vehicle. The system and method may incorporate micro electric sensors arranged in a ladder network and capacitor strip sensors. Corrosion or ablation causes a change in an electrical property of the sensors. An amount of or rate of the corrosion or the ablation and a temperature of the material is determined based on the change of the electrical property of the sensors.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2019-09-21
    Description: In this presentation, the theory and application of multi-layer insulation (MLI) behavior, with a specific focus on lower temperature applications (〈180K), is discussed. Many parameters can affect the performance of MLI (i.e. construction method, size, materials, grounding, penetrations, etc.) and these factors can make the prediction of MLI performance a challenge. Often, MLI performance is measured in terms of estar, and analysts commonly apply bias between a high and a low estar value. However, this approach can be dangerous when a mission goes through a wide range of temperatures during its lifetime (such as our mission, L'Ralph) due to temperature dependence of estar, with estar values increasing exponential as temperatures get colder. Many research papers and correlations have been published about MLI behavior, showing how estar values can rapidly rise at low temperatures. These correlations also show how the different parameters of MLI can affect and amplify this growth. Various correlations are presented as well as how L'Ralph is approaching the MLI problem. L'Ralph thermal model is built with Thermal Desktop (TD), and a discussion of how to apply the temperature dependent MLI behavior within TD is included. The presentation also includes reviews of different methods of mitigating heat leaks through MLI, touching briefly on topics such as integrated-MLI (IMLI), Dacron vs silk netting, and using multi-layered meshes to improve estar performance.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN70495 , Thermal & Fluids Analysis Workshop (TFAWS 2019); Aug 26, 2019 - Aug 30, 2019; Hampton, VA; United States
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2019-11-07
    Description: A discussion of the impact of gravity on boiling and condensation phenomena especially related to space flight and the concept of gravity independence.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: JSC-E-DAA-TN74235 , NASA SLPSRA Fluid Physics Workshop; Oct 16, 2019 - Oct 17, 2019; Cleveland, OH; United States
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2019-08-06
    Description: This poster provides a glimpse of the aerothermal analysis and TPS design work for the Mars Sample Retrieval Lander (SRL), part of the Mars Sample Return (MSR) architecture.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN70488 , International Planetary Probe Workshop 2019 (IPPW 2019); Jul 08, 2019 - Jul 12, 2019; Oxford; United Kingdom
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2021-04-27
    Description: DNA-based divergence time estimates suggested major changes in the composition of epiphyte lineages of liverworts during the Cretaceous; however, evidence from the fossil record is scarce. We present the first Cretaceous fossil of the predominantly epiphytic leafy liverwort genus Radula in ca. 100 Myr old Burmese amber. The fossil's exquisite preservation allows first insights into the morphology of early crown group representatives of Radula occurring in gymnosperm-dominated forests. Ancestral character state reconstruction aligns the fossil with the crown group of Radula subg. Odontoradula; however, corresponding divergence time estimates using the software BEAST lead to unrealistically old age estimates. Alternatively, assignment of the fossil to the stem of subg. Odontoradula results in a stem age estimate of Radula of 227.8 Ma (95 % highest posterior density (HPD): 165.7–306.7) and a crown group estimate of 176.3 Ma (135.1–227.4), in agreement with analyses employing standard substitution rates (stem age 235.6 Ma (142.9–368.5), crown group age 183.8 Ma (109.9–289.1)). The fossil likely belongs to the stem lineage of Radula subg. Odontoradula. The fossil's modern morphology suggests that switches from gymnosperm to angiosperm phorophytes occurred without changes in plant body plans in epiphytic liverworts. The fossil provides evidence for striking morphological homoplasy in time. Even conservative node assignments of the fossil support older rather than younger age estimates of the Radula crown group, involving origins for most extant subgenera by the end of the Cretaceous and diversification of their crown groups in the Cenozoic.
    Keywords: 551
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  • 73
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung | Stuttgart
    Publication Date: 2021-04-27
    Keywords: Paläontologie: Allgemeines ; 551 ; VU 000 ; 38.20 ; 38.2
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Chemical fingerprints of impacts are usually compromised by extreme conditions in the impact plume, and the contribution of projectile matter to impactites does not often exceed a fraction of per cent. Here we use chromium and oxygen isotopes to identify the impactor and impact-plume processes for Zhamanshin astrobleme, Kazakhstan. ε54Cr values up to 1.54 in irghizites, part of the fallback ejecta, represent the 54Cr-rich extremity of the Solar System range and suggest a CI-like chondrite impactor. Δ17O values as low as -0.22‰ in irghizites, however, are incompatible with a CI-like impactor. We suggest that the observed 17O depletion in irghizites relative to the terrestrial range is caused by partial isotope exchange with atmospheric oxygen (Δ17O = -0.47‰) following material ejection. In contrast, combined Δ17O-ε54Cr data for central European tektites (distal ejecta) fall into the terrestrial range and neither impactor fingerprint nor oxygen isotope exchange with the atmosphere are indicated.Identifying the original impactor from craters remains challenging. Here, the authors use chromium and oxygen isotopes to indicate that the Zhamanshin astrobleme impactor was a carbonaceous chrondrite by demonstrating that depleted 17O values are due to exchange with atmospheric oxygen.
    Keywords: carbonaceous chondrite; post-impact exchange; ejecta; Earth’s atmosphere ; 551
    Type: article
    Format: 8
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die World Trade Organization (WTO) und besonders die Doha- Verhandlungen über die Weltagrarmärkte stehen vielfach in der Kritik, gegenüber der dringlichen Aufgabe zu versagen, den Hunger in der Welt zu bekämpfen. Zum einen wird eine Ausweitung des Freihandels gefordert und mit der ökonomischen Theorie von Ricardo begründet. Zum anderen werden ein gerechter, fairer Welthandel und ein Recht auf Ernährungssouveränität gefordert. Beide Standpunkte werden hier kritisiert. Sie unterstellen ein Politikversagen, das nicht erklären kann, warum Staaten Freihandel und Protektionismus betreiben. Zur Begründung der Kritik wird auf allgemeiner Ebene der Zusammenhang zwischen der Dynamik von Akkumulation und räumlicher Expansion in kapitalistischen Ökonomien und dem Interesse moderner Staaten am Außenhandel erörtert. Es wird dargelegt, in welcher Weise die Institution WTO ein Mittel imperialistischer Politik ist. Als konkrete Beispiele hierfür werden die Doha-Runde und der gegenwärtige Streit um den Agrarhandel untersucht. Sie zeigen die konkreten Ziele und Verlaufsformen imperialistischer Politik sowie die Rolle der WTO und der Weltmarktentwicklung in der Konkurrenz der Staaten um den abstrakten Reichtum, in der das (Über-)Leben der Hungernden nur als unattraktive Geschäftssphäre vorkommt.
    Keywords: Freihandel; Hunger; WTO; Weltagrarmärkte ; 551
    Language: German
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Keywords: gas hydrate-bearing sediments; in situ synchrotron-tomography data ; 551
    Language: English
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: A series of various readily water-soluble carbamates were synthesized with good yields. These compounds are useful chemical tracers for assessing the cooling progress in a georeservoir during geothermal power plant operation. Acylation of primary amines was carried out as well as using a solution of sodium bicarbonate and without the presence of salt. Products were characterized by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. Purity was confirmed through elemental analysis.
    Description: Open Access Publikationsfonds 2015
    Keywords: chloroformates; primary amines; carbamates; thermo-sensitive tracers; urethanes ; 551
    Language: English , English
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The combination of scanning electron microscope–cathodoluminescence (CL), fluid inclusion analysis and high-resolution electron probe microanalysis of Al, Ti, K and Fe in vein quartz has yielded results permitting a greater understanding of the complex mineralisation of the Central Oyu Tolgoi and Zesen Uul porphyry-style deposits, southern Mongolia. These data demonstrate the relationship between quartz precipitation, dissolution and ore deposition as the mineralising fluid chemistry changed through time. Four major quartz generations are identified in the A-type veins from the stockworks of both the Central Oyu Tolgoi (OTi to OTiv) and Zesen Uul deposits (ZUi to ZUiv). Despite differences in the associated alteration and mineralisation style, the observed CL textures and trace element signatures of the quartz generations are comparable between deposits. The OTi and ZUi stage formed both the primary network of A-type veins and pervasive silicification of the host rock. Using the Ti-in-quartz geothermometer, crystallisation temperatures for OTi and ZUi of between 598°C and 880°C are indicated. The main stage of sulphide mineralisation was accompanied by the dissolution of pre-existing quartz (OTi and ZUi) and precipitation of a weakly luminescent generation of quartz (OTii and ZUii) with a low Ti content, reflected in a calculated temperature drop from approximately 700°C to 340°C in Central Oyu Tolgoi and 445°C in Zesen Uul. OTii and ZUii stage quartzes show high and variable Al concentrations. The next stage of quartz in both deposits (OTiii and ZUiii) forms a fine network of veins in cracks formed in pre-existing quartz. OTiii and ZUiii quartz contain measurable fluid inclusions of moderate salinity (3–17.1 wt.% NaCl eq.), entrapped in the temperature range 256°C to 385°C. OTiii and ZUiii are not related to any sulphide mineralisation. The final OTiv and ZUiv stages are characterised by quartz–calcite micro-breccias that penetrate the A-type veins. Based on the calculated entrapment temperatures, the OTiv/ZUiv stage crystallised between 212°C and 335°C, and the quartz is characterised by elevated but variable Al and Fe contents. The CL and trace element signatures of the OTi to OTiii and ZUi to ZUiii stages of the two Mongolian porphyries show similar features to those observed in porphyry-style deposits from other regions. This suggests that a common sequence of quartz crystallisation occurs during the formation of early veins in many porphyry copper systems.
    Keywords: Copper porphyry; Quartz; Cathodoluminescence; Fluid inclusion; Trace elements; Mongolia ; 551
    Language: English
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Chemical reduction has long dominated the thinking about the mechanism of aqueous contaminant removal in the presence of metallic iron (e.g. Fe0/H2O systems). However, a large body of experimental evidence indicates that chemical reduction is not adequate to explain satisfactorily the efficiency of Fe0/H2O systems for several substances or classes of substances. By contrast, the alternative approach, that contaminants are fundamentally adsorbed and co-precipitated by iron corrosion products seems to provide a better explanation of observed efficiency. The new approach is obviously not really understood. The present communication aims at clarifying this key issue. It seems that a paradigm shift is necessary for the further development of the iron technology.
    Keywords: Contaminant removal; Paradigm shift; Removal mechanism; Water treatment; Zerovalent iron ; 551
    Language: English
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Keywords: Adsorption; Contaminant removal; Mechanisms; Reduction; Zerovalent metals ; 551
    Language: English
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Keywords: Interdisciplinary approach; Peer-review system; Permeable reactive barrier; Water treatment; Zero-valent iron ; 551
    Language: English
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: A detailed electrochemical, photophysical and theoretical study is presented for various new thienyl and furyl derivatives of pyrene. Their optical properties are described based on UV-VIS absorption and both steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. DFT and TDDFT calculations are also presented to support experimental data. The calculations results show that HOMO-LUMO orbitals are delocalized uniformly between aromatic core and aryl substituents. Good electrochemical stability of thienyl and furyl hybrids of pyrene confirm their potential application for light emitting electrochemical cells or spintronics mainly due to their beneficial optical and charge transport properties in electrochromic devices. In order to demonstrate this potential, an OLED device is presented. Synthesized compounds included in this OLED device both facilitate electron transport and act as a light emitting layer.
    Keywords: thienyl; furyl derivatives; pyrene ; 551
    Language: English , English
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2021-04-25
    Description: An external skeleton is an essential part of the body plan of many animals and is thought to be one of the key factors that enabled the great expansion in animal diversity and disparity during the Cambrian explosion. Molluscs are considered ideal to study the evolution of biomineralization because of their diversity of highly complex, robust and patterned shells. The molluscan shell forms externally at the interface of animal and environment, and involves controlled deposition of calcium carbonate within a framework of macromolecules that are secreted from the dorsal mantle epithelium. Despite its deep conservation within Mollusca, the mantle is capable of producing an incredible diversity of shell patterns, and macro- and micro-architectures. Here we review recent developments within the field of molluscan biomineralization, focusing on the genes expressed in the mantle that encode secreted proteins. The so-called mantle secretome appears to regulate shell deposition and patterning and in some cases becomes part of the shell matrix. Recent transcriptomic and proteomic studies have revealed marked differences in the mantle secretomes of even closely-related molluscs; these typically exceed expected differences based on characteristics of the external shell. All mantle secretomes surveyed to date include novel genes encoding lineage-restricted proteins and unique combinations of co-opted ancient genes. A surprisingly large proportion of both ancient and novel secreted proteins containing simple repetitive motifs or domains that are often modular in construction. These repetitive low complexity domains (RLCDs) appear to further promote the evolvability of the mantle secretome, resulting in domain shuffling, expansion and loss. RLCD families further evolve via slippage and other mechanisms associated with repetitive sequences. As analogous types of secreted proteins are expressed in biomineralizing tissues in other animals, insights into the evolution of the genes underlying molluscan shell formation may be applied more broadly to understanding the evolution of metazoan biomineralization.
    Keywords: Biomineralization; Mollusc; Mantle; Shell; Shell matrix proteins; Co-option; Lineage-specific novelties; Repetitive low complexity domain ; 551
    Language: English , English
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  • 84
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Universitätsverlag Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Our planet earth is a system - scarcely understood - of geological, biological und cosmic processes of great variety, which make it an interesting object of research. The papers listed here deal with topics of a series of lectures open to the public, presented at the Academy of Sciences and at the Georg August University of Göttingen, which were organised by the publishers of this book. It is the publishers' aim to bring before the public a few important and interesting geoscientific aspects. Needless to say, there is no claim to cover all aspects of this subject area. However, the publishers would like to initiate readers to concentrate more deeply on scientific topics. The selected material should help them to find their way through the diversity of this branch of research.
    Keywords: geology; earth science; history of earth ; OAPEN ; 551 ; 38.10 ; RB ; PSAJ ; R
    Language: German
    Type: anthology , publishedVersion
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: This study aims to evaluate quantitatively the land surface temperature (LST) derived from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) MOD11A1 and MYD11A1 Collection 5 products for daily land air surface temperature (Ta) estimation over a mountainous region in northern Vietnam. The main objective is to estimate maximum and minimum Ta (Ta-max and Ta-min) using both TERRA and AQUA MODIS LST products (daytime and nighttime) and auxiliary data, solving the discontinuity problem of ground measurements. There exist no studies about Vietnam that have integrated both TERRA and AQUA LST of daytime and nighttime for Ta estimation (using four MODIS LST datasets). In addition, to find out which variables are the most effective to describe the differences between LST and Ta, we have tested several popular methods, such as: the Pearson correlation coefficient, stepwise, Bayesian information criterion (BIC), adjusted R-squared and the principal component analysis (PCA) of 14 variables (including: LST products (four variables), NDVI, elevation, latitude, longitude, day length in hours, Julian day and four variables of the view zenith angle), and then, we applied nine models for Ta-max estimation and nine models for Ta-min estimation. The results showed that the differences between MODIS LST and ground truth temperature derived from 15 climate stations are time and regional topography dependent. The best results for Ta-max and Ta-min estimation were achieved when we combined both LST daytime and nighttime of TERRA and AQUA and data from the topography analysis.
    Description: Open-Access-Publikationsfonds 2016
    Keywords: land surface temperature (LST); MODIS LST products; northern Vietnam ; 551
    Language: English
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Groundwater from the La Paz arid coastal aquifer in Baja California, Mexico, is essentially the only source of drinking water for the local population and tourists, as well as irrigation water for agricultural needs. The intensive exploitation of the aquifer and water cycling has resulted in groundwater abatement (up to 10 m) and high salinity (up to *5800 mg l-1). A study using hydrochemistry, isotopic (deuterium, oxygen-18 and carbon- 14) and gaseous tracers (chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113), as well as multivariate statistics, was developed to elucidate groundwater composition, flow and occurrence. Groundwater is of meteoric origin, and a large proportion is subject to evaporation. The primary natural recharge is generated in the El Novillo and Las Cruces ranges, and groundwater subsequently flows in a SE–NW direction toward the coast. The initial water type is the result of discordant dissolution of silicate minerals and ion exchange on soils. In the lower plain portion, the aquifer system is recharged from irrigation return flow and seawater intrusion, which significantly affects groundwater chemistry. Nitrate and chloride concentrations indicate that groundwater is highly affected by an overuse of fertilizers in agricultural activities, but there is little effect from urban activities. Seawater intrusion has progressed rapidly during the past decade, and the impact currently extends 13 km inland. Radiocarbon residence time calculations suggest that groundwater is modern, with the exception of Chametla and El Centerario sites in the central and western lowlands with ages of up to *5000 years. These waters indicate an additional recharge source for the upconing of fossil groundwater or regional flow.
    Keywords: Coastal aquifers; Hydrogeochemistry; Arid regions; Isotope hydrology; Contamination ; 551
    Language: English
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Dada la importancia que revisten los suelos en los procesos que ocurren en la zona crítica (zona de interacción entre agua, suelo, aire, organismos), en este trabajo presentamos la distribución temporal y espacial de una secuencia de paleosuelos arcillosos con carbonatos secundarios (capas de caliches y carbonatos diseminados) en el sector nororiental de la Cuenca de México, particularmente en el valle de Teotihuacán. El propósito de este trabajo consiste en reconstruir la distribución temporal y espacial de la cubierta de suelos del pasado para entender su relación con la estructura actual de suelos y sedimentos en este sector semiárido de la cuenca de México. Con esta información, determinar la participación de estos materiales en la Zona Crítica (ZC). Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo un transecto de dirección norte-sur, que inicia en las elevaciones del Cerro Gordo, cruza el valle de Teotihuacán y termina en la Sierra Patlachique, describiendo perfiles de suelo en diferentes posiciones geomorfológicas. El marco cronológico se ha establecido con base en fechamientos de radiocarbono realizados en las capas de caliches. De acuerdo a la cronología, al tipo y grado de pedogénesis, y a los procesos de sedimentación, se han reconocido cuatro unidades. La primera unidad, denominada Paleosuelos del Pleistoceno, fase I (50000 – 20000 años AP), está compuesta de paleosuelos arcillosos, los cuales son Luvisoles crómicos y estágnicos, dependiendo de su posición en el paisaje. Estos paleosuelos muestran tanto carbonatos secundarios diseminados y en fracturas, como capas de caliches. En la segunda unidad, Paleosuelos del Pleistoceno, fase II (20000 –10000 años AP), dominan los sedimentos sobre los suelos; únicamente en el fondo del Valle, se han encontrado Gleysoles cortados por canales aluviales. La unidad, Paleosuelos del Holoceno, fase I (10000 a 1000 años AP) se caracteriza por presentar suelos poligenéticos (Vertisoles), fuertemente modificados por los procesos antrópicos, durante las diversas fases de ocupación pre-hispánica. La última unidad, Suelos del Holoceno, fase II, abarca el último milenio, en donde se destacan procesos de erosión e inestabilidad del paisaje. La tendencia principal en la distribución espacial de los paleosuelos es la siguiente: las unidades antiguas (Luvisoles, capas de caliches y Vertisoles) están sepultadas profundamente en el fondo del valle. Sin embargo, en los taludes y elevaciones montañosas, pueden aparecer cerca o directamente sobre la superficie, siendo incorporados en el manto de suelos actual. Las interrelaciones entre los diferentes paleosuelos a lo largo del transecto estudiado, junto con las observaciones micromorfológicas, apoyan la hipótesis de una relación evolutiva entre los Luvisoles pleistocénicos y los Vertisoles del Holoceno. Consideramos que estas diferentes unidades repercuten en los procesos hidrológicos en el valle y que las capas de caliche formadas en los ambientes pleistocénicos pueden afectar la geoquímica del agua subterránea así como sus firmas isotópicas.
    Description: As soils are important elements for the processes involved in the critical zone (the zone of interaction between water, soil, air, and organisms), in this work we present the temporal and spatial distribution of a clayey-paleosol sequence with secondary carbonates (layers of caliche and disseminated carbonates) in the northeast sector of the Mexico Basin, particularly in the Teotihuacan Valley. The goal of this paper is the temporal and spatial reconstruction of the past soil cover to understand its relationship with the present day soils and sediments in this semiarid sector of the Mexico Basin. With this information the involvement of these materials in the critical zone could be determined. To comply with these objectives, a north-south transect was carried out, starting in the Cerro Gordo, crossing the Teotihuacan valley and ending in the Sierra Patlachique, describing soil profiles located in different geomorphological positions. The chronological framework has been established with radiocarbon dates of the caliche layers. According to this chronology, the type and degree of pedogenesis, as well as the sedimentation processes, four units have been recognized. The first unit is named the Pleistocene Paleosols, phase I (50000 – 20000 years BP), and is composed of clayey paleosols, chromic and stagnic Luvisols, depending on their position in the landscape. These paleosols contain pedogenic carbonates, disseminated and in fractures, and caliche layers. In the second unit, the Pleistocene Paleosols, phase II (20000 –10000 years BP), sediments predominate over soils; only in the valley floor some Gleysols are found to be cut by alluvial channels. The unit, Paleosols of the Holocene Paleosols unit, phase I (10000 to 1000 years BP), is characterized by polygenetic soils (Vertisols) strongly modified by anthropic processes during distinct phases of pre-hispanic occupation. The last unit, the Holocene Soils, phase II, covers the last millennium when erosional processes and unstable landscape dominate. The paleosols (Luvisols, caliche layers, and Vertisols) are deeply buried at the bottom of the valley. However, on the slopes and hilltop positions, they can appear close to or directly on the surface, being incorporated in the present day soil mantle. Spatial interrelations of different paleosols along the studied transect together with micromorphological observations support the hypothesis of an evolutionary link between the Pleistocene Luvisols and the Holocene Vertisols. We propose that these different units are involved in the hydrological processes in the valley and that the caliche layers, formed in the Pleistocene environments, can affect the geochemistry of the groundwater as well as its isotopic signatures.
    Keywords: paleosuelos; Teotihuacán; caliches; Luvisoles; Vertisoles; cuenca de México; paleosols; Teotihuacan; caliches; Luvisols; Vertisols; Basin of Mexico ; 551
    Language: Spanish
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: A new method to correlate intrinsic reactivity and treatability efficiency of metallic iron (Fe0) was evaluated. A 2.0 mg L-1 methylene blue (MB) solution was used in gravity fed column experiments. The intrinsic reactivity of nine Fe0 materials (ten samples) was characterized using the EDTA test. Three commercial Fe0 materials ZVI1 (0.40 - 0.80 mm), ZVI9 (0.50 mm) and ZVI10 (0.45 - 0.55 mm) were tested in column experiments. A layer containing 100 g of Fe0 was sandwiched between 19.0 to 20.0 cm upper coarse sand (1.6 - 2.0 mm) and 8.0 cm lower fine sand (0.25 - 0.30 mm). 500 mL of the MB solution was daily filtered through each column for one month. Effluent solutions were characterized for MB and Fe concentrations. The columns were also characterized by the evolution of the hydraulic conductivity (k values). Results showed (i) quantitative MB removal (〉 88 %) and (ii) limited Fe release for all three columns. After about 25 days, the Fe levels were constantly less than 1.0 mg L-1. The most significant difference was observed in the evolution of the k value and was attributed to the different material sorting. Less sorted ZVI1 exhibited the lowest initial k value (8.0 vs 43.0 mm min-1 for ZVI9 and ZVI10) and most significant permeability loss. Results confirmed the usefulness of the tested protocol as a reliable method to assess the efficiency of Fe0 materials in short term column experiments. Well-sorted Fe0 materials are recommended for long term efficient Fe0 filtration systems.
    Keywords: Intrinsic reactivity; Methylene blue; Reactive filtration; Treatability efficiency; Zerovalent iron ; 551
    Language: English
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2021-04-25
    Keywords: 551 ; VU 000 ; 38.20
    Language: German
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
    Format: 247-257
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2021-04-25
    Keywords: 551 ; VKB 350 ; 38.20
    Language: English
    Type: anthologyArticle , publishedVersion
    Format: 186-209
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: In order to better understand the role of fluids during subduction and subsequent exhumation, we have investigated whole-rock and mineral chemistry (major and trace elements) and Li, B as well as O, Sr, Nd, Pb isotopes on selected continuous drill-core profiles through contrasting lithological boundaries from the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Program (CCSD) in Sulu, China. Four carefully selected sample sets have been chosen to investigate geochemical changes as a result of fluid mobilization during dehydration, peak metamorphism, and exhumation of deeply subducted continental crust. Our data reveal that while O and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions remain more or less unchanged, significant Li and/or B isotope fractionations occur between different lithologies that are in close contact during various metamorphic stages. Samples that are supposed to represent prograde dehydration as indicated by veins formed at high pressures (HP) are characterized by element patterns of highly fluid-mobile elements in the veins that are complementary to those of the host eclogite. A second sample set represents a UHP metamorphic crustal eclogite that is separated from a garnet peridotite by a thin transitional interface. Garnet peridotite and eclogite are characterized by a 〉10% difference in MgO, which, together with the presence of abundant hydroxyl-bearing minerals and compositionally different clinopyroxene grains demonstrate that both rocks have been derived from different sources that have been tectonically juxtaposed during subduction, and that hydrous silicate-rich fluids have been added from the subducting slab to the mantle. Two additional sample sets, comprising retrograde amphibolite and relatively fresh eclogite, demonstrate that besides external fluids, internal fluids can be responsible for the formation of amphibolite. Li and B concentrations and isotopic compositions point to losses and isotopic fractionation during progressive dehydration. On the other hand, fluids with isotopically heavier Li and B are added during retrogression. On a small scale, mantle-derived rocks may be significantly metasomatized by fluids derived from the subducted slab. Our study indicates that during high-grade metamorphism, Li and B may show different patterns of enrichment and of isotopic fractionation.
    Keywords: Fluid/rock interaction; Elemental transfer; Isotopic fractionation; Subduction and exhumation; Sulu ; 551 ; Earth Sciences; Mineralogy; Mineral Resources; Geology
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The Itajaí Basin located in the southern border of the Luís Alves Microplate is considered as a peripheral foreland basin related to the Dom Feliciano Belt. It presents an excellent record of the Ediacaran period, and its upper parts display the best Brazilian example of Precambrian turbiditic deposits. The basal succession of Itajaí Group is represented by sandstones and conglomerates (Baú Formation) deposited in alluvial and deltaic-fan systems. The marine upper sequences correspond to the Ribeirão Carvalho (channelized and non-channelized proximal silty-argillaceous rhythmic turbidites), Ribeirão Neisse (arkosic sandstones and siltites), and Ribeirão do Bode (distal silty turbidites) formations. The Apiúna Formation felsic volcanic rocks crosscut the sedimentary succession. The Cambrian Subida leucosyenogranite represents the last felsic magmatic activity to affect the Itajaí Basin. The Brusque Group and the Florianópolis Batholith are proposed as source areas for the sediments of the upper sequence. For the lower continental units the source areas are the Santa Catarina, São Miguel and Camboriú complexes. The lack of any oceanic crust in the Itajaí Basin suggests that the marine units were deposited in a restricted, internal sea. The sedimentation started around 600 Ma and ended before 560 Ma as indicated by the emplacement of rhyolitic domes. The Itajaí Basin is temporally and tectonically correlated with the Camaquã Basin in Rio Grande do Sul and the Arroyo del Soldado/Piriápolis Basin in Uruguay. It also has several tectono-sedimentary characteristics in common with the African-equivalent Nama Basin.
    Keywords: Dom Feliciano Belt; Ediacaran; Foreland basin; U–Pb SHRIMP ages; Provenance ; 551 ; Earth Sciences; Geophysics/Geodesy; Geology
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: In the crystal structure of the title compound [systematic name: 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptatriene-5-carboxamide–1,4- dioxane (2/1)], 2C16H13NO C4H8O2, the cytenamide molecules form a hydrogen-bonded R2 2(8) dimer. The solvent molecule is located between two adjacent cytenamide dimers and forms N—H O hydrogen bonds with one cytenamide molecule from each dimer.
    Keywords: single-crystal X-ray study; T = 160 K; mean (C–C) = 0.004 A° ; R factor = 0.069; wR factor = 0.122; data-to-parameter ratio = 13.5. ; 551
    Language: English
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Keywords: Adsorption; Decontamination; Reduction; Remediation; Zerovalent iron ; 551
    Language: English
    Type: article , submittedVersion
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  • 95
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    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Keywords: letter; apology letter ; 551 ; Chlorine ; Iron ; Lindane ; Palladium ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Water Purification
    Language: English , English
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Keywords: Environmental remediation; Material reactivity; Nanoscale iron; Roll-front; Zerovalent iron ; 551 ; Environment; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Climate Change; Environment, general; Soil Science & Conservation; Hydrogeology; Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Basaltic dyke swarms in the southern continental part of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (Bangangte, Dschang, Manjo areas) are tholeiitic in composition with 46 to 50 wt.% SiO 2 and have moderate Mg-numbers (53–59), medium TiO 2 contents (1.48–2,05 wt.%), and flat to mildly enriched incompatible trace element patterns. Comparison with trace element patterns of representative Cenozoic basaltic rocks of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (Bana anorogenic complex, Mt. Bambouto, Adamawa Plateau basalts) indicates that these dykes are less enriched in light REE and show different incompatible trace element ratios (La/Yb: 5.7 to 8.6; Zr/Nb: 7.6 to 12.0; Ba/Th: 87.7 to 93.3). The trace element patterns of the dykes and their Sr- and Nd- isotope compositions, however, are similar to those of the pre-Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the Benue Trough in Nigeria. Our data therefore suggest that these dykes represent the magmatic history related to the break-up of Africa and South America and are unrelated to the Tertiary volcanism of the Cameroon Line.
    Keywords: Basalt dykes; Tholeiites; Phanerozoic; Cameroon volcanic line; West Gondwana ; 551
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: The arborescent lycophyte group known as the sigillarians bore pedunculate fructifications, including Sigillariostrobus Schimper, which has a known propensity to disaggregate, making comparisons of cones and in situ spores often difficult if not impossible. Sigillariostrobus is monosporangiate, containing either megaspores or microspores. Two new species of Sigillariostrobus with megaspores are described from the British Coal Measures. Two cones of Sigillariostrobus saltwellensis sp. nov. are described from Langsettian–Duckmantian strata of Great Britain, containing in situ Laevigatisporites glabratus (Zerndt) Potonié and Kremp spores, making this the first British Sigillariostrobus species described containing such spores. Sigillariostrobus barkeri sp. nov. is given here to the previously described cone with in situ Tuberculatisporites brevispiculus (Schopf) Potonié and Kremp spores. This is the first Sigillariostrobus cone with this megaspore species in situ, and thus shows that T. brevispiculus and T. mamillarius (Bartlett) Potonié and Kremp are not conspecific as others have previously suggested.
    Description: Open-Access Publikationsfonds 2015
    Keywords: Sigillariostrobus Schimper; megasporangiate; British Coal Measures ; 551
    Language: English
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2021-04-27
    Description: he fossil record of lichens is scarce and many putative fossil lichens do not show an actual physiological relationship between mycobionts and photobionts or a typical habit, and are therefore disputed. Amber has preserved a huge variety of organisms in microscopic fidelity, and so the study of amber fossils is promising for elucidating the fossil history of lichens. However, so far it has not been tested as to how amber inclusions of lichens are preserved regarding their internal characters, ultrastructure, and chemofossils. Here, we apply light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Raman spectroscopy to an amber-preserved Eocene lichen in order to gain information about the preservation of the fossil. The lichen thallus displays lifelike tissue preservation including the upper and lower cortex, medulla, photobiont layer, apothecia, and soredia. SEM analysis revealed globular photobiont cells in contact with the fungal hyphae, as well as impressions of possible former crystals of lichen compounds. EDX analysis permitted the differentiation between halite and pyrite crystals inside the lichen which were likely formed during the later diagenesis of the amber piece. Raman spectroscopy revealed the preservation of organic compounds and a difference between the composition of the cortex and the medulla of the fossil.
    Description: Open Access Publikationsfonds 2015
    Keywords: Lichen; amber; morphology; ultrastructure; chemofossils; taphonomic alteration ; 551
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Fungi have been recognized as a frequent colonizer of subseafloor basalt but a substantial understanding of their abundance, diversity and ecological role in this environment is still lacking. Here we report fossilized cryptoendolithic fungal communities represented by mainly Zygomycetes and minor Ascomycetes in vesicles of dredged volcanic rocks (basanites) from the Vesteris Seamount in the Greenland Basin. Zygomycetes had not been reported from subseafloor basalt previously. Different stages in zygospore formation are documented in the studied samples, representing a reproduction cycle. Spore structures of both Zygomycetes and Ascomycetes are mineralized by romanechite-like Mn oxide phases, indicating an involvement in Mn(II) oxidation to form Mn(III,VI) oxides. Zygospores still exhibit a core of carbonaceous matter due to their resistance to degradation. The fungi are closely associated with fossiliferous marine sediments that have been introduced into the vesicles. At the contact to sediment infillings, fungi produced haustoria that penetrated and scavenged on the remains of fragmented marine organisms. It is most likely that such marine debris is the main carbon source for fungi in shallow volcanic rocks, which favored the establishment of vital colonies.
    Keywords: Fungal structure; Fungi; Vesicles; Sediment; Fossils; Zygomycetes; Seamounts; Marine geology ; 551
    Language: English , English
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