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  • Other Sources  (49)
  • Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)  (25)
  • Inter Research  (14)
  • Public Library of Science  (10)
  • 2015-2019  (49)
  • 2015  (49)
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  • 2015-2019  (49)
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  • 1
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    Some like it hot: the protozooplankton–copepod link in a warming ocean (2015)
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 519 . pp. 103-113.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-21
    Description: The combined effects of warming and overwintering copepod densities on the spring succession of Baltic Sea plankton were investigated using indoor mesocosms. Three zooplankton (1.5, 4 and 10 copepods L-1) and two temperature levels called ∆0°C and ∆6°C (0°C and 6°C above the present day temperature scenario for Kiel Bight) were chosen. Both, the timing and the duration of the protozooplankton (PZP) bloom were significantly affected by temperature, but not by copepod density. In contrast, the bloom intensity of PZP was highly affected by the factors temperature and copepod density and its interaction. This suggests that at elevated temperature conditions PZP grows faster but, at the same time, are subject to higher top-down control by copepods. At low temperatures and low copepod densities, PZP in turn fully escaped from copepod predation. Further changes in the overwintering copepod densities resulted in a strong ciliate suppression of which small-sized ciliates (〈30 µm) were especially vulnerable to copepod predation while other PZP size classes remained unaffected. In conclusion, the results presented point at a pivotal regulating role of overwintering copepods under future warming condition. Further, warming was shown to cause a distinct match between phytoplankton and PZP thus strengthening trophic pathways through PZP. Our findings are discussed in the context of the ‘trophic link-sink’ debate by considering potential alterations in the flux of matter and energy up the food web.
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  • 2
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    Oceanographic and demographic mechanisms affecting population structure of snow crabs in the northern Bering Sea (2015)
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 518 . pp. 193-208.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Snow crabs Chionoecetes opilio are quite productive at suitable temperatures, but can also be abundant in water cold enough to depress settlement of larvae, growth, and reproduction. In much of the northern Bering Sea, bottom water temperatures are below -1°C for most or all of the year. Crab pelagic larvae prefer to settle at temperatures above 0°C, so we found high densities of juveniles only where intruding warm currents deposited larvae in localized areas. After settlement, maturing crabs appeared to exhibit ontogenetic migration toward deeper, warmer water. Cold temperatures excluded key predators, but decreased fecundity by restricting females to small body size (with associated small clutches) and to breeding every 2 yr. Migration to warmer water may allow females to breed annually and to encounter more adult males needed to fertilize subsequent clutches. Because older males also emigrate, remaining adolescent males probably inseminate newly maturing females. Without localized intrusion of warmer currents, snow crabs might not persist at high densities in such cold waters. However, they are currently very abundant, and export many pelagic larvae and adults.
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  • 3
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    Resistance of benthic intertidal communities to multiple disturbances and stresses (2015)
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 534 . pp. 49-64.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-08-28
    Description: Many ecosystems are facing biodiversity loss and environmental change due to anthropogenic activities, with these impacts occurring within the context of natural disturbance. Understanding ecosystem functioning and the response of communities to these impacts is necessary in order to evaluate the effects of future environmental change. The aim of this study was to determine the consequences of the loss of key species on the structure and function of intertidal communities in a context of nutrient enrichment, so as to ascertain the resistance of these communities when disturbance and stresses are compounded. Subarctic rocky intertidal communities in Quebec were subjected to an orthogonal factorial field experiment with 3 stress factors (macroalgae canopy loss, grazer exclusion, and nutrient enrichment), each with 2 disturbance levels. Simple and interactive effects of these factors were followed for 4 mo, and responses in structure (% cover and biomass) and productivity were evaluated. The communities that were not subjected to canopy loss showed greater resistance and very limited effects from enrichment and grazer reduction. The loss of canopy altered the community structure (e.g. reduction in richness and biomass) and functioning (reduced productivity), probably due to increased temperatures and desiccation. This lack of resistance was amplified through the addition of a stress. The application of multiple stresses within field experiments allows for a better understanding of the mechanisms affecting community structure and ecosystem functioning under situations of increased natural and anthropogenic stress.
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  • 4
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    Patterns and ecological implications of historical marine phytoplankton change (2015)
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 534 . pp. 251-272.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-02
    Description: There is growing evidence that average global phytoplankton concentrations have been changing over the past century, yet published trajectories of change are highly divergent. Here, we review and analyze 115 published phytoplankton trend estimates originating from a wide variety of sampling instruments to explore the underlying patterns and ecological implications of phytoplankton change over the period of oceanographic measurement (1889 to 2010). We found that published estimates of phytoplankton change were much less variable when estimated over longer time series and consistent spatial scales and from the same sampling instruments. Average phytoplankton concentrations tended to increase over time in near-shore waters and over more recent time periods and declined in the open oceans and over longer time periods. Most published evidence suggests changes in temperature and nutrient supply rates as leading causes of these phytoplankton trends. In near-shore waters, altered coastal runoff and increased nutrient flux from land may primarily explain widespread increases in phytoplankton there. Conversely, in the open oceans, increasing surface temperatures are strengthening water column stratification, reducing nutrient flux from deeper waters and negatively influencing phytoplankton. Phytoplankton change is further affected by biological processes, such as changes in grazing regimes and nutrient cycling, but these effects are less well studied at large scales. The possible ecosystem consequences of observed phytoplankton changes include altered species composition and abundance across multiple trophic levels, effects on fisheries yield, and changing patterns of export production. We conclude that there is evidence for substantial changes in phytoplankton concentration over the past century, but the magnitude of these changes remains uncertain at a global scale; standardized long-term measurements of phytoplankton abundance over time can substantially reduce this uncertainty
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  • 5
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    Modeling lugworm irrigation behavior effects on sediment nitrogen cycling (2015)
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 534 . pp. 121-134.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-02
    Description: Benthic infauna in marine sediments have well-documented effects on biogeochemical cycling, from individual to ecosystem scales, including stimulation of nitrification and nitrogen removal via denitrification. However, the effects of burrowing depth and irrigation patterns on nitrogen cycling have not been as well described. Here we examined the effects of lugworm behavior on sediment nitrogen cycling using a reaction-transport model parameterized with literature and laboratory data. Feeding pocket depth and pumping characteristics (flow rate and pattern) were varied, and rates of nitrification, denitrification, and benthic exchange fluxes were computed. As expected, more intense burrow irrigation stimulated denitrification and coupled nitrification-denitrification. At high pumping rates and low sediment oxygen consumption rates (~10-6 mol m-3 s-1), simulation results showed a decrease in rates of nitrification and denitrification with decreasing burrow depth due to incomplete consumption of injected oxidants. Model results also suggest that discontinuous irrigation leads to temporal variability in sediment nitrogen cycling, but that the time-averaged rates do not depend on the irrigation pattern. We identify (1) the poorly constrained chemical composition of lumen fluid injected into sediments and (2) the response of microbial activity/distribution to oscillating redox conditions as critical knowledge gaps affecting estimates of sediment nitrogen removal.
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  • 6
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    Stable isotope mixing models elucidate sex and size effects on the diet of a generalist marine predator (2015)
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 526 . pp. 213-225.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-11
    Description: We applied a 2-step clustering algorithm and Bayesian stable isotope mixing model to examine intraspecific differences in the contribution of prey sources to the diet and foraging habitat of harbor seals Phoca vitulina in the Salish Sea, USA. We analyzed stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen collected from 32 seals and 248 prey samples representing 18 of 25 of the most common seal prey items identified in seal scat. Stable isotope analyses identified significant harbor seal sex- and size-based differences in diet and foraging habitat use. In comparison to males, female harbor seals had a higher contribution of prey items that were more 13C-enriched. This result may indicate that females derived more of their δ13C value from nearshore versus offshore food webs, an explanation supported by movement data on this population. However, large seals of both sexes displayed a greater offshore signal in their diet, indicating that seal mass effects on foraging habitat use were somewhat independent of sex. Our work contributes to understanding trophic linkages between these generalist consumers and their prey. The foraging differences that we detected between male and female harbor seals present complex challenges for fisheries management and for the design of marine reserves. Many marine reserves in the Pacific Northwest are located in close proximity to seal haul-out sites. By lowering the energetic costs of foraging of females, these reserves may ultimately have the unintended effect of increasing individual fitness, population growth rate, and influencing future predator-induced mortality on endangered species.
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  • 7
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    Nitrogen Fuelling of the Pelagic Food Web of the Tropical Atlantic (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (6). e0131258.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: We estimated the relative contribution of atmosphere (ic Nitrogen (N) input (wet and dry deposition and N fixation) to the epipelagic food web by measuring N isotopes of different functional groups of epipelagic zooplankton along 23°W (17°N-4°S) and 18°N (20-24°W) in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic. Results were related to water column observations of nutrient distribution and vertical diffusive flux as well as colony abundance of Trichodesmium obtained with an Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP5). The thickness and depth of the nitracline and phosphocline proved to be significant predictors of zooplankton stable N isotope values. Atmospheric N input was highest (61% of total N) in the strongly stratified and oligotrophic region between 3 and 7°N, which featured very high depth-integrated Trichodesmium abundance (up to 9.4×104 colonies m-2), strong thermohaline stratification and low zooplankton δ15N (~2‰). Relative atmospheric N input was lowest south of the equatorial upwelling between 3 and 5°S (27%). Values in the Guinea Dome region and north of Cape Verde ranged between 45 and 50%, respectively. The microstructure-derived estimate of the vertical diffusive N flux in the equatorial region was about one order of magnitude higher than in any other area (approximately 8 mmol m-2 d 1). At the same time, this region received considerable atmospheric N input (35% of total). In general, zooplankton δ15N and Trichodesmium abundance were closely correlated, indicating that N fixation is the major source of atmospheric N input. Although Trichodesmium is not the only N fixing organism, its abundance can be used with high confidence to estimate the relative atmospheric N input in the tropical Atlantic (r2 = 0.95). Estimates of absolute N fixation rates are two- to tenfold higher than incubation-derived rates reported for the same regions. Our approach integrates over large spatial and temporal scales and also quantifies fixed N released as dissolved inorganic and organic N. In a global analysis, it may thus help to close the gap in oceanic N budgets.
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  • 8
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    Nitrate and Nitrite Variability at the Seafloor of an Oxygen Minimum Zone Revealed by a Novel Microfluidic In-Situ Chemical Sensor (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (7). e0132785.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Microfluidics, or lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a promising technology that allows the development of miniaturized chemical sensors. In contrast to the surging interest in biomedical sciences, the utilization of LOC sensors in aquatic sciences is still in infancy but a wider use of such sensors could mitigate the undersampling problem of ocean biogeochemical processes. Here we describe the first underwater test of a novel LOC sensor to obtain in situ calibrated time-series (up to 40 h) of nitrate+nitrite (ΣNOx) and nitrite on the seafloor of the Mauritanian oxygen minimum zone, offshore Western Africa. Initial tests showed that the sensor successfully reproduced water column (160 m) nutrient profiles. Lander deployments at 50, 100 and 170 m depth indicated that the biogeochemical variability was high over the Mauritanian shelf: The 50 m site had the lowest ΣNOx concentration, with 15.2 to 23.4 μM (median=18.3 μM); while at the 100 site ΣNOx varied between 21.0 and 30.1 μM over 40 hours (median = 25.1μM). The 170 m site had the highest median ΣNOx level (25.8 μM) with less variability (22.8 to 27.7 μM). At the 50 m site, nitrite concentration decreased fivefold from 1 to 0.2 μM in just 30 hours accompanied by decreasing oxygen and increasing nitrate concentrations. Taken together with the time series of oxygen, temperature, pressure and current velocities, we propose that the episodic intrusion of deeper waters via cross-shelf transport leads to intrusion of nitrate-rich, but oxygen-poor waters to shallower locations, with consequences for benthic nitrogen cycling. This first validation of an LOC sensor at elevated water depths revealed that when deployed for longer periods and as a part of a sensor network, LOC technology has the potential to contribute to the understanding of the benthic biogeochemical dynamics.
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  • 9
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    Identification of Habitat-Specific Biomes of Aquatic Fungal Communities Using a Comprehensive Nearly Full-Length 18S rRNA Dataset Enriched with Contextual Data (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (7). e0134377.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: Molecular diversity surveys have demonstrated that aquatic fungi are highly diverse, and that they play fundamental ecological roles in aquatic systems. Unfortunately, comparative studies of aquatic fungal communities are few and far between, due to the scarcity of adequate datasets. We combined all publicly available fungal 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences with new sequence data from a marine fungi culture collection. We further enriched this dataset by adding validated contextual data. Specifically, we included data on the habitat type of the samples assigning fungal taxa to ten different habitat categories. This dataset has been created with the intention to serve as a valuable reference dataset for aquatic fungi including a phylogenetic reference tree. The combined data enabled us to infer fungal community patterns in aquatic systems. Pairwise habitat comparisons showed significant phylogenetic differences, indicating that habitat strongly affects fungal community structure. Fungal taxonomic composition differed considerably even on phylum and class level. Freshwater fungal assemblage was most different from all other habitat types and was dominated by basal fungal lineages. For most communities, phylogenetic signals indicated clustering of sequences suggesting that environmental factors were the main drivers of fungal community structure, rather than species competition. Thus, the diversification process of aquatic fungi must be highly clade specific in some cases.The combined data enabled us to infer fungal community patterns in aquatic systems. Pairwise habitat comparisons showed significant phylogenetic differences, indicating that habitat strongly affects fungal community structure. Fungal taxonomic composition differed considerably even on phylum and class level. Freshwater fungal assemblage was most different from all other habitat types and was dominated by basal fungal lineages. For most communities, phylogenetic signals indicated clustering of sequences suggesting that environmental factors were the main drivers of fungal community structure, rather than species competition. Thus, the diversification process of aquatic fungi must be highly clade specific in some cases.
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  • 10
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    Establishing functional relationships between abiotic environment, macrophyte coverage, resource gradients and the distribution of Mytilus trossulus in a brackish non-tidal environment (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (8). e0136949.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-16
    Description: Benthic suspension feeding mussels are an important functional guild in coastal and estua-rine ecosystems. To date we lack information on how various environmental gradients and biotic interactions separately and interactively shape the distribution patterns of mussels in non-tidal environments. Opposing to tidal environments, mussels inhabit solely subtidal zone in non-tidal waterbodies and, thereby, driving factors for mussel populations are expected to differ from the tidal areas. In the present study, we used the boosted regression tree modelling (BRT), an ensemble method for statistical techniques and machine learning, in order to explain the distribution and biomass of the suspension feeding mussel Mytilus trossulus in the non-tidal Baltic Sea. BRT models suggested that (1) distribution patterns of M. trossulus are largely driven by separate effects of direct environmental gradients and partly by interactive effects of resource gradients with direct environmental gradients. (2) Within its suitable habitat range, however, resource gradients had an important role in shaping the biomass distribution of M. trossulus. (3) Contrary to tidal areas, mussels were not competitively superior over macrophytes with patterns indicating either facilitative interactions between mussels and macrophytes or co-variance due to common stressor. To conclude, direct environmental gradients seem to define the distribution pattern of M. trossulus, and within the favourable distribution range, resource gradients in interaction with direct environmental gradients are expected to set the biomass level of mussels.
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  • 11
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    Biodiversity, Anti-Trypanosomal Activity Screening, and Metabolomic Profiling of Actinomycetes Isolated from Mediterranean Sponges (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (9). e0138528.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-13
    Description: Marine sponge–associated actinomycetes are considered as promising sources for the discovery of novel biologically active compounds. In the present study, a total of 64 actinomycetes were isolated from 12 different marine sponge species that had been collected offshore the islands of Milos and Crete, Greece, eastern Mediterranean. The isolates were affiliated to 23 genera representing 8 different suborders based on nearly full length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Four putatively novel species belonging to genera Geodermatophilus, Microlunatus, Rhodococcus and Actinomycetospora were identified based on a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 〈 98.5% to currently described strains. Eight actinomycete isolates showed bioactivities against Trypanosma brucei brucei TC221 with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values 〈20 μg/mL. Thirty four isolates from the Milos collection and 12 isolates from the Crete collection were subjected to metabolomic analysis using high resolution LC-MS and NMR for dereplication purposes. Two isolates belonging to the genera Streptomyces (SBT348) and Micromonospora (SBT687) were prioritized based on their distinct chemistry profiles as well as their anti-trypanosomal activities. These findings demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of utilizing metabolomics tools to prioritize chemically unique strains from microorganism collections and further highlight sponges as rich source for novel and bioactive actinomycetes.
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  • 12
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    Genotype-specific responses to light stress in eelgrass Zostera marina, a marine foundation plant (2015)
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 519 . pp. 129-140.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-21
    Description: Within mono-specific meadows of clonal plants, genotypic diversity may functionally replace species diversity. Little is known about the variability in performance and plasticity of different genotypes towards anthropogenically induced stressors. In this field experiment we compared light-limitation stress responses and recovery of different eelgrass Zostera marina genotypes to assess the variability in phenotypic plasticity and gene expression between different genotypes. Replicated monoculture plots of 4 genotypes were subjected to a simulated turbidity period of 4 wk using shading screens, and their performance during light limitation and 4 wk of recovery was compared to non-shaded controls. In addition to growth and biomass, we investigated storage carbohydrates and quantified the expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis and control of oxidative stress. Plants showed remarkable plasticity in their stress responses and all phenotypic variables recovered to the control level within 4 wk. Depletion and subsequent restoration of sucrose levels differed among genotypes. In terms of gene expression, no consistent patterns were observed. Our study confirms that stress responses and recovery processes can vary substantially between genotypes and the results emphasize the importance of preserving regional genotypic diversity for immediate positive diversity effects and for adaptive evolution in response to global change.
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  • 13
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    Heme b quotas are low in Southern Ocean phytoplankton (2015)
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 532 . pp. 29-40.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-23
    Description: Heme is the iron-containing prosthetic group of hemoproteins, and is thus required for photosynthesis, respiration and nitrate reduction in marine phytoplankton. Here we report concentrations of heme b in Southern Ocean phytoplankton and contrast our findings with those in coastal species. The concentration of particulate heme b (pmol l-1) observed at the end of the exponential growth phase was related to the concentration of dissolved iron in the culture media. Small Southern Ocean phytoplankton species (〈6 μm in diameter) had heme b quotas 〈1 μmol mol-1 carbon, the lowest yet reported for marine phytoplankton. Heme b was also depleted in these species with respect to chlorophyll a. We calculated the amount of carbon accumulated per mole of heme b per second in our cultures (heme growth efficiency, HGE) and found that small Southern Ocean species can maintain growth rates, even while heme b content is reduced. Small Southern Ocean phytoplankton can thus produce more particulate carbon than larger Southern Ocean or small coastal species at equivalent iron concentrations. Combining primary productivity and heme b concentrations reported for the open ocean, we found that HGE in natural populations was within the range of our laboratory culture results. HGE was also observed to be higher at open ocean stations characterized by low iron concentrations. Our results suggest that low heme b quotas do not necessarily result in reduced growth and that marine phytoplankton can optimize iron use by manipulating the intracellular hemoprotein pool
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  • 14
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    Proteomic Analysis of Anti-Cancerous Scopularide Production by a Marine Microascus brevicaulis Strain and Its UV Mutant (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (10). e0140047.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The marine fungus Microascus brevicaulis strain LF580 is a non-model secondary metabolite producer with high yields of the two secondary metabolites scopularides A and B, which exhibit distinct activities against tumour cell lines. A mutant strain was obtained using UV mutagenesis, showing faster growth and differences in pellet formation besides higher production levels. Here, we show the first proteome study of a marine fungus. Comparative proteomics were applied to gain deeper understanding of the regulation of production and of the physiology of the wild type strain and its mutant. For this purpose, an optimised protein extraction protocol was established. In total, 4759 proteins were identified. The central metabolic pathway of strain LF580 was mapped using the KEGG pathway analysis and GO annotation. Employing iTRAQ labelling, 318 proteins were shown to be significantly regulated in the mutant strain: 189 were down- and 129 upregulated. Proteomics are a powerful tool for the understanding of regulatory aspects: The differences on proteome level could be attributed to limited nutrient availability in the wild type strain due to a strong pellet formation. This information can be applied for optimisation on strain and process level. The linkage between nutrient limitation and pellet formation in the non-model fungus M. brevicaulis is in consensus with the knowledge on model organisms like Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum
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  • 15
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    Long-Term Conditioning to Elevated pCO2 and Warming Influences the Fatty and Amino Acid Composition of the Diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (5). e0123945.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-13
    Description: The unabated rise in anthropogenic CO2 emissions is predicted to strongly influence the ocean's environment, increasing the mean sea-surface temperature by 4°C and causing a pH decline of 0.3 units by the year 2100. These changes are likely to affect the nutritional value of marine food sources since temperature and CO2 can influence the fatty (FA) and amino acid (AA) composition of marine primary producers. Here, essential amino (EA) and polyunsaturated fatty (PUFA) acids are of particular importance due to their nutritional value to higher trophic levels. In order to determine the interactive effects of CO2 and temperature on the nutritional quality of a primary producer, we analyzed the relative PUFA and EA composition of the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis cultured under a factorial matrix of 2 temperatures (14 and 19°C) and 3 partial pressures of CO2 (180, 380, 750 μatm) for 〉250 generations. Our results show a decay of ∼3% and ∼6% in PUFA and EA content in algae kept at a pCO2 of 750 μatm (high) compared to the 380 μatm (intermediate) CO2 treatments at 14°C. Cultures kept at 19°C displayed a ∼3% lower PUFA content under high compared to intermediate pCO2, while EA did not show differences between treatments. Algae grown at a pCO2 of 180 μatm (low) had a lower PUFA and AA content in relation to those at intermediate and high CO2 levels at 14°C, but there were no differences in EA at 19°C for any CO2 treatment. This study is the first to report adverse effects of warming and acidification on the EA of a primary producer, and corroborates previous observations of negative effects of these stressors on PUFA. Considering that only ∼20% of essential biomolecules such as PUFA (and possibly EA) are incorporated into new biomass at the next trophic level, thepotential impacts of adverse effects of ocean warming and acidification at the base of the food web may be amplified towards higher trophic levels, which rely on them as source of essential biomolecules.
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  • 16
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    Warming, but not enhanced CO2 concentration, quantitatively and qualitatively affects phytoplankton biomass (2015)
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 528 . pp. 39-51.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-12
    Description: We investigated the impacts of predicted ocean acidification and future warming on the quantity and nutritional quality of a natural phytoplankton autumn bloom in a mesocosm experiment. Since the effects of CO2-enrichment and temperature have usually been studied independently, we were also interested in the interactive effects of both aspects of climate change. Therefore, we used a factorial design with 2 temperature and 2 acidification levels in a mesocosm experiment with a Baltic Sea phytoplankton community. Our results show a significant time-dependent influence of warming on phytoplankton carbon, chlorophyll a, and particulate organic carbon. Phytoplankton carbon, for instance, decreased by more than half with increasing temperature at bloom time. Additionally, elemental carbon to phosphorus ratios (C:P) increased significantly, by approximately 5 to 8%, due to warming. Impacts of CO2 or synergetic effects of warming and acidification could not be detected. We suggest that stronger grazing pressure induced by temperature was responsible for the significant decline in phytoplankton biomass. Our results suggest that the biological effects of warming on Baltic Sea phytoplankton are considerable and will likely have fundamental consequences for trophic transfer in the pelagic food web
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  • 17
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    Warming and Ocean Acidification Effects on Phytoplankton - From Species Shifts to Size Shifts within Species in a Mesocosm Experiment (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (5). e0125239.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-13
    Description: While the isolated responses of marine phytoplankton to climate warming and to ocean acidification have been studied intensively, studies on the combined effect of both aspects of Global Change are still scarce. Therefore, we performed a mesocosm experiment with a factorial combination of temperature (9 and 15°C) and pCO2 (means: 439 ppm and 1040 ppm) with a natural autumn plankton community from the western Baltic Sea. Temporal trajectories of total biomass and of the biomass of the most important higher taxa followed similar patterns in all treatments. When averaging over the entire time course, phytoplankton biomass decreased with warming and increased with CO2 under warm conditions. The contribution of the two dominant higher phytoplankton taxa (diatoms and cryptophytes) and of the 4 most important species (3 diatoms, 1 cryptophyte) did not respond to the experimental treatments. Taxonomic composition of phytoplankton showed only responses at the level of subdominant and rare species. Phytoplankton cell sizes increased with CO2 addition and decreased with warming. Both effects were stronger for larger species. Warming effects were stronger than CO2 effects and tended to counteract each other. Phytoplankton communities without calcifying species and exposed to short-term variation of CO2 seem to be rather resistant to ocean acidification.
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  • 18
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    Lipids as a proxy for larval starvation and feeding condition in small pelagic fish: a field approach on match-mismatch effects on Baltic sprat (2015)
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 531 . pp. 277-292.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-03
    Description: Sprat Sprattus sprattus larvae were used as model organisms to evaluate whether larval lipids reflect in situ feeding conditions and can thus identify match-mismatch situations. In detail, we determined larval lipid content, growth rates based on RNA:DNA ratios, and fatty acid (FA) composition during the spawning season in the Central Baltic Sea, and evaluated these in light of feeding, mortality and recruitment (which were determined in parallel within the project ‘GLOBEC Germany’). Based on the opposing trend of RNA:DNA and lipid content, as well as on previous observations, we hypothesized that lipid content and current feeding conditions are largely uncoupled in the early life stages of sprat due to reduced lipid anabolism. However, lipids still provide information in several ways: (1) segmented generalised linear models proved to be a suitable tool for identifying phases of lipid catabolism during development, with the slope reflecting size-specific environmental starvation pressure. This method detected a previously identified mismatch situation with suitable prey in the early spawning season, which increased mortality of larger larvae. (2) Estimated starvation resistance, a proxy that accounts for temperature- and size-dependent metabolism, reflected the likelihood of near future starvation of individual larvae. (3) Principal component analyses on FAs identified monthly differences in diet composition. Biomarkers indicated a dinoflagellate and/or microbial loop based carbon flux to the larvae. (4) Regression analyses revealed lower docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in spring, but no obvious effect on growth. Food quality was generally high, and its impact on larval survival was less evident than that of prey size suitability.
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  • 19
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    The Application of DNA Barcodes for the Identification of Marine Crustaceans from the North Sea and Adjacent Regions (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    In:  PLoS ONE, 10 (9). e0139421.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: During the last years DNA barcoding has become a popular method of choice for molecular specimen identification. Here we present a comprehensive DNA barcode library of various crustacean taxa found in the North Sea, one of the most extensively studied marine regions of the world. Our data set includes 1,332 barcodes covering 205 species, including taxa of the Amphipoda, Copepoda, Decapoda, Isopoda, Thecostraca, and others. This dataset represents the most extensive DNA barcode library of the Crustacea in terms of species number to date. By using the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD), unique BINs were identified for 198 (96.6%) of the analyzed species. Six species were characterized by two BINs (2.9%), and three BINs were found for the amphipod species Gammarus salinus Spooner, 1947 (0.4%). Intraspecific distances with values higher than 2.2% were revealed for 13 species (6.3%). Exceptionally high distances of up to 14.87% between two distinct but monophyletic clusters were found for the parasitic copepod Caligus elongatus Nordmann, 1832, supporting the results of previous studies that indicated the existence of an overlooked sea louse species. In contrast to these high distances, haplotype-sharing was observed for two decapod spider crab species, Macropodia parva Van Noort & Adema, 1985 and Macropodia rostrata (Linnaeus, 1761), underlining the need for a taxonomic revision of both species. Summarizing the results, our study confirms the application of DNA barcodes as highly effective identification system for the analyzed marine crustaceans of the North Sea and represents an important milestone for modern biodiversity assessment studies using barcode sequences
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  • 20
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    Benthic O2 uptake of two cold-water coral communities estimated with the non-invasive eddy-correlation technique (2015)
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 525 . pp. 97-104.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-25
    Description: The community respiration of 2 tidally dominated cold-water coral (CWC) sites was estimated using the non-invasive eddy correlation (EC) technique. The first site, Mingulay Reef Complex, was a rock ridge located in the Sea of Hebrides off Scotland at a depth of 128 m and the second site, Stjernsund, was a channel-like sound in Northern Norway at a depth of 220 m. Both sites were characterized by the presence of live mounds of the reef framework-forming scleractinian Lophelia pertusa and reef-associated fauna such as sponges, crustaceans and other corals. The measured O2 uptake at the 2 sites varied between 5 and 46 mmol m–2 d–1, mainly depending on the ambient flow characteristics. The average uptake rate estimated from the ~24 h long deployments amounted to 27.8 ± 2.3 mmol m–2 d–1 at Mingulay and 24.8 ± 2.6 mmol m–2 d–1 at Stjernsund (mean ± SE). These rates are 4 to 5 times higher than the global mean for soft sediment communities at comparable depths. The measurements document the importance of CWC communities for local and regional carbon cycling and demonstrate that the EC technique is a valuable tool for assessing rates of benthic O2 uptake in such complex and dynamic settings.
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  • 21
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    Organic matter partitioning and stoichiometry in response to rising water temperature and copepod grazing (2015)
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 522 . pp. 49-65.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-13
    Description: Rising ocean temperature is expected to change the balance between production and degradation of organic matter due to different temperature sensitivities of auto- and heterotrophic processes. Copepods are the most prominent zooplankton group, and elevated temperature increases their growth and grazing rates. So far, it is unknown to what extent copepods affect the partitioning and stoichiometry of organic matter in a warmer surface ocean. We therefore conducted a mesocosm experiment with 3 copepod densities and 2 temperature scenarios to determine effects on the pools of dissolved and particulate organic matter and their C:N:P ratios. Here we show that particulate organic C (POC) concentrations decreased with increasing copepod abundance. This effect was more pronounced at elevated temperature, yielding a decrease in the POC to particulate nitrogen ratio (POC:PN) from 26 to 13 and in the POC:particulate organic phosphorus (POP) ratio from 567 to 257, from low to high copepod density. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) accumulation was positively affected by temperature. However, increasing copepod abundance decreased the accumulation of DOC at elevated temperature. Copepod grazing and egestion enhanced the recycling of N and P, thereby increasing the availability of these nutrients for autotrophs. In concert with temperature-induced shifts in the phytoplankton community composition and size, changes in copepod abundance may therefore have contributed to altering the elemental composition of seston. Our findings suggest combined effects of zooplankton grazing and temperature on the composition and recycling of organic matter that should be taken into account when simulating biogeochemical cycles in a future ocean.
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  • 22
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    Chemical versus structural defense against fish predation in two dominant soft coral species (Xeniidae) in the Red Sea (2015)
    Inter Research
    In:  Aquatic Biology, 23 . pp. 129-137.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Soft corals of the family Xeniidae are particularly abundant in Red Sea coral reefs. Their success may be partly due to a strong defense mechanism against fish predation. To test this, we conducted field and aquarium experiments in which we assessed the antifeeding effect of secondary metabolites of 2 common xeniid species, Ovabunda crenata and Heteroxenia ghardaqensis. In the field experiment, the metabolites of both investigated species reduced feeding on experimental food pellets in the natural population of Red Sea reef fishes by 86 and 92% for O. crenata and H. ghardaqensis, respectively. In the aquarium experiment, natural concentration of crude extract reduced feeding on experimental food pellets in the common reef fish Thalassoma lunare (moon wrasse) by 83 and 85%, respectively. Moon wrasse feeding was even reduced at extract concentrations as low as 12.5% of the natural concentration in living soft coral tissues. To assess the potential of a structural anti-feeding defence, sclerites of O. crenata were extracted and mixed into food pellets at natural, doubled and reduced concentration without and in combination with crude extract at 25% of natural concentration, and tested in an aquarium experiment. The sclerites did not show any effect on the feeding behavior of the moon wrasse indicating that sclerites provide structural support rather than antifeeding defense. H. ghardaqensis lacks sclerites. We conclude that the conspicuous abundance of xeniid soft coral species in the Red Sea is likely a consequence of a strong chemical defence, rather than physical defences, against potential predators.
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  • 23
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    Aerobic Microbial Respiration In Oceanic Oxygen Minimum Zones (2015)
    Public Library of Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Oxygen minimum zones are major sites of fixed nitrogen loss in the ocean. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of anaerobic ammonium oxidation, anammox, in pelagic nitrogen removal. Sources of ammonium for the anammox reaction, however, remain controversial, as heterotrophic denitrification and alternative anaerobic pathways of organic matter remineralization cannot account for the ammonium requirements of reported anammox rates. Here, we explore the significance of microaerobic respiration as a source of ammonium during organic matter degradation in the oxygen-deficient waters off Namibia and Peru. Experiments with additions of double-labelled oxygen revealed high aerobic activity in the upper OMZs, likely controlled by surface organic matter export. Consistently observed oxygen consumption in samples retrieved throughout the lower OMZs hints at efficient exploitation of vertically and laterally advected, oxygenated waters in this zone by aerobic microorganisms. In accordance, metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses identified genes encoding for aerobic terminal oxidases and demonstrated their expression by diverse microbial communities, even in virtually anoxic waters. Our results suggest that microaerobic respiration is a major mode of organic matter remineralization and source of ammonium (~45-100%) in the upper oxygen minimum zones, and reconcile hitherto observed mismatches between ammonium producing and consuming processes therein.
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  • 24
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    Mapping and modeling eelgrass Zostera marina distribution in the western Baltic Sea (2015)
    Inter Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-30
    Description: In the northern hemisphere, eelgrass Zostera marina L. is the most important and widespread seagrass species. Despite its ecological importance, baseline data on eelgrass distribution and abundance are mostly absent, particularly in subtidal areas with relatively turbid waters. Here, we report a combined approach of vegetation mapping in the Baltic Sea coupled to a species distribution model (SDM). Eelgrass cover was mapped continuously in the summers of 2010 and 2011 with an underwater towed camera along ~400 km of seafloor. Eelgrass populated 80% of the study region and occurred at water depths between 0.6 and 7.6 m at sheltered to moderately exposed coasts. Mean patch length was 128.6 m but was higher at sheltered locations, with a maximum of 〉2000 m. The video observations (n = 7824) were used as empiric input to the SDMs. Using generalized additive models, 3 predictor variables (depth, wave exposure, and slope), which were selected based on Akaike’s information criterion, were sufficient to predict eelgrass presence/absence. Along with a very good overall discriminative ability (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve ROC/AUC = 0.82), depth (as a proxy for light), wave exposure, and slope contributed 66, 29, and 5%, respectively, to the final model. The estimated total areal extent of eelgrass in the study region amounts to 140.5 km2 and comprises about 11.5% of all known Baltic seagrass beds. The present work is, to the best of our knowledge, the largest study undertaken to date on vegetation mapping and the first to assess distribution of eelgrass quantitatively in the western Baltic Sea.
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  • 25
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    Der EEG-Fonds. Ein ergänzender Finanzierungsmechanismus für erneuerbare Energien und Vorbild zukünftiger Infrastrukturfinanzierung? (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Study
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 26
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    Gestion des ressources en faveur des pauvres dans un contexte de changements climatiques. Aborder les vulnerabilités en régions rurales du Bangladesh, en Bolivie, au Brésil, au Burkina Faso, en Équateur et en Inde (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Study
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Language: French
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 27
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    Knowledge for Change. Our Thematic Priorities (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Brochure
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Language: German
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 28
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    Secure and Sustainable Power Generation in a Water-Constrained World. Policy Paper on the occasion of the South African International Renewable Energy Conference (SAIREC), Cape Town, October 4th – 7th 2015 (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Opinion
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 29
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    The European Transdisciplinary Assessment of Climate Engineering (EuTRACE). Executive Summary of the EuTRACE Report (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
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    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 30
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    The European Transdisciplinary Assessment of Climate Engineering (EuTRACE): Removing Greenhouse Gases from the Atmosphere and Reflecting Sunlight away from Earth. Final Report of the FP7 CSA project EuTRACE. Funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme under Grant Agreement 306993. (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 31
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    Gobernanza de los Recursos Naturales a favor de la Población Pobre en el contexto del Cambio Climático. Abordando vulnerabilidades en las zonas rurales de Bangladés, Bolivia, Brasil, Burkina Faso, Ecuador e India (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Study
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Language: Spanish
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 32
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    LAB2: Different Urbanisations. Critical Dialogues Series: the New Urban Agenda 'on the ground'. [Video Documentation] (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Language: English
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  • 33
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    Climate Engineering Conference 2014: Critical Global Discussions. Conference Report (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Report
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 34
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    Pro-poor Resource Governance under Changing Climates. Addressing vulnerabilities in rural Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Ecuador and India (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Study
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 35
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    The Innovation Fund as a Complementary Financing Model for Renewables (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Policy Brief
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: In Germany, the costs of renewable energies are financed through a surcharge on the price of electricity. Much speaks for the adoption of a more broad-based approach to financing. The energy transition is a strategic project involving the whole of society and public funding should accordingly be made available.
    Language: English
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  • 36
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    Long-term climate goals. Decarbonisation, carbon neutrality,and climate neutrality (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Brochure
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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  • 37
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    Der EEG-Fonds als ergänzendes Finanzierungsmodell für erneuerbare Energien (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Policy Brief
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: Derzeit werden die Kosten erneuerbarer Energien durch eine Umlage auf den Strompreis finanziert. Eine Reihe von Gründen sprechen jedoch für eine breitere Finanzierungsbasis. Die Energiewende ist ein gesellschaftliches Zukunftsprojekt, für das zusätzliche öffentliche Mittel bereitgestellt werden sollten.
    Language: German
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  • 38
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    Schiefergas und Fracking in Europa (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Fact Sheet
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: Große Schiefergas-Lagerstätten finden sich in Frankreich, Deutschland, Polen, Rumänien und Großbritannien. Doch wie viel Gas dort überhaupt gefördert werden kann, ist längst noch nicht geklärt. Schiefergas könnte Europa Vorteile verschaffen, die Förderung birgt aber auch erhebliche Umweltrisiken.
    Language: German
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  • 39
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    The Potential of Multi-Level Global Climate Governance (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Policy Brief
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: The focus of climate policy is shifting towards local and regional contributions as well as initiatives by different actors and economic sectors, such as transport and traffic engineering. How can multi-level governance approaches be leveraged to enhance climate governance?
    Language: English
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  • 40
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    Theater als politische Öffentlichkeit. Begriff, Aspekte und eine Fallstudie (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Dissertation
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Language: German
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 41
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    LAB2: Different Urbanisations. Critical Dialogues Series: the New Urban Agenda 'on the ground' (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Brochure
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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  • 42
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    Bürgerbeteiligung für die Energiewende in Berlin. Stellungnahme auf Einladung der Enquete-Kommission "Neue Energie für Berlin", Mai 2015 (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Opinion
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Language: German
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  • 43
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    Ground-Level Ozone - A Neglected Problem (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Policy Brief
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: The risks posed by ozone are largely absent in public debate. Ozone concentrations frequently exceed official limits in nearly every region in Europe and reach hazardous levels. This has negative consequences for human health and the environment.
    Language: English
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  • 44
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    Bodennahes Ozon - das unterschätzte Problem (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Policy Brief
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: Ozon ist als Umweltthema weitgehend aus der öffentlichen Debatte verschwunden. Dabei ist die Ozonkonzentration in der Atemluft immer noch zu hoch, die empfohlenen Werte werden in fast allen europäischen Ländern überschritten. Und das hat Folgen für unsere Gesundheit und die Umwelt.
    Language: German
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  • 45
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    Paradise reloaded? Die Schöpfung im Anthropozän. Dokumentation eines Kommunikationsprojektes zu Natur und Kultur rund um Joseph Haydns 'Die Schöpfung' (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Brochure
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    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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  • 46
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    The Innovation Fund: A Complementary Financing Mechanism for Renewables and a Model for Future Infrastructure Financing? (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Study
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    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
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  • 47
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    Market integration and the development of wind power cooperatives in Denmark. Lessons learned for Germany (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
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    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
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  • 48
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    A Clear View for Kathmandu. Improving Air Quality in the Kathmandu Valley (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
    In:  IASS Brochure
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    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
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  • 49
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    Kommentar zum Grünbuch „Ein Strommarkt für die Energiewende“ (2015)
    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)
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    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Language: German
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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