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  • Firenze University Press  (3,088)
  • Springer  (1,995)
  • Molecular Diversity Preservation International  (1,428)
  • Frontiers
  • MDPI Publishing
  • 2020-2024  (6,836)
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  • 1
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    Octopus crawling on land: physiological and biochemical responses of Octopus vulgaris to emersion (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-18
    Description: Cephalopods are well known for their cognitive capabilities and unique behavioural repertoires. Yet, certain life strategies and behaviours are still not fully understood. For instance, coastal octopuses have been documented (mainly through citizen science and TV documentaries) to occasionally leave the water and crawl in intertidal areas. Yet, there is a complete lack of knowledge on this behaviour's physiological and biochemical basis. Within this context, this study aimed to investigate, for the first time, physiological (routine and maximum metabolic rates and aerobic scope) and biochemical (i.e., antioxidant enzymes activities, heat shock protein and ubiquitin levels, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation) responses of the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, to emersion. The octopuses’ physiological performance was determined by measuring metabolic rates in different emersion treatments and biochemical markers. The size-adjusted maximum metabolic rates (MMRadj) of octopuses exposed to 2:30 min of air exposure followed by re-immersion did not differ significantly from the MMRadj of the chased individuals (control group). Yet, most biochemical markers revealed no significant differences among the different emersion treatments. Our findings showed that O. vulgaris could tolerate exposure to short-term emersion periods due to an efficient antioxidant machinery and cellular repair mechanisms. Alongside, we argue that the use of atmospheric air through the mucus-covered gills and/or cutaneous respiration may also help octopus withstand emersion and crawling on land.
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  • 2
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    Synthesis and outlook on future research and scientific education in southern Africa (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-07
    Description: The sustainability of southern Africa’s natural and managed marine and terrestrial ecosystems is threatened by overuse, mismanagement, population pressures, degradation, and climate change. Counteracting unsustainable development requires a deep understanding of earth system processes and how these are affected by ongoing and anticipated global changes. This information must be translated into practical policy and management interventions. Climate models project that the rate of terrestrial warming in southern Africa is above the global terrestrial average. Moreover, most of the region will become drier. Already there is evidence that climate change is disrupting ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. This is likely to continue in the foreseeable future, but impacts can be partly mitigated through urgent implementation of appropriate policy and management interventions to enhance resilience and sustainability of the ecosystems. The recommendations presented in the previous chapters are informed by a deepened scientific understanding of the relevant earth system processes, but also identify research and knowledge gaps. Ongoing disciplinary research remains critical, but needs to be complemented with cross-disciplinary and transdisciplinary research that can integrate across temporal and spatial scales to give a fuller understanding of not only individual components of the complex earth-system, but how they interact.
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  • 3
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    Unique southern African terrestrial and oceanic biomes and their relation to steep environmental gradients (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-07
    Description: The southern African subcontinent and its surrounding oceans accommodate globally unique ecoregions, characterized by exceptional biodiversity and endemism. This diversity is shaped by extended and steep physical gradients or environmental discontinuities found in both ocean and terrestrial biomes. The region’s biodiversity has historically been the basis of life for indigenous cultures and continues to support countless economic activities, many of them unsustainable, ranging from natural resource exploitation, an extensive fisheries industry and various forms of land use to nature-based tourism. Being at the continent’s southern tip, terrestrial species have limited opportunities for adaptive range shifts under climate change, while warming is occurring at an unprecedented rate. Marine climate change effects are complex, as warming may strengthen thermal stratification, while shifts in regional wind regimes influence ocean currents and the intensity of nutrient-enriching upwelling. The flora and fauna of marine and terrestrial southern African biomes are of vital importance for global biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. They thus deserve special attention in further research on the impacts of anthropogenic pressures including climate change. Excellent preconditions exist in the form of long-term data sets of high quality to support scientific advice for future sustainable management of these vulnerable biomes.
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  • 4
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    Molecular fossils in reefal carbonates and sponges of the deep fore reef of Mayotte and Mohéli, Comoro Islands, western Indian Ocean (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Microbial carbonates are common components of Quaternary tropical coral reefs. Previous studies revealed that sulfate-reducing bacteria trigger microbial carbonate precipitation in supposedly cryptic reef environments. Here, using petrography, lipid biomarker analysis, and stable isotope data, we aim to understand the formation mechanism of microbial carbonate enclosed in deep fore reef limestones from Mayotte and Mohéli, Comoro Islands, which differ from other reefal microbial carbonates in that they contain less microbial carbonate and are dominated by numerous sponges. To discern sponge-derived lipids from lipids enclosed in microbial carbonate, lipid biomarker inventories of diverse sponges from the Mayotte and Mohéli reef systems were examined. Abundant peloidal, laminated, and clotted textures point to a microbial origin of the authigenic carbonates, which is supported by ample amounts of mono- O -alkyl glycerol monoethers (MAGEs) and terminally branched fatty acids; both groups of compounds are attributed to sulfate-reducing bacteria. Sponges revealed a greater variety of alkyl chains in MAGEs, including new, previously unknown, mid-chain monomethyl- and dimethyl-branched MAGEs, suggesting a diverse community of sulfate reducers different from the sulfate-reducers favoring microbialite formation. Aside from biomarkers specific for sulfate-reducing bacteria, lipids attributed to demosponges (i.e., demospongic acids) are also present in some of the sponges and the reefal carbonates. Fatty acids attributed to demosponges show a higher diversity and a higher proportion in microbial carbonate compared to sponge tissue. Such pattern reflects significant taphonomic bias associated with the preservation of demospongic acids, with preservation apparently favored by carbonate authigenesis.
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  • 5
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    Coastal upwelling systems as dynamic mosaics of bacterioplankton functional specialization (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: Coastal upwelling areas are extraordinarily productive environments where prokaryotic communities, the principal remineralizers of dissolved organic matter (DOM), rapidly respond to phytoplankton bloom and decay dynamics. Nevertheless, the extent of variability of key microbial functions in such dynamic waters remains largely unconstrained. Our metatranscriptomics analyses of 162 marker genes encoding ecologically relevant prokaryotic functions showed distinct spatial-temporal patterns in the NW Iberian Peninsula upwelling area. Short-term (daily) changes in specific bacterial functions associated with changes in biotic and abiotic factors were superimposed on seasonal variability. Taxonomic and functional specialization of prokaryotic communities, based mostly on different resource acquisition strategies, was observed. Our results uncovered the potential influence of prokaryotic functioning on phytoplankton bloom composition and development (e.g., Cellvibrionales and Flavobacteriales increased relative gene expression related to vitamin B12 and siderophore metabolisms during Chaetoceros and Dinophyceae summer blooms). Notably, bacterial adjustments to C- or N-limitation and DMSP availability during summer phytoplankton blooms and different spatial-temporal patterns of variability in the expression of genes with different phosphate affinity indicated a complex role of resource availability in structuring bacterial communities in this upwelling system. Also, a crucial role of Cellvibrionales in the degradation of DOM (carbohydrate metabolism, TCA cycle, proteorhodopsin, ammonium, and phosphate uptake genes) during the summer phytoplankton bloom was found. Overall, this dataset revealed an intertwined mosaic of microbial interactions and nutrient utilization patterns along a spatial-temporal gradient that needs to be considered if we aim to understand the biogeochemical processes in some of the most productive ecosystems in the world´s oceans.
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  • 6
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    Discrepancies between non-native and invasive species classifications (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: Biological invasions pose a growing threat to ecosystems, biodiversity, and socio-economic interests. In the European Union, the introduction of non-native species through trade, tourism, and other pathways has led to unintended consequences. Among these non-native species, a subset exhibits negative impacts and is commonly referred to as ‘invasive’. However, the number of non-native species and the proportion considered invasive vary across different member states of the European Union. Classifications and definitions of invasive species also differ among countries potentially leading to an underrepresentation. Here, we use Germany as a case study to highlight gaps in invasive species classifications. The number of non-native species reported as invasive in Germany remains low (~ 14%) compared to other European Union member states (~ 22%), despite Germany’s strong economy, significant research investments, and well-established trade networks. This disparities may be attributed to complex and multifaceted factors, encompassing differences in classifications, variations in research effort and focus, and diverse national priorities. We further propose that the impacts of non-native species on resources and biodiversity may be more likely to be overlooked, principally in large economies reliant on international trade, such as Germany. This oversight could negatively affect conservation efforts and funding for research aimed at improving understanding invasive species threats. We suggest that this underreporting may stem from a focus on maintaining economic growth, which might have taken precedence over addressing the potential ecological and economic impacts of invasive species.
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  • 7
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    The Silicon Cycle in the Ocean (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: The element silicon is everywhere! In fact, silicon is the second most abundant element in Earth’s crust. Silicon in rocks and minerals breaks down and is transported from rivers and streams into the world’s oceans. Many marine organisms need silicon as it is a crucial nutrient to build their skeletons. Silicon eventually reaches the seafloor, but its journey into the abyss is not straightforward due to biological, physical, and chemical processes. All these processes transport and transform silicon, creating a cycle that we call the marine silicon cycle. The silicon cycle is directly connected to the carbon cycle, making silicon a key player in the regulation of Earth’s climate. In this article, we discuss why we need to understand the marine silicon cycle, explain the steps that happen in the ocean, and demonstrate how the marine silicon cycle affects humans.
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  • 8
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    Differential effects of microplastic exposure on leaf shredding rates of invasive and native amphipod crustaceans (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: There is growing concern surrounding the pervasive impacts of microplastic pollution, but despite increasing interest in this area there remains limited understanding of its disruption to biological communities and the ecosystem services they provide. One such service is the breakdown of leaf litter in freshwaters by invertebrate shredders, such as Gammarus spp., that directly and indirectly provides resources for many other species. This study investigates the effect of microplastic exposure on leaf consumption by two Gammarus species in Ireland, the native Gammarus duebeni celticus, and the invasive Gammarus pulex. Individuals were exposed to 40-48 mu m polyethylene particles for 24 h at a range of concentrations (20-200,000 MP/L), with the amount of leaf consumption in that time frame recorded. Microplastics did not affect the feeding rate of either species at environmentally relevant concentrations, indicating that ecosystem services currently provided by our study species are sustainable. However, at higher microplastic concentrations the feeding rate of G. d. celticus was significantly reduced, whereas G. pulex remained unaffected, drawing attention to species-specific and native-invader differences in microplastic impacts. The results of our study further contribute to the observed pattern that invasive species, including various amphipod species, often display a higher tolerance to environmental stressors compared to their native counterparts. This research highlights the need for mitigation of ongoing and increasing microplastic pollution that could differentially influence key ecosystem services and functions.
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  • 9
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    Warming, not acidification, favours survival of non-indigenous over native gammarid species (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: Anthropogenic disturbances, including non-indigenous species (NIS) and climate change, have considerably affected ecosystems and socio-economies globally. Despite the widely acknowledged individual roles of NIS and global warming in biodiversity change, predicting the connection between the two still remains a fundamental challenge and requires urgent attention due to a timely importance for proper conservation management. To improve our understanding of the interaction between climate change and NIS on biological communities, we conducted laboratory experiments to test the temperature and pCO2 tolerance of four gammarid species: two native Baltic Sea species (Gammarus locusta and G. salinus), one Ponto‐Caspian NIS (Pontogammarus maeoticus) and one North American NIS (Gammarus tigrinus). Our results demonstrated that an increase in pCO2 level was not a significant driver of mortality, neither by itself nor in combination with increased temperature, for any of the tested species. However, temperature was significant, and differentially affected the tested species. The most sensitive was the native G. locusta which experienced 100% mortality at 24 °C. The second native species, G. salinus, performed better than G. locusta, but was still significantly more sensitive to temperature increase than either of the NIS. In contrast, NIS performed better than native species with warming, whereby particularly the Ponto-Caspian P. maeoticus did not demonstrate any difference in its performance between the temperature treatments. With the predicted environmental changes in the Baltic Sea, we may expect shifts in distributions of native taxa towards colder areas, while their niches might be filled by NIS, particularly those from the Ponto-Caspian region. Although, northern colder areas may be constrained by lower salinity. Additional studies are needed to confirm our findings across other NIS, habitats and regions to make more general inferences.
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  • 10
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    Did Algae Eat All the Silica in the World’s Oceans? (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: Silicon is a crucial nutrient that can join with the element oxygen to form a substance commonly called silica. Silica, commonly known as glass, is found in rocks in the Earth’s crust and dissolves into the oceans, where organisms like algae and sponges use it to build their glassy skeletons. This process, called biosilicification, is extremely important in the silica cycle. Over time, organisms have changed the silica cycle. Today, because of these organisms, the oceans no longer contain much silica. However, when the Earth was younger and these organisms had not evolved yet, no biological processes affected silica in the oceans. The evolution of these oceanic organisms across time has removed silica from the oceans. In this article, we discuss how the evolution of silicon-using sponges, as well as tiny organisms called zooplankton and algae, have changed the amount of silica in the world’s oceans through geologic time.
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  • 11
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    Long-term climate change impacts on regional sterodynamic sea level statistics analyzed from the MPI-ESM large ensemble simulation (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: Statistics of regional sterodynamic sea level variability are analyzed in terms of probability density functions of a 100-member ensemble of monthly mean sea surface height (SSH) timeseries simulated with the low-resolution Max Planck Institute Grand Ensemble. To analyze the impact of climate change on sea level statistics, fields of SSH variability, skewness and excess kurtosis representing the historical period 1986-2005 are compared with similar fields from projections for the period 2081-2100 under moderate (RCP4.5) and strong (RCP8.5) climate forcing conditions. Larger deviations of the models SSH statistics from Gaussian are limited to the western and eastern tropical Pacific. Under future climate warming conditions, SSH variability of the western tropical Pacific appear more Gaussian in agreement with weaker zonal easterly wind stress pulses, suggesting a reduced El Nino Southern Oscillation activity in the western warm pool region. SSH variability changes show a complex amplitude pattern with some regions becoming less variable, e.g., off the eastern coast of the north American continent, while other regions become more variable, notably the Southern Ocean. A west (decrease)-east (increase) contrast in variability changes across the subtropical Atlantic under RCP8.5 forcing is related to changes in the gyre circulation and a declining Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in response to external forcing changes. In addition to global mean sea-level rise of 16 cm for RCP4.5 and 24 cm for RCP8.5, we diagnose regional changes in the tails of the probability density functions, suggesting a potential increased in variability-related extreme sea level events under global warmer conditions.
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  • 12
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    Vertical distribution of epibenthic megafauna of a large seamount west of Cape Verde islands (tropical North Atlantic) (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-05
    Description: Seamounts are thought to function as hotspots of megafauna diversity due to their topology and environmental characteristics. However, assessments of megafauna communities inhabiting seamounts, including diversity and density, are scarce. In this study, we provide megafauna diversity and density estimates for a recently discovered, not yet characterized seamount region (Boetius seamounts) west of Cape Verde (N17° 16′, W29° 26′). We investigated the distribution of epibenthic megafauna over a large depth gradient from the seamount’s summit at 1400 m down to 3200 m water depth and provided qualitative and quantitative analyses based on quantified video data. In utilizing an ocean floor observation system (OFOS), calibrated videos were taken as a horizontal transect from the north-eastern flank of the seamount, differentiating between an upper, coral-rich region (−1354/−2358 m) and a deeper, sponge-rich region (−2358/−3218 m). Taxa were morphologically distinguished, and their diversity and densities were estimated and related to substrate types. Both the upper and deeper seamount region hosted unique communities with significantly higher megafauna richness at the seamount’s summit. Megafauna densities differed significantly between the upper (0.297 ± 0.167 Ind./m 2 ) and deeper community (0.112 ± 0.114 Ind./m). The seamount showed a vertical zonation with dense aggregations of deep-sea corals dominating the seamount’s upper region and colonies of the glass sponges Poliopogon amadou dominating the deeper region. The results are discussed in light of detected substrate preferences and co-occurrence of species and are compared with findings from other Atlantic seamounts.
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  • 13
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    The Agulhas Current System as an important driver for oceanic and terrestrial climate (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-06
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  • 14
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    Physical drivers of Southwest African coastal upwelling and its response to climate variability and change (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: The southeastern tropical Atlantic hosts a coastal upwelling system characterized by high biological productivity. Three subregions can be distinguished based on differences in the physical climate: the tropical Angolan and the northern and southern Benguela upwelling systems (tAUS, nBUS, sBUS). The tAUS, which is remotely forced via equatorial and coastal trapped waves, can be characterized as a mixing-driven system, where the wind forcing plays only a secondary role. The nBUS and sBUS are both forced by alongshore winds and offshore cyclonic wind stress curl. While the nBUS is a permanent upwelling system, the sBUS is impacted by the seasonal cycle of alongshore winds. Interannual variability in the region is dominated by Benguela Niños and Niñas that are warm and cold events observed every few years in the tAUS and nBUS. Decadal and multidecadal variations are reported for sea surface temperature and salinity, stratification and subsurface oxygen. Future climate warming is likely associated with a southward shift of the South Atlantic wind system. While the mixing-driven tAUS will most likely be affected by warming and increasing stratification, the nBUS and sBUS will be mostly affected by wind changes with increasing winds in the sBUS and weakening winds in the northern nBUS.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 15
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    A look into the temporal variability of sedimentation rates in the Skagerrak to track human and natural impacts in the North Sea (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-21
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 16
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    Editorial: Constraining Uncertainties in Hindcasts and Future Projections of Marine Deoxygenation (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-22
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 17
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    The deepest record of the octocoral Acanthogorgia from the Red Sea (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-23
    Description: Octocorals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) have a global distribution and form benthic assemblages along the depth gradient, from shallow to deep waters. They often occur below SCUBA diving limits, where they can become dominant habitat builders and aggregate different taxa. During a cruise in February 2023, one octocoral specimen was collected at 1453 m depth at Kebrit Deep, in the northern Saudi Arabian Red Sea axis, an area with extremely high temperature and salinity profiles at depth. Morphological analysis coupled with DNA barcoding using two mitochondrial markers ( COI and mtMuts ), revealed that the coral belongs to Acanthogorgia , a genus of azooxanthellate octocorals known to occur from 3 to 2300 m depths in cold, temperate and tropical waters. In the Red Sea, the genus was previously only known from shallower waters. Hence, we report the deepest record of the genus Acanthogorgia from the warm and saline Red Sea basin. This finding provides novel insights on deep-water octocoral diversity in the Red Sea, a still scantily explored area of the world, while emphasizing the need for further explorations at depth.
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  • 18
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    Inconsistent Atlantic Links to Precipitation Extremes over the Humid Tropics (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-26
    Description: This study investigates extreme wet and dry conditions over the humid tropics and their connections to the variability of the tropical ocean basins using observations and a multi-model ensemble of 24 state-of-the-art coupled climate models, for the 1930–2014 period. The extreme wet (dry) conditions are consistently linked to Central Pacific La Niña (Eastern Pacific El Niño), the weakest being the Congo basin, and homogeneous patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the tropical Indian Ocean. The Atlantic exhibits markedly varying configurations of SST anomalies, including the Atlantic Niño and pan-Atlantic decadal oscillation, with non-symmetrical patterns between the wet and dry conditions. The oceanic influences are associated with anomalous convection and diabatic heating partly related to variations in the strength of the Walker Circulation. The observed connection between the Amazon basin, as well as the Maritime continent, and the Indo-Pacific variability are better simulated than that of the Congo basin. The observed signs of the Pacific and Indian SST anomalies are reversed for the modelled Congo basin extreme conditions which are, instead, tied to the Atlantic Niño/Niña variability. This Atlantic–Congo basin connection is related to a too southerly location of the simulated inter-tropical convergence zone that is associated with warm SST biases over the Atlantic cold tongue. This study highlights important teleconnections and model improvements necessary for the skillful prediction of extreme precipitation over the humid tropics.
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  • 19
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    Alkaline mineral addition to anoxic to hypoxic Baltic Sea sediments as a potentially efficient CO2-removal technique (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: Recent studies have begun to explore the potential of enhanced benthic weathering (EBW) in the Baltic Sea as a measure for climate change mitigation. To augment the understanding of EBW under seasonally changing conditions, this study aims to investigate weathering processes under anoxia to hypoxia in corrosive bottom waters, which reflect late summer conditions in the Baltic Sea. Dunite and calcite were added to sediment cores retrieved from Eckernförde Bay (Western Baltic Sea) with a constant flow-through of deoxygenated, CO 2 -enriched Baltic Sea bottom water. The addition of both materials increased benthic alkalinity release by 2.94 μmol cm −2 d −1 (calcite) and 1.12 μmol cm −2 d −1 (dunite), compared to the unamended control experiment. These excess fluxes are significantly higher than those obtained under winter conditions. The comparison with bottom water oxygen concentrations emphasizes that highest fluxes of alkalinity were associated with anoxic phases of the experiment. An increase in Ca and Si fluxes showed that the enhanced alkalinity fluxes could be attributed to calcite and dunite weathering. First order rate constants calculated based on these data were close to rates published in previous studies conducted under different conditions. This highlights the suitability of these proxies for mineral dissolution and justifies the use of these rate constants in modeling studies investigating EBW in the Baltic Sea and areas with similar chemical conditions. Generally stable pH profiles over the course of the experiment, together with the fact that the added minerals remained on the sediment surface, suggest that corrosive bottom waters were the main driving factor for the dissolution of the added minerals. These factors have important implications for the choice of mineral and timing for EBW as a possible marine carbon dioxide removal method in seasonally hypoxic to anoxic regions of the Baltic Sea.
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  • 20
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    In situ observation on two ‘elusive’ rhodaliid siphonophores (Cnidaria; Hydrozoa; Siphonophora) from the Red Sea, including a potential new species within the genus Archangelopsis (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-01
    Description: Rhodaliids, a specific family of siphonophores inhabiting the benthic zone, have remained enigmatic due to their rarity and elusive nature. These unique organisms, primarily found in open ocean habitats, exhibit distinctive features and are characterized by complex structures. During the Red Sea Decade Expedition, two rhodaliid specimens were collected at the sea bed at water depths of 438 and 495 meters. Regardless of challenges in specimen preservation, detailed morphological analysis revealed unique characteristics. Genetic analysis, employing the 16S rRNA marker, revealed one specimen closely related to Thermopalia taraxaca , while the taxonomic traits of this specimen suggested the identification of Archangelopsis jagoa . While most of the morphological features of the second specimen were also very similar to A. jagoa , some differences in coloration suggest the discovery of either an unusual colour variant or a potential new species within this genus. Notably, this study reports the first sequencing of A. jagoa . This species demonstrated a capacity to thrive in low-oxygen environments, challenging conventional assumptions about their habitat requirements. Despite difficulties in specimen handling and genetic analysis limitations due to a lack of comprehensive data, this research sheds light on the elusive world of benthic rhodaliids.
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  • 21
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    Towards a sustained and fit-for-purpose European Ocean Observing and Forecasting System (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-11
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  • 22
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    Short and decadal impacts of seafloor physical perturbation on the abundances of Lebensspuren ‘traces of life’ in the Peru Basin manganese nodule province (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-18
    Description: Interest in deep-sea mining for polymetallic nodules as an alternative source to onshore mines for various high-technology metals has risen in recent years, as demands and costs have increased. The need for studies to assess its short- and long-term consequences on polymetallic nodule ecosystems is therefore also increasingly prescient. Recent image-based expedition studies have described the temporal impacts on epi-/megafauna seafloor communities across these ecosystems at particular points in time. However, these studies have failed to capture information on large infauna within the sediments or give information on potential transient and temporally limited users of these areas, such as mobile surface deposit feeders or fauna responding to bloom events or food fall depositions. This study uses data from the Peru Basin polymetallic nodule province, where the seafloor was previously disturbed with a plough harrow in 1989 and with an epibenthic sled (EBS) in 2015, to simulate two contrasting possible impact forms of mining disturbance. To try and address the shortfall on information on transient epifauna and infauna use of these various disturbed and undisturbed areas of nodule-rich seafloor, images collected 6 months after the 2015 disturbance event were inspected and all Lebensspuren, 'traces of life', were characterized by type (epi- or infauna tracemakers, as well as forming fauna species where possible), along with whether they occurred on undisturbed seafloor or regions disturbed in 1989 or 2015. The results show that epi- and endobenthic Lebensspuren were at least 50% less abundant across both the ploughed and EBS disturbed seafloors. This indicates that even 26 years after disturbance, sediment use by fauna may remain depressed across these areas.
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    The importance of the soluble and colloidal pools for trace metal cycling in deep-sea pore waters (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Physical and chemical trace metal speciation are important for our understanding of metal cycling and potential toxicity to marine life. Trace metals can behave differently in diffusion processes or particle-solution interactions and have different bioavailabilities depending on their physical and chemical forms, which often depend on redox conditions. Here we investigated dissolved (〈 0.2 µm) and soluble (〈 0.02 µm) concentrations of Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, V, Mo, U, Cd, and As in oxic and suboxic deep-sea sediments of the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. Vanadium, Mo, U, As, and Cd showed no significant concentration differences between their dissolved and soluble forms, suggesting that they are present as inorganic ionic species or organic complexes in the truly dissolved or small colloidal fraction. In contrast, the colloidal fraction (〉 0.02 µm 〈 0.2 µm) of Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu increased with depth in oxic pore waters and Fe had the largest but variable colloidal pool. Soluble Mn, Co, and Ni were released in the uppermost 2-4 cm in the sediment because of reductive dissolution. The increasing colloidal fraction with depth suggests a decrease in the concentration of small organic ligands with depth, that are abundant in the surface sediment pore waters, and instead an increasing importance of larger (〉 0.02 µm) inorganic nanoparticles and colloids such as Mn and Fe (oxyhydr)oxides that control Mn, Fe, and Co cycling at depths 〉 10 cm. The distribution of Ni and Cu cannot be exclusively explained by inorganic nanoparticles and a shift from low to larger high molecular weight organic ligands might occur. These findings provide new insights into trace metal distributions in the dissolved phase, highlighting the diversity of metal complexes and the need to incorporate these in future calculations of benthic metal fluxes and ecotoxicity assessments, especially in oxic pore waters.
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    Blurring societal acceptance by lack of knowledge — insights from a German coastal population study on blue carbon (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Within the context of climate change, coastal vegetated ecosystems have the capacity for long-term carbon storage. Blue carbon refers to such carbon trapped in the oceans and coastal shelf seas. These ecosystems are under anthropogenic pressure and, to help these ecosystems to thrive and realize their carbon storage potentials, interventions require acceptance from society, in general, and adjacent coastal communities, in particular. Through a random street survey along the German coasts in 2022, quantitative and qualitative data were collected from more than 200 participants. A questionnaire comprising 50 open and closed questions was designed to assess the status quo of German coastal residents’ norms and values concerning blue carbon ecosystems. Focus was put on nature conservation and climate change perceptions. The survey results reveal that most residents along the German coast valued nature conservation while idealizing nature that is seen as “untouched” by humans. Responses regarding active interventions to improve coastal ecosystem services were diverse. Blue carbon strategies are likely to operate within this area of tension. Most respondents were aware of climate change as a threat to their home region and were in favor of an increase in action against climate change there. The respondents were familiar with CO 2 reduction and avoidance strategies. However, they were less aware of measures to remove atmospheric CO 2 and the potential of storing CO 2 in ecosystems beyond afforestation measures. Due to a lack of knowledge, no consolidated public opinions on blue carbon in coastal vegetated ecosystems could be identified, blurring societal acceptance of blue carbon strategies. While these ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to human disturbance, long-term carbon storage is essential for blue carbon. Therefore, the individual acceptance of interventions from people living in close proximity to intervention sites is key for sustained success. The present article concludes that there are possibilities to co-create knowledge and acceptance as prerequisites for blue carbon interventions to possibly become efficacious.
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    Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of an External Pose-Tracking System for Underwater Cameras (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: To advance underwater computer vision and robotics from lab environments and clear water scenarios to the deep dark ocean or murky coastal waters, representative benchmarks and realistic datasets with ground truth information are required. In particular, determining the camera pose is essential for many underwater robotic or photogrammetric applications and known ground truth is mandatory to evaluate the performance of, e.g., simultaneous localization and mapping approaches in such extreme environments. This paper presents the conception, calibration, and implementation of an external reference system for determining the underwater camera pose in real time. The approach, based on an HTC Vive tracking system in air, calculates the underwater camera pose by fusing the poses of two controllers tracked above the water surface of a tank. It is shown that the mean deviation of this approach to an optical marker-based reference in air is less than 3 mm and 0.3. Finally, the usability of the system for underwater applications is demonstrated.
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    The archaeome in metaorganism research, with a focus on marine models and their bacteria–archaea interactions (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: Metaorganism research contributes substantially to our understanding of the interaction between microbes and their hosts, as well as their co-evolution. Most research is currently focused on the bacterial community, while archaea often remain at the sidelines of metaorganism-related research. Here, we describe the archaeome of a total of eleven classical and emerging multicellular model organisms across the phylogenetic tree of life. To determine the microbial community composition of each host, we utilized a combination of archaea and bacteria-specific 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Members of the two prokaryotic domains were described regarding their community composition, diversity, and richness in each multicellular host. Moreover, association with specific hosts and possible interaction partners between the bacterial and archaeal communities were determined for the marine models. Our data show that the archaeome in marine hosts predominantly consists of Nitrosopumilaceae and Nanoarchaeota, which represent keystone taxa among the porifera. The presence of an archaeome in the terrestrial hosts varies substantially. With respect to abundant archaeal taxa, they harbor a higher proportion of methanoarchaea over the aquatic environment. We find that the archaeal community is much less diverse than its bacterial counterpart. Archaeal amplicon sequence variants are usually host-specific, suggesting adaptation through co-evolution with the host. While bacterial richness was higher in the aquatic than the terrestrial hosts, a significant difference in diversity and richness between these groups could not be observed in the archaeal dataset. Our data show a large proportion of unclassifiable archaeal taxa, highlighting the need for improved cultivation efforts and expanded databases.
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    Modelling mass accumulation rates and 210Pb rain rates in the Skagerrak: lateral sediment transport dominates the sediment input (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: Sediment fluxes to the seafloor govern the fate of elements and compounds in the ocean and serve as a prerequisite for research on elemental cycling, benthic processes and sediment management strategies. To quantify these fluxes over seafloor areas, it is necessary to scale up sediment mass accumulation rates (MAR) obtained from multiple sample stations. Conventional methods for spatial upscaling involve averaging of data or spatial interpolation. However, these approaches may not be sufficiently precise to account for spatial variations of MAR, leading to poorly constrained regional sediment budgets. Here, we utilize a machine learning approach to scale up porosity and 210 Pb data from 145 and 65 stations, respectively, in the Skagerrak. The models predict the spatial distributions by considering several predictor variables that are assumed to control porosity and 210 Pb rain rates. The spatial distribution of MAR is based on the predicted porosity and existing sedimentation rate data. Our findings reveal highest MAR and 210 Pb rain rates to occur in two parallel belt structures that align with the general circulation pattern in the Skagerrak. While high 210 Pb rain rates occur in intermediate water depths, the belt of high MAR is situated closer to the coastlines due to lower porosities at shallow water depths. Based on the spatial distributions, we calculate a total MAR of 34.7 Mt yr -1 and a 210 Pb rain rate of 4.7 · 10 14 dpm yr -1 . By comparing atmospheric to total 210 Pb rain rates, we further estimate that 24% of the 210 Pb originates from the local atmospheric input, with the remaining 76% being transported laterally into the Skagerrak. The updated MAR in the Skagerrak is combined with literature data on other major sediment sources and sinks to present a tentative sediment budget for the North Sea, which reveals an imbalance with sediment outputs exceeding the inputs. Substantial uncertainties in the revised Skagerrak MAR and the literature data might close this imbalance. However, we further hypothesize that previous estimates of suspended sediment inputs into the North Sea might have been underestimated, considering recently revised and elevated estimates on coastal erosion rates in the surrounding region of the North Sea.
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    Maribacter halichondriae sp. nov., isolated from the marine sponge Halichondria panicea, displays features of a sponge-associated life style (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: A new member of the family Flavobacteriaceae (termed Hal144T) was isolated from the marine breadcrumb sponge Halichondria panicea. Sponge material was collected in 2018 at Schilksee which is located in the Kiel Fjord (Baltic Sea, Germany). Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length Hal144T 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed similarities from 94.3 to 96.6% to the nearest type strains of the genus Maribacter. The phylogenetic tree of the 16S rRNA gene sequences depicted a cluster of strain Hal144T with its closest relatives Maribacter aestuarii GY20T (96.6%) and Maribacter thermophilus HT7-2T (96.3%). Genome phylogeny showed that Maribacter halichondriae Hal144T branched from a cluster consisting of Maribacter arenosus, Maribacter luteus, and Maribacter polysiphoniae. Genome comparisons of strain Maribacter halichondriae Hal144T with Maribacter sp. type strains exhibited average nucleotide identities in the range of 75–76% and digital DNA-DNA hybridisation values in the range of 13.1–13.4%. Compared to the next related type strains, strain Hal144T revealed unique genomic features such as phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system pathway, serine-glyoxylate cycle, lipid A 3-O-deacylase, 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase, enrichment of pseudogenes and of genes involved in cell wall and envelope biogenesis, indicating an adaptation to the host. Strain Hal144T was determined to be Gram-negative, mesophilic, strictly aerobic, flexirubin positive, resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics, and able to utilize N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine. Optimal growth occurred at 25–30 °C, within a salinity range of 2–6% sea salt, and a pH range between 5 and 8. The major fatty acids identified were C17:0 3-OH, iso-C15:0, and iso-C15:1 G. The DNA G + C content of strain Hal144T was 41.4 mol%. Based on the polyphasic approach, strain Hal144T represents a novel species of the genus Maribacter, and we propose the name Maribacter halichondriae sp. nov. The type strain is Hal144T (= DSM 114563T = LMG 32744T).
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    The interplay of co-occurring ecosystem engineers shapes the structure of benthic communities – a mesocosm experiment (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-10
    Description: Introduction Ecosystem engineers play a pivotal role in shaping habitats through their activities and presence. In shallow Baltic waters, seagrasses, patch-forming mussels, and infaunal clams modify soft bottom habitats, impacting benthic community structure. While the individual effects of these ecosystem engineers are well studied, interactions among co-occurring engineers are poorly understood.Methods We conducted a mesocosm experiment to assess the independent and combined impacts of seagrass (Zostera marina), epifaunal mussels (Mytilus spp.), and infaunal clams (Macoma balthica) on invertebrate colonization in soft sediments.Results Our findings reveal significant engineer-driven alterations in macrofaunal community structure. Combined engineer effects diverged from individual impacts, indicating potential synergies or antagonisms in sediment (re)colonization. Notably, a higher number of engineer species positively affected the diversity of settled macrofauna, with the lowest macrofaunal abundance and biomass but the highest Shannon diversity found in the presence of all three engineers.Discussion Results suggest that seagrass, mussels, and clams influence benthos through larval settlement and sediment biogeochemistry, providing insights into the distinct roles of habitat-forming organisms in shaping the benthic communities in coastal ecosystems of the Baltic Sea.
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    Editorial – Ocean Dynamics in 2023: overview and thank you to reviewers (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
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    Future weakening of southeastern tropical Atlantic Ocean interannual sea surface temperature variability in a global climate model (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Future changes in the southeastern tropical Atlantic interannual sea surface temperature (SST) variability in response to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations are investigated utilizing the global climate model FOCI. In that model, the Coastal Angola Benguela Area (CABA) is among the regions of the tropical Atlantic that exhibits the largest surface warming. Under the worst-case scenario of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5-8.5 (SSP5-8.5), the SST variability in the CABA decreases by about 19% in 2070–2099 relative to 1981–2010 during the model’s peak interannual variability season May–June–July (MJJ). The weakening of the MJJ interannual temperature variability spans the upper 40 m of the ocean along the Angolan and Namibian coasts. The reduction in variability appears to be related to a diminished surface-layer temperature response to thermocline-depth variations, i.e., a weaker thermocline feedback, which is linked to changes in the mean vertical temperature gradient. Despite improvements made by embedding a high-resolution nest in the ocean a significant SST bias remains, which might have implications for the results.
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    Underwater Multiview Stereo Using Axial Camera Models (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Description: 3D models, generated from underwater imagery, are a valuable asset for many applications. When acquiring images underwater, light is refracted as it passes the boundary layers between water, housing and the air inside the housing due to the different refractive indices of the materials. Thus the geometry of the light rays changes in this scenario and the standard pinhole camera model is not applicable. As a result, pinhole 3D reconstruction methods can not easily be applied in this environment. For the dense reconstruction of scene surfaces the added complexity is especially challenging, as these types of algorithms have to match vast amounts of image content. This work proposes the refractive adaptation of a PatchMatch Multi-View Stereo algorithm. The refraction encountered at flat port underwater housings is explicitly modeled to avoid systematic errors in the reconstruction. Concepts derived from the axial camera model are employed to handle the high demands of Multi-View Stereo regarding accuracy and computational complexity. Numerical simulations and reconstruction results on synthetically generated but realistic images with ground truth validate the effectiveness of the approach.
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    Best practices recommendations for estimating dissipation rates from shear probes (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Description: As a part of the Scientific Committee on Oceanographic Research (SCOR) Working Group #160 “Analyzing ocean turbulence observations to quantify mixing” (ATOMIX), we have developed recommendations on best practices for estimating the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy, ε, from measurements of turbulence shear using shear probes. The recommendations provided here are platform-independent and cover the conceivable range of dissipation rates in the ocean, seas, and other natural waters. They are applicable to commonly deployed platforms that include vertical profilers, fixed and moored instruments, towed profilers, submarines, self-propelled ocean gliders, and other autonomous underwater vehicles. The procedure for preparing the shear data for spectral estimation is discussed in detail, as are the quality control metrics that should accompany each estimate of ε. The methods are illustrated using a high-quality ‘benchmark’ dataset, while potential pitfalls are demonstrated with a second dataset containing common faults.
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    Relationship between the carbonate system and phytoplankton community in the Gulf of Guinea-Africa (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: We carried out measurements of the CO2 system parameters to evaluate the impact of carbonate and nutrients' chemistry on phytoplankton populations in the Gulf of Guinea (GoG). The seasonal variations of the CO2 system parameters (fCO2, DIC, pH and TA) along with nitrates and phosphates were quantified weekly at surface (between 0 and 5 m depth) (5.57 degrees N - 4.57 degrees W) in the GoG from May to December 2020. Seawater pH varied widely during the study period, ranging between 8.10-8.35 pH units; DIC and TA varied between 1810 and 2094 mu mol kg-1, and between 2051 and 2216 mu mol-1 respectively. DIC peaks coincided with the high upwelling period (August and September). For phytoplankton, a total of 60 species were found belonging to four taxonomic phyla: Bacillariophyta, Dinophyta, Chlorophyta and Dictyochophyta. The highest number of phytoplanktonic species were recorded for Bacillariophyta phylum with 36 species (60%). The phylum Dinophyta comprised 22 taxa (36%) and Chlorophyta and Dictyochophyta recorded only one species (2%). The highest specific diversities were observed in August and September with 29 and 26 taxa respectively and the lowest was found in October-November (5 taxa) and December (one taxa). Bacillariophyta and Dinophyta appeared throughout the entire study period. The only species for Chlorophyta phylum appeared in June and July and the Dictyochophyta's one in May, July and August. In general, the physical (SST, SSS) and chemical (TA, DIC, pH) parameters influenced less than 50% of the phytoplankton population in the coastal area of the GoG. Our study shows that Bacillariophyta population grows up when the physicochemical parameters' variability increase.
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    A model for community-driven development of best practices: the Ocean Observatories Initiative Biogeochemical Sensor Data Best Practices and User Guide (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
    Description: The field of oceanography is transitioning from data-poor to data-rich, thanks in part to increased deployment of in-situ platforms and sensors, such as those that instrument the US-funded Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI). However, generating science-ready data products from these sensors, particularly those making biogeochemical measurements, often requires extensive end-user calibration and validation procedures, which can present a significant barrier. Openly available community-developed and -vetted Best Practices contribute to overcoming such barriers, but collaboratively developing user-friendly Best Practices can be challenging. Here we describe the process undertaken by the NSF-funded OOI Biogeochemical Sensor Data Working Group to develop Best Practices for creating science-ready biogeochemical data products from OOI data, culminating in the publication of the GOOS-endorsed OOI Biogeochemical Sensor Data Best Practices and User Guide. For Best Practices related to ocean observatories, engaging observatory staff is crucial, but having a “user-defined” process ensures the final product addresses user needs. Our process prioritized bringing together a diverse team and creating an inclusive environment where all participants could effectively contribute. Incorporating the perspectives of a wide range of experts and prospective end users through an iterative review process that included “Beta Testers’’ enabled us to produce a final product that combines technical information with a user-friendly structure that illustrates data analysis pipelines via flowcharts and worked examples accompanied by pseudo-code. Our process and its impact on improving the accessibility and utility of the end product provides a roadmap for other groups undertaking similar community-driven activities to develop and disseminate new Ocean Best Practices.
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    Perspektiven eines politikplanenden Biodiversitätsschutzgesetzes: Rechtsrahmen, Ausgestaltung und Forschungsbedarf (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-29
    Description: Der Biodiversitätsverlust schreitet in bedrohlichem Ausmaß voran. Mit dem Global Biodiversity Framework und voraussichtlich dem Nature Restoration Law bestehen nun auf internationaler und europäischer Ebene vielversprechende Ansätze, ihm Herr zu werden. Jetzt ist der Bundesgesetzgeber – nicht zuletzt aus verfassungsrechtlichen Erwägungen – aufgerufen, daran anzuknüpfen. Dazu bietet sich die Regelungsform eines Rahmen- und Politikplanungsgesetzes an, wie sie schon aus dem Klimaschutzgesetz und dem Klimaanpassungsgesetz bekannt ist. Der Aufsatz beleuchtet den internationalen, europa- und verfassungsrechtlichen Hintergrund eines solchen ‘Biodiversitätsschutzgesetzes’ und diskutiert – unter Zusammenarbeit sowohl rechts- als auch naturwissenschaftlicher Autor:innen – formale und materielle Ausgestaltungsmöglichkeiten.
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    Biodiversity of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone: a worm perspective (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-14
    Description: The deep seafloor of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean between the Clarion and Clipperton Fracture Zones (CCZ) hosts large deposits of polymetallic nodules that are of great commercial interest as they are rich in valuable metals such as manganese, nickel, copper and cobalt. However, mining of these nodules has the potential to severely affect the benthic fauna, whose distribution and diversity are still poorly understood. The CCZ is characterized by strong gradients in sea surface productivity and hence changes in the amount of organic carbon reaching the seafloor, decreasing from mesotrophic conditions in the southeast to oligotrophic conditions in the northwest. Uncovering and understanding changes in community composition and structure along this productivity gradient are challenging but important, especially in the context of future mining impacts. Here, we summarize published data on benthic annelids (polychaetes), a major component of macrobenthic communities in the CCZ. Unlike previous studies, we attempt to explore all available data based on both morphology and genetics collected by box corer and epibenthic sledge. In this regard, we specifically aimed to (a) summarize and compare morphological and molecular data in relation to surface water nutrient conditions and (b) provide recommendations to advance the studies of polychaete biodiversity. Although initial studies on polychaetes in the CCZ were performed as far back as the 1970s, there are still large data gaps further explored in our review. For example, most of the current data are from the eastern CCZ, limiting understanding of species ranges across the region. An association between polychaete communities and the available food supply was generally observed in this study. Indeed, mesotrophic conditions supported higher abundance and species richness in polychaetes as a whole, but for certain groups of species, the patterns appear to be opposite — illustrating that relationships are likely more complex at lower taxonomic levels. A better understanding of biogeographical, ecological and evolutionary processes requires a concerted effort involving increased sampling and sharing of data and material to close existing knowledge gaps.
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    Mögliche Beiträge geologischer und mariner Kohlenstoffspeicher zur Dekarbonisierung (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: Es werden mögliche Beiträge geologischer und mariner Kohlenstoffspeicher für die Vermeidung von CO2-Emissionen in die Atmosphäre oder für die Entnahme von bereits emittiertem CO2 aus der Atmosphäre vorgestellt. Neben der Einlagerung von CO2 in geologischen Speichern unter Land und unter dem Meeresboden werden eine forcierte CO2-Entnahme aus der Atmosphäre und Abgabe in den Ozean durch Erhöhung der Alkalinität, durch Ozeandüngung und durch das Management vegetationsreicher Küstenökosysteme untersucht. Alle Optionen können sowohl global als auch aus deutscher Perspektive eine Rolle für das Erreichen der Klimaziele spielen. Umweltverträglichkeit, Permanenz der Speicherung sowie infrastrukturelle und rechtliche Voraussetzungen, gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz und wirtschaftliche Realisierbarkeit bedürfen für alle Ansätze weiterer Klärung, bevor hieraus realisierbare Optionen werden können.
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    Phytoplankton physiology and functional traits under artificial upwelling with varying Si:N (2024)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-03
    Description: Artificial upwelling has been discussed as a nature-based solution to fertilize currently unproductive areas of the ocean to enhance food web productivity and atmospheric CO2 sequestration. The efficacy of this approach may be closely tied to the nutrient stoichiometry of the upwelled water, as Si-rich water upwelling should benefit the growth of diatoms, who are key players for primary production, carbon export and food web efficiency. With a mesocosm experiment in subtropical waters, we assessed the physiological and functional responses of an oligotrophic phytoplankton community to artificial upwelling under varying Si:N ratios (0.07-1.33). Deep water fertilization led to strongly enhanced primary productivity rates and net autotrophy across Si scenarios. At the community level, Si-rich upwelling temporarily increased primary production and consistently enhanced diatom growth, producing up to 10-fold higher abundances compared to Si-deficient upwelling. At the organism level, contrasting effects were observed. On the one hand, silicification and size of diatom cells remained unaffected by Si:N, which is surprising given the direct dependency of these traits on Si. On the other hand, diatom Chlorophyll a density and carbon density were strongly reduced and particulate matter C:N was elevated under Si-rich upwelling. This suggests a reduced nutritional value for higher trophic levels under high Si:N ratios. Despite these strong qualitative changes under high Si, diatom cells appeared healthy and showed high photosynthetic efficiency. Our findings reveal great physiological plasticity and adaptability in phytoplankton under artificial upwelling, with Si-dependent trade-offs between primary producer quantity and quality.
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    Nutrient enrichment alters phytoplankton biomass and composition via silicon limitation (2024)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Description: Despite management efforts, anthropogenic nutrient enrichments continue to enhance phytoplankton blooms worldwide. Release of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds not only provides surplus of nutrients but also disbalances their stoichiometry. Declines in the relative availability of dissolved silicon might induce limitation in diatoms, major primary producers with silicified shells. We studied experimentally how nutrient enrichment and resulting decline in dissolved silicon to nitrogen ratios (Si:N) affect the structure and functioning of natural plankton communities. Nitrate was added to create a range of Si:N ratios and phosphate was supplied in Redfield ratio to nitrogen. We also manipulated copepod abundance to understand the top-down effects on communities experiencing nutrient enrichment. Nitrogen and phosphorus additions resulted in a steep phytoplankton biomass increase, followed by a post-bloom decline. Phytoplankton bloom biomass was higher in high nitrogen treatments but during the post-bloom period this trend switched. Biomass was sustained longer in high Si:N treatments, indicating that silicon limitation terminates the bloom. Many diatom species did not benefit from nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment and diatom dominance ceased below Si:N of 0.4:1. Under high grazing pressure, silicate was taken up faster suggesting that silicification is important in diatom defense. Copepods shaped plankton communities via feeding on dinoflagellates, chlorophytes and the diatom Skeletonema costatum but there was no significant effect of nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment on copepod abundance. Our results, combined with previous studies, show that while nutrient concentrations define the total phytoplankton bloom biomass, resource ratios are important in sustaining biomass and determining community structure and composition.
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  • 41
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    Industrial mining trial for polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone indicates complex and variable disturbances of meiofaunal communities (2024)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: Following several small-scale benthic disturbance experiments, an industrial polymetallic nodule collector trial was conducted by the company Global Sea mineral Resources (GSR) in their exploration contract area in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone using the pre-prototype vehicle Patania II (PATII). In this study, meiofaunal (i.e., nematode abundance, ASV diversity and genus composition) and environmental (i.e., grain size, total organic carbon/total nitrogen and pigment) properties are compared between disturbance categories (i.e., Pre-impact, Collector Impact and Plume Impact). One week after the trial, proxies for food availability within the Collector Impact sediments were altered with lower total organic carbon (TOC) and pigment (i.e., CPE: sum of Chlorophyll a and phaeopigments) values. Albeit not significant, the observed decrease of nematode abundance and ASV diversity, further indicate the consequences of the removal of the ecologically important surface sediment layer within the PATII tracks. Next to sediment removal, exposed sediments were modified in different ways (e.g., central strips, parallel caterpillar imprints with alternating bands of depressions/ripples and interface patches) and were also subject to heavy collector-induced sediment blanketing. We propose that these cumulative impacts have led to intricate seabed modifications with various levels of disturbance intensity which resulted in the high meiofaunal variability observed. Adjacent nodule-rich areas (i.e., Plume Impact) received considerable levels of sediment deposition (2-3 cm) and were defined by significantly lower food sources (CPE, TOC, carbon to nitrogen ratio) and an observation of meiofaunal enrichment (i.e., higher average nematode abundance and ASV diversity; although statistically non-significant), but mechanisms behind these ecological changes (e.g., suspended material-surface fluxes, passive dispersal of fauna in the plume vs. active upward migration and “viability” of redeposited fauna) remain unresolved. We conclude that complex benthic pressure-response relationships associated with the PATII trial, combined with the high degree of natural spatial and temporal variability in abyssal meiofaunal communities and sedimentary parameters, complicates the quantitative assessment of deep-sea mining associated disturbances.
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  • 42
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    A climatology of weather-driven anomalies in European photovoltaic and wind power production (2024)
    Nature Research | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-10
    Description: Weather causes extremes in photovoltaic and wind power production. Here we present a comprehensive climatology of anomalies in photovoltaic and wind power production associated with weather patterns in Europe considering the 2019 and potential 2050 installations, and hourly to ten-day events. To that end, we performed kilometer-scale numerical simulations of hourly power production for 23 years and paired the output with a weather classification which allows a detailed assessment of weather-driven spatio-temporal production anomalies. Our results highlight the dependency of low-power production events on the installed capacities and the event duration. South-shifted Westerlies (Anticyclonic South-Easterlies) are associated with the lowest hourly (ten-day) extremes for the 2050 (both) installations. Regional power production anomalies can differ from the ones in the European mean. Our findings suggest that weather patterns can serve as indicators for expected photovoltaic and wind power production anomalies and may be useful for early warnings in the energy sector.
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  • 43
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    New insights into the geometry of gas chimneys in the Gorgan plain through seismic attribute integration (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-14
    Description: Gas chimneys and gas clouds in the subsurface media are known as one of the indications of possible petroleum reservoirs. Investigations of their properties are mostly initiated by seismic attribute interpretation on reflection seismic data. However, due to the complexity of their behavior and their difficult interpretation of seismic attributes, state-of-the-art methods are mostly required to be applied on the seismic data to prevent any misinterpretation. This is mostly done through attribute integration and multi-attribute analysis. This research presents a study on seismic attributes and integration on several 2D seismic reflection lines from the Gorgan Plain. It is located in Northeast Iran, on the western border of the region’s well-known Kopeh-Dagh fold and thrust belt, and southeastern border of the South Caspian Basin. Hydrocarbon systems of the Gorgan Plain are poorly known and have not been widely studied, but according to preliminary investigations, this region has the potential for hydrocarbon occurrences. The aim of this study is to investigate presence and then delaminate the affected area of possible gas chimneys that are related to possible hydrocarbon reservoirs. Gas chimneys are assumed to be created due to the routes, mostly made by faults, that provoke light hydrocarbons components to migrate toward the surface. Preliminary interpretations of seismic reflection data in this study revealed that at least two gas chimneys occurred within the Gorgan Plain. As it was mentioned, since they are mostly due to the faulting above the hydrocarbon reservoir, gas chimney and heavy faulting might exhibit the same effects on the seismic data and then on its attributes, which are amplitude reduction and high damping on energies, distortion of the waveshape and seismic velocity reduction. Thus, care should be taken in separation of these two different geologic phenomena on seismic attributes. This also was done in this study through utilized integration of the most relevant seismic attributes such as Instantaneous-phase, Chaos, Variance and Remove-bias attributes. Based on the result of interpretations and according to the evolution of the basin and its structural reconstruction on other studies, gas chimneys of the Gorgan Plain, are in relation to the operation of fault zones in Cenozoic erathem in the region. These fault zones which cut the entire Cenozoic erathem, create the pathway for vertical migration of hydrocarbons through Cheleken formation (reservoir rock) and its overburden sedimentary sequences. In other words, operation of fault zones within Cenozoic sedimentary sequence, is the main reason for gas seepage in the Gorgan Plain, which is also shown in seismic data.
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  • 44
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    Random noise attenuation in seismic data using an adaptive thresholding and the second-order variant time-reassigned synchrosqueezing transform (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-17
    Description: Seismic data analysis often faces the challenge of random noise contamination from various sources. To overcome this, innovative noise attenuation methods utilizing seismic signal properties are needed. This study focuses on efficiently suppressing random noise in the domain of time and frequency by accurately estimating instantaneous frequency using the single-valued group delay characteristic of seismic signals. The time-reassigned synchrosqueezing transform (TSST) and its second-order variant (TSST2) offer high-resolution time-frequency representations (TFRs) for noise suppression. Expanding on these advancements, we propose an efficient noise suppression method that integrates the adaptive thresholding model into the TSST2 framework and employs sparse representation of the TFR through low-rank estimation. This method effectively attenuates noise while preserving essential signal information. The proposed approach operates trace by trace on recorded data, initially transforming it into a sparse subspace using TSST2. The adaptive thresholding model then decomposes the resulting TFR into sparse and semi-low-rank components, achieving a high-resolution and sparse TFR for efficient separation of noise and signal. After noise suppression, the seismic data can be fully reconstructed by inversely transforming the semi-low-rank component data into the time domain. This method addresses previous limitations in noise attenuation techniques and provides a practical solution for enhancing seismic data quality.
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  • 45
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    Long-term annual trawl data show shifts in cephalopod community in the western Barents Sea during 18 years (2024)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-17
    Description: Climate change is threatening marine ecosystems on a global scale but particularly so in the Arctic. As a result of warming, species are shifting their distributions, altering marine communities and predator-prey interactions. This is known as the Atlantification of the Arctic. Warming may favor short-lived, opportunistic species such as cephalopods, marine mollusks that previously have been hypothesized to be winners in an ocean of change. To detect temporal regional trends in biodiversity, long-term annual surveys in hotspots of climate change are an unparalleled source of data. Here, we use 18 years of annual bottom trawl data (2005–2022) to analyse cephalopods in the western Barents Sea. More specifically, our research goals are to assess temporal trends in cephalopod fauna composition, abundance and biomass, and to relate these trends to climate change in the western Barents Sea. Main changes in cephalopod diversity and distribution occurred in mid-2000s and early 2010s, which corresponds with a period of warming in the Arctic since the late 1990s/early 2000s. Repeated increased occurrence of the boreal-subtropical cephalopods was recorded from 2005–2013 to 2014–2022. Moreover, the abundance of cephalopods in the area (in general and for most taxa) increased from 2005–2013 to 2014–2022. These observations suggest that the cephalopod community of the Barents Sea is subjected to Atlantification since the 2005–2013 period. This corresponds with previously reported evidence of the Atlantification in fishes and benthic invertebrates in the Barents Sea and benthic invertebrates. ‘Typical’ Arctic cephalopod species such as Bathypolypus spp., Gonatus fabricii and Rossia spp., however, are still much more abundant in the western Barents Sea compared to the deep-sea and the boreal-subtropical species. We also found indirect indications for body-size reduction in Bathypolypus spp. from 2005–2013 to 2014–2022. Overall, the temporal trends in the Barents Sea cephalopod fauna provide evidence for changing marine communities in the Arctic.
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  • 46
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    Deep learning–assisted biodiversity assessment in deep-sea benthic megafauna communities: a case study in the context of polymetallic nodule mining (2024)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-17
    Description: Technological developments have facilitated the collection of large amounts of imagery from isolated deep-sea ecosystems such as abyssal nodule fields. Application of imagery as a monitoring tool in these areas of interest for deep-sea exploitation is extremely valuable. However, in order to collect a comprehensive number of species observations, thousands of images need to be analysed, especially if a high diversity is combined with low abundances such is the case in the abyssal nodule fields. As the visual interpretation of large volumes of imagery and the manual extraction of quantitative information is time-consuming and error-prone, computational detection tools may play a key role to lessen this burden. Yet, there is still no established workflow for efficient marine image analysis using deep learning–based computer vision systems for the task of fauna detection and classification. Methods In this case study, a dataset of 2100 images from the deep-sea polymetallic nodule fields of the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Fracture zone from the SO268 expedition (2019) was selected to investigate the potential of machine learning–assisted marine image annotation workflows. The Machine Learning Assisted Image Annotation method (MAIA), provided by the BIIGLE system, was applied to different set-ups trained with manually annotated fauna data. The results computed with the different set-ups were compared to those obtained by trained marine biologists regarding accuracy (i.e. recall and precision) and time. Results Our results show that MAIA can be applied for a general object (i.e. species) detection with satisfactory accuracy (90.1% recall and 13.4% precision), when considered as one intermediate step in a comprehensive annotation workflow. We also investigated the performance for different volumes of training data, MAIA performance tuned for individual morphological groups and the impact of sediment coverage in the training data. Discussion We conclude that: a) steps must be taken to enable computer vision scientists to access more image data from the CCZ to improve the system’s performance and b) computational species detection in combination with a posteriori filtering by marine biologists has a higher efficiency than fully manual analyses.
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  • 47
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    Effects of environmental and climatic drivers on abyssal macrobenthic infaunal communities from the NE Pacific nodule province (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-18
    Description: The macrofauna in soft sediments of the deep seafloor is generally diverse and represents a comparatively well-studied faunal group of deep-sea ecosystems. In the abyss of the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) in the NE Pacific, macrofauna are major contributors to benthic biodiversity. Their distribution, composition, and diversity have been frequently investigated to assess the potential impacts of future mining activities on the resident fauna. In this study, patterns of densities and community structure of CCFZ macrobenthic infauna and their relationships with a range of environmental and climatic variables were examined, with a special focus on communities from the eastern German contract area (referred to as BGR CA). However, comparisons were also made with other contractor areas (e.g., IFREMER, IOM, GSR) and one Area of Particular Environmental Interest (APEI3). Material for this study was obtained by means of a box corer during six expeditions to the CCFZ between 2013 and 2018 resulting in 148 samples. Our study uncovered notable spatial and temporal variations in both faunal densities and community composition. While areas within the BGR CA exhibited a similar community composition, slight differences were observed between the various CAs and APEI3. Surprisingly, we found an unexpected negative correlation between food availability and both macrofaunal density and community structure that may be attributed to differences in sampling methodologies and pronounced temporal variation. Furthermore, we explored the impact of climatic fluctuations associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on macrofaunal densities, observing an increase during warm (El Niño) events. Our findings underscore the challenges of accurately assessing spatial and temporal variations in the absence of standardised sampling protocols. Hence, we emphasize the importance of adopting standardised protocols to enhance data comparability, thereby fostering a deeper understanding of the underlying factors influencing spatial and temporal changes in macrofauna community structure within the CCFZ.
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  • 48
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    Predatory preferences of a non-indigenous crab do not depend on prey invasion scenarios (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-18
    Description: Predatory non-indigenous species (NIS) have profound impacts on global ecosystems, potentially leading to native prey extinction and reshaping community dynamics. Among mechanisms potentially mediating predator impacts and prey invasion success are predator preferences between native vs. non-indigenous prey, a topic still underexplored. Using functional response and prey preference experiments, this study focused on the predation by the non-indigenous Japanese brush-clawed shore crab, Hemigrapsus takanoi, between the native gammarid Gammarus duebeni and the analogous non-indigenous Gammarus tigrinus. Although H. takanoi showed subtle differences in its functional response type between the two prey species, its preferences across their environmental frequencies were not strongly influenced by the prey invasion scenario. The findings highlight the need for a comprehensive understanding of interactions in ecosystems with multiple NIS, offering fresh insights into complex feeding interactions within marine environments.
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  • 49
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    Distribution of polysaccharidic and proteinaceous gel−like particles in three cyclonic eddies in the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-27
    Description: Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and Coomassie stainable particles (CSP), two prominent classes of gel−like particles in the ocean primarily produced by phytoplankton, play crucial roles in ecological and biogeochemical processes, influencing microbial nutrition, growth, and particle aggregation. The distribution of these particles is intricately linked to the spatiotemporal dynamics of phytoplankton. Mesoscale cyclonic eddies (CEs) are known to stimulate phytoplankton growth and influence particle transport, but their effects on TEP and CSP remain to be determined. In the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic (ETNA), we examined three CEs: one off the Mauritanian coast during summer (Mau), one offshore during winter (Sal), and another near Brava island during winter. Mau and Brava CEs were in their intensification/maturity phase, while the Sal CE was in its decay phase. Both TEP and CSP concentrations correlated with primary productivity, but TEP increased with chlorophyll−a concentration, whereas elevated CSP coincided also with the highest abundance of pico−nanophytoplankton (〈20 µm), mainly Synechococcus. Both gels exhibited a positive correlation with bacterial biomass production, indicating their consumption by heterotrophic bacteria. TEP total area in the epipelagic waters of all CEs (Mau, Brava, and Sal) was elevated compared to surrounding waters, with on average 4, 2.5, and 1.6−fold higher values, respectively. However, no significant difference in TEP size distribution was observed within any CEs and their surroundings. Similarly, CSP total area increased in the epipelagic waters of Mau and Brava CEs, with on average 5 and 2.4−fold higher values, respectively, compared to surrounding waters. CSP particles were notably larger in these two eddies, while the Sal CE showed no significant difference from surrounding waters in CSP abundance and size. Overall, TEP and CSP exhibited distinct responses to CEs, with increased concentrations during their intensification/maturation stage and remineralization dominating during their decaying stage.
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  • 50
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    Uncovering the role of oxygen on organic carbon cycling: Insights from a continuous culture study with a facultative anaerobic bacterioplankton species (Shewanella baltica) (2024)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-26
    Description: Deoxygenation is tied to organic carbon (Corg) supply and utilization in marine systems. Under oxygen-depletion, bacteria maintain respiration using alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate. Since anaerobic respiration's energy yield is lower, Corg remineralization may be reduced and its residence time increased. We investigated the influence of oxygen and alternative electron acceptors' availability on Corg cycling by heterotrophic bacteria during a continuous culture experiment with Shewanella baltica, a facultative anaerobic γ-Proteobacteria in the Baltic Sea. We tested six different oxygen levels, from suboxic (〈5 µmol L-1 ) to fully oxic conditions, using media (salinity=14 g L-1 ) supplied with high (HighN) or low (LowN) inorganic nitrogen concentrations relative to glucose as labile Corg source. Our results show that suboxia limited DOC (glucose) uptake and cell growth only under LowN, while higher availability of alternative electron acceptors seemingly compensated oxygen limitation under HighN. N-loss was observed under suboxia in both nitrogen treatments. Under HighN, N-loss was highest and a C:N loss ratio of ~2.0 indicated that Corg was remineralized via denitrification. Under LowN, the C:N loss ratio under suboxia was higher (~5.5), suggesting dominance of other anaerobic respiration pathways, such as dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). Bacterial growth efficiency was independent of oxygen concentration but higher under LowN (34±3.0%) than HighN (26±1.6%). Oxygen concentration also affected dissolved organic matter (DOM) cycling. Under oxic conditions, the release of dissolved combined carbohydrates was enhanced, and the amino acid-based degradation index (DI) pointed to more diagenetically altered DOM. Our results suggest bacterial Corg uptake in low-oxygen systems dominated by S. baltica can be limited by oxygen but compensated by high nitrate availability. Hence, suboxia diminishes Corg remineralisation only when alternative electron acceptors are lacking. Under high nitrate:Corg supply, denitrification leads to a higher N:C loss ratio, potentially counteracting eutrophication in the long run. Low nitrate:Corg supply may favour other anaerobic respiration pathways like DNRA, which sustains labile nitrogen in the system, potentially intensifying the cycle of eutrophication. Going forward, it will be crucial to establish the validity of our findings for S. baltica in natural systems with diverse organic substrates and microbial consortia.
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  • 51
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    Magmatic processes within the plumbing system of the ultraslow-spreading southwest Indian ridge: constraints from olivine, plagioclase and melt inclusions (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-26
    Description: Processes taking place within the magma plumbing system can exert an important control on the composition of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). Plagioclase ultraphyric basalts (PUBs) found at magma-poor mid-ocean ridges exhibit diverse disequilibrium characteristics, which can provide vital insights for distinguishing the complex effects of melt transport from those of source heterogeneity on the compositions of MORBs. Here, we present new insights into magmatic processes using integrated petrologic and geochemical studies of the PUBs from two zones (~ 50° and ~ 64°E longitude) along the ultraslow-spreading southwest Indian ridge (SWIR). The studied PUBs have complex mineral morphologies, including skeletal and acicular crystals, glomerocrysts with open and closed structure, reverse and normally zoned crystals and external and internal resorption even in single samples. Both low- and high-Fo olivine and An plagioclase crystals are in disequilibrium with their matrix glasses. Some plagioclase phenocrysts have repeated oscillatory zoning (An77–86) going from their core to rim and an abrupt decrease in An content toward the rim. Disequilibrium Sr isotopic compositions are present at several scales: between cores and rims of plagioclase crystals, between different plagioclase crystals and between plagioclase and their host lavas. Inferred pressures of magma storage range from 0.3 to 11.3 kbar. The textural and compositional diversity of crystals together with the variability in melt compositions reflect the combined influences of source heterogeneity and magmatic processes (e.g. crystallization, assimilation and magma mixing processes) taking place within crystal mushes. Our data combined with previous studies suggest that the magmatic processes within the SWIR magma plumbing system involve formation, disaggregation and juxtaposition of crystal-rich mush zones.
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    Divergence between sea urchins and their microbiota following speciation (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-28
    Description: Animals have a deep evolutionary relationship with microbial symbionts, such that individual microbes or an entire microbial community can diverge alongside the host. Here, we explore these host-microbe relationships in Echinometra, a sea urchin genus that speciated with the Isthmus of Panama and throughout the Indo-West Pacific. We find that the eggs from five Echinometra species generally associate with a species-specific bacterial community and that the relatedness of these communities is largely congruent with host phylogeny. Microbiome divergence per million years was higher in more recent speciation events than in older ones. We, however, did not find any bacterial groups that displayed co-phylogeny with Echinometra. Together, these findings suggest that the evolutionary relationship between Echinometra and their microbiota operates at the community level. We find no evidence suggesting that the associated microbiota is the evolutionary driver of Echinometra speciation. Instead, divergence between Echinometra and their microbiota is likely the byproduct of ecological, geographic, and reproductive isolations.
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  • 53
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    Plume-influenced mid-ocean ridges -Insights into the geodynamics from the Foundation segment on the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-07-01
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 54
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    Provenance of clay-sized detrital sediments in the North Sea and the Skagerrak region based on radiogenic Nd-Sr-Hf isotopes and clay mineral compositions: Assessing the impact of coastal and seabed erosion (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-07-01
    Description: The Skagerrak basin represents the main sink area for fine-grained sediment in the North Sea region and constitutes a natural deposition centre for sediments that are supplied from the Atlantic, the Baltic Sea and the surrounding continental margins and coasts. However, the exact sources and their proportional contributions to the North Sea sediments and to the Skagerrak deposits are not well understood.To trace the predominant sources of the sediment and to gain a better understanding of the sedimentary processes in the North Sea and the Skagerrak basin, radiogenic Sr, Nd, and Hf isotope signatures and clay mineral compositions of the detrital clay fraction of surface sediment samples from the North Sea, the Scandinavian margins and the Baltic Sea were measured.The results indicate that the major source for Skagerrak clay-size sediments is the northern North Sea but Scandinavia as well as the southern North Sea including the southern England coast also contribute material. Seabed and coastal erosion in the northern North Sea are enhanced by the inflowing Atlantic Currents, which provide the Skagerrak with high amounts of clay size sediments. In contrast, the southern North Sea, the Baltic Sea and mid-European rivers such as Weser, Elbe and Ems are only minor contributors. As Skagerrak deposits are dominated by clay sized material (up to 60%), the reconstructed sediment processes related to this study deviate from findings in previous sediment budget studies, which were based on both clay and silt fraction and indicated predominant influences from the southern North Sea. These results highlight that coastal and seabed erosion in the North Sea is a previously underestimated source of fine-grained sediments for depocenters in the entire North Sea.With regard to climate change, the global sea-level rise will likely enhance erosional processes and can therefore significantly influence the sediment budget of the entire North Sea.
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  • 55
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    The European Ocean Observing System: urgent gaps and recommendations to implement during the UN Ocean Decade (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 56
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    Reconstruction of the marine carbonate system at the Western Tropical Atlantic: trends and variabilities from 20 years of the PIRATA program (2024)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: The Western Tropical Atlantic Ocean (WTAO) is crucial for understanding CO2 dynamics due to inputs from major rivers (Amazon and Orinoco), substantial rainfall from the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), and CO2-rich waters from equatorial upwelling. This study, spanning 1998 to 2018, utilized sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) data from the PIRATA buoy at 8°N 38°W to reconstruct the surface marine carbonate system. Empirical models derived TA and DIC from SSS, with subsequent estimation of pH and fCO2 from TA, DIC, SSS, and SST data. Linear trend analysis showed statistically significant temporal trends: DIC and fCO2 increased and pH decreased, although DIC did not show any trend after data was de-seasoned. Rainfall analysis revealed distinct dry (July to December) and wet (January to June) seasons, aligning with lower and higher freshwater influence, respectively. TA, DIC, and pH correlated positively with SSS, exhibiting higher values during the dry season and lower values during the wet season. Conversely, fCO2 correlated positively with SST, showcasing higher values during the wet season and lower values during the dry season. This emphasizes the influential roles of SSS and SST variability in CO2 solubility within the region.
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  • 57
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    Automatic mud diapir detection using ANFIS expert systems algorithm; a case study in the Gorgan plain, Iran (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: Automatic seismic data interpretation is a significant method in the exploration of geophysics. Complexities of the subsurface structures and the subsurface wave propagation media, make the decision-making process difficult in seismic data interpretation. Nevertheless, the extent of related knowledge and using the expert system method in seismic data interpretation can mitigate this problem. An expert system is a knowledge-based system that applies its knowledge in a complex and specific area and acts as an expert end-user consultant. This study investigates the design of an ANFIS expert system for mud diapirs detection with seismic data analysis in Gorgan plain. This method was applied to seismic attributes from a complex geological mud diapir bearing structure from south of the Caspian Sea. The south of the Caspian Sea is one of the richest area as petroleum reserves, and the Gorgan plain has various mud diapirs, which act as indicators of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The expert system design process to identify mud diapirs on seismic sections was modeled in two approaches including manual and automatic seismic data interpretation. In the first approach, the experience of the expert was collected by manual interpretation of training data and used to create a knowledge base and inference of the expert system in the second approach. The validation verified the accuracy of this method with an average accuracy of 90.1% according to using minimum knowledge to develop a knowledge base of the designed ANFIS expert system.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    Insights on long-term ecosystem changes from stable isotopes in historical squid beaks (2024)
    BioMed Central | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-07-08
    Description: Background: Assessing the historical dynamics of key food web components is crucial to understand how climate change impacts the structure of Arctic marine ecosystems. Most retrospective stable isotopic studies to date assessed potential ecosystem shifts in the Arctic using vertebrate top predators and filter-feeding invertebrates as proxies. However, due to long life histories and specific ecologies, ecosystem shifts are not always detectable when using these taxa. Moreover, there are currently no retrospective stable isotopic studies on various other ecological and taxonomic groups of Arctic biota. To test whether climate-driven shifts in marine ecosystems are reflected in the ecology of short-living mesopredators, ontogenetic changes in stable isotope signatures in chitinous hard body structures were analysed in two abundant squids (Gonatus fabricii and Todarodes sagittatus) from the low latitude Arctic and adjacent waters, collected between 1844 and 2023. Results: We detected a temporal increase in diet and habitat-use generalism (= opportunistic choice rather than specialization), trophic position and niche width in G. fabricii from the low latitude Arctic waters. These shifts in trophic ecology matched with the Atlantification of the Arctic ecosystems, which includes increased generalization of food webs and higher primary production, and the influx of boreal species from the North Atlantic as a result of climate change. The Atlantification is especially marked since the late 1990s/early 2000s. The temporal patterns we found in G. fabricii’s trophic ecology were largely unreported in previous Arctic retrospective isotopic ecology studies. Accordingly, T. sagittatus that occur nowadays in the high latitude North Atlantic have a more generalist diet than in the XIXth century. :Conclusions Our results suggest that abundant opportunistic mesopredators with short life cycles (such as squids) are good candidates for retrospective ecology studies in the marine ecosystems, and to identify ecosystem shifts driven by climate change. Enhanced generalization of Arctic food webs is reflected in increased diet generalism and niche width in squids, while increased abundance of boreal piscivorous fishes is reflected in squids’ increased trophic position. These findings support opportunism and adaptability in squids, which renders them as potential winners of short-term shifts in Arctic ecosystems.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    Chapter Linked Data for the Categorization of Failures Mechanisms in Existing Unreinforced Masonry Buildings (2024)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Assessing the structural integrity of unreinforced masonry structures is a complex and time-consuming process that necessitates the knowledge of various experts and meticulous cross-referencing of diverse data to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the building. In recent years, the Architecture and Construction Industry has witnessed a digital transformation, largely driven by Building Information Modeling (BIM). BIM has proven immensely valuable in the conservation of historic buildings. However, while it excels in new construction projects, its full potential is not fully realized when dealing with existing structures. A clear example of this limitation can be observed in the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) format, which lacks instances necessary for accurately representing existing building features. This research contribution aims to advance the process of semantic enrichment of BIM for existing buildings, building upon findings from existing literature. Leveraging the Linked Data Approach and utilizing both existing ontologies and newly proposed domain ontologies, the objective is to facilitate the identification of vulnerabilities and potential local failure mechanisms. The geometric information of the building is represented in the IFC STEP format and enriched semantically by establishing new relationships between classes that are not present in the standard IFC. This approach is applied to a case study in the historical center of Castelnuovo di Porto, Italy. The results of this work demonstrate how the proposed model, enhancing the BIM representation of existing buildings and enabling better identification of potential weaknesses, contributes to improved preservation and seismic resilience of historic structures
    Keywords: BIM ; Linked Data ; Semantic Modeling ; Historic Constructions ; Structural Masonry ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications::UTV Virtualization
    Language: English
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    Chapter «Professors of the Street»: Cognitive Justice in Times of ‘Crisis’ (2024)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: Arundati Roy (2020) states that historically pandemics have forced humans to break with the past and imagine their world anew. This chapter, set in the COVID-19 pandemic, centres the importance of cognitive justice which is an essential part of the struggles for justice against domination. Cognitive justice is used as a lens to explore the case story of Cape Town Together (CTT), which was a response to COVID-19. The social movement was built, bottom up, challenging the deep racial and class divides that are a signature of Cape Town. The concept of ‘professors of the street’ emerged as part of CTT. This concept is explored by locating it within the context of the pandemic and within CTT’s learning/teaching/organising practices. It is argued that ‘professors of the street’ are a provocation to challenge the dominant knowledge hierarchies that prevail – it is a metaphor for the critical importance of grassroots, local knowledge in times of ‘crisis’. The teaching/learning /organising ethos within CTT provided fertile soil for «professors of the street» to emerge as an example of the enactment of cognitive justice within a crisis. The case story offers insights for organising for social-ecological justice in various ‘crisis’ situations.
    Keywords: Cognitive Justice ; COVID-19 ; Crisis ; Social Movement Learning ; Socio-ecological Justice ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: English
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    Chapter Positive and Negative Error. A Debate in the Illuminati Order (2024)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: That error could be of interest to Freemasons and Illuminati as a topic becomes evident when one sees it in the context of concepts such as prejudice, ignorance, and gullibility. The perfection of the human being was understood as the detachment from prejudices – from errors –, as overcoming ignorance and as a fight against gullibility. In 1785 there was a discussion among the Illuminati of Gotha about how one should understand error. Prince August of Saxe-Gotha transfers Voltaire’s two types of imagination to two types of errors, using the distinction made by the physicist Charles Du Fay, who distinguished resin electricity (électricité résineuse) with its negative charge from glass electricity (électricité vitreuse) with its positive charge. So August suggests that there are positive and negative errors: the positive errors are attractive, they attract. In this case the cause of error lies on our side, on the side of the subjects: because of certain defects in the knower, facts are not correctly recognized. The negative errors, on the other hand, repel: there it is due to the nature of the representations of the facts themselves, which have pitfalls or are distorted by hallucinations, that we go wrong.
    Keywords: Illuminati ; electricity ; Gotha ; pedagogy ; truth
    Language: Italian
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    Chapter Consistency Verification Between Cost and Geometric Information Based on IFC: Application on Structural Elements (2024)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: Cost estimation for tendering is one of the leading causes of legal disputes in the architecture, engineering, construction, and facilities management (AEC/FM) industry. The lack of a standardised support procedure to verify the association of cost data with the objects model causes waste of time and inaccuracy in the cost estimation. This research work, starting from a previous study where the research group integrated a cost domain in the IFC data schema, investigated the possible applications of this IFC based cost domain integrated with an IFC geometrical information model. The current paper investigates a specific case study focused on a structural model to verify current and future applications. Furthermore, rules for BIM information requirements will be defined through the Information Delivery Specification (IDS) to ensure an easy way for humans and computers to understand it. This will allow to specify which data must be present in the geometric model to subsequently ensure validation and verification of uniqueness of the cost data associated with geometric data. The results show the possibility to define a structured cost items in IFC associated through relationships to other entities and then verify their association to geometric data to guarantee its consistency and uniqueness
    Keywords: IFC ; cost ontology ; BIM ; cost item ; Information Delivery Specification (IDS) ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications::UTV Virtualization
    Language: English
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    Chapter Как закалялась сталь в Восточной Азии (2024)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: How the Steel Was Tempered in East Asia. Nikolai Ostrovsky’s novel How Steel Was Tempered (1932-34) tells the story of a young Ukrainian man named Pavel Korchagin who sacrifices his life and body to forge a steel-like spirit amid revolution, civil war, and postwar socialist construction. Although his physical injuries, which left him paralyzed and even blind, looks somehow grotesque, but his heroic self-sacrifice also had the power to inspire young readers. Regarded as an exemplary work of Soviet socialist realism, it was translated into many languages and read avidly at one time by left-wing readers in the West as well as in the Communist countries in the East. It was particularly influential in China, where it is so popular that even today it is invariably named as one of the favorite books of university students. This is in contrast to post-Soviet Russia today, in which the novel has lost the privileged position it once enjoyed and is no longer widely read. In China under the socialist regime, Ostrovsky’s novel was published in large numbers as suitable reading for young people and incorporated into school education. However, their active introduction in the public sphere alone does not explain their popularity. Chinese readers seem to have become deeply emotionally involved in the protagonist’s unsuccessful love affair with Tonya, a young girl whose bourgeois gestures and characterization must have been considered negative. As a result, the Soviet ideological novel has brought an unexpected meaning of European-style romantic love for Chinese readers. This presentation will trace the reception of Ostrovsky’s novel and the changes in the heroine Tonya’s image by comparing five adaptations: two Soviet films in 1942 and 1957, a Chinese lianhuanhua (serial picture book) in 1972, a Japanese manga in 1975, and a Chinese TV drama in 1999.
    Keywords: Socialist Realism ; Nikolai Ostrovsky ; adaptation ; China's reception ; Japan's reception ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
    Language: Russian
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    Chapter Solar Potential and Energy Assessment Data in U-BEM Models: Interoperability Analysis Between Performance Simulation Tools and OpenBIM/GIS Platforms (2024)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: To evaluate the energy and solar potential of the building stock and address feasibility studies of building retrofit interventions information standards are required to ensure proper data flow from building and urban models to simulation environments. Energy performance data are gathered from different information containers and therefore the result of simulations needs to be shared in BIM/GIS environments to better address energy policies and decision-making processes. Solar potential and energy retrofit estimation, developed by means of urban models (U-BEM) are too rough to support a decision-making process, even if at a feasibility stage. On the opposite, strategic decisions are defined with reference to large building stocks that require a U-BEM approach. To increase the reliability of this kind of simulations the study proposes to integrate U-BEMS with BIM-based data that are aggregated and published at urban scale as average performance indicators of built systems. The interoperability problem is analyzed both for simulation tools that need to manage this kind of data and openBIM/GIS platforms that need to share performance indicators and simulation results
    Keywords: Energy potential ; Solar potential ; IFC ; BIM ; U-BEM ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications::UTV Virtualization
    Language: English
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    Chapter Improving BIM Authoring Process Reproducibility with Enhanced BIM Logging (2024)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: This paper presents an enhanced BIM logger designed to capture both geometry and attribute changes of building element geometries, thereby offering a transparent source of representation of the BIM authoring process. The authors developed the logger and reproduction algorithm using the Revit C# API based on the analysis of information required to define building elements and associated attributes. The enhanced BIM log was evaluated through a case study of Villa Savoye designed by Le Corbusier. Despite negligible discrepancies, the results show that the enhanced BIM log can accurately represent the BIM authoring process capturing and reproducing 92.45% of the building elements from the original BIM model. Future research can focus on expanding the scope of logging and probing the potential of automating the BIM authoring process using these enhanced BIM logs
    Keywords: Building information modeling (BIM) ; BIM log mining ; BIM authoring software ; Custom BIM log ; Authoring process reproducibility ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications::UTV Virtualization
    Language: English
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    Chapter L’Ateneo e l’universo scolastico: il caso Scuola-Città Pestalozzi (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: The paper aims to give some coordinates on the dialogue between the Athenaeum and a particular school-educational experience well rooted in Florence and recognised for its merits on an international scale, namely the Scuola-Città Pestalozzi. This is a very significant case to describe the relationship between the University and the school world because Scuola-Città was born and grew up in that laboratory of ideas nourished by the synergy between the cultural, political and pedagogical circles of the city, especially those close to liberal-socialism, and those similar to the University.
    Keywords: post-World War II ; Educational excellence ; liberal socialism ; reconstruction of Italy ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: Italian
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    Chapter Liberation, Empowerment and Decolonisation through Adult Education in Africa (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Adult Education is an interdisciplinary field that often includes a focus on social justice issues and thus prompts a liberation, empowerment, and decolonisation approach to adult education. The purpose of this chapter is to report findings from informed by the papers of Lalage Bown held by the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford, and the British Library. The chapter explores the concepts and nexuses of liberation empowerment and decolonisation through Adult Education in Africa. It addresses liberation and empowerment in the life of Lalage Bown in Africa, and her life and family background. It also explores her perceptions on decolonisation and the key reasons why she fought for the oppressed through Adult Education during her stay in Africa. The paper examines Lalage Bown’s work experiences in different universities in Africa – including Nigeria – Britain, and her new ideas, including her approach to colonisation, Colonial Development and Welfare Fund. Finally, it discusses Lalage Bown’s Legacy.
    Keywords: Colonialism ; Decolonisation ; Empowerment ; Lalage Bown ; Liberation ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: English
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    Chapter Teatro e violenza in Moby Dick — Rehearsed di Orson Welles (2024)
    Firenze University Press | USiena Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: Moby Dick Rehearsed is a magnificent experiment in the style of Orson Welles, whose talent explores in depth the texture of Melville's novel in an attempt to put it on stage. The analysis shows how the play - performed in New York in 1955 - sheds light on Welles's idea of the theater as a laboratory to experiment with the possibilities of this peculiar form of entertainment. The novel's inner violence and theatrical power become evident when Welles stages a rehearsal of Moby Dick by a company of actors used to act in Shakespeare's Hamlet in 1955. The well-known influence of Shakespeare on Melville's novel emerges from the play, which became a book published by Samuel French in 1965 in New York. Its Italian translation by Cristina Viti - Moby Dick. Prove per un dramma in due atti - provides the base for Elio De Capitani's mise en scene of the play in Milan in 2022, under the title of Moby-Dick alla prova.
    Keywords: Adaptation ; violence ; rehearsal ; experiment ; performance ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATD Theatre studies
    Language: Italian
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    Chapter L’Ateneo e le istituzioni politiche (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: The essay concerns the Commitment of the University Professors within the most important local Political Institutions: the Municipality of Florence and the Tuscany Region. The chronological period examined in the first case goes from 1944 to 2019; in the first case goes from 1944 to 2019. For each election, within a brief historical-political framework, are indicated the Faculty Members who have held the position of Council members (Municipal or Regional), of Councillor or of Mayor, and the respective party to which they belong.
    Keywords: Tuscany Region ; Municipality of Florence ; Mayor ; Council member ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: Italian
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    Chapter Towards a Framework for Railway Network Assets Management Based on BIM/GIS Integration (2024)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Complex infrastructures such as railway networks face increasing challenges related to resource allocation, external events, constraints, and demands. Therefore, it is crucial to optimize the Asset Management (AM) phase to ensure the value and functionality of the assets. The integration of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can support this phase, but it can only yield benefits with a comprehensive approach that considers and addresses the specific needs and resources of the assets and their AM organization. The main benefits include improved data management, manipulation, information visualization and optimized resource allocation. This study describes an intermediate step towards developing a BIM/GIS integration framework for AM that can guide both researchers and practitioners. The framework aims to bridge theory and practice by incorporating insights from literature reviews and case studies. Its main objectives are to provide a comprehensive multi-stakeholder view and methods for effectively integrating BIM and GIS in this context. To develop the framework, the study employed focus groups, interviews, and practical BIM/GIS tests, which provided insights reported in this article. Furthermore, the study provides research directions for effective BIM/GIS integration in infrastructure AM
    Keywords: Building Information Modeling ; BIM ; Geographic Information Systems ; GIS ; BIM/GIS integration ; Asset Management ; Railway ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications::UTV Virtualization
    Language: English
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    Chapter Application of Smart Technologies for Assessing Users’ Well-Being for Immersive Design Strategies: A State-of-the-Art Review (2024)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: As never before, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the effectiveness of the digital design strategies on the user’s well-being has been questioned. However, a research branch astride digital design and neuroscience able to overcome net discipline borders to analyse users’ well-being seems to be lacking. Today mainly qualitative data are used in the design field for the investigation of users’ quality experience. Although fundamental, they also have great disadvantages such as unanswered questions, unconscientious responses, and respondents’ biases. As such, a systematic state of art review is presented to find methodologies and tools currently used in medicine to identify the impact of digital design strategies (XR) on users’ well-being through quantitative and objective data. The main technologies used for this purpose have been synthesized in a schematic chart by reporting the principal related biometric data (skin conductivity, heart rate metrics and breathing rates), as well as other technologies such as video/images/audio analysis based on sensors and machine learning to reach out mass numbers. In conclusion, gaps and future applications of this innovative approach within the virtual environment have been identified by the authors
    Keywords: extended reality ; virtual reality ; neuro-design ; digital design ; immersive experience ; user experience ; well-being assessment ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications::UTV Virtualization
    Language: English
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    Chapter The Writing of County Histories in Early Modern England (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: The writing of county history in England experienced its first boom from the 1570s to the 1650s, during which time a series of outstanding county histories were written, including William Lambarde’s Perambulation of Kent, William Burton’s Description of Leicestershire and William Dugdale’s Antiquities of Warwickshire. All these works are manifestations of the phenomenon of ‘county history writing by the gentry’. County histories are primarily about local place names and famous persons, but also give accounts related to rivers, mountains, land, architecture, real estate, family clans, regional customs and histories. This essay illustrates the sociocultural phenomenon of ‘county history writing by the gentry’ in the view of the formation of the nation state, and aims to demonstrate the significance and value of the writing of county histories by gentlemen, from the perspective of the ‘community of county gentry’.
    Keywords: Early Modern England ; Gentry ; Historiography ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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    Chapter Voltaire historien, Voltaire auteur de théâtre : son attitude face à la Corée (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: Voltaire is one of the few European authors of the 18th century to have dealt with Korea. In this study, we first propose to highlight, through an analysis of all of his work, the texts in which he mentioned Korea and how this country is represented there. We will then try to identify his documentary sources, and we will focus mainly on how the author created stories from historical elements. Our survey also aims to understand Voltaire’s attitude to the historical-philosophical and dramatic genres, and to better understand his conception of these two genres.
    Keywords: Voltaire ; Korea ; Historiography ; Theatre ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: French
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    Chapter Safety Training for Rigging Using Virtual Reality (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: Tower and Mobile Cranes are some of the most commonly used heavy equipment in all construction sites, and any crane failures could lead to significant human and monetary losses. Moreover, rigging configuration determination is a critical task that requires the rigging crew to have significant experience and knowledge of various failure modes that can be encountered when performing lifting operations. However, despite the criticality of training riggers, there has yet to be a comprehensive tool used to train and guide inexperienced riggers, and hence, more practical tools are needed. This paper proposes a framework for using Virtual reality (VR) and simulation to train riggers to identify the optimal rigging configurations based on the lift type and the external conditions. Through 3D modeling, the critical components of the rigging system are modeled to accurately simulate the rigging system and their performance when faced with critical loading scenarios. The developed framework is expected to allow inexperienced riggers to identify critical failure modes and enhance construction operations' overall safety performance and productivity. Furthermore, several scenarios are assessed based on historical evidence for rigging configuration failures, and the efficiency of the training tool is assessed through real-life scenarios and tests
    Keywords: Crane Operations ; Lift Planning ; Rigging ; Safety ; Training ; Virtual Reality ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications::UTV Virtualization
    Language: English
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    Chapter A Systematic Literature Review to Identify a Methodological Approach for Use in the Modelling and Forecasting of Capital Expenditure of Hyperscale Data Centres (2024)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: The theme of ‘Managing the digital transformation of the construction industry’ emphasises the importance of considering various dimensions of digitalisation and optimising the built environment. This review aims to present methodological approaches from existing literature that elucidate location-related factors impacting the capital cost of data centres. These findings facilitate adjustments to historical cost data when estimating total costs for new data centres. A systematic literature review method was employed to ensure an objective and comprehensive synthesis. In conjunction with Bayes's theory, this review identifies that a Delphi methodology is the most suitable methodological approach for forecasting and modelling capital expenditure for hyper-scale data centres. The methodology enables collective decision-making and consensus building, recognising the stakeholder's pivotal role in shaping the future of data centres. These findings offer valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in forming a methodological approach for further investigations into the location-related factors impacting the capital cost of data centres. Embracing this knowledge allows us to align research and practice, ensuring that these practices become integral to shaping the future of data centres and the digitalisation and optimisation of the built environment
    Keywords: cost ; decision analysis ; forecasting ; data centres ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology
    Language: English
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    Chapter Integrating Green Roofs into Building Information Modeling (BIM): A Computational Approach for Sustainable Building Design (2024)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: The construction industry is currently witnessing a transformative period characterized by the convergence of the green and digital transitions. The green transition seeks to address environmental challenges such as climate change and resource depletion, while the digital transition leverages advanced technologies to enhance construction processes. This paper specifically explores the integration of green roofs, as component of sustainable buildings, into the Building Information Modeling (BIM) framework, a key enabler of the digital transition. Green roofs, known for their environmental benefits, consist of layers that contribute to energy efficiency, stormwater management, and biodiversity enhancement. To optimize their design and performance, this research employs Dynamo Visual Programming Language (VPL) within Autodesk Revit to create parametric models of green roofs. These models facilitate the evaluation of thermal and structural characteristics under varying water content conditions (dry and saturated). Results reveal that the choice of substrate and drainage materials significantly impacts thermal resistance, particularly in dry conditions. However, in saturated conditions, the influence on thermal performance converges, emphasizing the importance of structural considerations in both scenarios. The research also highlights various limitations and outlines avenues for future studies, including expanding the range of materials, exploring additional performance metrics, and incorporating AI and machine learning techniques. By addressing these aspects, this research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the integration of green roofs and BIM. It provides designers and researchers with a practical tool for optimizing green roof designs, aligning with contemporary sustainable construction practices, and promoting the holistic development of green buildings
    Keywords: Sustainability integration ; Parametric modeling ; Digital Transformation ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology
    Language: English
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    Chapter Virtual Human-Building Interaction Experimentation Ontology (VHBIEO): A VHBIEO-Based Metadata-Driven Exploration (2024)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: Virtual reality (VR) offers promise as a tool for building performance simulations, especially when considering human-building interactions in buildings or spaces still under design. However, the absence of standardized data protocols impedes the consistent sharing of VR-related experiments and findings. This makes advancing VR experimentation as a reliable method for studying human-building dynamics challenging. The authors introduced the Virtual Human-Building Interaction Experimentation Ontology (VHBIEO) to address the challenge. VHBIEO seeks to standardize experimentation details as a domain-specific ontology, enhancing their interoperability. It includes essential experimentation concepts and employs semantic web technologies to ensure machine readability. Moreover, it integrates an application view (APV) to tailor details to specific experiments. Using VHBIEO-based metadata, this paper presents a case study aiming to standardize experiments that validate thermal sensations in immersive virtual environments (IVE), encompassing experimental protocol, variables, design, and data gathering. By exploring the main characteristics of VHBIEO-based metadata, the authors discuss its potential to improve the reliability of human-building interaction research
    Keywords: Ontology ; Metadata ; Human-building interaction ; Occupant behavior ; Virtual reality ; Building ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications::UTV Virtualization
    Language: English
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    Chapter L’Ateneo e il dopoguerra, la Costituente (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: The essay aims at reconstructing the history of the University of Florence, from the fall of fascism on July 25th 1943 to the post-World War II period. At the center of this path lies Piero Calamandrei's Rettorato, which began in the summer of 1943 and immediately interrupted by events related to September 8th and the armistice with the Allied powers. As dean of the university, in the aftermath of the Liberation of Florence in August 1944, Calamandrei marked a significant turning point. It was a turning point that not only promptly revived teaching and research functions; but it was also able to provide for the reinstatement of teachers expelled as a result of the racial legislation and for opposition to fascism, along with the beginning of the removals of teachers most involved with the dictatorship. At the same time, in the context of a city deeply involved in the Liberation, the new constitutional order of the Republic began to be drawn; a constitutional project to which Florentine professors - such as Piero Calamandrei and Giorgio La Pira - would offer an outstanding contribution.
    Keywords: Florence ; World War II ; History of Università degli studi di Firenze ; Fall of Fascism ; Assemblea Costituente ; Piero Calamandrei ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: Italian
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    Chapter Creation and Acceptance of Low-Threshold Mobile Training on Sustainability in Construction (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Many recent developments in mixed reality applications are exploited for research on improving training in the construction industry. While immersive technologies offer indisputable advantages over classic paper- or multi-media-based training material, access to this kind of technology is still very limited in the academic world and even less widespread in industry. In this paper, the authors follow the current trend of creating low-threshold micro-learning nuggets, which are easily consumable on mobile devices but can be accessed in every web browser. This is essential to reach the construction trade workforces, which for the most part will own a smart or mobile device, but neither specialized equipment, nor will there be time or patience for a lengthy setup phase before learning content consumption. The learning content aims to give construction workers a clear vision of what some of the fundamental components of a sustainable construction site should look like and what role they play in achieving the said vision. The learning content revolves around the initial idea of DGNB certification (German: German Sustainable Building Council), waste management, certification of construction wood, handling of harmful substances and chemicals and some general health and safety regulations that impact the emission of dust, noise and vibration. The paper describes the general approach of the planning, orchestration of learning material, development of the learning nugget, and deployment, as well as a study for acceptance and user experience
    Keywords: DGNB ; continuous education and training ; micro-learning nuggets ; responsible consumption and production ; smart and mobile devices ; sustainable construction ; ubiquitous learning ; workforce ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: English
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    Chapter Bayes Theory as a Methodological Approach to Assess the Impact of Location Variables of Hyperscale Data Centres: Testing a Concept (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The theme of ’The Impact of Engineering Practices on a Sustainable Built Environment’ emphasises the importance of considering various dimensions of resilient infrastructure. Selecting the location for a Hyperscale Data Centre is a crucial process that involves assessing the impact of various location variables. To determine the viability of a location, it is essential to identify the potential risks associated with each variable. This paper presents a proprietary methodological approach that includes a Delphi study to identify risks, a Likert scoring system to assess prior probabilities, and a Bayesian theory-based decision tree to assess the impact through risk prediction. The paper's contributions are significant, and the proposed methodology makes it possible to predict the risk level of each location variable by identifying the appropriate contingency percentage. The study's findings indicate that the paper's proposed approach is an effective way to mitigate the risks associated with selecting a location for a Hyperscale Data Centre. Embracing this knowledge allows us to align research and practise with the conference’s call to studying the resilience of buildings and infrastructure to natural disasters and climate change, and developing strategies for adaptation and mitigation, ensuring that these practises become integral to shaping the future of Data Centres
    Keywords: Bayes Theorem ; Delphi ; Data Centre ; Location Variables ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology
    Language: English
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    Chapter Urban Centres Management: A Digital Twin Approach (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The management of the built environment is a topic that requires reference to the management of complex systems. In fact, the variety of domains involved means that the management of urban centers is not only complicated, and therefore it is not enough to model a set of rules that are representative of phenomena related to the real environment. Not only that, but what is evident is that emergency management lacks the ability to access real-time information that could be decisive. Having tools that provide real-time data, that reprocess it, and that are able to provide an enriched and slightly predictive view of what is happening offers the possibility of having a real impact in the management of the built environment. In this sense, digital twins are a valuable approach to achieving the desired results. Digital twins through the integration of technologies such as lnternet of Things (IoT), simulators, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies make it possible to develop systems capable of exploiting the concept of collective intelligence, in a digital version, through a large number of heterogeneous agents working according to stigmergic mechanisms. This research work aims to propose its own architecture of digital twins for the management of resilient urban centers, with particular reference to the management of post-earthquake reconstruction scenarios
    Keywords: Digital twin ; urban environment management ; urban centers ; smart cities ; emergency management ; BIM ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications::UTV Virtualization
    Language: English
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    Origini, forma e (dis)funzioni dell’apparato masticatorio in Homo sapiens (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: The anatomical-functional structure with which human beings are equipped today has its roots in our evolutionary history: knowing the latter helps us understand why our body looks like this and functions in this way. Every living being, including Homo sapiens, is the result of a progressive stratification of forms that have adapted to environmental pressures which have shaped their morphology from deep time until today. Our masticatory apparatus (evolutionarily very recent) began to develop with the advent of mammals around 250 million years ago, structuring itself with a unique morphology and function, closely linked to the upright posture typical of the Homo genus and to globular encephalisation, a characterizing peculiarity Homo sapiens.
    Keywords: Dentistry ; Paleoanthropology ; Gnathology ; Evolution ; Posture
    Language: Italian
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    Chapter On Some Aspects of the Presence of Translated Ukrainian Literature in Poland after 1989 (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: The article is devoted to specific issues relating to the Polish reception of Ukrainian literature after 1989. In particular, the authors address the topic of the translation of Ukrainian literary works into Polish. Firstly, the major agents who choose and promote works that they deem should be translated into Polish are presented. The authors discuss the cases of two translators, Ola Hnatiuk and Bohdan Zadura, who have played crucial roles in this process and have also acted as literary agents. The image of Ukrainian literature conveyed to Polish readers reflects the ideals of the translators, their individual preferences and attitudes, and their conception of their own canon. Another outstanding agent is the publishing house Czarne: the article illustrates its peculiarities and its importance to the dissemination of Ukrainian literature in Poland. Secondly, the article concentrates on the translations from the point of view of the source language and examines the case of Russophone Ukrainian literature in order to explore the extent to which it is represented on the Polish book market. Finally, the authors try to assess whether and how the full-scale invasion of Ukraine on February 24th, 2022 has influenced the dynamics of the translation of Ukrainian literature into Polish.
    Keywords: Translations from Ukrainian into Polish ; Ola Hnatiuk ; Bohdan Zadura ; Czarne publishing house ; Russophone Ukrainian literature ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
    Language: English
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    Chapter Semi-Automatic Workflow for Air-Conditioning System Zoning and Simulation (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Building information modeling (BIM) shows its potential in the performance driven design, where multiple design solutions are generated and selected against certain design goals. This paper proposes a workflow to generate and simulate multiple thermal zoning schemes toward a semi-automatic design process of air-conditioning (AC) system. Thermal zoning plays a pivotal role in the design thinking of engineers by synthesizing load calculation, equipment sizing, and pipe/duct layout. However, it is often done intuitively with influence on performance unknown at the initial stage. To make it quantitative, we decompose the zoning process into three levels (thermal/control/system) of space aggregation, joining both semantic and numeric characteristics. For the semantic part, space functions are considered by space labeling, accessibility, and adjacency. As to the numeric part, spaces are zoned based on their thermal response similarities, revealed by dynamic mode decomposition on simulated free-float temperature. Then, the system zoning is generated by rolling out convenient distribution network layouts, representing typical fan-coil or variable-air-volume systems. Variables at each level contribute to the "generative" zoning. Based on multiple zoning schemes, the configurations are serialized into EnergyPlus and Modelica inputs for co-simulation. Initial cost, energy consumption, and comfort level of conditioning join together for the zoning evaluation. The entire workflow is implemented in Grasshopper with self-developed plugins
    Keywords: BIM ; Thermal zoning ; Generative design ; HVAC system ; Performance simulation ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications::UTV Virtualization
    Language: English
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    Chapter Emotion and Female Authority: A Comparison of Chinese and English Fiction in the Eighteenth Century (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: This essay considers how early modern Chinese romance novels conceive of female agency and how this conception was received by prominent cultural elites in eighteenth-century England. In his notes to Hau Kiou Choaan, the first English translation of a full-length Chinese novel, Thomas Percy referred to the novel’s heroine as a “masculine woman”, displaying a peculiar misreading of its trope of female cross-dressing. The essay argues that the increasing association of women with the private sphere in eighteenth-century English culture is a crucial context to consider when we study the initial spread of Chinese fiction in England.
    Keywords: England ; China ; Eighteenth Century ; Fiction ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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    Chapter Pragmatic aspects of the vocative-nominative competition in addressative function across Slavic languages (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The study tests the hypothesis according to which the Slavic anthroponyms in -e and -o underwent evolution from vocative endings to hypocoristic derivative suffixes and then to anthroponymic formants. According to the Author, such a hypothesis can be considered entirely plausible, albeit only as a mechanism of formation parallel to and intertwined with other processes of morphemic function change. As a phenomenon observable in both diachrony and synchrony, categorial lability between vocative and word formation can thus be considered inherent in the system of Slavic languages. However the anthroponyms in -e and -o have had different diffusion and distribution in the various Slavic languages and today occupy dissimilar places within the system and varieties of each language.
    Keywords: Vocative case ; Pragmatic strategies ; Slavic standard languages ; Inter Slavic contrastive approach ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
    Language: English
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    Chapter A Robotic Method to Insert Batt Insulation into Light-Frame Wood Wall for Panel Prefabrications (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: Currently, industrial robot arms are trending in prefabricated building construction; however, a notable gap exists in established automated processes and related research specifically for the insertion of batt thermal insulation. The current method for accomplishing this task relies on manual insertion, which is labour-intensive for the workers and poses long-term health and safety concerns. This research presents an ongoing research project aimed at developing a feasible robotic process for the automated insertion of batt thermal insulation into prefabricated light-frame wood wall frames. This research focuses on the utilization of a single 6-degree-of-freedom robot arm for the insertion process, complimented by the design of a custom-built end-effector. The proposed robotic insertion process, named GLITPP, comprises of six major steps: (1) Grasp, (2) Lift, (3) Insert, (4) Tilt, (5) Push, and (6) Press. The GLITPP insertion process, along with the custom-built end-effector effectively mitigates the influence of the insulation’s nonlinear mechanical properties, while also taking collision avoidance into consideration. This ensures a tight-fitting insulation within the frame cavity, without visible gaps and deficiencies. The necessary physical operating parameters for the insertion process, such as angles, offset, and force requirements, are identified to ensure the precision, efficiency, and repeatability of insertion. A prototype of the designed end-effector is used to demonstrate and validate the robotic method, achieved a high success rate of 93.3%. The development of this research will further advance the complete automation of light-frame wood wall panel prefabrication, offering the industry a wider range of options for selecting thermal insulation for their processes
    Keywords: Robotic Building Prefabrication ; Robotic Insertion ; Light-frame Wood Construction ; Robotic End-effector ; Automation in Construction ; Thermal Insulation ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology
    Language: English
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    Chapter Reading Stalinism: Stalinist Culture as a Research Feld in the West (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This article analyses the research field of Stalinist culture, which has been rapidly changing since the early 1990s when the study of Stalinism left the sphere of traditional Sovietology and gradually became one of the dominant subjects in the history of the 20th century. Among the main factors that influenced the formation of this research field, one can name the change of generations of scholars, inter-disciplinarity and methodological shifts, democratization, and the opening of archives, as well as changes in the academic economy. However, in general, the analysis of Western historiography reveals numerous gaps in the study of Stalinism and the need for new methodological and institutional changes.
    Keywords: Post-Soviet historiography ; Cultural history ; Sovietology ; Revisionism ; Stalinism ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
    Language: English
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    Chapter Extracting Information from Construction Safety Requirements Using Large Language Model (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: The construction industry has long been recognized for its complex safety regulations, which are essential to ensure the well-being of on-site employees. However, navigating these regulations and ensuring compliance can be challenging due to the volume and complexity of the documents involved. This study proposes a novel approach to extracting information from construction safety documents utilizing Large Language Models (LLM), called CSQA, to provide real-time, precise answers to queries related to safety regulations. The approach comprises three modules: (1) the construction safety investigation module (CSI) collects safety regulations for building the information needed. By leveraging a collection of safety regulation PDFs, the system follows a process of text extraction, preprocessing, and global indexing for efficient search. (2) The safety condition identification module (SCI) retrieves the CSI database; after that, the LLM, with its extensive training, processes user queries, searches the indexed regulations, and retrieves pertinent information. (3) the safety information delivery (SID) would provide the answer to the user and incorporate a feedback mechanism to further refine system accuracy based on user responses. Preliminary evaluations reveal the system's superior performance over traditional search engines, owing to its ability to grasp query context and nuances. The CSQA presents a promising method for accessing safety regulations, with potential benefits including reduced non-compliance incidents, enhanced worker safety, and streamlined regulatory consultations in construction
    Keywords: Construction safety document ; extraction ; LLM ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology
    Language: English
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    Chapter Vladivostok as a Meeting Point between West and East at the Beginning of the 20th Century (Around Years of Siberian Investigation) (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: Vladivostok is likened to the Bosphorus. The remoteness of the Far East made it difficult for the European part of the Russian Empire to recognise Vladivostok geographically. Therefore, through analogy to the Mediterranean, it was consciously integrated into the state. On the other hand, by using kanji combinations, which evoke images of traditional Japanese poetry, the Japanese created a sense of familiarity with Vladivostok. In most cases, regarding the social situation during the Revolutionary and Intervention War periods, researchers’ interest was restricted to the scheme of the conflict between the Red Army and the White Army and the victory or defeat of the October Revolution. However, more than 30 years after the dissolution of the USSR, the events of this period are now being examined by scholars mainly from the perspective of the residents and outsiders in various regions who, without knowing the consequences of the revolution, were both anticipating and anxious about significant social changes. The multicultural nature of the Far East is being discussed on the occasion of the centenary of the Siberian exodus. This article examines the cultural situation in and around Vladivostok, focusing on developments such as the education system and modernist currents in the arts. Vladivostok served as both an entrance to Siberia for the Japanese or other foreign troops and an exit for emigres.
    Keywords: Vladivostok ; Siberian intervention ; Multicultral and multinational society ; Ethnic language education ; Centre and periphery ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
    Language: Russian
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    Chapter Optimal Number of Cue Objects for Photo-Based Indoor Localization (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: Building information modeling (BIM) is widely used to generate indoor images for indoor localization. However, changes in camera angles and indoor conditions mean that photos are much more changeable than BIM images. This makes any attempt at localization based on the similarity between real photos and BIM images challenging. To overcome this limitation, we propose a reasoning-based approach for determining the location of a photo by detecting the cue objects in the photo and the relationships between them. The aim of this preliminary study was to determine the optimal number of cue objects required for an indoor image. If there are too few cue objects in an indoor image, it results in an excessive number of location candidates. Conversely, if there are too many cue objects, the accuracy of object detection in an image decreases. Theoretically, a larger number of cue objects would improve the reasoning process; however, too many cue objects could lead to declining object detection performance. The experimental results demonstrated that of two to five cue objects, three cue objects is most likely to yield optimal performance
    Keywords: indoor location determination ; BIM ; reasoning ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications::UTV Virtualization
    Language: English
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    Chapter Collaborative Site Layout Planning Using Multi-Touch Table and Immersive VR (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: Building Information Modeling (BIM) is changing the way architects and engineers produce and deliver design results, and object-oriented 3D models are now starting to replace traditional 2D drawings during the construction phase. This allows for a number of applications to increase efficiency, such as quantity take-off, cost-estimation, and planning, but it also supports better communication and increased understanding at the construction site by means of detailed 3D models together with various visualization techniques. However, even in projects with a fully BIM-based design, there is one remaining part that is still done primarily using 2D drawings and sketches – the construction site layout plan. In addition to not take advantage of the benefits offered by 3D, it also makes it difficult to integrate site layout planning within the openBIM ecosystem. In this paper we present the design and evaluation of a user-friendly, IFC-compatible software system that supports collaborative, multi-user creation of construction site layout plans using both multi-touch table and immersive VR. By allowing temporary structures, machines, and other components to be easily added and updated it is possible to continuously produce and communicate 3D site layout plans that are aligned with the schedule and supports integration with other BIM-tools
    Keywords: BIM ; VIRTUAL REALITY ; VR ; OPENBIM ; IFC ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications::UTV Virtualization
    Language: English
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    International Teaching and Learning Settings in the Academic Professionalisation of Adult Education (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: Academic education plays an important role in the development of professionalism of adult educators. Given the interconnectedness of adult education with global and international developments, this international and comparative study illustrates the need for a systematic and comprehensive internationalisation of adult education programmes and the relevance of international teaching and learning settings for the development of professionalism in adult education. Based on focus group and graduate interviews of three master’s programmes with a focus on adult education at the Universities of Würzburg, Belgrade and Florence, similarities and differences in the internationalisation of the programmes are revealed and supporting factors for the development of professionalism are highlighted.
    Keywords: Internationalisation ; Adult Education ; International Mobility ; Academic Professionalisation ; Higher Education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNA Philosophy and theory of education
    Language: English
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    Chapter Challenges and Opportunities for Lifelong Learning in Universities Resulting from Ukrainian Migration (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The current political conflict in Ukraine has led to a surge in forcibly displaced migrants across Europe. This chapter sets out to look at the meaning of the term ‘forced migrant’ and the challenges faced in integrating migrants into the labour market. The movement of people has included many skilled professionals, including staff and students from Ukrainian universities. This chapter examines some issues in integrating such groups into the workforce. It also looks at some of the schemes set up to enable displaced researchers to continue with their research and the potential benefits which this offers for participants.
    Keywords: Forced Migration ; Integration ; Researches ; Ukraine ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: English
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    Errors, False Opinions and Defective Knowledge in Early Modern Europe (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: This volume offers a series of insights into the fascinating topic of errors and false opinions in early modern Europe. It explores the semantic richness of the category of ‘error’ in a time when such category becomes crucial to European thought and culture. During decades of increasing normativity in the social and religious sphere as well as in the epistemological status of disciplines, recognizing and correcting error becomes an imperative task whose importance can hardly be overestimated. The efforts at establishing religious, political, and scientific orthodoxy led philosophers, doctors, philologist, scientist, and theologians, to reconsider the very foundations of knowledge in the attempt to dispel errors. Spanning geographically from Italy to France, England, and Germany, the articles here gathered provide stimulating glimpses into one of the most fascinating, multifaceted, and controversial aspects of early modern culture.
    Keywords: Error ; Opinions ; Heresy ; History of Science ; History of Knowledge ; Philology ; Medicine ; Experiment ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDH Philosophical traditions and schools of thought
    Language: English
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    Chapter Lalage Bown: The Enduring Legacy. A Personal Reflection (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: This personal reflection of Lalage Bown focuses upon her professional contributions internationally to the field of progressive adult and continuing education, and her remarkable personality and charisma. Although the contexts for her work varied considerably over her many decades of activism and leadership, the values underpinning her approach remained constant. The chapter begins by outlining the nature of these guiding principles, and then considers her intellectual achievements, as exemplified in her 1994 Lecture on Radical Social Purpose Adult Education. Lalage had, by common consent, a memorable ‘presence’ as a public speaker, and this rare talent is discussed and some examples given. The chapter concludes with some personal reminiscences, which try to give a flavour of her unforgettable character; and some suggestions about some (realistic) policy priorities which Lalage might be campaigning for in the 2020s.
    Keywords: Adult Education ; Charisma ; Personality ; Principles ; Social Purpose ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education
    Language: English
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    Chapter Concorrenza e/o alternanza di ‘vocativo: nominativo’ nei termini volgari in serbo(croato), polacco e bulgaro. Un’analisi qualitativa (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: In those Slavic languages where the vocative inflectional case endings are used inconsistently, a statistically increased occurrence of vocative’s endings can be observed with nouns having a diminutive or hypocoristic semantics. Assuming that is the ‘affective charge’ of some specific nouns which enhances the probability of vocative case forms, the present paper has two aims: 1. to verify empirically in three Slavic languages (Serbian, Polish, Bulgarian) whether the vocative case is better preserved with nouns having a derogatory semantics (insults and bad words), 2. to establish which are the rules governing their use.
    Keywords: Vocative case ; Nominative case ; Slavic languages (Serbian ; Polish ; Bulgarian) ; Derogatory words ; Competing inflectional case endings ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
    Language: Italian
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    Chapter A Value Stream Mapping Approach to the Identification of Lean Management Opportunities for Off-Site Construction Production: A Case of Reinforced Concrete Slabs (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: Off-site construction (OSC), including prefabrication and Modular-integrated Construction (MiC), is gaining popularity as a school of sustainable construction methods that can improve productivity, quality, and waste reduction. However, OSC projects face challenges related to technical integration, collaboration among stakeholders, and dynamic uncertainties. As a result, high-quality standards throughout the manufacturing process of OSC products are difficult to ensure, leading to costly rework, delays, and safety issues. This paper applies a value stream mapping (VSM) approach based on lean principles to OSC production for identifying lean management opportunities for off-site construction production. The case studied in this paper is reinforced concrete slabs. First, we employed a combination of field investigations and interviews to formalize the flow of materials and information for the case. Then, VSM processed the flow for the current state map, which highlights twelve opportunities to prioritize for slab production, e.g., the adoption of digital technology (VR, BIM) in information flows. The findings in value-added activities improvement of the opportunities demonstrate the potential of lean management in the slab production case. Furthermore, the VSM approach in this paper can identify the ‘wastes’ in lean theory, which are the control points of OSC production, for enhancing quality, efficiency, and resource utilization. The findings contribute to the existing body of knowledge by providing empirical evidence of the VSM approach to the identification of lean management opportunities for OSC production
    Keywords: Off-site construction ; Prefabricated products ; Lean management ; Value stream mapping ; Quality assurance ; Construction industrialization ; Lean construction ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology
    Language: English
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    Chapter Рецепция русской литературы Серебряного века в Китае (2024)
    Firenze University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: Reception of Russian Literature of the Silver Age in China. In the late 20th century, there emerged a significant cultural fervor for the Russian literature of the Silver Age within Chinese academic circles, primarily focused on literary studies. This article examines the history of translating Russian literature of the Silver Age in China and its level of research development. It is revealed that, on one hand, the initial attempts at translating literary works of the Silver Age into Chinese began in the first half of the 20th century, with notable activity during the May Fourth Movement and towards the end of the 20th century. Consequently, works by well-known writers had more opportunities to be translated into Chinese and gain attention from the academic community, while many works by lesser-known authors remained overlooked. On the other hand, Chinese scholars’ research on Russian literature of the Silver Age encompasses various literary genres such as poetry, novels, and dramas, with a focus on individual writers and their works. However, comprehensive and systematic studies in this field are still lacking. The examination of the history of translation and the level of research on Russian literature of the Silver Age in China contributes to academic progress, facilitates exchange and collaboration among scholars, provides reference materials and recommendations, and establishes a foundation for further in-depth research.
    Keywords: Reception of Russian literature in China ; Silver Age ; Reception studies ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism
    Language: Russian
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    Chapter L’Ateneo e l’Arno (2024)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: In this chapter we will address, with quick notes, some research projects that the University of Florence has undertaken and which have seen the Arno basin as a subject of study, in order to define lines of governance and development of the territory, also on the basis of an international network which has made it possible to introduce innovative elements of approach and scientific investigation. These are aspects that concern agricultural production, hydraulic and environmental engineering, the protection of water resources, the control of hydrogeological instability, soil protection, urban and territorial planning. We have therefore tried to represent in a rational form some research topics that have been addressed, trying to grasp, over time, the purposes and main impacts
    Keywords: climate changes ; digital model ; erosion ; slope stability ; civil protection ; agricultural-forestry development ; urban areas ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology
    Language: Italian
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