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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Aquaculture activity is restricted mainly to rainbow trout in cold waters and carps in warm waters in inland waters of Iran as well as Fars Province. Probably for this reason saline waters of south and southeast Fars have not been used for aquaculture. These rivers are ecosystems with a diverse biota, it is predictable that can be found some there endemic aquatic organisms with a potential for aquaculture. Finding a suitable organism can help increase wise use of this natural resource, and local production and recruitment. However, it is highly needed to investigate various environmental elements prior to any use to obtain an estimation of the environmental consequences, parallel to finding usage potentials. In This study, we investigated Dehram saline river in south of Fars Province. Hydrological and physiographical properties, chemical composition of the river, and aquatic populations were sampled and measured monthly in 3 stations in one year. Salinity, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids increased from station 1 to 3, reaching from 6.6 g/L, 14.3 g/L, and 12800 µs/cm to 13.5 g/L, 17.7 g/L, and 16500 µs/cm, respectively. Dissolved oxygen and oxygen saturation were higher in station 3, and in autumn and winter. Nitrite showed lowest values in winter (0.006 mg/L) and highest values in spring (0.013 mg/L). Nitrate showed the lowest concentration in station 3 (0.43 mg/L), but no differences were seen among seasons. Ammonium showed no differences among stations or seasons. Phosphate levels in station 1 and 3 were 0.13 mg/L‌to 0.17 mg/L, with the highest level (0.29 mg/L) seen in the spring. Five species of fishes were identified in the river, which all were widely favored by local people. Some of these have been categorized as edible in previous studies, others as ornamental. On the other hand, intensive growth of an algal species throughout the river demonstrates a potential for algal cultivation. Significant role of algae in production of food for both man and livestock is now well recognized in aquaculture industry.
    Beschreibung: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Ecology ; Dehram River ; Limnology ; Saline water ; Physico-chemical parameters ; Aquaculture
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Report , Refereed
    Format: 62pp.
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  • 2
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Limnological factors of brackish water pounds of the rainbow trout, Onchorhynchus mykiss were studied at Bafgh region in Yazd province. Physicochemical factors, phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthic populations of pools, supply and drainage channels from different farms were studied in aquaculture cycle in 2002 and 2003. Means were compared using Tukey HSD and t tests. Meanings of factors in 2002 and 2003 were respectively: and 9.3 0.2ppt; dissolved oxygen 7.9 0.2mg/l water temperature 13.8 0.3°c and 14.9 0.6°c; salinity 12.3 0.2ppt and 7.2 0.1mg/l; pH between 7.8 to 9.2 and 8.1 to 9.5; depth of hyalinity 0.85 0.1m and 1.1 0.1m; ammonium 0.1-0.5mg/l; and nitrate 1.8-21mg/l. Main phytoplankton were diatoms specially Chaetoceros, and Cyanophyta. Rotifera were the dominant zooplankton. Benthic fauna mainly included immature Chironomids. Final mean lengths were between 24.7cm to 31.5cm, mean weights between 11179.9gr to 434.6gr. FCR between 1.16 to 1.6; DGR between 1.04gr/day to 3.03gr/day; production 0.03kg/m2 to 0.84 kg/m2. Supply channels had the optimum limnological condition for trout aquaculture. Limnological factors were often not significantly different between pools and drainage channels. Saeeid and Rangin-Kaman farms were the most successful farms.
    Beschreibung: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Limnology ; Brackish water ; Onchorhynchus mykiss ; Rainbow trout ; Phytoplankton ; Zooplankton ; Chaetoceros ; Survey ; Pond culture
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Report , Refereed
    Format: 175pp.
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  • 3
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Gahar-roud is in 18 kilometer far from Doroud city from East of lorestan province . This river orginated from internal part of Oshteran-kouh mountain altitude and Gahar-Lake . Survey on Gahar roud Limnology began from the end of 2001 year and during the 18 month achived, at first on the length of 20 kilometer five station of sampling was selected and biological, physical and chemical character of this river was surveyed this river in all path of it feeding with large and small spring, little rivers and water of icehouse. The amount water of this river is different and maximum water is about 21 m/s in April month. Specifity of this river is be enough the temperature of water for fish. Minimum in the Jan is about 3 centigrad deegree and maximum is July and Aug about 24 centigrade deegree phis between 6.5-8.2 and is few basic . solauble oxigen is enough and is between 8.5-13 mg/lit.during the year.This river is very bright and haven t the source of polution and during the path of river and be enaugh the dosage of mineral in water are the important physical and chemical character of this river. Gahar-roud is not biological hardness quality. About 31 genus and species from 5 family of phytoplangton and 42 genus from 26 family from the order of insects, molusca, worms and crustacea and 9 species from 12 family from the side aquatic. Plants was collected and recognized. Based on ecological potential of this region, because Gahar- roud river is poor for food material and classified in oligotroph river and hasn t high biological value. And also have a few population and in fact haven t any population and based on the safer system belong to the quatiy elass of oligotroph and amount of water, regular circulation of water with microclima condition rate of natural resource land around river, having program for culture of cold water fish is important but it is better that use from culture of fish, be regulated key word limnology, Gahar-roud, river plangton, bentoz, fish.
    Beschreibung: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Limnology ; Fish ; Bentos ; Plankton
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Report , Refereed
    Format: 84pp.
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  • 4
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Dorudzan reservoir is the main provider of drinking water for the capital Shiraz, as well as the most significant storage of water in the Kor river course. In addition of eroded material, a load of agricultural outputs from upstream are moved to the lake every year. Main physiographic, physical and chemical, and biological components of the lake were monthly sampled and analysed from Novembr 2010 to October 2011. Mean annual measures were water temperature 16.7 ˚C (SD=5.8), pH 8.2 (SD=0.3), dissolved oxygen 7.6 mg/l (SD=1.7), ammonium 0.05 mg/l (SD=0.08), nitrite 0.004 mg/l (SD=0.003), nitrate 0.44 mg/l (SD=0.44), phosphate 0.20 mg/l (SD=0.23), silicate 7.00 mg/l (SD=2.49), BOD 2.29 mg/l (SD=1.00), COD 24.49 mg/l (SD=15.47), electrical conductivity 720 µs/cm (SD=219), total dissolved solids 457.67 mg/l (SD=138.72), calcium hardness 61.30 mg/l (SD=13.45), and magnesium hardness 20.23 mg/l (SD=9.18). Living parts of the ecosystem including species of fish, orders and families of benthic invertebrates, zooplanktons, and phytoplanktons were investigated. Benthic macroinvertebrates included various nematodes, oligochates, gastropods, bivalves, and insect larvae (dipteral and coleptera), most abundant of which were dipteran larvae, mollusks, and nematodes. Dominant zooplankton was Bosmina, with Daphnia and Cyclops in next ranks. Among rotifer, Trichocera was more abundant than Lecanae. Bosmina showed the most abundance in summer and Daphnia in spring. Trichocera had its most abundance in summer as well, while Lecanae was more abundant in Automn and winter. A total of 41 algal genera from 8 divisions were found. Dominant phytoplankton division was Chlorophyta, with genus Pediastrum. Dominant microalga was Dynobrion (Chrysophyta) in Spring, Cylindrospermum and (both Cyanophyta) in Summer, Microsystis in Automn, and Ceratium (Dynophyta) in Winter. Ceratium were found in all seasons in most of the sampling sites, and showed highest abundance compared to other genera of its division. Dominant genus of diatoms was Fragilaria. Fish populations include Alburnus mossulensis, Capoeta aculeate, Capoeta damascina, Carasobarbus luteus, Carassius gibelio, Cyprinus carpio, and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Main different parts of the lake showed quite different composition of fish species. An epidemic occurance of the crustacean ectoparasite Lernea cyprinacea among most fishes was another important finding. These findings will serve as a base for future studies as a set point of drought situations.
    Beschreibung: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Limnology ; Reservoir ; Plankton ; Fish ; Alburnus mossulensis ; Capoeta aculeate ; Capoeta damascina ; Carasobarbus luteus ; Carassius gibelio ; Cyprinus carpio ; Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Report , Refereed
    Format: 72pp.
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  • 5
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    Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute | Tehran, Iran
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Abbarik River is an important river in Kerman. Study of limnology of Abbarik River for aquatics & culture was started from Mehr 1381 to Day 1382. Base of this study was physical- chemical and Biological factors. In this research 3 stations was appointed. PH- oxygen- salinity- Ca- Mg- Na- K- Cl and was majored and bentetic- fish was recognized. This study was achievement in 4 season and twice in month. Bentosis recognize was Ephemeroptera- Diptera- Anisoptera- Cleoptera Trichoptera Fishes recognize was Capoeta damascina- Nemachilus sargadensis- Cyprinion watsoni.
    Beschreibung: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Physical ; Chemical ; Biological ; Limnology ; Bentosis fish ; Aquatic ; Culture ; PH ; Salinity ; Oxygen ; Ephemeroptera ; Diptera ; Anisoptera ; Cleoptera Trichoptera ; Capoeta damascina ; Nemachilus sargadensis ; Cyprinion watsoni
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Report , Refereed
    Format: 44pp.
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The shiroud river is one of the important riveres in point of view of fisheries matter which located in western part of Mazndran provience. The project of Limnological study have done in this river during June/ 2002 - Jun / 2003 for more and better underestanding situations, of biological and nonbiological parameters like as phytoplankton, zooplonkton, benthoses, Ichthyology, physico - chemical and pesticides of water. - Physico- chemical paramaters by ASTM methods and spectrophotometer and pestisides by US-EPA- method and GC- ECD determined. The procedures of detemination of zooplanklon and phytoplankton by manuals of Newell, 1970 and Sorina, 1974 idantify and determined respectinely. In Ichthyology, by manual procedure Berg, 1949 identifind. The sampeling have been in four stations during four seasons and result as follow: - The maximum and minimum amount of pH were in station 5 (spring) and Station no. 4 (summer) 8.19 and 7.75 respectively. - The maximum and minimum temperature of water were in station no. 8 (summer) and stations no. 2 (winter) 27.7 c and 7.7c respectively. The fluctuatcions of nutroients datas of this study and other studies done during last 5 years showed, there were not big diffrence between them but also these datas were very close to each other. - The maximum residues of pesticides for heptachlor Epoxide (Winter ) and Lindane (spring) betweenresidues of sixteen pesticdes were 79.4 and 3.7 ppb respectively. - The maximum and minimum amount of phytoplankton biomass belong to chrysophyta during four seasons were 2572 through 1081 mg/m3. - The percentage of zooplankton belong to Rotatoria , Protozoa , Copepoda , Cladocera and Zoobenthos were in 41 , 31 , 12 , 4 and 12 percent recpectively. - The maximum aboundant percentage of bentheic animals belong to Diptera with 42 percent and were dominate whole sampeling stations . - The abundence of fishes in this river belong to two species of C. capoeta gracilis and Al. bipunctatus were catched in four seasons at eight stations . The percentages of C. capoeta gracilis species were catched in four seasons at eight stations during winter, summer , spring and fall with 96 ,81 , 73 and 67 percent respectively. The percentages of Al. bipunctatus species were catched in four seasons at eight stations during winter, summer , spring and fall with 47 , 44 , 43 and 40 percent respectively.
    Beschreibung: Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Pesticdes residues ; Phytoplankton ; Zooplankton ; Riverine fishes ; Nutrients ; Limnology ; ASTM ; Rotatoria ; Protozoa ; Copepoda ; Cladocera ; Zoobenthos
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Report , Refereed
    Format: 127pp.
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  • 7
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: This is a report describing activities associated with the Matamek program in 1977. Research was conducted on biological, chemical and physical factors related to salmonid production in Matamek River and Matamek Lake. Canadian universities, the Quebec government and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution cooperated in the program.
    Beschreibung: Supported by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Department of Tourism, Fish and Game of the Province of Quebec.
    Schlagwort(e): Ecology ; Limnology
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Technical Report
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  • 8
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    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-13
    Beschreibung: The environmental variables are important in the functioning and dynamics of freshwater ecosystems, since changes in physical and chemical conditions of these environments contribute to alterations in the ecological functioning. This research was conducted in four neotropical flood plains: Amazônica, Araguaia, Pantanal e Paraná. The samples of zooplankton were performed in the subsurface region of limnetic lakes each floodplain, in the years 2011 and 2012 (dry and wet). At the same time the environmental variables were measured and obtained water samples for later laboratory analysis. Our goal was to investigate the effect of environmental variables in the abundance of copepods, and the following hypothesis was tested: HI) the abundance of copepods has a great set with environmental variables, and extremes range of environmental variation, the lower the abundance of these organisms, unimodal effect. Local factors (physical and chemical environmental conditions) determined the abundance of copepods, as well as the environmental gradient showed a close relationship in the spatial and temporal distribution of the species, being possible to observe higher abundance at specific levels of environmental variables (toward the great). Studies that focus on tolerance limits of the species and their relationships with environmental conditions has risen in recent years, as the anthropogenic changes in climate and natural environments has caused significant changes in community structure, facilitating the invasion by non-native species and loss species diversity and the consequent change in ecosystem functioning. However, the hypothesis (HI) was partially supported, as the abundance follows a pattern of rise towards the great, but it was not possible to clearly unimodal effect on abundance for many species.
    Beschreibung: As variáveis ambientais têm papel relevante no funcionamento e dinâmica de ambientes aquáticos continentais, uma vez que, mudanças nas condições físicas e químicas desses ambientes contribuem para alterações no padrão de funcionamento ecológico. Esta investigação foi realizada em quatro planícies de inundação neotropicais: Amazônica, Araguaia, Pantanal e Paraná. As coletas de organismos zooplanctônicos foram realizadas na subsuperfície da região limnética das lagoas de cada planície de inundação, nos anos de 2011 e 2012 (seca e cheia). Ao mesmo tempo foram medidas as variáveis ambientais e obtidas amostras de água para posterior análise em laboratório. O nosso objetivo foi investigar o efeito das variáveis ambientais na abundância dos copépodes, e foi testada a seguinte hipótese: HI) a abundância de copépodes possui um ótimo estabelecido com as variáveis ambientais, e em extremos de amplitude de variação ambiental, menor será a abundância desses organismos, efeito uninodal. Os fatores locais (condições físicas e químicas do ambiente) determinaram a abundância de copépodes, bem como a variação ambiental apresentou uma estreita relação na distribuição espacial e temporal das espécies, sendo possível observar maiores valores de abundância em níveis específicos das variáveis ambientais (direção ao ótimo). Estudos que focam nos limites de tolerância das espécies e suas relações com as condições ambientais tem ressurgido nos últimos anos, pois as alterações antropogênicas no clima e nos ambientes naturais tem causado expressivas mudanças na estrutura da comunidade, facilitação à invasão por espécies não nativas e perda da diversidade de espécies e a consequente alteração no funcionamento ecossistêmico. Contudo, a hipótese (HI) foi parcialmente corroborada, pois a abundância segue um padrão de ascensão em direção ao ótimo, porém não foi possível estabelecer claramente para muitas espécies um efeito unimodal na distribuição da abundância.
    Beschreibung: Masters
    Schlagwort(e): Copepoda ; Ciências Ambientais ; Ecology ; Community ; Abundance ; Spatial distribution ; Niche ; Brazil ; Temporal distribution ; Abundância ; Limnologia ; Distribuição espacial ; Nicho ; Copépodes (Crustacea: Copepoda) ; Planícies de inundação ; Comunidades, Ecologia de ; Brasil ; Distribuição temporal ; Limnology
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 37pp.
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  • 9
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    John Wiley & Sons
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 44 (2017): 209–218, doi:10.1002/2016GL071378.
    Beschreibung: Global lake volume estimates are scarce, highly variable, and poorly documented. We developed a rigorous method for estimating global lake depth and volume based on the Hurst coefficient of Earth's surface, which provides a mechanistic connection between lake area and volume. Volume-area scaling based on the Hurst coefficient is accurate and consistent when applied to lake data sets spanning diverse regions. We applied these relationships to a global lake area census to estimate global lake volume and depth. The volume of Earth's lakes is 199,000 km3 (95% confidence interval 196,000–202,000 km3). This volume is in the range of historical estimates (166,000–280,000 km3), but the overall mean depth of 41.8 m (95% CI 41.2–42.4 m) is significantly lower than previous estimates (62–151 m). These results highlight and constrain the relative scarcity of lake waters in the hydrosphere and have implications for the role of lakes in global biogeochemical cycles.
    Beschreibung: Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program Grant Number: 2388357; National Science Foundation Grant Number: OCE-1315201
    Schlagwort(e): Limnology ; Topograhy ; Scaling ; Volume ; Mean depth
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 10
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-10
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 11
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-01-27
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 12
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-01-27
    Beschreibung: Polynitrogens have the potential for ultrahigh-performing explosives or propellants because singly or doubly bonded polynitrogens can decompose to triply bonded dinitrogen (N2) with an extraordinarily large energy release. The large energy content and relatively low activation energy toward decomposition makes the synthesis of a stable polynitrogen allotrope an extraordinary challenge. Many elements exist in different forms (allotropes)—for example, carbon can exist as graphite, diamond, buckyballs, or graphene. However, no stable neutral allotropes are known for nitrogen, and only two stable homonuclear polynitrogen ions had been isolated until now—namely, the N3− anion (1) and the N5+ cation (2). On page 374 of this issue, Zhang et al. (3) report the synthesis and characterization of the first stable salt of the cyclo-N5− anion, only the third stable homonuclear polynitrogen ion ever isolated. Author: Karl O. Christe
    Schlagwort(e): Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 13
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: This work includes a study of the ecological characteristics and of the distribution of floristic and faunistic communities in a muddy lagoon with large fluctuations of salinity.
    Beschreibung: Ce travail est une étude des conditions écologiques générales et de la répartition des peuplements végétaux et animaux dans une lagune envasée soumise à de grandes fluctuations de salinité.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Salinity ; Lakes ; Climate ; Limnology ; Water analysis ; Sediment analysis ; Freshwater ecology ; Brackish ; Freshwater
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp 115-124
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  • 14
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-09
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-11-11
    Beschreibung: Author: Jake Yeston
    Schlagwort(e): Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 16
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    Basel, Beijing, Wuhan : MDPI
    Schlagwort(e): Aquatic ecosystem monitoring ; Aquatic ecosystem assessment ; Aquatic ecosystem management ; Aquatic ecosystem services ; Aquatic ecosystem policy ; Restoration ; Conservation ; Biological indicators ; Streams/ Rivers/ Lakes/ Wetlands ; Aquatic ecology ; Ecohydrology ; Limnology
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Today, sustainability of a healthy freshwater ecosystem and its associated ecosystem services are hot issues with ever-growing attention placed upon them. We are increasingly recognizing that they are crucial for the survival of the aquatic biota and human beings on our planet. The efficient monitoring of water resources is fundamental for effective management of water quality and aquatic ecosystems. The first stage in sustainable ecosystem management is the evaluation of the current status of target ecosystems. Traditionally, and even today, physico-chemical parameters have mainly been used to evaluate the quality of water resources. However, they have a large limit to grab the wholeness of water system, particularly in the sense of ecosystem health and integrity, for which ecological monitoring should be based on biological factors. Various approaches are applicable to ecosystem health assessment at different levels of the biological hierarchy, from genes to ecosystems. This Special Issue is designed to improve scientific understanding and strategies for sound aquatic ecosystem management and services for researchers, decision makers, and stakeholders.
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (XVI, 422 Seiten)
    Ausgabe: Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Water
    ISBN: 9783038422679
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 17
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    Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, LVEMP Water Quality Component | Kisumu, Kenya
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Sampling for nutrients, Chrolophyll-a and total suspended solids was done in 9 in-lake stations in the Kenyan part of Lake Victoria between December 2000 and October 2001. In-situ measurements of temperature, dissolved oxygen and water transparency were also carried out. PO4-P was found to range from 0.007mg/l to 0.057 mg/l and was higher in the pelagic stations than in littoral stations. NO3-N concentrations of 0.005-0.037 mg/l were recorded and were found to be relatively higher in the littoral stations than in the pelagic stations. TN:TP ration of the lake was found to be 6.78 indicating a possibility of heterocystous blue-green algae dominating. The ratio of 8.6 in the littoral stations showed a potential for higher photosynthetic rates in this part of the lake than in the pelagic zones. SRSi levels in the pelagic zones were found to have reduced significantly compared to those reported by Talling (1965), whereas those in the littoral zone was within the reported range. Water temperature was found to have increased and transparency values decreased compared to those measured by Worthington (1930) for both the open waters and within the gulf. Anoxic conditions (DO 〈1mg/l) were measured in depths of up to 30m.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Water quality ; Limnology ; Nutrients (mineral)
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Report , Not Known
    Format: 11pp.
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  • 18
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The objectives of the Lake Victoria environment monitoring were to obtain data for: (1) Determination of the present state of the lake water quality and ecosystem. (2) Analysis of the relative importance of the biological processes and limiting factors in the eutrophication of the lake. (3) Calibration of the Lake Victoria Water Quality Framework Model. (4) Long -term monitoring of changes taking place in the lake. To achieve these objectives a programme for monthly lake monitoring on the lake was established to gather data on the quality of the waters of the lake and the lake’s limnology through in-situ measurements, and laboratory analysis of samples.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Water quality ; Urbanization ; Eutrophication ; Limnology
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Book Section , Not Known
    Format: pp.164- 212 [Chapter 8]
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  • 19
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Lake Victoria Environment Management Project (LVEMP) | Kisumu, Kenya
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: This paper reports on the major limnological and water quality findings in Lake Victoria, Kenya and offers suggestions on sustainable management of lake water quality.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Water quality ; Eutrophication ; Resource management ; Limnology
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Book Section , Not Known
    Format: pp.239-261 [Chapter 10]
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Schlagwort(e): Limnology ; High mountain lakes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Abstract A general conceptual watershed-lake model of the complex interactions among climatic conditions, watershed location and characteristics, lake morphology, and fish predation was used to evaluate limnological characteristics of high mountain lakes. Our main hypothesis was that decreasing elevation in mountainous terrain corresponds to an increase in diversity of watershed size and lake area, depth, temperature, nutrient concentrations, and productivity. A second hypothesis was that watershed location and aspect relative to climatic gradients within mountainous terrain influences the limnological characteristics of the lakes. We evaluated these hypotheses by examining watershed location, aspect and size; lake morphology; water quality; and phytoplankton and zooplankton community characteristics among high mountain forest and subalpine lakes in Mount Rainier National Park. Although many of the comparisons between all forest and subalpine lakes were statistically insignificant, the results revealed trends that were consistent with our hypotheses. The forest lake group included more lakes with larger watersheds, larger surface areas, greater depths, higher concentrations of nutrients, and higher algal biovolumes than did the group of subalpine lakes. Deep lakes, which were mostly of the forest lake type, exhibited thermal stratification and relatively high values of some of the water-quality variables near the lake bottoms. However, the highest near-surface water temperatures and phytoplankton densities and the taxonomic structures of the phytoplankton and zooplankton assemblages were more closely related to geographical location, which corresponded to a west-east climate gradient in the park, than to lake type. Some crustacean and rotifer taxa, however, were limited in distribution by lake type. Fish predation did not appear to play an important role in the structure of the crustacean zooplankton communities at the genus level with the exception of Mowich Lake, where crustacean taxa were absent from the zooplankton community. This was the only lake inhabited by a true zooplanktivourous species of fish.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 381-391 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Norpinanes, preparation ; Carbocations, classical and nonclassical ; Neighbouring group participation ; Halonium ions ; Migratory aptitudes in carbocations ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Electrophilic Additions to the Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane System of Tricyclo[4.1.0.02,7]heptane Derivatives: Halogen ElectrophilesThe known reactions of 8,8-dibromotetracyclo[5.1.0.02,4.03,5]octane (3a) and homobenzvalene (7) with pyridinium bromide perbromide and iodine, respectively, were carried out in the presence of tetra-n-butylammonium chloride. The formation of the chloro-substituted norpinane derivatives 6a and 9 is evidence for cationic intermediates. The same mechanism is operative in the reaction of pyridinium bromide perbromide with the dichlorotetracyclooctane 3b, which was prepared from 7 and dichlorocarbene. On exposure of tricyclo[4.1.0.02,7]heptane (1) to N-bromosuccinimide in acetone/water/triethylamine, the bromonorpinanol 22, the bromonorcaranols 23, and cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxaldehyde (24) were obtained. On the basis of the steric course and thermodynamic considerations, the cationic intermediates generated in the above reactions by attack of the electrophiles at the bicyclobutane systems are assigned the halonium ion structure 38 and the nonclassical structures 34 and 35, respectively. Elemental bromine and iodine converted the phenyltricycloheptane 10 into the respective diastereomeric norpinanes 11 and 12, which were transformed smoothly into the diastereomeric methyl ethers 13 and 14 by treatment with sodium methoxide in methanol. The reactions of 10 with pyridinium bromide perbromide in pyridine, cyanogen bromide in the presence of aluminium trichloride, and N-bromosuccinimide in acetone/water gave rise to norpinane derivatives, i.e. the pyridinium salt 15, the nitrile 16, and the alcohol 18, respectively. In the case of cyanogen iodide in acetonitrile, the solvent participated in the process to yield the 2-(norpinylimino)propionitriles 17. Corresponding to the configurations of the products, the attack of a halogen electrophile at 10 leads to classical 6-phenyl-6-norpinyl cations 41, which may be approached by nucleophiles from the two possible faces. As origin for the low tendency of the cations 33-35 and 41 to rearrange to norcaryl cations, the electronegativity of the halogen atoms is suggested. The reduced migratory aptitude of a CHHal relative to a CH2 group results from its electron deficiency and from the decreased stability of 7-halo-2-norcaryl relative to the parent 2-norcaryl cations. The chlorophenyltricycloheptane 25 was prepared from 10 and treated with aqueous sulfuric acid to give the norpinanol 27. Formed by protonation of the bicyclobutane system of 25, the cationic precursor of 27 shows a behaviour similar to that of cations 41.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 433-436 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Epoxidation ; Dioxirane, dimethyl- ; Benzofurans, 2-methyl- ; Benzofuran epoxides ; Quinone methides ; Photoisomerization ; Chromenes ; 3-Benzofuranones ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The dimethyldioxirane oxidation of the 3-substituted 2-methylbenzofurans 1 [1a: 3(E)-styryl, 1b: 3-acetoxy, 1c: 3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)] is reported. Only quinone methide 3a, none of the benzofuran epoxides 2a-c, could be detected by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy at low temperature (-30°C), which on photoisomerization led to chromene 7a. The benzofuran-3-ones 5b, c and the α-diketone 6c are presumably formed by thermal isomerization of the transient benzofuran epoxides 2b, c and quinone methide 3c.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 581-584 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Fullerenes ; [3 + 2] Cycloadditions ; Nitrile oxides ; Isoxazoles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Functionalization of C60 with Nitrile Oxides to 4,5-Dihydroisoxazoles and Their Structure DeterminationCycloadducts 3 of nitrile oxides 2 with C60 (1) are synthesized and isolated. The cycloadducts are characterized by 13C-NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution FAB mass spectrometry. X-ray structure determination of the 3-(9-anthryl)-4,5-dihydroisoxazole derivative 3a of C60 with CS2 included in the crystals is achieved at 173 K without disorder problems.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 565-579 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Li enolates, of 6-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-one ; Alkylation, of Li enolates ; Michael additions, to 1,3-dioxin-4-ones, to nitroolefins ; Benzylation, abnormal products ; Methyl 3-hydroxy-3-trifluoromethyl propionates ; 1,3-Dioxanones, 2,5,6-trisubstituted ; Conformation, of 1,3-dioxan-4-ones ; Twist-boat conformation, of cis,cis- and trans,trans-2.5,6-trisubstituted 1,3-dioxan-4-ones ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure 4,4,4-Trifluoro-3-hydroxy-butanoic Acid Derivatives, Branched in the 2- or 3-Position, from 6-Trifluoromethyl-1,3-dioxan- and -dioxin-4-onesEnantiomerically pure 3-hydroxy-3-trifluoromethyl-propionic acid and esters, substituted in the 2- or 3-position, are prepared (13 examples) from (R)- or (S)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-hydroxy-butanoic acid. Key intermediates are the 2-t-butyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dioxan- and -dioxin-4-ones. The Li enolate of the cis-dioxanone is generated with t-BuLi and reacts with electrophiles (alkyl halides, aldehydes, imines, nitroolefins, Br2, I2) with predominant formation of trans,trans-2,5,6-trisubstituted dioxanones (9 examples). Elimination of HBr from the 5-Br-substituted dioxanone gives the (R)- or (S)-dioxinone, a chiral derivative of 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxo-butanoic acid (trifluoro-acetoacetate). Michael additions of cuprates or of CuCl-doped Grignard reagents to the dioxinone produce 6,6-disubstituted dioxanones (10 examples) bearing a CF3 group in the 6-position. In most cases this addition is highly diastereoselective, with the new substituent winding up in the trans position. There are, however, surprising exceptions, such as the product formed with benzylmagnesium chloride which is an abnormal adduct with a p-quinoid structure (26) and with the newly introduced group in the cis position with respect to the t-Bu group. The structures of four trisubstituted dioxanones bearing CF3 groups are determined by X-ray crystal structure analysis (Figure 1, Table 1), one of them including the absolute configuration (by anomalous diffraction). Besides the well-known sofa, a twist-boat conformation of dioxanones appears to be favorable. The solution conformations of the different types of CF3-substituted dioxanones are derived from Nuclear Overhauser NMR measurements and compared with the crystal structures (Figure 3).
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Isocyanide-bridged metal complexes ; Metal complexes as ligands ; N-Protonation (alkylation, metalation) ; Heteropentanuclear metal complexes ; Diisocyanide bridges ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Coordination Chemistry with the Complex Chelating Ligands [{Fe2Cp2(CO)3)2{CN[CH2]n NC}] (n = 2, 3). Heteropentanuclear “Supercomplexes” with μ5-Diisocyanide BridgesHerrn Professor Dr. O. J. Scherer zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.The tetranuclear complexes [(Fe2Cp2(CO)2(μ-CO)}2(μ4-CN[CH2]nNC}] [n = 2 (2), 3 (3)] act as bidentate chelating ligands towards the Lewis-acidic metal halides MnCl2, MnBr2, FeCl2, CoCl2, NiCl2, NiBr2, CuCl2, CuBr2, ZnCl2, ZnI2, CdCl2, CdI2, HgCl2, the chloro complexes [MCl2-(NCPh)2] (M = Pd, Pt), Zn(OAc)2 · H2O, and [Mo(CO)4(η-NBD)] (NBD = 2,5-norbornadiene) to give a total of 22 pentanuclear “supercomplexes” ,6-21, which have been characterized by elemental analyses and IR and NMR (1H, 13C) spectra. Reaction of 2 with [Ni(COD)2] in CH2Cl2 gave only rise to the dichloronickel(II) species 9a. Very remarkably, the pentairon complex [(Fe2Cp2(CO)2(μ-CO)2(μ5-CN(CH2)2-NC)}]FeCl2 (7) also formed spontaneously (!) when 2 was refluxed in chloroform for several hours. The X-ray structure analysis of [{Fe2Cp2(CO)2(μ-CO))2{μ5-CN(CH2)2NC}]CdI2 (14b) confirms the twofold μ3-(C,C,N) bridging mode of a diisocyanide ligand in a cis/cis-anti-configurated [Fe2]2Cd pentanuclear system of crystallographic C2 symmetry.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Germane, optically active ; Biotransformation, stereoselective ; Transesterification, enzymatic ; Porcine liver esterase ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Synthesis of ( - )-(Acetoxymethyl)(hydroxymethyl)methyl(phenyl)germane [( - )-MePhGe(CH2OAc)(CH2OH)] by an Esterase-Catalyzed Transesterification: the First Enzymatic Synthesis of an Optically Active GermaneThe prochiral germane MePhGe(CH2OH)2 (1) was synthesized by a six-step synthesis starting from GeCl4 (3) [3 → Cl2Ge(CH2Cl)2 (4) → Ph2Ge(CH2Cl)2 (5) → (CF3S(O)2O)PhGe(CH2Cl)2 (6) → MePhGe(CH2Cl)2 (7) → MePhGe(CH2OAc)2 (8) → 1]. Reaction of 1 with Ac2O/NEt3 (molar ratio 1: Ac2O = 1:1) gave the racemic germane rac-MePhGe(CH2OAc)(CH2OH) (rac-2). Stereoselective transesterification of 1 with vinyl acetate (acetate source and solvent), catalyzed by immobilized porcine liver esterase (PLE; E.C.-3.1.1.1), yielded the optically active germane ( - )-MePhGe(CH2OAc)(CH2OH) [( - )-2] (yield 57%, enantiomeric purity 50% ee).
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Platinum complexes, five-coordinate ; Nitrosyl complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The title complex has been prepared in 36% yield by reaction of [NBu4]2[trans-Pt(C6Cl5)2Cl2] with NOClO4 (1:1) in CH2Cl2. The anion exhibits an almost tetragonal-pyramidal geometry (X-ray analysis), the platinum atom being virtually located in the basal plane and the NO ligand occupying the apical position. The Pt—N—O unit is bent [119.5(8)°].
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Dimethyldioxirane ; 3-Phenyl-2-phenylsulfonyloxaziridine ; Titanium enolates ; Enantioselective hydroxylation ; α-Hydroxy carbonyl compounds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The stereoselective oxidation of the optically active titanium enolate complexes 2 of propiophenone by dimethyldioxirane (3) (as acetone solution) and 3-Phenyl-2-phenylsulfonyloxaziridine (4) has been investigated. The chiral titanium enolates 2 were synthesized by the reaction of the lithium enolate of propiophenone and the respective optically active chlorotitanate complexes 1. For 3 as oxidant, the stereoselectivity of the α hydroxylation strongly depends on the substitution pattern at the central titanium atom and reached for the best case, namely 2e, an enantiomeric excess (ee) of 63%. Solvent and temperature exhibited only small effects on the stereoselectivity. Compound 4 as oxidant gave lower enantiomeric excesses than 3.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): C—C Bond cleavage, kinetics of ; Heats of formation ; Radicals, stability of ; Capto-dative effect ; Geminal substituents, energetic interaction of ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Substituent Effects on the Strength of C—C Bonds, 14[1].  -  Kinetic and Thermodynamic Stability of 2,3-Bis(dialkylamino)-1,4-diketones  -  Energy of Stabilization of α-Dialkylamino α-Carbonylalkyl Radicals with Capto-dative SubstituentsProf. Dr. H.-G. Viehe zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.The equilibrium constants and rate constants for the dissociation of the 2,3-bis(dialkylamino)-1,4-diketone diastereomers meso- and DL-7a and 7b were measured over a temperature range of 40°C. From the enthalpies of dissociation ΔHDiss and enthalpies of activation ΔH≠ and the strain enthalpies of 7 the bond dissociation enthalpies BDE(C—C) of 7 were determined. By comparison with the dissociation enthalpies of Ct-Ct alkanes[21] the change of these BDEs(C—C) by the cap-to-dative substitution was determined to be 85.4 kJ mol-1 (20.4 kcal mol-1). The heats of formation ΔHof (g) of a series of amino ketones 8 were determined from their heats of combustion and their heats of evaporation. From the ΔHof(g) values in combination with MM2 calculations of their strain enthalpies strain-free increments CHn[N, CO, C2 - n] with n With n = 0, 1, 2 were derived and geminal interaction enthalpies in the ground states were obtained thereof. The radical stabilization enthalpy RSE of 6 was deduced from the ΔBDE(C—C) values and the ground state effect to be 73.6 kJ mol-1 (17.6 kcal mol-1). From these data and the radical stabilization enthalpies RSE of α-aminoalkyl radicals (4.2 kJ mol-1) and α-carbonyl radicals (28.9 kJ mol-1) a synergetic radical stabilization enthalpy of 40.5 kJ mol-1 (9.7 kcal mol-1) is deduced. This number combines “extra” resonance stabilization and general inductive or anomeric geminal substituent interaction in the radicals. The crystal structure of meso-7a has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 739-742 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): C—H Activation ; Palladium catalysis ; Domino coupling processes ; Palladium(IV) intermediates ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: By palladium catalysis substituted ortho-iodoanisoles (5, 8, 10, 13) are transformed either to annulated pyran (6) or furan derivatives (7, 9, 11, 14, 15), depending on the reactivity of additional substituents. The regiochemistry of the domino coupling processes is analyzed and a mechanistic rationale developed. Key step is the C—H activation at methoxy groups.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Fullerenes ; Azirines ; Photochemistry ; [3 + 2] Cycloadditions ; Electron transfer reactions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Photoreactions with C60-Fullerene. [3 + 2] Photocycloaddition of 2,3-Diphenyl-2H-azirineUpon irradiation 2,3-Diphenyl-2H-azirine (2) is added to C60 1 with formation of mono and oligo adducts. 1,9-(3,4-Dihydro-2,5-diphenyl-2H-pyrrolo)fulleren-60 (3) has been isolated and identified by standard spectroscopic methods. Mechanistic studies revealed two reaction paths leading to 3, i.e. the classic 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition via the nitrile ylide 4 (direct irradiation) or a route via 2-azaallenyl radical cations 5 (sensitization by photoinduced electron transfer).
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 805-811 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Bent metallocene complexes ; Heterodimetallic zirconium-aluminium compounds ; Hydrocarbyl-bridging ligands ; “π-Agostic” interaction ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The (s-trans/s-cis-η4-butadiene)zirconocene reagent adds dimethylaluminium chloride to yield the heterodimetallacyclic main group/transition-metal system 2b, containing a seven-membered metallacyclic framework that exhibits a “π-agostic” s̰-allyl zirconium interaction. Similar compounds (2c-f, 5a, 6) are obtained upon reaction of (butadiene)zirconocene with Et2All and (butadiene)hafnocene with Me2AlCl or Et2AlI. Addition of Me2AlCl or Et2AlI to (isoprene)zirconocene proceeds regioselectively to yield the corresponding heterodimetallacycles bearing the methyl substituent at C-3 (i.e. near to the attached aluminium center). The iodide-bridged heterodimetallacycles exhibit dynamic NMR spectra that indicate a rapid enantiomerization process on the NMR time scale (ΔG±ent ≈ 11-12 kcal mol-1). It is assumed that this automerization reaction proceeds by rate-limiting aluminium-halogen bond cleavage leading to an acyclic mixed metal heterodimetallic intermediate. This process is markedly inhibited by the presence of excess diethylaluminium iodide.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 829-833 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): N-Isocyandialkylamine complexes ; Cyanamide complexes ; Guanidine complexes ; Reactions at the coordinated ligand ; N—N bond breakage ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Metal Complexes of Functional Isocyanides, XXIV.  -  Reactions of N-Isocyanodialkylamine Complexes with Secondary AminesReactions of pentacarbonyl(N-isocyanodialkylamine) group 6-metal complexes [M(CO)5CNNR2] [M = Cr, W; R = Et, iPr; 2R = -{MeCH(CH2)3CHMe}-] with secondary amines proceed with cleavage of the N—N bond and C→N migration of the metal to give the corresponding N-cyanamide complexes [M(CO)5NCNR′2] (1a-2g) [R′ = Me, Et, nPr, nBu; 2R′ = —(CH2)4—, —(CH2)5—, —(CH2)2O(CH2)2—]. However, when diiodobis(N-isocyanodialkylamine)platinum(II) was allowed to react with an excess of the amine amine(guanidine)platinum(II) complexes [PtI2(HNR′2){HN=C(NR′2)2}] (3a-c) [R′ = Et; 2R′ = —(CH2)5—, —(CH2)2O(CH2)2—] were obtained. Structural assignments are made on the basis of IR, NMR (1H, 13C), and mass spectroscopy as well as of an X-ray structure analysis of trans-[PtI2(HNEt2){HN=C(NEt2)2}] (3a).
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 849-851 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Selenium iodides ; Imidazoles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Imidazole Derivatives, IX.  -  Stabilisation of Selenium Diiodide by ComplexationHerrn Professor Helmut Werner zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.Stable selenium diiodide complexes 2 are obtained by the reaction of the 2-selenoxoimidazolines 1 with iodine. An X-ray structure analysis of 2c reveals its monomeric nature. In the trigonal bipyramid, the iodo substituents are situated in axial positions forming elongated iodine bonds [Se-I(1) 2.854(1), Se—I(2) 2.768(1) Å; I(1)—Se—I(2) 175.4(0)°].
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 881-885 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Fiscellanes, doubly-bridged ; Semibullvalenes, doubly-bridged ; Cyclopropanes ; SEM-protective groups ; Annulenes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Synthesis and Reactions of the First Doubly-Bridged FiscellanesThe synthesis of the novel hexacycle 2 containing a fiscellane framework is described. Starting from Weiss' tetraester 6, the fiscellane 2 is build up in six steps by successive chemical transformation of the methoxycarbonyl functions using SEM protecting groups. The behaviour of the novel diol 2 towards introduction of several leaving groups is examined. Upon treatment with methanesulfonyl chloride the highly strained hexacycle 2 undergoes a skeletal rearrangement with formation of the triene 4. Instead of reacting to a doubly-bridged semibullvalene 3, the diol 2 gives rise to a new heterocyclic π perimeter 5 when the trifluoroacetyl derivative 12 is treated with sodium iodide in acetone.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 905-909 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Allyltributylstannane ; Trimethylsilyl cyanide ; α,β-Epoxy aldehydes ; Chelation-controlled addition ; Diastereoselectivity ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Chelate-Controlled Diastereoselective Addition to α,β-Epoxy AldehydesLiClO4-mediated reaction of trans-substituted α,β-epoxy aldehydes 1 with allyltributyltin (2) or trimethylsilyl cyanide provides a general method for the synthesis of the corresponding syn-alcohols 3 with high selectivity. In the case of cis-substituted α,β-epoxy aldehydes the selectivity depends on the size of the substituents.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 947-953 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): 1-Aza-2-azoniaallene cations ; Isocyanates ; 4,5-Dihydro-5-oxo-1,2,4-triazolium salts ; Cinnolinium salts ; Cycloadditions ; Calculations, AM1 ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: 1-Aza-2-azoniaallene salts 3, prepared in situ from geminal chloroalkylazo compounds 2 with Lewis acids, react with isocyanates 4 to give 4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-3H-1,2,4-triazolium salts 6 and 4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazolium salts 7, respectively. The intramolecular cyclization of 3u opens a new route to cinnolinium salts 11. Allenes 3 react with isobutene to give pyrazolium salts 8. According to AM1 calculations the cycloadditions of 3 to isocyanates proceed in two steps via acylium salts 5 as intermediates. Mechanistically, the rearrangements 6 → 7 resemble Wagner-Meerwein rearrangements rather than pericyclic [1,5]-sigmatropic shifts.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 965-966 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Cyclophanes ; Photochemistry ; Triplet states ; Enolization ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: When ethanolic solutions of 4-(1-naphthoyl)[2.2]paracyclophane (3) and 4-(2-naphthoyl)[2.2]paracyclophane (4) are subjected to UV irradiation at low temperature, 1,5-hydrogen migration of the 2-H bridge proton to the carbonyl group takes place, leading to the enol of type 2. In the context of mechanistic considerations the triplet spectroscopic properties of 3 and 4 are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Cyclophosphahydrazides ; Dinitrogen-bridged ; Conformation ; Chair and Boat forms ; Dinuclear Mo(0) complexes ; 1,2,4,5,3,6-Tetrazadiphosphorinanes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The reactions of methylhydrazine with RPC12 (R = Et, tBu, and Ph) produced the cyclic phosphorus (III) hydrazides (1,2,4,5,3,6-tetrazadiphosphorinanes) [RPN(Me)N(H)2 (R = Et, 1; (Ph, 2; tBu, 3) in good yields. The 1H-and 31P-NMR spectroscopic analysis indicated that 1 exists in chair and boat conformations. However, it crystallizes in the chair conformation exclusively. The X-ray crystallographic investigation of all the three cyclo-phosphorus hydrazides 1-3 confirms the existence of these compounds in the chair conformations in the solid state. The reaction of Mo(CO)4-(NHC5H10)2 with 1 and 2 gives the dinuclear Mo(0) complexes [{Mo(CO)4(NHC5H10)}2(μ-[RPN(Me)N(H)]2}] (R = Et, 5; Ph, 6). Based on 1H- and 31P-NMR spectroscopic data, a bridging dinuclear dimetallic formulation is proposed for 5 and 6. The IR spectra indicate that the carbonyls are disposed in cis-geometry around the Mo(0) center.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2373-2379 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chelating ligands ; Molybdenum complexes ; Peroxo complexes ; Catalysis ; Olefine epoxidation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Substituted N,N-Chelate Ligands - Applications in Molybdenum-Catalyzed Epoxidation of Olefins*Oxodiperoxomolybdenum complexes 4 of substituted 2-[3(5)-pyrazolyl]pyridines (2a-g) were synthesized in order to control the solubility of these complexes in organic solvents. Alkyl side chains (butyl, octyl, octadecyl) increase the solubility of the complexes and enable spectroscopic investigations in solution. Due to the symmetry of the ligands the peroxo complexes 4 appear in two isomeric forms, with the terminal oxo ligand in the trans position either to pyridine or to pyrazole. The latter isomer of (C5H4NC3H2N2CH2COOEt)MoO(O2)2 (4f) was characterized by an X-ray structure analysis. The alkyl-substituted peroxo complexes are active catalysts for the epoxidation of olefins with tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2397-2401 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): [Amino(imino)phosphane]gallium trichloride adduct ; 1,3-Diaza-2λ2-phosphonia-4λ4-gallatacyclobutanes ; Nickel tricarbonyl complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: 1,3-Diaza-2λ2-phosphonia-4λ4-gallatacyclobutanesReaction of amino(imino)phosphanes 1a-c with gallium trichloride results in the formation of 1,3-diaza-2λ2-phosphonia-4λ4-gallatacyclobutanes 3a, b with elimination of chlorotrimethylsilane (1a) or tert-butyl chloride (1b, c). The intermediately formed amino(imino)phosphane/Lewis acid adducts R(Me3Si)NPN(GaCl3)R′ (2, R,R′ = tBu, Me3Si) can be isolated in the case of compound 2a (R = R′ = SiMe3). A diazaphosphasilacyclobutane - gallium trichloride adduct 4 is formed in a side reaction by isomerization of 2a. Reaction of compound 3b with Ni(CO)4 gives the corresponding transition metal complex 5. The NMR data and X-ray structures of compounds 2a, 4, and 5 are reported.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2393-2396 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): 1,4-Diborafulvenes, 1,4-dihydro- ; Slipped triple-decker ; Nickel complexes ; platinum complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Complexation of 1,4-Dihydro-1,4-diborafulvenes with Ni(cod) and Pt(cod) Fragments*Reactions of the 1,4-diborapentafulvene derivatives 1 and 2a, b with M(cod)2 (M = Ni, Pt) yield the complexes [(η5-1)Ni-(cod)] (8), [(μ,η2η5-2a){Ni(cod)}2] (9a), [(μ,η2,η5-2b){Ni(cod)}2] (9b), and [(μ,η2,η5-2a){Pt(cod)}2] (10). Compounds 9 and 10 are the first examples of complexes with 2a, b as a μ,η2,η5-ligand. The X-ray structure analyses of 9b and 10 are described.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2511-2518 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Allylboration, stereoselective ; Erythronolide building blocks ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The chiral pentenylboronate 3 was the key reagent in the stereoselective construction of two erythronolide building blocks 6 and 7. Addition of 3 to achiral aldehydes furnished homoallylic alcohols 21 and 26 with 〉98% e.e. Addition of 3 to chiral aldehydes 8 or 11 generated homoallylic alcohols with 〉95% d.e. In the mismatched case of addition to the aldehyde 29 diastereoselectivity reached merely 80%.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2535-2537 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Cobalt complexes, (η3-allyl)(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)- ; Pyridine synthesis ; Catalytic activity ; Chemoselectivity ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: (η3-Allyl)(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)cobalt - a Selective Catalyst for the Pyridine Synthesis(η3-Allyl)(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)cobalt (1) catalyses the synthesis of various pyridines from alkynes and nitriles under mild conditions. Only small amounts of benzenes are formed in this selective reaction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1317-1322 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Cyclization of a hydroxy triketone ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A protected hydroxy triketone 22 has been generated by direct Swern oxidation of a δ-trimethylsilyloxy alcohol 11, avoiding the formation of a δ-hydroxy ketone as an intermediate. Conditions have been worked out, which allow the deprotection of a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group and the spontaneous tricyclization of the resulting hydroxy triketone 4 to an acid-sensitive hydroxytrioxaadamantane 5.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1327-1329 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Macrocyclic thioethers ; Adamantane as a building block ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: 4,6:12,14-Di(1,3-adamantano)-1,9-dithiacyclohexadecane (1), 4,6:12,14:20,22-tri(1,3-adamantano)-1,9,17-trithiacyclotetracosane (2), and 5,7:14,16-di(1,3-adamantano)-1,2,10,11-tetrathiacyclooctadecane (3) have been obtained by intermolecular cyclization of 1,3-bis(2-bromoethyl)adamantane (4) with thioacetamide using a high-dilution technique. The reaction is concentration-dependent. The crystal structures of 1, 2, and 3 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1323-1326 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Dipyrrolo[1,2a:1′,2′-d]pyrazine, (5aS,10aS)-octahydro-1H,5H- ; 1,2-Addition, enantioselective ; Grignard reagents ; Chiral solvent ; Cryoscopic measurements ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: (5aS,10aS)-Octahydro-1H,5H-dipyrrolo[1,2-a:1′,2′-d]pyrazine «DPP» as Auxiliary Reagent for Enantioselective Alkylations of Prochiral Carbonyl CompoundsIn the presence of one equivalent of the title compound «DPP» (1) prochiral carbonyl compounds 2 react with Grignard reagents 3 in THF to form enantioselectively alcohols 4 with up to 98% ee, whereas the addition of one equivalent of triethylamine yields the opposite enantiomers with up to 97% ee. The optimal molar ratio of 1 and magnesium reagent 3 was determined by cryoscopic measurements. Asymmetric induction is supposed to arise from transition states involving monomeric octahedral complexes of Grignard reagent, chiral solvent, and carbonyl compound. DPP (1) also catalyses Grignard alkylations, because a tenth of its stochiometric amount gives an enantiomeric eccess four times more than as expected. Prepared from (S)-proline, only the boat conformation of 1 induces the observed selectivity as detected by 13C-NMR spectroscopy.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1331-1332 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Primary enamines ; Borylation ; 9-BBN ; Amino-polyene ; Enamines, borylation of ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The stable conjugated primary enamine 1,6-diamino-1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (2a) was treated with 9-borabicyclo-[3.3.1]nonane. At 40°C in dichloromethane solution (18 h) only borylation at nitrogen was observed. With loss of dihydrogen a 9-BBN substituent became attached to each enamine nitrogen. The N,N′-diborylated diaminohexatriene product 3 was characterized by X-ray diffraction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1349-1353 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Isophosphaalkynes ; Transition metal complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Transition-Metal-Substituted Acylphosphanes and Phosphaalkenes, XXI.  -  Isophosphaalkynes as μ3-Ligands in Transition Metal ComplexesReaction of the μ-isophosphaalkyne complex (η5-C5H5)2 (CO)2(μ-CO)Fe2(μ-CPMes) (Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) (2a) with [(Z)-Cyclooctene]Cr(CO)5 or Fe2(CO)9 gives rise to the μ3-isophosphaalkyne complexes (η5-C5H5)2(CO)2(μ-CO)Fe2{μ-CP[M(CO)n]Mes} 3a [M(CO)n = Cr(CO)5] and 4a [M(CO)n = Fe(CO)4]. Similarly (η5-C5H5)2(CO)2(μ-CO)Fe2{μ-CP[Cr (CO)5]C6H2(CF3)3-2,4,6} (3d) is obtained. The metal carbonyl fragments are attached to 2 in a η1-fashion by the lone-pair at the phosphorus. In contrast to this the treatment of 2a with (Ph3P)2Pt(η2-C2H4) affords complex 5a in which 2a serves as an η3-3e ligand towards the PtPPh3 moiety. The molecular structures of 3a and 5a are determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Ruthenium compounds ; Osmium compounds ; Alkynes, activated ; Cyclotrimerization ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Depending on the substituents, the reaction of the activated alkynes ZC≡CZ (2a-g) [Z = CO2R: R = Me (a), Et (b); Z = R1: R1 = CF3 (c), CH2Cl (d), CH2Br (e); Z = CH2OC(O)R2: R2 = Me (f), CCl3 (g)] with the labile ruthenium complex (η2-C2H4)Ru(CO)4 (1) results in the formation of three different types of heterocycles. While the reactions of the dialkyl acet-ylenedicarboxylates 2a, b lead to the dimeric tricarbonylru-thenacyclopentadienes 3a, b, being catalytically active in the cyclotrimerization of alkynes like 2a, b, the application of the 1,4-halogeno-2-butynes 2c-e yields the bicyclic heterocycles 4c-e. The esters of 2-butyne-1,4-diol 2f, g are converted into the tetracarbonylruthenacyclopentadienes 5f, g. Investigation of the primary attack of the alkynes 2a-g at complex 1 leads to the conclusion, that an ionic mechanism is preferred in the ruthenium-catalyzed cyclotrimerization of electron-poor alkynes. If, instead of 1, (η2-C2H4)Os(CO)4 (6) is allowed to react with the acetylenes 2a, b the osmium complexes (η4-C6Z6)Os(CO)3 (7a, b) are isolated. In the presence of CO at 2 bar 7a, b release the benzene derivatives C6Z6 (8a, b) with the formation of Os3(CO)12.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1335-1342 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Fulvalenes ; Bismuth complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Bismuth Compounds with Crowded Multiply Alkylated Cyclopentadienyl LigandsHerrn Professor Helmut Werner zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.Bismuth complexes of alkylated cyclopentadienyl ligands are obtained in good yield on treating bismuth(III) halides with tetraisopropylcyclopentadienylsodium or 1,2,4-tri-tert-butyl-cyclopentadienyllithium. A 1:1 stoichiometric ratio gives the complexes [Cp4iBiCl2] (1), [Cp3tBiCl2] (2), and [Cp4iBiI2] (3) (Cp4i = C5iPr4H, Cp3t = C5H2tBu3-1,2,4). According to X-ray crystal structure analyses, 1 and 3 display dimeric structures with two bridging and two terminal halogeno ligands and η3-coordination of the cyclopentadienyl rings. With half an equivalent of tetraisopropylcyclopentadienylsodium BiCl3 forms [Cp4iBi2Cl5] (4). An X-ray crystal structure analysis of 3 reveals a central Bi2Cl10 core of two edge-sharing BiCl6 octahedra coordinated to two Bi(η5-Cp4i) fragments generating a framework of two face-sharing cubes. Reaction of two equivalents of 1,2,4-tri-tert-butylcyclopentadienyllithium with BiCl3 yields deep purple [Cp3t2BiCl] (5), a bent sandwich complex with an η3,η2-bonding mode of the cyclopentadienyl ligands. Attempted formation of the octaisopropyl analogue of 5 from BiCl3 and two equivalents of tetraisopropylcyclo-pentadienylsodium with elimination of propene gives [Cp4iCp3iBiCl] (6) (Cp3i = C5H2iPr3). Use of monodeuterated tetraisopropylcyclopentadienylsodium in the second substitution step gave pure [Cp4i([D1]Cp3i)BiCl] ([D1]6) proving the absence of ring exchange reactions under the reaction conditions employed and elimination of propene from the second incoming sterically crowded tetraisopropylcyclopentadienyl ring system. The importance of proper choice of solvent and reaction conditions on the formation of alkylated cyclopentadienyl bismuth derivatives is demonstrated by extensive formation of 1,1′,3,3′,5,5′-hexa-tert-butyldihydrofulvalene (7) from 1,2,4-tri-tert-butylcyclopentadienylsodium and BiCl3.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1355-1357 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Diphosphanylhydrazides ; Diphosphanes, dinitrogen-bridged ; Cycloplatinaphosphahydrazides ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: While the transition metal complexes of bis(phosphanyl)amines (PII-N-PIII) have been known for over three decades, the ligating properties of the next homologue PIII-N-N-PIII have been unprecedented so far. The X-ray structures of cycloplatinaphosphanehydrazides, [(OR)2PN(Me)N(Me)P(OR)2-PtCl2], reveal short distances for the P-N [1.639(5) Å] bonds.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1359-1362 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Silanes ; Siloxanes ; Si - C bond, selective cleavage ; Arylsilylmethanes ; Si,C,O single-source CVD precursor ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A synthetic route to partly silylated tetra(silyl)methanes (ArH2Si)nC(SiH3)4  -  n′ to their precursors (TfH2Si)nC-(SiH2Ar)4  -  n (Ar = p-tolyl, phenyl; Tf = CF3SO3; n = 3, 2, 1), and to 1,3-bis(trisilylmethyl)disiloxane [(H3Si)3CSiH2]2O (9) is reported. Starting from symmetrical tetrakis(arylsilyl)-methanes (aryl = p-tolyl, phenyl), we have obtained the selectively dearylated (arylsilyl)silylmethanes (ArH2Si)nC(SiH3)4  -  n (Ar = p-tolyl, phenyl; n = 3, 2, 1) by Si - Ar cleavage with equivalent quantities of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (triflic acid) and hydrogenation of the corresponding silyl triflates (TfH2Si)nC(SiH2Ar)4  -  n (n = 3, 2, 1) with LiAlH4. The synthesis of 9 has been accomplished by treating trisilyl(p-tolylsilyl)methane p-TolH2SiC(SiH3)3 (7) with stoichiometric amounts of triflic acid to give (trisilylmethyl)silyl triflate TfH2SiC(SiH3)3 (8) and hydrolysing the latter with water.
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1363-1368 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): 1,2-Diboroles, 2,5-dihydro- ; 1,3-Diboroles, 2,3-dihydro- ; Cobalt complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A New Approach to 1,2- and 1,3-DiboroleHerrn Prof. Dr. Joachim Knappe zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.Diaminoborylation of 1,3-dilithiopropenes leads to the (Z)-1,3-bis(diaminoboryl)propenes 4a, b, which are transformed by an amine/chlorine exchange to the (Z)-1,3-bis(aminochloroboryl)propenes 5a, b. These react with sodium to yield the 2,5-dihydro-1H-1,2-diboroles 2c, d, whereas the reaction with potassium leads to the 2,3-dihydro-1H-1,3-diboroles 6a, b by rearrangement of the C3B2 skeleton. The constitutions of the heterocycles 2c, d and 6a, b are established by X-ray structure analyses. Reaction of the 1,2-diboroles 2c, d with (C5H5)Co(C2H4)2 leads to the red (1-borabutadiene)cobalt complexes 3c, d. In 3c a sigmatropic rearrangement is studied by NMR spectroscopy.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Tungsten complexes ; Rhenium complexes ; Iron complexes ; Ruthenium complexes ; Osmium complexes ; Cobalt complexes ; Vinyl ; Cyclohexadienyl ; Cycloheptadienyl ; Cyclooctatrienyl ; Hydrocarbon-bridged complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Hydrocarbon-Bridged Complexes, XXX.  -  Nucleophilic Addition of Carbonylmetallates to Cationic Vinyl, Diene, Dienyl and Triene Complexes of Iron, Ruthenium and Cobalt: Di-, Tri-, Tetra- and Pentametallic Complexes with σ,σ- and σ,π-Hydrocarbon BridgesHerrn Professor Ekkehard Lindner zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.The reactions of [Re(CO)5]-, [Ru(CO)2Cp]-, and [Os(CO)4]2- with [Cp2(OC)2Fe2(μ-CO)(μ-η1:η2-CH=CH2)]+, [Cp*Ru(η2:η4-1,3,7-octatriene)]+, [(OC)Fe(η4-diene)(η5-cycloheptadienyl)]+, and [CpCo(η5-cyclodienyl)]+ give the nucleophilic adducts whereas with [Mn(CO)5]-, [W(CO)3Cp]-, and [Fe(CO)2Cp]- formation of the corresponding C-C coupling products and of the metal-metal-bonded dimers is observed. The structures of Cp*Ru(μ-η1:η2:η3-1,5-octadienyl)Re(CO)5 (4), [Cp* Ru(μ-η1:η2:η3-1,5-octadienyl)]2Os(CO)4 (6), and of (OC)-Fe(η4-1,3-cyclohexadiene) (μ-η1:η4-1,3-cycloheptadiene)Re(CO)5 (9) have been determined by X-ray diffraction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1379-1385 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Hydrotris(triazolyl)borate ; metal complexes ; Chelate ligands ; Clathrates ; Magnetochemistry ; Spin crossover ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The bis[hydrotris(1,2,4-triazolyl)borate]metal complexes [M{HB(C2H2N3)3}2] with M = Fe (5), Co (6), Cu (7), Zn (8) are obtained from MX2 and K[HB(C2H2N3)3] (9). The complexes are characterized by IR, UV/Vis, and MS. Temperature-variable magnetic measurements show a Curie-Weiss behavior for the paramagnetic complexes 6 and 7 with a temperature-dependent magnetic moment for 6. The iron complex 5 exhibits a spin crossover from diamagnetic to paramagnetic, starting at around 270 K. Single-crystal X-ray structures of the solvates 7 · 4 CH3OH and 9 · 2 H2O have been determined. The structure of 7 · 4 CH3OH shows the Jahn-Teller distorted copper complex 7 surrounded by methanol molecules through hydrogen bonding to exocyclic nitrogen atoms of the tris(1,2,4-triazolyl)borate ligand. The crystal system for 7 · 4 CH3OH is monoclinic, space group P21/n. Compound 9 · 2 H2O is a one-dimensional coordination polymer with the potassium atom bridged by the water molecules and the tris(1,2,4-triazolyl)borate ligand and crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Ccm21.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): 2-Azapropenylium salts, 1,3-dialkoxy- and 1,1,3,3-tetraalkoxy- ; Enamines of N-methyl-4-piperidone ; 4-Aminopyridines ; 3,7-Diazabicyclo[3.3.1]non-2-en-9-ones ; Retro-Mannich reaction ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: 1,3-Dialkoxy-2-azapropenylium salts 1 react with enamines 2 of N-methyl-4-piperidone at room temperature to give 2,6-disubstituted 4-aminopyridines 4, 5 in low to moderate yield after hydrolysis. Intermediates of the reaction of 1a with 2 are the bicyclic iminium salts 6 and 7, which may be detected 1H-NMR spectroscopically prior to hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of the mixture obtained from the reaction of 1a with 2a under basic conditions furnishes the bicyclic ketone 3 as the major product. A “retro-Mannich”-type reaction is suggested to explain the degradation of the bicyclic intermediates 6, 7 with the formation of the pyridines 4, 5.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1441-1445 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Vinylstannanes ; Photooxygenation ; Schenck reaction ; Hydroxy epoxidation ; Stannyl epoxy alcohols ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The direct synthesis of stannyl epoxy alcohols 3 from vinylstannanes 1 is described. The procedure involves the photooxygenation of Vinylstannanes 1, which proceeds in a highly regioselective manner with predominant hydrogen abstraction geminal to the stannyl group. Subsequent reaction of the resulting hydroperoxides 2 with Ti(OiPr)4 afforded in a one-pot procedure the epoxy alcohols 3 in high diastereomeric excess, which ranged from 81:19 to greater than 95:5. This convenient and effective method was applied to acyclic and cyclic vinylstannanes as well as to γ-trydroxyvinylstannane 1e, which was converted into the stannyl epoxy diol 3e. In this novel hydroxy epoxidation of vinylstannanes the regioselectivity of the singlet oxygen ene reaction (Schenck reaction) is controlled by the stannyl group.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1447-1457 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Addition Stereoselective, nonchelation-controlled ; Reagent, organozinc ; Stereodifferentiation, double ; Oligo(tetrahydrofuran) ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The additions of the enantiomerically pure organozinc reagents 17 and 33 to the THF-aldehyde 1 in the presence of the monodentate Lewis acid boron trifluoride - ether give the nonchelation-controlled addition products 7 and 36, respectively (stereoselectivity 95:5, 86:14). These results provide a route to oligo(tetrahydrofuran)s with the relative stereochemistry trans-syn-cis. A stereodirecting effect of the chiral center in the organozinc reagent 17 is found, leading to simple diastereoselectivies in the reaction with achiral aldehydes and to a matched-mismatched case in the reaction with the chiral aldehyde 1.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Cyclopropenes, 3,3-dimethyl, 1-substituted ; Cyclopropenylzinc chlorides, coupling reactions of ; Palladium catalysis ; Cyclopropenylstannanes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: [3,3-Dimethyl-2-(trimethylsilyl)-1-cyclopropen-1-yl]zinc chloride (4) reacts with haloarenes and -alkenes as well as 1-bromo-acetylenes under Pd(0) catalysis to give the corresponding 1-phenyl-, 1-ethenyl-, and 1-ethynyl-1-cyclopropenes 6 in isolated yields ranging from 47 to 99%. The corresponding 1-cyclopropen-1-ylstannane 5 reacts with haloarenes only at higher temperatures, and the yields range from 10 to 98%, depending on the substrate and reaction conditions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1747-1753 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Isomerization, thermal ; Radicals ; D-Labeling ; 1,5-Hexadiyne ; Pentafulvene ; Rearrangement, homoallyl ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Thermal Rearrangements, XXIII[1].  -  The Thermogram of a C6H6 Chemistry in the Temperature Range from 450 to 730°CThe thermal isomerization of 1,5-hexadiyne (1) and its [1,6-D2]-labeled derivative (1a) was studied in the temperature range 450-730°C and in the presence of different carrier gases (N2, H2, D2, N2/toluene). By detailed analysis (GC, GC MS, NMR) all volatile reaction products were identified and determined quantitatively by using hexafluorobenzene as an internal standard. The experimental data show clearly that the reaction products are formed by two different routes: (i) electrocyclization leading to dimethylene cyclobutene (3) at temperatures up to about 600°C and (ii) radical reaction leading to benzene (4) and pentafulvene (5) at temperatures above 550°C. Cyclopentadienylmethyl radicals are supposed to be the essential radical intermediates.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1765-1779 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Diradicals ; NO and O2 trapping ; Heat of formation ; Energy well ; Rearrangments ; Bergman cyclisation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The Energy Well of Diradicals, V[1].  -  1,3,5-Cyclohexatriene-1,4-diyl and 2,4-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-diylThe energy profile of the Bergman rearrangement of (Z)-3-hexene-1,5-diyne (4) has been established from the NO and oxygen dependance of the trapping rate of the intermediate diradical 1 which leads to a heat of formation for 1,4-didehy-drobenzene (1) of δHOf= 138.0 ± 1.0 kcal . morl-1. By the same technique the heat of formation of 1,2,4-cyclohexatriene (2), generated by thermolysis of (Z)-1,3-hexadien-5-yne (10), gives δHOf = 105.1 ± 1.0 kcal . mol-1 which indicates a high diradical character for 2.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1797-1798 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Titanocenes ; Fulvenes ; Solvent effect ; Ketyls ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: On the Reaction of Bis(trimethylphosphane)titanocene with KetonesFulvenes are the products of the reaction of aliphatic and aromatic ketones with bis(trimethylphosphane)titanocene in nonpolar solvents, but no formation of pinacols is observed. The mechanism is discussed.
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1781-1795 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Resonance energy ; Stabilisation energy ; Propargyl resonance ; Force field calculation ; Intrinsic rotational barrier ; Single pulse shock tube ; Gasphase kinetics ; Heats of hydrogenation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Propargyl Stabilisation EnergyFor the alkynyl-substituted olefines 1-14 activation parameters for the geometrical isomerisation have been determined in the gasphase by the single-pulse shoke-tube technique. By comparison of these barriers with the corresponding one of the isolated double bonds, each corrected by the steric energy contribution of the ground and transition state, a value of 7.8 ± 1.3 kcal · mol-1 for the propargyl stabilisation energy (PrSE) has been derived.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1799-1802 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): as-Triazinium salt, fused ; Ring opening ; Ring transformation Heteroaromaticity ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Ring transformation of the tricyclic furo-fused as-triazinium salt 1 in the presence of nucleophilic reagents (e.g. sodium hydrogensulfide, sodium salts of malonic ester, ethyl cyanoacetate, acetylacetone, dimedone, or malononitrile) leads to the two new heteroaromatic ring systems thieno[2,3-e]pyrido[1,2-b]-as-triazinium salt (5) and differently substituted cyclopenta[e]pyrido[1,2-b]-as-triazine compounds (8, 9, 10, 11, and 13).
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1803-1806 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Singlet carbenes ; [4 + 1] Cycloadditions ; 1,2,4,5-Tetrazines ; SEAr reactions, intramolecular ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Wanzlick Carbenes in the [4 + 1] Cycloaddition Reaction with Bis(methylthio)- and Bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazineThe 3,6-disubstituted 1,2,4,5-tetrazines 3 and 4 have been submitted to a [4 + 1] cycloaddition reaction with the nucleophilic singlet carbenes (Wanzlick carbenes) 2a-d, which are generated from the precursors 1a-d. With 3 as diazadiene the expected spiro compounds 6a-d are formed. In contrast to this presumed two-step reaction sequence of 3, with the tetrazine 4 the cascade cycloaddition/cycloelimination is surprisingly followed by an intramolecular electrophilic aromatic substitution to yield the chiral tetracyclic compounds of type 8 with high diastereoselectivity. The crystal structure of 8d has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Stannanes, α-(alkylthio) ; Wittig rearrangement ; Configurational stability ; α-Lithio sulfides ; [2,3] Rearrangement ; Stereoselectivity ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The nBuLi-induced tin/lithium exchange reactions of the di-astereomeric γ-[(methoxyethoxy)methoxy]-]α-(tributylstannyl) sulfides anti- and syn-8 delivered the α-(lithioalkyl) benzyl sulfides anti- and syn-11, respectively. Within 1 h at -78°C, these species underwent [2,3]-thia-Wittig rearrangements in THF via the de-aromatized cyclohexadiene intermediates syn- and anti-12. Tautomerization and protonation yielded 81:19 (85%) and 19:81 mixtures (96%) of the ortho-functionalized toluenes syn- and anti-13. Probably, both Wittig rearrangements proceeded with 100% inversion of configuration at the carbanionic stereocenter, and the overall loss of stereoselectivity is due to an epimerization anti-11 ⇌ syn-11 of the lithio sulfide intermediates at a rate which is 3.3 times slower than the rearrangement.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1959-1968 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Aldol reaction ; Chiral etiolate ; Mandelic acid ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The propionates (R)-5 and (R)-6 which are derived from the readily available chiral auxiliary reagent (R)-triphenylglycol (4) have been applied in stereoselective aldol reactions. Whereas the enolate 7 and the silyl ketene acetal 12, both generated from the ester (R)-6, display only moderate diastereoselectivity when treated with benzaldehyde, ß-hydroxyesters 8b and 16a, b are formed in diastereomeric ratios up to 95:5 (ratio of the main product to the sum of all other stereoisomers) when the propionate (R)-5 is subsequently deprotonated, transmetalated into the zirconium enolate and allowed to react with aldehydes. Alkaline hydrolysis or reduction with LiAlH4 enables the conversion of the adducts 8a and 16a
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1933-1947 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): 7-Oxonorbornane-2,3-dicarboximides ; Reductive amination ; 4,7-Methanoisoindoles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Ozonizations of several 7-isopropylidenenorbornane-2,3-dicarboximides (2, 10) yield 7,7-dihydroxynorbornane-2,3-dicarboximides (3, 11) and/or 7-oxonorbornane-2,3-dicarboxi-mides (4, 12). Dehydration of the dihydroxy derivatives to the corresponding carbonyl compounds can be carried out by reaction with P2O5 in an aprotic solvent. Reaction of hydrates 3 with methanol gives mixtures of the stereoisomeric hemiacetals 13 and 14, whereas reaction with other nucleophiles give only the stereoisomer derived from attack by the less hindered carbonyl face. Thus NaBH4 or Al(iPRO)3 reduction of 3 or 4 yields alcohols 15 and LiAlH4 reduction of 3 or 4 amino alcohols 16. Reaction of 4b with phenylmagnesium bromide gives alcohol 22 and a direaction product (rac-26) that easily dehydrates to a tetracyclic compound (rac-30). Reductive aminations of 3 or 4 lead to amines 19 directly or via imines rac-20 and amines 23. LiAIH4 reduction of amine 23b affords tricyclic compounds (rac-27) and (rac-28). The last one was converted to diamine 24 by reduction with NaBH3CN. Similarly, amine 21 was converted into diamine 25, partially via aminal 29 as intermediate. The structures of compounds 3b, 19a, rac-27, and rac-30 have been established by X-ray diffraction analysis.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1969-1980 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Protonation ; Enantioselectivity ; Lactone enolates ; Chiral proton sources ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Stereoselective Protonation of Carbanions, 4[1].  -  Enantioselective Protonation of Lactone Enolates[2]The prochiral lithium enolates derived from the five-membered lactones rac-1 and rac-2 were protonated by 37 OH-and 21 NH-chiral proton sources in THF at  -  78°C. The enantioselectivities, determined directly from the reaction mixture by chiral HPLC, are always higher for system 1, probably due to restricted rotation of the phenyl group in 1Li at low temperature (NMR) and range from 0-54% ee. The strongest stereodifferentiation is observed if the OH or NH acids carry an adjacent O- or N-containing group (structures G-J) which allows complexation with the lithium ion. A plausible transition state involving the dimeric lithium enolate is proposed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2009-2012 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Phthalocyanines, unsymmetrical, soluble ; Boron complex ; Phthalonitrile derivatives ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Cyclotrimerization of 4,5-bis(hexylthio)phthalodinitrile (1) in 1-chloronaphthalene in the presence of BCl3 leads to the subphthalocyanine 4. Unsymmetrical phthalocyanines (5, 6) with six alkylthio substituents on three of the benzenoid units are synthesized by the reaction of 4 with an diiminoisoindoline derivative (R′ = H or NO2). These extremely soluble compounds are characterized by IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR as well as UV/Vis spectra.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1989-1992 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Enantioselectivity ; Protonation ; Ester enolates ; Lactones ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Stereoselective Protonation of Carbanions, 6[1].  -  Enantioselective Protonation of γ-Butyrolactone Enolates*The lithium enolates 3Li-7Li, produced from 3-7 by LDA or LiHMDS in THF, are protonated with eleven chiral proton sources at -78°C in THF which produced high enantioselectivities with 1Li and 2Li[5]. Although the enolates (3Li, 6Li, 7Li) are not deuterated quantitatively[1], 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra in THF at -78°C reveal not only quantitative deprotonation (3Li, 6Li) but also aggregation (dimerisation) and hindered rotation of the phenyl group in 3Li. From comparison of the enantioselectivities produced by five chiral proton sources with 1Li-6Li (Tab. 4) definite structure/selectivity correlations can not be derived both for the enolates and the proton sources.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1981-1988 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Enantioselectivity ; Protonation ; Solvent effects ; Lewis acids ; Lithium salts ; Deuteration ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Stereoselective Protonation of Carbanions, 5[1].  -  Effects of Reaction Conditions on the Enantioselective Protonation of Lactone Enolates[2]Protonation of the enolates 1Li and 2Li by using standard conditions yields enantioselectivities up to 54 and 50% ee, respectively, depending on the chiral proton source[1]. These values may change dramatically by the following variations (standard ee's in parenthesis): (i) In Et2O/THF (90:10) (S)-2 with 72% ee (44%) is formed with (R)-pantolactone (3) but only 48% ee (39%) with (R,R)-tartaric ester 4 (Figure 1). (ii) Lewis acids may produce rac-2 (SnCl2, MgBr2) or definitely increase the enantioselectivity: With lactone 3: 46% ee (44%); with esters 4: 48% ee (39%); with bissulfonamide 7: 67% ee (47%) (Table 1, 2). (iii) Lithium chloride (2-4 equiv.) in THF yields (S)-1 with 68% ee (47%) and (S)-2 with 77% ee (39%) but only if ester 4 ist employed as chiral proton source (Figure 2). (iv) Chiral Lewis bases create (S)-2 with up to 30% ee on protonation with achiral acids (Table 3, 4). (v) Deuteration of 2Li ranges from 16 to 95% depending on the nature of the base as well as the deuteron source. The degrees of deuteration and enantioselectivity are not correlated. All results demonstrate the complexity of enantioselective protonation of enolates which still needs empirical optimization.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 1993-2008 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Electron donor-acceptor cyclophanes ; Charge-transfer compounds ; Crown ethers ; Oligooxaparacyclophane metal complexes, charge-transfer absorption of, crystal structures of ; Cyclophanes, electron donor-acceptor ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The intramolecular oligooxa[3n.3]paracyclophane quinhy-drones 2-5 (with n = 3 to 6) were synthesized and their interactions with alkali and alkaline earth metal and mercury(II) ions were studied by electron absorption and NMR spectroscopy. Remarkable enhancements of the CT absorptions were observed by complexation with metal ions of the pentaoxa[15.3]paracyclophane quinhydrone 4 and the hexaoxa[18.3]paracyclophane quinhydrone 5 to the corresponding complexes 6a-e and 7, respectively. The various donor-acceptor orientations and the crown ether-like complexation in the calcium complex 6d, the mercury complex 6e and the barium complex 7 were determined by X-ray analysis. Moreover, the X-ray structures of the tetramethoxy-2,5,8-trioxa[9.3]paracyclophane 8a, a precursor of the quinhydrone 2, and of the pentaoxa[15.3](2,5)-p-benzoquinonophane 20, the product of oxidative demethylation of the quinhydrone 4, are given. For comparison with the cyclic quinhydrones acyclic analogs are also described.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2013-2022 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Methyleniminium salts, preparation, mechanisms of formation ; (Dialkylamino)trimethylsilanes ; Ethers, α-chloro ; Viehe salts, vinylogous ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: New Syntheses of Methyleniminium Salts from Carbonyl Compounds and from α-Chloro Ethers; an Access to Vinylogous Viehe Salts*Two methods for the synthesis of isolable methyleniminium salts and amidinium salts are presented. In the first case carbonyl compounds A are treated with a mixture of (dialkyl-amino)trimethylsilane (12) and chlorotrimethylsilane (13) or 12 and trimethylsilyl triflate (14) leading to the iminium chlorides F or iminium triflates G, respectively. With 12/13 the preparation of F is limited to non-enolizable aldehydes and dimethylformamide (10), while 12/14 enables the preparation of G, e.g. 23a-25a, 27a, also with ketones and with substituted amides. The second procedure is based on the treatment of α-chloro ethers L with 12. Both methods afford the Mannich reagent 16a in high yields. By reaction of the α-chloro ether 35 with 12 in diethyl ether the vinylogous Viehe salts 36a-c, e become available for the first time. The reaction pathways are discussed.
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2035-2041 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Alkynes ; Cycloalkynes ; Strain, steric ; Cycloaddition reactions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The enthalpies of formation ΔHf and the ring strain energies Eg were calculated for the nine isomeric dithiacyclooctynes 1--9 by applying the MNDO method. Reaction Scheme 2 shows the synthesis of 1,4-dithia-2-cyclooctyne (1), which was the highest Eg value in this series. It dimerizes to 13 in the absence of reaction partners. Scheme 4 summarizes the preparation of 1,5-dithia-2-cyclooctyne (2) and its homologue 1,5-dithia-2-cyclononyne (23) and Scheme 6 the preparation of 1,4-dithia-6-cyclooctyne (6) and its homologue 1,5-dithia-7-cyclononyne (29). Depending on the position of the sulfur atoms, all three reaction sequences contain different steps for the introduction of the triple bonds.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Imines ; Indolizidines ; Quinolizidines ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Lewis acid-catalyzed cyclization of prolinal and 2-piperidine-carbaldehyde benzylimines 11, 12 results in the diastereoselective formation of α-amino-β-alkyl-substituted indolizidines 15, 17, 19, 21 and -quinolizidines 16, 18, 20, respectively. Both diastereoselectivity and constitution depend on the Lewis acid. FeCl3 yields α,β-trans-α-(benzylamino)-β-isopropenyl derivatives 15 and 16, probably by a cationic cyclization via carbenium ions 32a, b. In contrast, TiCl4 yields α,β-cis-α-(benzylideneamino)-β-isopropyl derivatives 19 and 20 by a novel cyclization/intermolecular hydride transfer mechanism, which was supported by deuterium labeling studies. Compounds 15, 16, 19, and 20 were converted to the diastereomeric acetamides 24, 25 and 28, 29. By an analogous cyclization of the aldehydes 8 and 9 only α,β-cis-α-hydroxy-β-isopropenylindolizidines 51 and -quinolizidines 52 were obtained irrespective of the Lewis acid used. The structures of 30 and 52 were elucidated by X-ray analysis.
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2043-2049 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Thianthrene radical cation salt ; Crystallization ; Calculations ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Structures and Molecular Properties of Charge-Perturbed Molecules, 53[1,2].  -  Thianthrene Radical Cation TetrachloroaluminateOne-electron oxidation of thianthrene, which exhibits a reversible half-wave potential at + 1.3 V and an irreversible one at + 1.65 V, under aprotic conditions with AlCl3/H2CCl2 yields the violet radical cation salt [H4C6S2C6H4⊕][AlCl4⊖]. Its single-crystal structure analysis at 90 K reveals an interplanar angle between the phenyl rings of 174° and demonstrates that the neutral sulfur heterocyclic molecule, bent by 128°, is considerably flattened upon one-electron removal. Semiempirical enthalpy of formation hypersurfaces allow to rationalize the experimental results by a double-minimum potential for the bent neutral molecule with a rather low inversion barrier and a single minimum one for a planar radical cation. Other radical cation properties such as the spin distribution deduced from its ESR spectrum or the visible absorption maxima near \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \tilde \nu $\end{document} = 11000 and at 18250 cm-1 corresponding to π → π* and π → σ* transitions are also satisfactorily reproduced by PM3 calculations partly including configuration interaction based on the experimental structure.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2051-2057 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Phthalocyanines, unsymmetrically substituted, chromatographic separation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Unsymmetrically substituted (phthalocyaninato)nickel(II) complexes -7 were synthesized by statistical condensation of 4,5-dipentoxy- (2a), 4,5-diheptyl- (2b), 3,6-dihexoxy- (2c), and 3,6-diheptylphthalonitrile (2d) with 3,4,5,6-tetraphenylphthalonitrile (1) and separated by column chromatography. The obtained phthalocyanines 3-7 were characterized by UV-, IR-, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Enolate of tert-butyl cyanoacetate with Li+ or DBU-H+ as gegenions ; Hydrogen bridge from DBU-H+ to the enolate oxygen atom ; Enolates of cyanoacetates, reaction with electrophiles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: For the first time a solid-state structure with protonated 1,8-diazobicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU-H+) as the gegenion of an “organic” anion, namely tert-butyl α-cyanoacetate (2-), is determined. The DBU-H+ N - H bond forms a hydrogen bridge to the enolate oxygen atom of 2-, the first N-H bridge to an enolate oxygen atom ever characterized. The structure of 2- DBU-H+ is compared with that of the corresponding lithium compound [2- Li+ · TMEDA]2 in which the cations are bound to the N atoms of the cyano groups and the enolate O atoms forming a twelve-membered ring. Literature reports on the rather different chemistry of anions like 2- having alkali metal ions or DBU-H+, respectively, as the gegenions can be understood by means of the two new solid-state structures disclosed in this publication.
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2363-2367 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Cyclopentadienyl complexes ; Lanthanum compounds ; Neodymium compounds ; Lutetium compounds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Organometallic Compounds of the Lanthanides, 90[1]. - [(tert-Butylcyclopentadienyl)dimethyl-(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)silane] Complexes of Lanthanum, Neodymium, and Lutetium[(tBuC5H3)SiMe2(C5Me4)]Li2 (1) reacts with LnCl3 (Ln = La, Lu) in THF to yield [(tBuC5H3)SiMe2(C5Me4)]Ln(μ-Cl)2Li-(OEt2)2 [Ln = La (3a), Lu (3c)]. The reactions of LnCl3 (Ln = La, Nd) with [(tBuC5H3)SiMe2(C5Me4)]Na2 (2) and (C5Me4H)Na in THF result in the formation of the chiral tris(cyclopentadienyl) complexes [(tBuC5H3)SiMe2(C5Me4)]Ln-(C5Me4H)(THF) [Ln = La (4a), Nd (4b)]. The 1H- and 13CNMR and mass spectra of the new compounds as well as the X-ray crystal structure of 4a are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 3-9 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): 1,2,4-Tri-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl complexes ; Group IV metallocene derivatives ; Titanocene dichloride, alkylated ; Zirconocene dichloride, alkylated ; (Cyclopentadienyl)hafnium trichloride ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Titanium-, Zirconium- and Hafnium Complexes with 1,2,4-Tri-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl LigandsLithium salts of easily available 1,3,5-tri-tert-butylcyclopentadiene and 1,2,3,4,5-pentaethylcyclopentadiene are used to synthesize the trichlorides [Cp‴MCl3] [Cp‴ = C5H2tBu3-1,2,4; M = Zr (1), Hf (2), Ti (3)] and [(Et5C5)ZrCl3] (4). Complex 1 is converted into the mixed zirconocene dichlorides [Cp‴CpZrCl2] (5), [Cp‴Cp-ZrCl2] (6), [Cp‴Cp″ZrCl2] (7), [Cp‴Cp4ZrCl2] (9) (Cp = C5H5, Cp* = C5Me5, Cp″ = C5H3tBu2-1,3, Cp4 = C5iPr4H) and into the benzyl complexes [Cp‴Zr(PhCH2)2Cl] (10) and [Cp‴Zr(PhCH2)3] (11). Variable-temperature 1H-NMR spectra of 6-9 (8 is the Ti analogue of 7) indicated hindered oscillation of the Cp‴ ligand with ΔG≠ values between ≤8 kcal/mol (7, 9) and 13.2 kcal/mol (6). X-ray structural analyses of complexes 7 and 9 reveal strong distortions owing to extreme steric congestion.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Ferrocene derivatives ; 1,1-Ethenedithiolate complexes ; Group 10 metal complexes ; Heterodimetallic compounds ; Heterotrimetallic compounds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The ferrocenyl-substituted mono- (3) and 1,1′-bis-dithiocarboxylic acids (4) have been prepared. These acids react with L2MCl2 (M = Pd, Pt; L = PEt3, PPh3, and 1/2 dppe) in the presence of sodium acetate to give the cis heterodi- and heterotrimetallic complexes cis-L2M[S2C=CH—C(O)-(η5-C5H4)Fe(η5-C5H5)] (5a: M = Pd, L = PPh3; 5b: M = Pt, L = PPh3; 5c: M = Pt, L = 1/2 dppe) and [cis-L2MS2C = CH—C(O)-(η5—C5H4)]2Fe (6a: M = Pd, L = PPh3; 6b: M = Pt, L = PEt3; 6c: M = Pt, L = PPh3; 6d: M = Pt, L = 1/2 dppe). The structures of 5a and 5b have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 27-38 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): η3-Allylrhodium complexes, preparation with Grignard reagents ; η3-Benzylrhodium complexes, antara- and suprafacial rearrangements in solution ; Unsymmetrical η3-benzyl-to-metal bonding in the solid state ; Rhodium, η1-benzyl(carbonyl) compound ; Rhodium, monomeric square-planar η2-carboxylato complexes ; η3-Allyl(η1-carboxylato)hydridometal intermediates, formation by oxidative addition ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: η3-Allyl and η3-Benzyl Rhodium Complexes: Synthesis, Structure Dynamic, and Reactions with Carboxylic AcidsThe (η3-allyl)rhodium complexes [Rh(η3-2-RC3H4)(PiPr3)2] (3-5) have been prepared in 70-90% yield from the in situ generated chlororhodium precursor [RhCl(PiPr3)2] (2) and 2-RC3H4MgX. On a similar route, the corresponding ethene(phosphane) derivative [Rh(η3-2-MeC3H4)(PiPr3)] (9) has been obtained. Compound 9 smoothly reacts with PiPr3 and PMe3 to give 4 (R = Me) and [Rh(η3-2-MeC3H4)(PMe3)-(PiPr3)] (10), respectively. In contrast to the η3-allyl complexes which are configurationally stable, the η3-benzyl analogues [Rh(η3-CH2C6H4R) (PiPr3)2] (11, 12), prepared from 2 and 4-RC6H4CH2MgCl, are highly fluctional in solution. At room temperature, an antarafacial (π-δ-π) as well as a suprafacial rearrangement occurs, the first one of which is frozen out at 263 K. On cooling to 193 K, the faster process (equally designated as a metallotropic shift) is also slowed down, and the rigid structure of 11 and 12 is observed. The ΔG* values for the antara and suprafacial rearrangements of 11 and 12 which have been determined from the 1H- and 31P-NMR spectra at variable temperature are 60.0 ± 1.5 and 39.5 ± 1.0 kJ/mol, respectively. The η3-benzyl compound 11 reacts even at -78°C with CO to give the monocarbonylrhodium(I) complex trans-[Rh(η1-CH2C6H5)(CO)(PiPr3)2] (13). Treatment of 3,4, or 11 with RCO2H (R = CF3, CH3, C6H5, C6H4-4-OMe, C6H4-4-NO2) affords the monomeric η2-carboxylatorhodium(I) compounds [Rh(η2-O2CR) (PiPr3)2] (14-18) almost quantitatively. If the reaction of 3 or 4 with CF3CO2H is performed at -20°C in pentane, the octahedral (η3-allyl)hydrido complexes [Rh(η3-2-RC3H4)(H)(η1-O2CCF3)(PiPr3)2] (19, 20) are isolated. The crystal structures of 12 (at 223 K) and of 15 (at 298 K) have been determined by X-ray diffraction studies. They confirm that the η3-benzyl ligand is highly unsymmetrically and the acetato ligand completely symmetrically bound to the [Rh(PiPr3)2] unit.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Diarsinosilane ; 1,3-Diarsa-2-sila-4-germacyclobutane ; 1,3-Diarsa-2-sila-4-germabicyclo[1.1.0]butane ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: (2,4,6-iPr3C6H2)(tBu)Si(AsH2)2: The First Diarsanylsilane and Its Transformation into a 1,3-Diarsa-2-sila-4-germabicyclobutane and a 1,3-Diarsa-2-sila-4-germabicyclo[1.1.0]butane Derivative*The crowded diarsanylsilane (2,4,6-iPr3C6H2)(tBu)Si(AsH2)2 (1) is synthesized by the reaction of (2,4,6-iPr3C6H2)(tBu)-SiCl2 with two equivalents of [LiAsH2(dme)] in 80% yield. Treatment of 1 with two equivalents of nBuLi yields the dilithio compound 7, which reacts with Mes(tBu)GeF2 to give the corresponding 1,3-diarsa-2-sila-4-germacyclobutane 8. The X-ray crystal structures of 1 and 8 were determined. The bond angles at silicon of 1 lie between 113.0(4) and 96.1(4)° indicating a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The four-membered SiGeAs2 ring in 8 is puckered (As1-Si1-As2/As1-Ge1-As2 23.5°) with the two tBu groups being transoriented. Dilithiation of the AsH positions in 8 with nBuLi and subsequent reaction with tBuHgCl leads to the 1,3-bis-(tert-butylmercurio) compound 9. The light-induced elimination of the tBu groups in 9 gives the tBu/tBu-exo,endo-SiGeAs2-bicyclo[1.1.0]butane 10 in 91% yield. 10 does not rearrange to the exo,exo isomer 11.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 509-518 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): 3-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes ; 7-methylene ; 3-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-enes ; Photoelectron spectroscopy ; Electronic structure ; Conformational analysis ; Transanular interaction ; Calculations, MMX, AM1 ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Transanular Interactions in Difunctional Medium Rings, 4[1].  -  Spectroscopic and Theoretical Investigations on Bicyclic BoraalkenesThe 3-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonene and -nonane derivatives 3 and 5 with an endo- or exocyclic CC double bond, respectively, have been synthesized as well as the corresponding monofunctional compounds bicyclo[3.3.1]non-2-ene (1), 3-methylenebicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (2), and the 3-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes 4. The compounds were investigated by PE, 13C- and 11B-NMR spectroscopy. In addition, molecular mechanics and semi-empirical quantum-chemical calculations have been performed. Although the transanular distances in both groups of compounds vary little, the difunctional compounds with an exocyclic double bond (5) show distinct transanular interactions whereas in the compounds with an endocyclic double bond (3) such effects are virtually absent. While the theoretical methods proved to be insufficient for the investigation of transanular interactions, PE and 11B-NMR spectroscopy were well suited for this study.
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 91-92 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Boranes, amino(imino) ; Iron, tricarbonyl(butanone) ; Diiron, [(boryloxy)allyl]hexacarbonyl ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: On the Formation of a Fe2(CO)6 Complex with a (Boryloxy)allyl BridgeThe amino(imino)borane Me3Si(tBu)N=B=NtBu (1) reacts with (benzylideneacetone)tricarbonyliron (2) in 1:2 molar ratio to give a 50% yield of the hexacarbonyldiiron complex 3 with a fly-over (boryloxy)allyl bridge, which crystallizes in the space group P21/c. The structure of 3 can be described as a pyramid with Fe(CO)3 at the apex and a non-planar pentagon [-Fe(CO)3-O(BXX′)-C(Me)-CH-C(Ph)-] [X = NHtBu, X′ = N(SiMe3)tBu] as the basis, but there is no bond between the apex and the O atom.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 107-112 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)methanol ; Diels-Alder reaction, intramolecular ; Chloroformate, bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)methanol ; Tosylate, bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)methanol ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)methanol: Synthesis, Structure, and DerivatizationBis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) ketone (1) reacts at low temperatures with LiAlH4 to form in good yields (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)methanol (2) and its corresponding intramolecular Diels-Alder product 3 in a ca. 2:1 ratio. The alcohol 2 is separated from the tetracyclic compound 3 by crystallisation at -70°C from hexane/pyridine as pyridine adduct. The pyridine-free alcohol 2 is available by repeated dissolving of the adduct in hexane and removal of the volatile components in vacuo. The alcohol tends to intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition even at room temperature with formation of 3. A derivatization of 2 is possible by deprotonation with alkyllithium compounds, which leads to the alcoholate 4, and subsequent treatment with phosgen and tosyl chloride, thus affording the chloroformate 6 and the tosylate 7, respectively, in good yields. The thermolabile tosylate 7 decomposes to pentamethylbenzene or, under basic conditions, to the pentacyclic compound 7.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Diazo compounds ; Valence isomerization ; „Corset effect“ ; limits of ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Small Rings, 79[1].  -  Synthesis and Properties of Novel Silyl-Substituted Cyclobutadienes and TetrahedranesThe cyclobutadienes 2b, d as well as the corresponding tetrahedranes 3b, d have been prepared according to the “Masamune route” by starting from the diazo compounds 1b, d. Low-temperature 13C—NMR measurements of the cyclobutadienes 2a, b, d lead to the first exact values of the barrier heights in the interconversion of the two rectangular forms of the cyclobutadienes. Fluorodesilylation of 3d probably proceeds via tri-tert-butyltetrahedrane (3h) and cyclobutadiene 2h and finally yields diketone 18. Reaction of tetrahedrane 3d with LiAlH4 in boiling THF leads to tetrahedrane 3e, which is much less stable than all previously known tetrahedrane derivatives.
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 213-217 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Alkylation ; Alkoxyalkylation ; Carboxonium ions ; Acetals ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Competition experiments have been performed to determine the relative reactivities of acetals and ethers toward allyltrimethylsilane in the presence of catalytic amounts of BF3 OEt2. It is found that acetals R-CH(OMe)2 and their phenylogous p-anisyl ethers R-CH(p-MeOC6H4)(OMe) show very little differences in reactivity. The reactivity scales are employed to rationalize the results of Lewis acid-catalyzed additions of acetals and ethers to CC double bonds.
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Cyclopropenes, 3,3-dimethyl-1-trimethylsilyl-substituted ; Cyclopropene, isomerisation ; Gas-phase kinetics ; Ring opening ; Diradical intermediates ; Cyclopropylidene intermediates ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The gas-phase pyrolyses of 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-(trimethylsilyl)-cyclopropene (9), 3,3-dimethyl-1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)cyclopropeneTextReactantlog (A/s-1)Ea/kj mol-1(kcal mol-1)913.41 ± 0.22192.1 ± 2.5(45.9 ± 0.6)1013.54 ± 0.19184.4 ± 2.1(44.1 ± 0.5)1112.17 ± 0.38124.6 ± 3.1(29.8 ± 0.7)(10), and 3,3-dimethyl-1-(methylthio)-2-(trimethylsilyl)cyclopropene (11) have been studied, and the pressure-independent Arrhenius parameters listed in the table were obtained. All three rearrangements are homogeneous, first-order and unimolecular reactions. Rather surprisingly all reactions give the corresponding isomeric allenes as the main products. Amongst possible mechanisms discussed, 10 is proposed to react via a cyclopropylidene intermediate, whilst the results for 9 and 11 throw light on the relative importance of the diradical- and vinylcarbene-type intermediates produced by cyclopropene ring opening.
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. A5 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 959-963 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Rearrangements, thermal ; Propargyl-Cope reaction ; 1,5-Hexadiyne-3,4-diol ; Cyclobutene ; 3,4-diacetyl ; Fragmentations, retro-ene ; Tandem reactions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The thermal behavior of meso- and d,1-3,4-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiyne-3,4-diol (meso- and d,1-4) has been studied at 400°C in the gas phase. In a tandem reaction the diols isomerize via the bisallenes 5 first to cis- and trans-3,4-diacetylcyclobutene (cis- and trans-8) which have been detected as intermediates by 13C-NMR spectroscopy as well as catalytic hydrogenation to 1,2-diacetylcyclobutane (9). Subsequently, 8 stabilizes itself by ring opening to (E,Z)- and (E,E)-3,5-octa-dien-2,7-dione (E,Z) and [(E,Z)-6]. As a side reaction retroene cleavage of 4 to 2-butynone (10) and methyl vinyl ketone (12) is observed. By pyrolysis of the pure diastereomers 4 it is shown that the retro-ene process is more pronounced in the d,l than in the meso series.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2387-2391 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Gold(I) complexes ; Sulfonium salts ; Trigoldsulfonium salts ; Au-Au interactions ; Supramolecular aggregation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Tris[(trimethylphosphane)gold(I)]sulfonium tetrafluoroborate (1) has been prepared from the corresponding oxonium salt [(Me3P)Au]3O+ BF-4 and bis(trimethylsilyl) sulfide, (Me3Si)2S. The analogous triisopropylphosphane and methyldiphenylphosphane complexes (2, 3) have been obtained in a similar way. The products are stable crystalline solids, the structure of which has been determined by X-ray methods. They are composed of independent tetrafluoroborate anions and pyramidal tri(gold)sulfonium cations, which are aggregated to form dimeric units (as in 3) or even strings of dimers (as in 1). It is only in complex 2 that steric effects, originating from the bulky phosphane ligands, prevent the building of supra-molecular (supracationic) aggregates. In the independent pyramidal cations of 2 only short intracationic Au…Au contacts have been detected. These are complemented by intercationic gold-gold contacts of similar length in the structures of 1 and 3. - In the preparation of complex 1, the species [(Me3P)Au]4S2+ (BF-4)2 (4) with hypercoordinate sulfur atoms has also been detected by mass spectroscopy.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Manganese complexes ; Insertion processes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Mn(NO)2L2H complexes [L = PMe3 1a, PEt3 1b, P(OMe)3 1c, P(OEt)3 1d, P(OiPr)3 1e] have been prepared by the reaction of the corresponding Mn(NO)2L2Br compounds with NaBH4 in ethanol. The reactivity of 1a and 1b is compared to that of Mn(CO)3L2H species (L = PMe3 2a, L = PEt3 2b). Compound 1b reacts with weak acids like PhOH, (CF3)2CHOH and CH3COOH to yield Mn(NO)2(PEt3)2X complexes [X = OPh 3a, OCH(CF3)2 3b, OC(O)CH3 3c] and H2. Compound 2b does not undergo reaction with these acids. At room temperature in toluene 1a, b undergo facile CO2 insertion processes, while 2a, b do not show this reactivity even under more rigorous reaction conditions. From 1a, b and CO2 formato complexes Mn(NO)2L2[OC(O)H] (L = PMe3 4a, L = PEt3 4c) are obtained. The reaction of 1b with salicylaldehyde in toluene proceeds with the formation of a [2-(hydroxymethyl)-phenoxy]dinitrosylbis(triethylphosphane) manganese complex 5b, which exchanges the phenoxy ligand in the presence of excess of salicylaldehyde to give (2-formylphenoxy)-dinitrosylbis(triethylphosphane)manganese (6b) and α,2-dihydroxytoluene. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanilline, and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde and 1b also afford phenoxy derivatives Mn(NO)2(PEt3)2(OAr) [Ar = p-OC6H4-CHO 7a; OC6H3-2-OCH3-4-CHO 7b; OC6H2-2,6-(OCH3)2-4-CHO 7c] and H2. Compounds 2a, b do not react with any of these hydroxybenzaldehydes. Compounds 1a, b have been converted into Mn(NO)2L2 [(Z)-C(COOR′)≡C(R)H] species (L = PMe3, R = H, R′ = Me 8a; L = PEt3, R = H, R′ = Me 8b; L = PMe3 R, R′ = Me 9a; L = PMe3, R = Ph, R′ = Et 10a; L = PMe3, R = COOMe, R′ = Me 11a; L = PEt3, R = COOMe, R′ = Me 11b) in the presence of alkyl propiolates RC≡CCOOMe (R = H, Me, Ph, COOMe; R′ = Me, Et). Similarly, but under more rigorous conditions, insertion of RC≡CCOOMe (R = H, COOMe) into 2a, b occurs and α metalation products Mn(CO)3(PMe3)2[(Z)-C(COOMe) = CHR] (L = PMe3, R = H 12a; L = PEt3, R = H 12b; L = PMe3, R = COOMe 13a; L = PEt3, R = COOMe 13b) are formed. In the case of the methyl propiolate insertion into 2a, 10% of an additional β-metalation compound Mn(CO)3(PMe3)2[(Z)-CH = CH(COOMe)] (12c) have been detected spectroscopically. Compounds 11b and 13a, b have been transformed into manganacyclic complexes MN[C(COOMe)=CH(COOMe)]-(NO)2(PEt3)2 (14b) and MN[C(COOMe)=CH(COOMe)]-(CO)2L2 (L = PMe3 15a; L = PEt3, CO 15b; L = PEt3 15c). Compound 15c has been identified spectroscopically, and 1a, 8a, and 9a have been characterized by X-ray structure determinations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2483-2488 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): vic-Dioximes ; N2O2 macrocycles ; Trinuclear complexes ; Pentanuclear complexation ; Tribenzo[b.h.l][1,10,4,7]dioxadiazacyclotetradecine derivatives ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The new vic-dioxime ligand 2 (LH4) carrying a 14-membered N2O2 macrocycle has been prepared. Mononuclear complex (LH3)2Ni, trinuclear complexes (LH)2Cu3, (LH)2Co3, (LH)2-Pd3, and (LH)2Co3(py)3Cl3, dinuclear complex (LH3)2-(UO2)2(OH)2, and pentanuclear complex [L2Cu5(phen)2]-(NO3)2 have been synthesized from LH4. The electrochemical properties of tri- and pentanuclear complexes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. For (LH)2Cu3 two reduction waves appeared at 0.215 and -0.870 V. [L2Cu5(phen)2](NO3)2 exhibited four reduction waves at 0.200, -0.025, -0.670, and -1.170 V.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2505-2509 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Cyclopentadienes, bicyclic ; Face selectivity ; endo selectivity ; Chiral discrimination ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A general synthetic route to the enantiopure bicyclic cyclopentadienes (S)-3 and (R)-3 of the hydrindane series, starting from the Hajos-Wiechert ketone 4 or its enantiomer is described. Reasons for the excellent face and endo selectivity of cycloadditions and the resulting consequences for chiral recognition are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2519-2526 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Schlagwort(e): Erythronolide A ; Allylboration, stereoselective ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Starting from building block 3 comprising the C-7 to C-15 segment of erythronolide A, a linear synthesis of erythronolide A has been achieved. Key steps were a Sharpless-epoxidation to set up the sterocenter at C-6, and two stereoselective allylboration reactions to generate the stereocenters at C-2, C-3, C-4, and C-5.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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