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  • Angiosperms  (62)
  • Immunocytochemistry  (37)
  • Drosophila  (31)
  • Springer  (130)
  • Cell Press
  • 1985-1989  (130)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1986  (130)
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  • 1985-1989  (130)
  • 1980-1984
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymorphisms in the genomic distribution of copia-like elements in related laboratory stocks ofDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 24 (1986), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Transposons ; Polymorphism ; Drosophila ; Southern technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genomic distributions of the copia, 297, 412, mdg 1, and B 104 transposable elements have been compared by the Southern technique among two Oregon R and four Canton SDrosophila laboratory lines that have been maintained separately for defined periods of a few years. The heterogeneity of the autoradiographic patterns suggests that multiple transposition events have occurred during the time of separation. The hypothesis that transposition could be induced by, variations of environmental parameters is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02099954
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Segmental organisation of the head in the embryo of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 359-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Blastoderm fate map ; Head segmentation ; Larval cuticle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Embryos of Drosophila melanogaster were irradiated in the presumptive head region with a UV-laser microbeam of 20 μm diameter at two developmental stages, the cellular blastoderm and the extended germ band. The ensuing defects were scored in the cuticle pattern of the head of the first-instar larva, which is described in detail in this paper. The defects caused by irradiating germ band embryos when morphologically recognisable lobes appear in the head region were used to establish the segmental origin of various head structures. This information enabled us to translate the spatial distribution of blastoderm defects into a fate map of segment anlagen. The gnathal segments derive from a region of the blastoderm between 60% and 70% egg length (EL) dorsally and 60% and 80% ventrally. The area anterior to the mandibular anlage and posterior to the stomodaeum is occupied by the small anlagen of the intercalary and antennal segments ventrally and dorsally, respectively. The labrum, which originates from a paired anlage dorsally at 90% EL, is separated from the remaining head segments by an area for which we did not observe cuticle defects following blastoderm irradiation, presumably because those cells give rise to the brain. The dorsal and lateral parts of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton appear to be the only cuticle derivatives of the non-segmental acron. These structures derive from a dorso-lateral area just behind the putative brain anlage and may overlap the latter. In addition to the segment anlagen, the regions of the presumptive dorsal pouch, anterior lobe and post-oral epithelium, whose morphogenetic movements during head involution result in the characteristic acephalic appearance of the larva, have been projected onto the blastoderm fate map. The results suggest that initially the head of the Drosophila embryo does not differ substantially from the generalised insect head as judged by comparison of fate map and segmental organisation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402870
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lineage analysis of transplanted individual cells in embryos of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 489-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Pole cells and midgut progenitors ; Cell lineages ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this paper experiments concerning some aspects of the development of pole cells and midgut progenitors in Drosophila are reported. Cells were labelled by injecting horseradish-peroxidase (HRP) in embryos before pole bud formation and transplanted at different stages into unlabelled embryos, where the transplanted cells developed together with the unlabelled cells of the host. The hosts were then fixed and stained at different ages in order to demonstrate the presence of HRP in the progenies of transplanted cells. The main conlusions of the study are as follows. The gonads are the only organ to the formation of which pole cells normally contribute; those pole cells which do not participate in the formation of the gonads are finally eliminated or degenerate. Since the number of primordial germ cells in the gonads is the same irrespective of the number of pole cells present in the embryo, an (unknown) mechanism must exist regulating the final number of pole cells in each of the gonads. After their formation and before reaching the gonads, pole cells have been found to divide only up to two times. With respect to the midgut progenitors, the cells of both anlagen have been found to be committed to develop into midgut, although they behave as equivalent in that they do not apparently distinguish between the anterior and posterior anlage. Midgut progenitors have been found to divide a maximum of three times and to produce two different types of cells, epithelial cells of the midgut wall and spindle-like cells located internally in the gut.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375889
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dominance for enzyme activity inDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 191-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; enzyme ; sn-glycerol-3-phosphate ; dehydrogenase ; dominance ; trans, regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A regulatory element tightly linked to theGpdh locus inDrosophila melanogaster has been isolated from a natural population. Flies homozygous for second chromosomes bearing the element,H31, have half the GPDH activity of normal homozygotes. Heterozygotes betweenH31 andF orS alleles exhibit dominance in GPDH activity. Heterozygotes betweenH31, F orS andDf(2L) GdhA have half the diploid level. The contribution of theS allele to the activity inS/H31 heterozygotes is more than four times that ofH31. The regulatory element distinguishingH31 is tightly linked to theGpdh + locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01952463
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pupation-temperature range in 12Drosophila species from different ecological backgrounds (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 600-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; temperature-effects ; pupation ; mating ; oviposition ; adaptive strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A comparison of pupation-temperature range was made in the laboratory on a temperature gradient (3–38°C) using 12 species ofDrosophila representing four species groups and four different ecological backgrounds (temperate-montane forest:virilis group; desert;repleta group; cosmopolitan:melanogaster group; tropical forest:willistoni group). Within groups, differences are found which usually reflect species' distributions. Comparisons of species' mating-, oviposition- and pupation-temperature ranges reveal that pupation most-often occurs at temperatures beyond those for mating and oviposition. Each species reflects a different combination of temperature effects. Individual species have different temperature-limits for mating, oviposition and pupation. Temperatures permissive for one response are not predictive of limits on other responses. Among species, temperature can affect a particular response differently. Within groups, species differences can be at high and/or low temperatures for any response, and temperature effects among closely related species can manifest themselves in one, or any combination of responses. One cannot predict which responses will be most and least limited, or at which end of the temperature scale a response will be most limited. Among groups,common, but notabsolute temperature ranges generally correspond to the geographic distributions and ecological backgrounds of the species triads. The evaluation of temperature effects on species, based on a single activity, may not be adequate for predicting adaptive strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01955553
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clonal analysis of the blastoderm anlage of the Malpighian tubules in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 22-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Cell lineage ; Malpighian tubules ; Compartments ; Cell death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetically marked maroon-like (mal) clones were induced by mitotic recombination with X-rays at the blastoderm stage in mal/mal + heterozygotes and were analysed in differentiated Malpighian tubules (MT). Marked cells were not confined to single anterior (MA) or posterior (MP) tubules, but were distributed among the four tubules. About 70% of the clones with two or more cells were fragmented, i.e. mal cells were separated by wild-type cells. Since the clones contain, on average, 6 cells and the differentiated MT consist of 484 cells (2 × 136 MA cells, 2 × 106 MP cells), we estimate that there are about 80 cells in the blastoderm anlage which on average pass through two to three mitoses. With increasing radiation doses (254 R, 635 R, 1270 R) a linear increase in clone frequency is observed. The mean sizes and size distributions of clones, however, remain unchanged. Since the increasing radiation dose also results in fewer differentiated Malpighi cells, we assume that regeneration does not occur. Therefore, size distributions of marked clones presumably represent real mitotic patterns in normogenesis. We suggest that essentially three successive mitoses take place, with a decreasing fraction of cells showing mitotic activity. Only a small fraction of cells goes through a fourth or even a fifth mitosis. Marked non-Minute clones induced in Minute heterozygotes are more frequent, but are not larger than non-Minute clones in wild-type background. Therefore, compartment boundaries cannot be recognized by this method. However, frequencies of marked cells found simultaneously in MA and MP pairs or in several single tubules of the same individuals are significantly higher than frequencies of multiple recombination events predicted by the Poisson distribution. From this, we conclude that neither the MA pair nor the MP pair nor single tubules represent compartments of the MT anlage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00444038
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lineage analysis of transplanted individual cells in embryos of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 389-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell lineage ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila ; Cell marking ; Cell transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A method is presented which allows the study of the progeny of single cells during Drosophila embryogenesis. Cells from various larval anlagen of donor embryos labelled with a lineage tracer are individually transplanted from defined positions into similar, or different, positions in unlabelled hosts. The clones produced by these cells can be seen in whole mounts or in sections of fixed material, when using a histochemical marker (i.e. HRP), and/or in living embryos, when using fluorescent lineage tracers. The characteristics of the clones disclose lineage parameters, such as division patterns, morphogenetic movements and differentiation. The method is especially useful for testing the respective roles of positional information and cell lineage on the commitment of progenitor cells by transplanting these cells into heterotopic positions or into hosts of different genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402872
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental genetics of a P element induced allele of suppressor-of-forked in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 334-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Suppression ; P elements ; Lethality ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this paper we describe a new allele of suppressor of forked, su(f) hd37, referred to as hd37, which was isolated in a hybrid dysgenesis mutation screen and is shown to be P induced by its high frequency of reversion in hybrid dysgenic crosses, and by in situ hybridization. hd37 suppresses forked and fails to complement the forked suppression of known su(f) alleles. However, it complements the recessive lethality of alleles in both of the su(f) lethal complementation groups. We also describe a new phenotypic effect of su(f) alleles, the enhancement of Minute(3)i 55. Recessive lethal alleles enhance the lethal effects of this Minute, but hd37 does not. The temperature sensitive period for forked bristle suppression by hd37 was found to be very narrow, consisting of a short interval (12–18 h) immediately before bristle formation. These results suggest that the several genetic functions associated with this locus may be genetically separable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376066
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The peripheral nervous system of mutants of early neurogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 210-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Peripheral nervous system ; Neurogenesis ; Mutants ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutations previously known to affect early neurogenesis inDrosophila melanogaster have been found also to affect the development of the peripheral nervous system. Anti-HRP antibody staining has shown that larval epidermal sensilla of homozygous mutant embryos occur in increased numbers, which depend on the allele considered. This increase is apparently due to the development into sensory organs of cells which in the wild-type would have developed as non-sensory epidermis. Thus, neurogenic genes act whenever developing cells have to decide between neurogenic and epidermogenic fates, both in central and peripheral nervous systems. Different regions of the ectodermal germ layer are distinguished with respect to their neurogenic abilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02438953
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maternal-effect mutations altering the anterior-posterior pattern of the Drosophila embryo (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 302-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Maternal effect Mutations ; Pattern formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutations in seven different maternal-effect loci on the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster all cause alterations in the anterior-posterior pattern of the embryo. Mutations in torso (tor) and trunk (trk) delete the anterior- and posterior-most structures of the embryo. At the same time they shift cellular fates which are normally found in the subterminal regions of the embryo towards the poles. Mutations in vasa (vas), valois (vls), staufen (stau) and tudor (tud) cause two embryonic defects. For one they result in absence of polar plasm, polar granules and pole cells in all eggs produced by mutant females. Secondly, embryos developing inside such eggs show deletions of abdominal segments. In addition, embryos derived from staufen mothers lack anterior head structures, embryos derived from valois mothers frequently fail to cellularize properly. Mutations in exuperantia (exu) cause deletions of anterior head structures, similar to torso, trunk and staufen. However in exu, these head structures are replaced by an inverted posterior end which comprises posterior midgut, proctodeal region, and often malpighian tubules. The effects of all mutations can be traced back to the beginning stages of gastrulation, indicating that the alterations in cellular fates have probably taken place by that time. Analysis of embryos derived from double mutant mothers suggests that these three phenotypic groups of mutants interfere with three different, independent pathways. All three pathways seem to act additively on the system which specifies anterior-posterior cellular fates within the egg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376063
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extra tarsal joints and abnormal cuticular polarities in various mutants ofDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 145-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Cell polarity ; Limb development ; Pattern formation ; Bristle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The legs of flies from 16 different mutant strains ofDrosophila melanogaster were examined for abnormal cuticular polarities and extra joints. The strains were chosen for study because they manifest abnormal cuticular polarities in some parts of the body (10 strains) or because they have missing or defective tarsal joints (6 strains). All but three of the stocks were found to exhibit misorientations of either the bristles, hairs, or “bract-socket vectors” on the legs. The latter term denotes an imaginary vector pointing from a hairlike structure called a “bract” to the bristle socket with which it is associated. On the legs of wild-type flies nearly all such vectors point distally, as do the bristles and hairs. In the mutant flies, the most common vector misorientation is a 180° reversal. When the bract-socket vectors of adjacent bristle sites in the same bristle row point toward one another, the distance between the sites is frequently abnormally large, whereas when the vectors point in opposite directions, the interval is frequently abnormally small. This correlation is interpreted to mean that bristle cells actively repel one another via cytoplasmic extensions that are longer in the direction of the bract-socket vector than in the opposite direction. Repulsive forces of this kind may be responsible for “fine-tuning” the regularity of bristle spacing in wild-type flies. Extra tarsal joints were found in eight of the 16 strains. A ninth strain completely lacking tarsal joints appears in some cases to have an extra tibia-basitarsus joint in its tibia. Whereas the tarsi of wild-type flies contain four joints, the tarsi ofspiny legs mutant flies contain as many as eight joints. In this extreme extra-joint phenotype, four of the joints correspond to the normal wild-type joints, and there is an extra joint in every tarsal segment except the distal-most (fifth) segment. Nearly all such ectopic extra joints have inverted polarity. In other strains the extra tarsal joints are located mainly at the wild-type joint sites, and joints of this sort have wild-type polarity. The alternation of normal and inverted (extra) joints inspiny legs resembles the alternation of normal and inverted (extra) body segment boundaries in the embryonic-lethal mutantpatch, suggesting that tarsal and body segmentation may share a common patterning mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02439432
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The sense organs in theDrosophila larva and their relation to the embryonic pattern of sensory neurons (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 222-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Sense organs ; Drosophila ; Pattern formation ; Peripheral nervous system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Various types of sense organs are arranged in a highly reproducible pattern on the thoracic and abdominal segments ofDrosophila embryos and larvae. We describe this pattern and identify the neurons that innervate each sense organ. This identification is confirmed by the analysis of partial deficiencies for the scute region, which delete specifically some of the sense organs and their innervating neurons. Since our description of the sense organs accounts for all the sensory neurons that have been identified in the embryo, we believe that this description is accurate and complete, except in the terminal segment, where some sense organs remain to be identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02438954
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lineage analysis of transplanted individual cells in embryos of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 195 (1986), S. 445-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Neural and epidermal cell lineages ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Some aspects of neural and epidermal cell lineages during embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster were studied by transplanting horseradish-peroxidase-(HRP-) labelled ectodermal cells from young gastrula donors into host embryos of similar ages. Heterotopic transplantations permitted us to assess the degree of commitment already attained by the transplanted cells. The resulting cell clones showed normal characteristics of cytodifferentiation and cell number. The results indicate that epidermal progenitors perform a maximum of three mitoses during embryonic development, whereas neuroblasts may perform more than ten mitoses. Clone size distribution is in both cases scattered, suggesting either a rather irregular mitotic pattern or cell death. As indicated by heterotopic transplantations, the neurogenic ectoderm for the ventral nervous system exhibits different neurogenic abilities in its different regions, decreasing from medial to lateral; we discuss the hypothesis that some medially located cells of the young gastrulating embryo could be committed towards the neural fate before segregating from the ectoderm. On the other hand, the cells of the dorsal ectodermal regions at the same stage seem to be indifferent with respect to commitment, for they are able to give rise to central neural lineages following their transplantation in the neurogenic region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375748
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An interpretation of some bristle pattern modifications caused by directional selection inDrosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 846-848 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Drosophila ; bristles ; phenotype ; directional selection ; chaetogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The variations of the dorsocentral and scutellar bristle patterns founded in two bidirectionaly selected lines are discussed in terms of the Richelle and Ghysen model. The phenotype obtained through selection for bristle suppression can be accounted for by a decrease in chaetogen production. Extra bristles can be accounted for by an alteration of the response of the cells to positional information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01941549
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunochemical studies on xanthine dehydrogenase of soybean root nodules (1986)
    Springer
    Planta 167 (1986), S. 190-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Glycine (xanthine dehydrogenase) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Polyclonal antibody ; Root nodule ; Xanthine dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, EC 1.2.1.37) was purified from root nodules of soybean (Glycine max) and used to prepare a polyclonal rabbit antiserum. Monospecificity of this antiserum was ascertained by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipate. During root nodule development of soybean, only one form of XDH was detected on an immunological basis. Titration of XDH by immunoelectrophoresis showed that a remarkable increase in the amount of XDH occurred between two and four weeks after inoculation, in parallel with the increase in enzyme activity. Localization of XDH by immunofluorescence indicated that the enzyme was present exclusively in uninfected cells where it appeared to be associated with discrete organellels
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391414
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yeast communities from host plants and associated Drosophila in southern arizona: new isolations and analysis of the relative importance of hosts and vectors on comunity composition (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 70 (1986), S. 386-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Yeast ; Drosophila ; Host plants ; Communities ; Vectors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yeast communities from slime fluxes of three deciduous trees (Prosopis juliflora, Populus fremontii and Quercus emoryi) and the necroses of two cacti (Opuntia phaeacantha and Carnegiea gigantea) were surveyed in the region of Tucson, Arizona. In addition, the yeasts carried by dipterans associated with the fluxes or necroses (Drosophila carbonaria, D. brooksae, D. nigrospiracula, D. mettleri, and Aulacigaster leucopeza) were sampled. The results indicate that each host sampled had a distinct community of yeasts associated with it. The dipterans, which can act as vectors of the yeasts, deposited yeasts from other sources in addition to those found on their associated hosts. It is argued that host plant physiology is relatively more important than the activity of the vector in determining yeast community composition. Furthermore, the average number of yeast species per flux or necrosis is not different from the average number of yeast species per fly. It is hypothesized that the vector may affect the number of species per individual flux or not, and that the number is lower than the rot or necrosis could potentially support.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379501
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extracellular protein fibrils in Chrysochromulina breviturrita (Prymnesiophyceae) and their serological relationship to fungal fimbriae (1986)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 146 (1986), S. 207-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Extracellular proteins ; Surface fibrils ; Algae-fungi-Chrysochromulina ; Immunocytochemistry ; Agglutination ; Fimoriae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An extensive network of extracellular fibrils was revealed by negative staining in the greenish gold algal flagellate, Chrysochromulina breviturrita. These fibrils were of uniform diameter (4–5 nm), sometimes exceeding 5 μm in length. In addition there were short, narrower fibrils (2–3 nm) on the surface of the flagella. Six protein bands were isolated from spent culture medium by SDS-PAGE and one of 80,000 Da was found to polymerize after dialysis into 4–5 nm fibrils identical to those found on the cell surface. Two other proteins of 58,000 Da and 65,000 Da also formed 4–5 nm fibrils but these were either rare or of a shorter length and different appearance. An antiserum directed against the surface 7 nm fibrils (fimbriae) of fungi agglutinated cells of C. breviturrita and some other Prymnesiophyceae and Chrysophyceae, but did not agglutinate cells of algal species in other groups. Immunofluorescence and protein A gold labelling confirmed that antigens related to fungal fimbriae were present on the surface of cells of C. breviturrita. Only the 80,000 and 58,000 Da proteins labelled heavily following protein A gold labelling. Some individual 4–5 nm fibrils labelled with gold were observed in the material prepared from the 80,000 Da band. These results therefore establish that C. breviturrita produces a surface network of fibrils that are serologically related to the fimbriae of fungi, and suggest a previously unrecognized relationship between members of the Prymnesiophyceae, Chrysophyceae and fungal groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403218
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and developmental characterization of the aldox-2 locus of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 683-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; aldox-2 ; molybdoenzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aldox-2 locus in Drosophila melanogaster has been shown to affect differentially three molybdoenzymes, aldehyde oxidase, pyridoxal oxidase, and xanthine dehydrogenase. These effects are most obvious at times surrounding the pupal-adult boundary, when the normal organism accumulates large amounts of these enzymes in their active form. This locus has been more precisely mapped genetically to 2–82.9±2.1, with complete concordance between the effects of all recombinant chromosomes on all three enzymes. The cytogenetic location has also been determined to be between 52E and 54E8, with the likelihood that it lies within the region 54B1-54E8. The aldox-2 mutant allele has no visible phenotype and is completely recessive for enzyme effects at all stages tested. Segmental duplication of this region, including the aldox-2 + allele, has no apparent effect on the visible phenotype or the enzymatic activity. The mutant aldox-2 allele has no effect on the developmental expression of two unrelated enzymes, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. The effects of this locus on aldehyde oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and pyridoxal oxidase suggest that this locus may code for a product involved in the synthesis of the molybdenum cofactor common to these enzymes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499002
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of Aldox n alleles isolated from natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 291-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; aldehyde oxidase ; gene dosage ; Aldox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Aldox “null” alleles which were isolated from natural populations in Great Britain and North Carolina were analyzed for complementation. No complementation was observed between any combinations of “null” alleles for aldehyde oxidase (AO) specific activity in late third-instar larvae and newly emerged adults. AO immunologically cross-reacting material (AO-CRM) was quantitated in all homozygous stocks at both developmental stages as well as all allelic combinations in newly emerged adults. When the adult organism contains only Aldox n alleles, the polypeptides are not immunologically recognizable or may be rapidly degraded. Larvae and adults have different abilities to degrade mutationally altered enzymatically inactive AO polypeptide or synthesize them differentially. This is indicated by easily measurable AO-CRM levels in late third-instar larvae of Aldox n homozygotes, while newly emerged adult Aldox n homozygotes have very little, if any, AO-CRM. Newly emerged adult heterozygotes of Aldox n /Aldox + do have increased AO-CRM, indicating that the Aldox n alleles can code for a polypeptide which can be “rescued” if Aldox + gene product is present. Heterozygotes containing an Aldox + allele with a deficiency for the Aldox region produce 74.2% of the AO-CRM found in Aldox + homozygotes. This may indicate the presence of trans-acting factors which serve to activate gene expression in a system in which each gene copy is not maximally expressed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00502796
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    The effect of temperature on biochemical and molecular properties ofDrosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 873-889 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; temperature ; adaptation ; enzyme polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The gene products of the two major alleles of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-F and ADH-S) have been subjected to kinetic and biochemical analyses over a range of temperatures. Although temperature was found to have a significant effect on both kinetic and biochemical properties ofDrosophila ADH, no significant differential effect was observed between the major ADH allozymes. The results are discussed within the context of the selective maintenance ofAdh polymorphism in natural populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00554526
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    sn-glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase and alcohol tolerance inDrosophila melanogaster larvae (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 859-872 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Drosophila ; alcohol tolerance ; glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase (GPO; EC 1.1.99.5) in the variation of ethanol tolerance inDrosophila melanogaster was assessed in isofemale lines derived from individuals collected at the Chateau Tahbilk Winery and Wandin North Orchard of Victoria, Australia. When fed an undefined medium (semolina-treacle) with 6% ethanol (v/v), larvae of lines with high GPO activities survived better than did larvae of lines with low GPO activities. Although GPO was induced to higher activity levels by dietary ethanol in larvae of all the test lines, GPO activity was greater in lines representing the area outside the wine cellar. This implied that the cellar environment selected against individuals with high levels of GPO. These data do not explain the established difference in tolerance between cellar and outside populations. The GPO activities of lines were not dependent upon the activities of the lipogenic enzyme, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; the major ethanol-degrading enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase; or the citric acid cycle enzyme, fumarase. Thus, GPO activity is an important component of the metabolic mechanism of ethanol tolerance in larvae, but the mode of action of GPO has not been defined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00554525
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    Coadaptation ofDrosophila and yeasts in their natural habitat (1986)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1037-1055 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; yeasts ; cactus ; community ecology ; mutualism ; coadaptation ; evolution ; alkaloids ; fatty acids ; sterols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The mutualistic interactions of cactophilicDrosophila and their associated yeasts in the Sonoran Desert are studied as a system which has evolved within the framework of their host cactus stem chemistry. Because theDrosophila-yeast system is saphrophytic, their responses are not thought to directly influence the evolution of the host. Host cactus stem chemistry appears to play an important role in determining where cactophilicDrosophila breed and feed. Several chemicals have been identified as being important. These include sterols and alkaloids of senita as well as fatty acids and sterol diols of agria and organpipe cactus. Cactus chemistry appears to have a limited role in directly determining the distribution of cactus-specific yeasts. Those effects which are known are due to unusual lipids of organpipe cactus and triterpene glycosides of agria and organpipe cactus.Drosophilayeast interactions are viewed as mutualistic and can take the form of (1) benefits to theDrosophila by either direct nutritional gains or by detoxification of harmful chemicals produced during decay of the host stem tissue and (2) benefits to the yeast in the form of increased likelihood of transmission to new habitats. Experiments on yeast-yeast interactions in decaying agria cactus provide evidence that the yeast community is coadapted. This coadaptation among yeasts occurs in two manners: (1) mutualistic increases in growth rates (which are independent of the presence ofDrosophila larvae) and (2) stabilizing competitive interactions when growth reaches carrying capacity. This latter form is dependent on larval activity and results in benefits to the larvae present. In this sense, the coadapted yeast community is probably also coadapted with respect to itsDrosophila vector.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01638995
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    Habitat choice byDrosophila pseudoobscura: The roles of genotype and of experience (1986)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 16 (1986), S. 271-279 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; habitat choice ; learning ; experience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Microhabitat preferences ofDrosophila pseudoobscura strains were examined in a Waddington maze, with an emphasis on learning how early environment affected adult habitat choice. The genotypes were roughly those expected in a natural population; the environmental variables included light, temperature, and food. It was found that (1) the different genotypes chose habitats differently; (2) early experience affected subsequent habitat choice; and (3) the effect of early experience was complex, as preference for one niche dimension (temperature) was reinforced by experience with the generally preferred value, preference for another niche dimension (light) was weakened by experience with the generally preferred value, and preference for other niche dimensions (food) was generally unaffected by experience. In this study the contribution to the total chi square was about equal from genotype and from environment. The significance of these findings for studies of dispersal and population structure of natural populations is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01070802
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    Measuring learning in individual flies is not necessary to study the effects of single-gene mutations inDrosophila: A reply to Holliday and Hirsch (1986)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 16 (1986), S. 449-455 
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    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Drosophila ; learning ; memory ; classical conditioning ; mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Holliday & Hirsch (this issue) now agree that “Quinnet al. (1974) have demonstrated learning [inDrosophila] with group data, and their inability to identify individual differences (IDs) in performance does not invalidate their conclusion that some individuals in the population must have learned.” However, they consider it important, if not necessary, to show that anindividual fly has learned. In response to Holliday and Hirsch, this paper discusses why it is not necessary to measure learning in individual fruit flies before searching for underlying biochemical mechanisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01074264
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    The effect of dietary ethanol on the composition of lipids of Drosophila melanogaster larvae (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 51-69 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: ethanol ; lipid ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract At a moderate concentration (2.5%, v/v) dietary ethanol reduced the chain length of total fatty acids (FA) and increased the desaturation of short-chain FA in Drosophila melanogaster larvae with a functional alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The changes in length in total FA were postulated to be due to the modulation of the termination specificity of fatty acid synthetase. Because the ethanol-stimulated reduction in the length of unsaturated FA was blocked by linoleic acid, it was thought to reflect the properties of FA 9-desaturase. Although the ethanol-stimulated reduction in chain length of unsaturated FA was also observed in ADH-null larvae, ethanol promoted an increase in the length of total FA of the mutant larvae. Thus, the ethanolstimulated change in FA length was ADH dependent but the ethanol effect on FA desaturation was not. Ethanol also stimulated a decrease in the relative amount of phosphatidylcholine and an increase in phosphatidylethanolamine. Because similar ethanol-induced changes have been found in membrane lipids of other animals, ethanol may alter the properties of membranes in larvae. It is proposed that ethanol tolerance in D. melanogaster may be dependent on genes that specify lipids that are resistant to the detrimental effects of ethanol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00502978
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    Relationship between α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity and metabolic rate during flight in Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 24 (1986), S. 245-257 
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    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: flight metabolism ; Drosophila ; αGPDH ; Kacser-Burns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of wing-beat frequency (WBF) have been used to characterize flight muscle metabolic rate in Drosophila melanogaster during tethered flight. Progeny of crosses between 17 X-chromosome substitution lines and three null-activity stocks have been studied in order to determine the effect on flight metabolism of sharply reduced activity of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (αGPDH). It was found that flies with an approximate 50% reduction in αGPDH activity have a metabolic rate that is, in most cases, indistinguishable from that of wild-type flies and, in the most extreme cases, reduced by only 4%. These results demonstrate that αGpdh is not a “major gene” for flight metabolism, in the quantitative genetic sense of the term. These results are in agreement with the Kacser and Burns (1973, 1979, 1981) theory of flux, which postulates that the activity of an enzyme embedded in a multienzyme pathway can sometimes vary from wild-type to very low levels (perhaps 5–10% wild type) with no significant effect on flux through the total pathway.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00502792
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    Neuroendocrine cells within colorectal tumours induced by dimethylhydrazine (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 205-210 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine ; Peptide YY ; Glucagon ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Colorectal adenocarcinomas were induced in male Wistar rats, by weekly subcutaneous administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, classified according to the degree of differentiation and submitted to immunocytochemistry for the peptides cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon, neurotensin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and the biogenic monoamine 5-hydroxytryptamine. Well- or moderately well-differentiated adenocarcinomas comprised 46% of the tumour population, only 4% were poorly-differentiated adenocarcinomas, and the remaining 50% possessed a mixture of these two morphologies. Glucagon, PYY and 5-hydroxytryptamine immunoreactive cells were frequently observed within well- or moderately well-differentiated tumours and within such regions of tumours possessing a mixed morphological pattern. The tumours contained no cells immunoreactive for any of the peptides not normally located within the colorectum, nor did they contain cells immunoreactive for somatostatin and VIP, although known positive controls did stain. Poorly-differentiated tumours and portions of tumours of mixed type, were consistently negative. 5-hydroxytryptamine was the most frequently located of the three antigens, being detected in 87% of the moderately well-differentiated tumours and 32% of the tumours with mixed morphologies. 11% of moderately well-differentiated tumours possessed 5-hydroxytryptamine positive cells in such profusion that they contributed significantly to the tumour mass. The distribution of glucagon-and PYY-immunoreactive cells was similar, although they occurred with a lower frequency, presumably corresponding to their lower numbers within the normal colorectal mucosa. Additionally, these two peptide immunoreactivities were colocalized in the majority of cells, although some cells contained only one antigen. The immense numbers of cells immunoreactive for peptides and monoamine in a significant proportion of colorectal adenocarcinomas suggests that they have arisen from multipotential endodermal stem cells within the tumours and are not part of the normal epithelial population being engulfed as the tumour grows.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219019
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    Immunocytochemistry of magnocellular neurons of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of normal and Brattleboro rats with vasopressin anti-idiotype antibody (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 509-513 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anti-idiotype antibody ; Vasopressin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Receptors ; Brattleboro rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A vasopressin anti-idiotype antibody was generated by immunization with purified IgG of a primary vasopressin antiserum. The anti-idiotype antibody immunostained neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus of normal and Brattleboro rats. The distribution of immunostained perikarya in these hypothalamic nuclei together with the staining of fibers in median eminence and neural lobe was similar to that observed in normal rats with anti-vasopressin and suggests strongly that vasopressinergic neurons are being stained. Absorption studies with vasopressin and a vasopressin-binding receptor protein further indicate that a receptor associated with vasopressinergic neurons is recognized by the anti-idiotype antibody.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215190
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    Immunocytochemical localization of a rhodopsin-like protein in the lipochondria in photosensitive neurons of Aplysia californica (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 115-120 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurons ; Lipochondria ; Rhodopsin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Aplysia californica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Polyclonal antibodies directed against squid opsin were used in immunocytochemical and immunoblot experiments to identify a rhodopsin-like protein in photosensitive neurons of Aplysia. Aldehyde-fixed abdominal and cerebral ganglia were embedded in paraffin for peroxidase anti-peroxidase analysis or used whole for immunofluorescence studies. Ganglia were embedded in Lowicryl K4M for electron-microscope immunocytochemistry. In both the cerebral and abdominal ganglia, light-microscope immunocytochemical results showed reaction product deposited around the neuronal cell periphery corresponding in position to the lipochondria. In the abdominal ganglion, the giant cell R2, located in the right rostral quarter, and neurons in the right caudal quarter were consistently labeled with anti-opsin. Electron-microscopic studies demonstrated ferritin-labeling of the lipochondria in R2 and other immunoreactive neurons. Immunoblot analysis of R2 and cerebral neuron extracts was used to identify two prominent immunoreactive protein bands at 85000 and 67500 molecular weight.
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    GABA neurones in retinas of different species and their postnatal development in situ and in culture in the rabbit retina (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 117-123 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABA ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurones ; Retina ; Different species ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The localisation of GABA immunoreactive neurones in retinas of a variety of animals was examined. Immunoreactivity was associated with specific populations of amacrine neurones in all species examined, viz. rat, rabbit, goldfish, frog, pigeon and guinea-pig. All species, with the exception of the frog, possessed immunoreactive perikarya in their retinal ganglion cell layers. These perikarya are probably displaced amacrine cells because GABA immunoreactivity was absent from the optic nerves and destruction of the rat optic nerve did not result in degeneration of these cells. GABA immunoreactivity was also associated with the outer plexiform layers of all the retinas studied; these processes are derived from GABA-positive horizontal cells in rat, rabbit, frog, pigeon and goldfish retinas, from bipolar-like cells in the frog, and probably from interplexiform cells in the guinea-pig retina. The development of GABA-positive neurones in the rabbit retina was also analysed. Immunoreactivity was clearly associated with subpopulations of amacrine and horizontal cells on the second postnatal day. The immunoreactivity at this stage is strong, and fairly well developed processes are apparent. The intensity of the immunoreactivity increases with development in the case of the amacrine cells. The immunoreactive neurones appear fully developed at about the 8th postnatal day, although the immunoreactivity in the inner plexiform layer becomes more dispersed as development proceeds. The immunoreactive horizontal cells become less apparent as development proceeds, but they can still be seen in the adult retina. The GABA immunoreactive cells in rabbit retinas can be maintained in culture. Cultures of retinal cells derived from 2-day-old animals can be maintained for up to 20 days and show the presence of GABA-positive cells at all stages. In one-day-old cultures the GABA immunoreactive cells lacked processes but within three days had clearly defined processes. After maintenance for 10 days a meshwork of GABA-positive fibres could also be seen in the cultures.
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    Morphological variation of immunoreactive cells positive to cholecystokinin 33 (10–20) and gastrin 34 (1–15) in human duodenum (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 519-525 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Duodenum ; Cholecystokinin ; Gastrin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Human duodenal endocrine cells reactive with antibodies to cholecystokinin (CCK) 33 (10–20) and/or gastrin 34 (1–15) were studied by a combination of immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic methods. By immunohistochemistry, three types of endocrine cells were distinguished in human duodenal mucosa, i.e., those only positive for only CCK, those positive for both CCK and gastrin and those only positive for only gastrin. Ultrastructurally, the first cell type is characterized by many secretory granules with an eccentric dense core (mean diameter; 271+-74 nm). The second cell type, which was less frequent than the other two, has ultrastructural features that resemble type-I cells. The last cell type was composed of two types of cells containing small secretory granules identical to those of IG cells (mean diameter; 171+-31 nm) or large secretory granules indistinguishable from those of I cells (mean diameter; 286+-50 nm).
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    The dopaminergic innervation of the goldfish pituitary (1986)
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    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 577-582 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Pituitary gland ; Neuroendocrine regulation ; Immunocytochemistry ; Carassius auratus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dopaminergic innervation of the goldfish pituitary gland was studied by immunocytochemistry at the electron-microscope level using highly specific antibodies against dopamine coupled to bovine serum albumin with glutaraldehyde. A satisfactory preservation of the tissue was achieved after immersion in 5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer containing sodium metabisulfite to prevent oxidation of the endogenous dopamine. The immunocyto-chemical procedure was performed on Vibratome sections using the preembedding method. Immunoreactivity was restricted to part of the neurosecretory type-B fibers (diameter of the secretory vesicles lower than 100 nm) in which it was found to occupy the whole cytoplasm. Labeled fibers were observed within the neurohypophysis in the different parts of the gland and in the adenohypophyseal tissue where immunoreactive profiles were detected in close apposition to the different cell types. These data are in agreement with previous results obtained by means of radioautography and further support a role for dopamine in the neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary functions in teleosts.
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    Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-like immunoreactivity in the pedal ganglion of Mytilus galloprovincialis (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 591-593 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; GAD ; Pedal ganglion ; Invertebrate nervous system ; Mytilus galloprovincialis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A substance immunologically related to vertebrate glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) has been visualized in the pedal ganglion of Mytilus with the pre-embedding peroxidase-antiperoxidase method, by use of an antiserum raised in sheep against rat brain GAD. The results show that GAD-like immunoreactivity is present both in neuronal perikarya and in nerve fibers. Positive neurons are located mainly among the fibers of the ganglion neuropil at the commissural level, and more rarely close to unreactive cortical cell bodies. Immunoreactive nerve fibers are observed throughout the neuropil and also in cerebropedal and pedal nerves.
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    Redistribution of cell surface transferrin receptors prior to their concentration in coated pits as revealed by immunoferritin labels (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 613-619 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell-surface transferrin receptor ; Redistribution of cell-surface receptors ; Receptor-mediated endocytosis ; K562 cells ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemistry has been used to study distribution of cell surface transferrin receptors in erythroid, leukemic (K562) cells. The cells were fixed and labelled with monoclonal (OKT-9) anti-transferrin receptor antibodies; the antibody-labelled receptors were then detected by either immunofluoresceinor immunoferritin-antimouse-antibody conjugates. Typically, the immunoferritin labels were distributed diffusely at the non-coated regions of the cell surface as well as concentrated in the clathrincoated pits. To examine further this pattern of distribution, cells were labelled at 0° C and then warmed to 37° C for zero to 30 min prior to fixation. The majority of the immunoferritin labels were initially dispersed in small groups at the non-coated regions of the cell surface (mean = 6 immunoferritin labels/cluster), but larger groups were common subsequent to incubation at 37° C (mean = 13 immunoferritin labels/cluster). However, the size of immunoferritin labels in the coated pits was unchanged (mean = 12 immunoferritin labels/pit). Immunoferritin labels were typical in coated and uncoated vesicles l min after warming to 37° C, but common in endosomes, multivesicular bodies and lysosomes by 30 min. It appears that single cell-surface receptors form large aggregates prior to their concentration in coated pits. Coated vesicles, uncoated vesicles, and endosomal vacuoles may together form the non-lysosomal compartment where the internalized receptors might be dissociated from the ligands (antibodies).
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    Immunocytochemical localization of S-100 protein in stellate cells (folliculo-stellate cells) of the adenohypophysis in the monkeys Macaca irus and Cercopithecus aethiops (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 237-242 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: S-100 protein (human, bovine) ; Folliculo stellate cells ; Adenohypophysis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Monkeys (Macaca irus, Cercopithecus aethiops)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With the use of an antibody against bovine S-100 protein, it was possible to reveal a characteristic cell type in the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis of the monkey Macaca irus. In the adenohypophysis of Cercopithecus aethiops, labeled cells were present in the pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia. These cells, so-called folliculo-stellate cells, were found in all pituitaries studied. Surprisingly, an antibody against human S-100 protein did not label the stellate cells of the adenohypophysis. However, in Macaca irus, this antibody gave a strong positive reaction with various other cell types (interstitial cells of the pineal gland, Müller cells of the retina, autonomic ganglionic cells, glial cells of the central nervous system, Schwann cells, Bergmann glia of the cerebellum, fat cells, reticular cells of lymphoid organs). By use of double immunoenzymatic labeling, it was evident that stellate cells are spatially related either to somatotropes, prolactin cells, “corticotropes”, or to glycoprotein-containing cells. Thus, a specific relationship to a particular endocrine-cell type could not be observed.
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    5-Hydroxytryptamine immunoreactivity in the epidermal sacciform gland cells of the clingfish Lepadogaster candollei Risso (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 679-682 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fish skin ; Sacciform glandular cells ; Immunocytochemistry ; 5-Hydroxytryptamine ; Lepadogaster candollei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serotonin has been demonstrated in the epidermal sacciform glandular cells of the clingfish Lepadogaster candollei by use of immunocytochemistry. Serotonin immunoreactivity is found both in the peripheral cytoplasm of the glandular cells and their luminal secretion. The presence of serotonin in the sacciform glandular cells parallels that located by both biochemical and immunocytochemical procedures in the cutaneous glands of many amphibian species.
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    Immunocytochemical study of the development of vasotocin/mesotocin in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the chick embryo (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 15-31 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Embryonic hypothalamo-hypophysial system ; Vasotocin neurons ; Mesotocin neurons ; Chick embryo hypothalamus ; Immunocytochemistry ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the chick embryo has been studied with a monoclonal antibody which cross-reacts with arginine vasotocin and mesotocin, using thick (100 μm) sections in conjunction with a peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse antibody. Although weakly stained perikarya occur occasionally in the tuberal region on embryonic days 6 and 7, the most consistent immunostaining of perikarya is found in the periventricular region of the caudal midhypothalamus at the level of the optic chiasm after embryonic day 8 1/2. Synthesis of peptides, therefore, takes place while the cells are close to their site of origin. Between embryonic days 9 and 10, beaded axons run along the anterior median eminence closely apposed to the adenohypophysis, thereby forming the anlage of the zona externa. The axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract surround the neural lobe between embryonic days 11 and 12. The caudal to rostral wave of neuronal maturation that occurs during development appears to be due to a progressive differentiation of the periventricular zone, as well as the migration of perikarya. The early periventricular perikarya at embryonic day 8 1/2 send processes rostrally in a wing-shaped formation that extends both dorso- and ventrolaterally. From embryonic days 10 to 12, perikarya can be observed in the wing-like extensions, apparently migrating to rostral levels. The dorsolateral pathway gives rise at its midportion to the lateral cell group, whereas those perikarya migrating more laterally form the anlage of the external supraoptic nucleus. The ventrolateral wing-shaped extension of perikarya appears to be directed toward the ventral group and those lateral perikarya continuous with it. The location of mature neuronal cell groups is well established by embryonic day 17.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of ornithine decarboxylase in cultured murine cells (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 33-40 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ornithine decarboxylase ; Macrophage ; Immunocytochemistry ; Murine cell culture ; Antibody specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antiserum elicited to ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) purified from murine RAW 264 macrophage-like cells has been employed to localize ODC in cultured murine cells. The antiserum immunoprecipitated 100% of the ODC activity from the cultured cells. The specificity of the antiserum was demonstrated by the immunoprecipitation from 35S-methionine metabolically-labeled cell extracts of a single protein which migrated upon SDS-gel electrophoresis coincident with authentic ODC. Indirect immunofluorescence experiments were performed on paraformaldehyde-fixed RAW 264 cells and JB6 epidermal cells using the rabbit anti-ODC antiserum and FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG. Little immunofluorescence was apparent in non-stimulated cells. Intense immunofluorescence was detectable in stimulated cells at times of peak cellular ODC activity. Antigenically-reactive ODC was localized diffusely in the cytoplasm and was absent in the nuclei of RAW 264 cells, whereas in the JB6 cells the immunodetectable enzyme protein was localized in a punctate pattern in both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm and was absent in the nucleolus. The appearance and disappearance of immunoreactive ODC in both cell types after stimulation was consistent with the alterations in ODC activity.
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    Immunoreactivity of the hermaphroditic gonad of the snail Helix aspersa Müller towards antibodies raised to fragments of pre-pro-opio-melanocortin (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 337-341 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Hermaphrodite gonad ; Pre-pro-opio-melanocortin ; FMRF-amide-like materials ; Snail, Helix aspersa Müller
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Male and female germinal cells of the active hermaphroditic gonad of a snail (Helix aspersa Müller) reveal a positive immunoreactivity to some antibodies raised against biologically active peptides related to pre-pro-opiomelanocortin of vertebrates. All but the oldest cells of the different spermatogenetic and oogenetic stages are methionine-enkephalin-immunopositive, whereas only the young oocytes are α-MSH- and 17–39 ACTH-positive. Sometimes some male cells show an 1–24 ACTH positivity. Structures other than germinal cells also react with some antibodies: for example, the nurse cells are β-MSH-immunoreactive, the nerve fibers surrounding each acinus and the hermaphrodite duct are both 17–39 ACTH and FMRF amide positive.
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    Differential immunocytochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein, S-100 protein and glutamine synthetase in the rat subcommissural organ, nonspecialized ventricular ependyma and adjacent neuropil (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 343-351 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Ependyma ; Astrocytes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein ; S-100 protein ; Glutamine synthetase ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antibodies raised against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA), S-100 protein (S100) and glutamine synthetase (GS) are currently used as glial markers. The distribution of GFA, S100 and GS in the ependyma of the rat subcommissural organ (SCO), as well as in the adjacent nonspecialized ventricular ependyma and neuropil of the periaqueductal grey matter, was studied by use of the immunocytochemical peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. In the neuropil, GFA, S100 and GS were found in glial elements, i.e., in fibrous (GFA, S100) and protoplasmic astrocytes (S100, GS). The presence of S100 in the majority of the ventricular ependymal cells and tanycytes, and the presence of GFA in a limited number of ventricular ependymal cells and tanycytes confirm the glial nature of these cells. The absence of S100, GFA and GS from the ependymocytes of the SCO, which are considered to be modified ependymal cells, suggests either a non-astrocytic lineage of these cells or an extreme specialization of the SCO-cells as glycoprotein-synthesizing and secreting elements, a process that may have led to the disappearance of the glial markers.
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    Immunocytochemical identification of structures containing putative red pigment-concentrating hormone in two species of decapod crustaceans (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 377-386 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Red pigment-concentrating hormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neurosecretion ; Crustaceans ; Carcinus maenas ; Orconectes limosus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By use of an antiserum raised against the Nterminal sequence pGlu-Leu-Asn-Phe..., common to red pigment-concentrating hormone (RPCH) of Pandalus borealis and three structurally similar insect neuropeptides, putative RPCH-immunopositive structures were revealed in the eyestalks of Carcinus maenas and Orconectes limosus and in the brain and thoracic ganglion (TG) of C. maenas. In the eyestalks, complete neurosecretory pathways were demonstrated, consisting of perikarya, axons and terminals in the neurohemal organ, the sinus gland (SG). In C. maenas approximately 20 small RPCH cells are present as a distinct group adjacent to the medulla terminalis ganglionic X-organ (MTGXO, XO). They are morphologically different from the larger XO perikarya, which contain the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH). The occurrence of both neuropeptides in distinct neurosecretory pathways was ascertained by immunologic double staining (PAP/gold) or by analysis of consecutive sections. In addition, a group of two to four larger RPCH cells is located in the proximal part of the MT. In O. limosus, RPCH cells are found in the XO. Cells corresponding to the proximal MT cells of C. maenas were not found. In both species, a few more weakly staining immunopositive perikarya were observed in clusters of cell somata of the optic ganglia. It is uncertain whether these are connected to the SG. In the brain of C. maenas, several smaller and three larger perikarya were consistently observed in the dorsal lateral cell somata adjacent to the olfactory lobes. In the optic nerve, two axons that project into the eyestalk were stained. Some axons were also observed in the ventral median neuropil of the brain. In the TG, RPCH cells were found in small numbers in median positions, i.e., in clusters of somata between the ganglia of the appendages. HPLC analysis of the red pigment-concentrating activity from the SG of C. maenas revealed that the retention time of the neuropeptide is similar but not identical to that of Pandalus borealis RPCH.
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    Choline acetyltransferase-like immunoreactivity in the brain of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 57-62 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect brain ; Neurotransmitters ; Immunocytochemistry ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using a monoclonal antibody selective for the acetylcholine (ACh)-synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) of Drosophila melanogaster we find ChAT-like immunoreactivity in specific synaptic regions throughout the brain of Drosophila melanogaster apart from the lobes and the peduncle of the mushroom body and most of the first visual neuropile (lamina). Several anatomically well-defined central brain structures exhibit particularly strong binding. Characteristic differential staining patterns are observed for each of the four neuromeres of the optic lobes. Cell bodies appear not to bind this antibody. The prominent features of the distribution of ChAT-like immunoreactivity are paralleled by the distribution of acetylcholine hydrolyzing enzymatic activity as revealed by histochemical staining for acetylcholine esterase (AChE). These results are discussed in comparison with published data on enzyme distribution, choline uptake and ACh receptor binding in the nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster.
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    Mosquito trypsin: immunocytochemical localization in the midgut of blood-fed Aedes aegypti (L.) (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 19-27 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trypsin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Midgut ; Exocytosis ; Aedes aegypti
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A polyclonal antibody was raised against trypsin purified from the midgut of blood-fed Aedes aegypti. Using this antibody and our modification of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical reaction, strong activity was found in the lumen of the midgut at the light-microscopical level. The activity was localized mainly in the posterior part of the distensible, abdominal midgut, along the periphery of the blood bolus and within the peritrophic membrane. Immunoreactivity appeared 8 h after the blood meal and was most prominent around 24 h, coinciding with our previous spectrophotometric determinations of trypsin. At the electron-microscopical level, secretory granules, immunocytochemically labelled with anti-trypsin antibody and protein A-colloidal gold, were first detected about 12 h after the blood meal. At 18 h, the secretory pathway could be followed immunocytochemically from the formation of granules in the Golgi complex until their release by exocytosis in the midgut lumen. By 24 h, there was a reduction in secretory granules, and large lysosomes appeared. The process of secretion described for this mosquito is comparable to similar events in vertebrate secretory systems and the presence of an intracellular trypsinogen is suggested.
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    Somatotrophs and lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary of fetal and neonatal rats (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 457-460 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary ; Somatotroph ; Lactotroph ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry ; Fetal and neonatal rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of immunoreactive somatotrophs and lactotrophs in pituitaries of fetal rats at 19, 20 and 21 days of gestation and on the day of birth was studied. Somatotrophs, first detectable at 19 days of gestation, undergo only minor modifications before reaching the structure described for adults. In particular there is an increase in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Lactotrophs, first identifiable in newborn rats, are very different in ultrastructure from adult cells, because the secretory granules are generally small, but variable in shape and size, and the Golgi complex is prominent.
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    Localization and function of an FMRFamide-like substance in the aorta of Helix aspersa (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 303-307 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FMRFamide ; Aorta ; Bioassay ; Immunocytochemistry ; Helix aspersa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With an antiserum (aFM) against the molluscan “cardio-active” FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) numerous immunoreactive axons were found in the outer, longitudinal, muscle layer of the anterior aorta of Helix aspersa. Immunoreactive axons were rare in the inner, circular, muscle layer. At the ultrastructural level four types of axons could be distinguished. The granules containing the immunoreactive substance (mean diameter ca. 100 nm) are present in type-2 axons. The effect of synthetic FMRF-amide was tested in vitro on preparations of ring- and tubule-shaped pieces of the anterior aorta. Physiological doses (3 × 10-7 M) provoked contractions of the circular muscle fibres, but had no effect on the longitudinal muscle cells. Apparently in vivo the FMRF-like substance diffuses from the richly innervated longitudinal muscle layer to the circular muscle layer, where it exerts its effect. This conclusion is sustained by the observation that the contents of the aFM-immunoreactive granules in type-2 axons are released by exocytosis in a “non-synaptic” fashion.
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    Light and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry and lectin histochemistry of the subcommissural organ: Evidence for processing of the secretory material (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 545-559 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Glycoproteins ; Secretory process ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lectin histochemistry ; Rat ; Vertebrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural organ (SCO) of the rat was investigated by use of histochemical and immunocytochemical methods at the light and electron-microscopic levels. Consecutive thin methacrylate sections were stained with the pseudoisocyanin (Psi), immunoperoxidase (IMC; employing an antiserum against Reissner's fiber, AFRU), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and periodic acid-silver methenamine (SM) techniques, and reacted with six types of lectins. Psi, SM, concanavalin A (Con A) and IMC were also used for double and triple sequential staining of the same section. Increasing dilutions of AFRU (from 1∶1000 to 1∶200 000) were used for immunostaining of serial paraffin sections. In addition, ultrastructural localization of (i) Con A-binding sites and (ii) immunoreactive secretory material was performed. Some of these procedures were also applied to the ophidian and canine SCO. Con A-positive, Psi-positive and immunoreactive materials coexisted within the same cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The Golgi apparatus lacked Con A-positive and immunoreactive substances. Apical secretory granules and secreted material lying on the surface of the SCO showed (i) the highest affinity for AFRU, but were (ii) Con A-negative, and (iii) wheat-germ agglutinin-, PAS and SM-positive. Reissner's fiber displayed a low affinity for AFRU. It is suggested that the SCO secretes N-linked glycoproteins, the carbohydrate and protein moeities of which undergo (i) a maturation process before being released, and (ii) some kind of modification(s) after their release into the ventricle. The perivascular secretory cells of the dog SCO might secrete a material different from that secreted by the ependymal cells.
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    Correlative immuno-electron-microscopic and immunofluorescent localization of actin in sensory and supporting cells of the inner ear by use of a low-temperature embedding resin (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 229-235 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Inner ear ; Cochlea ; Actin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Chinchilla
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cochleas from chinchilla inner ears were processed in the cold through Lowicryl K4M, and cured by UV light. Thick (2 μm) sections were reacted with primary antibodies raised against actin, and anti-actin antibodies localized by FITC epifluorescence. On thin sections from the same blocks anti-actin antibodies were localized ultrastructurally with secondary antibodies coupled to colloidal gold. In the hair cells, actin was present in the stereocilia and cuticular plate, regions where thin filaments were observed by electron microscopy. Colloidal gold was uniformly distributed over these regions and over the stereocilia rootlets demonstrating that actin was present in this region although previously in permeabilized cells, the rootlet was not decorated with myosin subfragment S-1. Actin was present in the pillar and Deiters supporting cells at the reticular lamina and at the basilar membrane, where a meshwork of thin filaments was seen by electron microscopy. Colloidal gold particles were also localized over the thin processes of the pillar and Deiters cells, and over the region of the Deiters cell which envelops the base of the outer hair cell. In these regions actin co-localized with microtubules along the entire length of the supporting cells.
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    Immunocytochemical study of fibronectin in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, and the Atlantic hagfish, Myxine glutinosa (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 244 (1986), S. 549-555 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fibronectin ; Lamprey ; Hagfish ; Immunocytochemistry ; Connective tissues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactive fibronectin-like material was localized within tissues of agnathans (hagfishes and lampreys) by an immunoperoxidase technique. Fibronectin was detected in basement membranes and in loose and dense connective tissues throughout the agnathan body. A fibronectin-like component was also identified in the plasma of both lampreys and hagfishes. The results indicate that fibronectin or a fibronectin-like material is a major component of agnathan connective tissues. Although there were some variations in the localization of fibronectin both between the lamprey and the hagfish and between agnathan and other vertebrate tissues, the generalized pattern of distribution of fibronectin in the agnathans supports the view that this protein, like that in higher vertebrates, plays a role in cellmatrix adhesion and tissue organization.
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    Ultrastructure and central projections of extraocular photoreceptors in caddiesflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 643-648 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors, extraocular ; Optic lobes ; Stemmata ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insecta (Trichoptera)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Retained larval eyes (stemmata) were studied in the imagines of three species of Trichoptera: Phrygania grandis, Agrypnia varia, and Trichostegia minor. At the light-microscopic level the stemmata of all three species appeared to represent different stages of reduction with respect to size, shape and number of lenses. However, in all three species electron-microscopic studies showed units with monolayered rhabdoms, each formed by four retinula cells. By use of immunocytochemistry the presence of S-antigen was demonstrated in the retinula cells and their axons. This method also revealed the central projections of the axons of the retinula cells, which were found (i) to terminate either in the lamina accessoria or (ii) to penetrate this area to join the fibers of the outer chiasma of the optic lobes and then terminate in the medulla accessoria. The lamina accessoria and the medulla accessoria are the assumed remnants of the larval optic lobes. It is suggested that the imaginal stemmata might still be functioning photoreceptors.
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    Localization of enkephalin immunoreactivity in diverse tissues and cells of the developing and adult rat (1986)
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    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 561-565 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Growth ; Enkephalin ; Endogenous opioids ; Immunocytochemistry ; Differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of enkephalin, an endogenous opioid, in tissues and cells of the developing and adult rat was determined by immunocytochemistry with antibodies to met- and leu-enkephalin. Met- and leu-enkephalin were found in all developing cells investigated, with staining generally located throughout the cytoplasm; cell nuclei were not immunoreactive. In comparison to developing cells, immunoreactive analogues to met-enkephalin were usually difficult to detect in the adult. Some notable exceptions were reaction products in leukocytes in blood, lung, and cortex of thymus, fibroblasts in the skin, and seminiferous tubules. These results, in concert with earlier reports that opioid receptors are found largely in developing, but not adult, tissues, indicate that endogenous opioids are specifically involved in biological development, particularly cell proliferation and differentiation. Immunoreactivity in adult nonneural cells may be related to their development in some cases, but also could indicate other functions.
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    Localization of substance P-like immunoreactive fibers in the thoracic spinal cord of guinea pig (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 653-665 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Substance P ; Spinal cord ; Dorsal-horn fiber system ; Immunocytochemistry ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A dorsal-horn fiber system is revealed in the thoracic spinal cord of guinea pig by means of substance P immunocytochemistry. This system has repeated craniocaudal and/or caudo-cranial extensions and possesses five main components: (1) a superficial network, situated beneath the dorsolateral surface of the spinal cord. This network is connected with the dorsal root fibers and the accumulations of substance P-like immunoreactive (SP-LI) fibers in the Lissauer's tract; (2) an accumulation of SP-LI fibers in the Lissauer's tract at the border of the dorsal horn; (3) two collateral SP-LI fascicles (one lateral and one medial) emerging from the SP-LI fiber accumulation in the Lissauer's tract; (4) a transversal fascicle running through laminae III–V, and (5) an SP-LI network in the region of the lateral spinal cord nucleus. These components of the dorsal-horn fiber system show widespread connections with ipsi-and contralateral spinal cord areas, connecting them in cranio-caudal and/or caudo-cranial directions. The SP-LI dorsal-horn system has close relationship with groups of preganglionic sympathetic cells in the intermediate zone of the spinal cord, respective with the vegetative network of this zone. It is suggested that some fibers of the dorsal-horn system that originate from dorsal-root ganglia may represent primary sensory or visceral afferents. It is likely that the dorsal-horn fiber system and the vegetative network of the thoracic spinal cord may represent the morphological basis for the integration of (1) the central and peripheral vegetative nervous systems, and (2) the somatic and vegetative nervous system.
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    Differential subcellular localization of ACTH and α-MSH in corticotropes of the rat anterior pituitary (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 229-238 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary ; Corticotropes ; α-MSH ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Specific antisera to α-melanotropin (α-MSH) and corticotropin (ACTH 1-39) were used to obtain immunocytochemical evidence for the differential localization of α-MSH and ACTH in the secretory granules of corticotropes of rat anterior pituitary. The specificity of the antisera was established by binding 131I-labeled α-MSH and ACTH 1-39 to their respective antisera. Double-labeling immunocytochemistry (for α-MSH, ferritin; for ACTH, colloidal gold) was performed. Some secretory granules were labeled with ferritin particles (α-MSH), whereas others contained gold particles (ACTH). Only a few granules showed both ACTH and α-MSH. In typical corticotropes (stellate in form with a small number of secretory granules aligned along the cell periphery) only some of the secretory granules that were labeled with anti-ACTH serum were also immunoreactive to anti-α-MSH. In atypical corticotropes (polygonal in shape and containing a large number of secretory granules) almost all of the immunoreactive ACTH secretory granules were also positive to anti-α-MSH serum. An intermediate type of corticotrope was observed containing a small number of secretory granules, almost all of which were labeled with anti-α-MSH. Thus, rat anterior pituitary corticotropes may be classified into three types according to the distribution and content of α-MSH. The light-microscopic immuncytochemistry provided similar results.
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    The organization of serotonin-immunoreactive neuronal systems in the brain of the crested newt, Triturus cristatus carnifex Laur. (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 239-247 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Indoleamines ; Aminergic neurons ; Immunocytochemistry ; Central nervous system ; Crested newt (Triturus cristatus carnifex)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of serotonin (5-HT) immunoreactive structures has been investigated in the brain of the crested newt by means of indirect immunofluorescence, and unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase-complex (PAP) or biotin-avidin-system (BAS) techniques. In the newt, the bulk of the serotoninergic system extends from the raphe region of the medulla oblongata, through the isthmus, toward the mesencephalic tegmentum, and is characterized by pyriform neurons mainly located in a subependymal position, close to the midline. Also in the caudal hypothalamus, in addition to some 5-HT-positive adenohypophysial cells, many immunoreactive CSF-contacting neurons are found lining the paraventricular organ and the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis. A rich serotoninergic innervation was observed in the preoptic area and in the habenular complex. Concerning the telencephalon, immunopositive nerve fibers are encountered in the dorsal pallium, primordium hippocampi, striatum and olfactory bulbs. The general organization of serotoninergic systems in the newt brain exhibit close similarities to that described in higher vertebrates.
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    Immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of “mammalian” neurohormonal peptides in neurones of the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 41-49 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Serotonin ; Diphyllobothrium dendriticum ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the nervous system of the obligatory endoparasite Diphyllobothrium dendriticum immunoreactivity (IR) to growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), gastrin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), oxytocin, FMRF-amide (FMRF) and serotonin (5HT) was demonstrated by immunocytochemical methods. A very strong GRF-IR was observed in the CNS and PNS of larvae and of the constantly growing adult worms. GRF-IR axon terminals occur beneath the basal lamina of the tegument along the inside of the bothridia, the holdfast organ of the worm. GRF-IR fibres surround the yolk producing vitelline glands and occur in the wall of the vagina. PHI-IR was observed in the CNS and PNS of larvae and adult worms. PHI-IR terminals occur beneath the basal lamina of the tegument along the strobila, the nutrient absorbing surface of the worm. PHI-IR fibres seem to innervate the testicular follicles. FMRF-IR fibres and perikarya occur close to the vitelline glands and the uterine pore and in the male copulatory organ. Numerous large 5HT-IR perikarya with long varicose fibres were observed in the nervous system of the worm. 5HT-IR perikarya occur close to the genital atrium. D. dendriticum is the phylogenetically lowest organism in which IR to PHI has been demonstrated.
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    Immunocytochemical differentiation between adipokinetic hormone (AKH)-like peptides in neurons and glandular cells in the corpus cardiacum of Locusta migratoria and Periplaneta americana with C-terminal and N-terminal specific antisera to AKH (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 9-14 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adipokinetic hormone ; Corpus cardiacum ; Locusta migratoria ; Periplaneta americana ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An immunocytochemical method was used to differentiate between immunoreactive substances in glandular cells in the corpora cardiaca (CC) and in certain cerebral neurons in 2 insect species, Locusta migratoria migratorioides and Periplaneta americana. The staining properties of antisera raised to different parts of the decapeptide adipokinetic hormone (AKH) were compared and their specificity was determined by preabsorption with AKH and related peptides. Antibodies raised to the N-terminal part of AKH (serum 433) and the central and C-terminal part (serum 241) were found to have different staining properties. In the CC of the locust both antisera show a strong immunoreactivity with glandular cells, we therefore suggest that at least one of the compounds revealed is AKH. Some of the glandular cells in the locust and large numbers of glandular cells in the CC of the cockroach are revealed by the N-terminal specific antiserum. On the other hand, neurons in the central nervous system are revealed only by the C-terminal specific antiserum. The possible identity of the various substances revealed by these two antisera is discussed.
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    Comparative immunocytochemical study of release sites of insulin, glucagon and AKH-like products in Locusta migratoria, Periplaneta americana, and Carausius morosus (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 245 (1986), S. 267-271 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral neurosecretory structures ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; AKH ; Insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin, glucagon and adipokinetic hormone antisera were applied to the corpora cardiaca, perisympathetic organs, neurohemal areas and peripheral neurosecretory cells of three insect species, the locust Locusta migratoria, the cockroach Periplaneta americana, and the stick insect Carausius morosus. The neurohemal part of the corpora cardiaca was shown to be immunoreactive to both insulin and glucagon antisera while the glandular cells reacted to adipokinetic hormone antisera. The perisympathetic organs seem to be devoid of these three substances, but certain peripheral neurohemal areas contained AKH and glucagon immunoreactive products. The latter were found to originate in the peripheral neurosecretory cells.
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of 5-HT-like and FMRF-amide-like substances in whole mounts of Microstomum lineare (Turbellaria) (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 7-12 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 5-HT ; FMRF-amide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Nervous system ; Microstomum lineare (Turbellaria)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A whole mount immunofluorescence method is used for an investigation of immunoreactivity (IR) to anti-(a-) 5-HT and anti-(a-)FMRF-amide in the nervous system (NS) of Microstomum lineare (Turbellaria, Macrostomida, Platyhelminthes). New details of the organization of the NS are demonstrated, differences in 5-HT and FMRF amide IR are revealed, and new information on the development of the NS in zooids is obtained. In contrast to previous reports of a reduction (one pair of nerve cords without transverse processes) of the basic turbellarian plan, IR to both antisera reveals three pairs of longitudinal nerve cords, and features of the orthogonal organization, characterized by transverse commissures. The lateral pair of nerve cords is the most prominent. The following differences in the patterns of 5-HT and FMRF-amide IR are observed: 1. Perikarya positive for a-5-HT and a-FMRF-amide in the brain show different localizations. 2. Perikarya positive for a-5HT occur along the main lateral nerve cords, while the cords visualized by FMRF-amide IR look double-stranded and lack associated perikarya. 3. 5-HT IR is observed in a postpharyngeal commissure, which is absent in the a FMRF-amide-stained preparations. 4. In developing zooids 5-HT IR is first observed in the postpharyngeal commissure and later on in an increasing number of perikarya and in the neuropile. The first FMRF-amide IR in developing zooids appears in the cerebral commissure and in two perikarya in front of this commissure.
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    Immunocytochemical demonstration of growth hormone, prolactin and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities in the brain of larval, young adult and upstream migrant adult sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 23-31 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Growth hormone ; Prolactin ; Somatostatin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lamprey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Growth hormone, prolactin and somatostatinlike immunoreactivities were demonstrated in the brains of larval, young adult (parasitic) and upstream migrant adult sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, by means of immunoperoxidase techniques. Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) were observed within separate perikarya in the nucleus praeopticus, within fibers in the commissura praeinfundibularis, and in nerve endings within the neurohypophysis of larval and adult-stage lampreys. Cell bodies demonstrating immunoreactive growth hormone were more numerous than those reactive for prolactin. Unlike in the upstream migrant adult lamprey, no GH or PRL was demonstrated in the adenohypophysis of larval or parasitic lamprey. Somatostatin (SRIF)-like immunoreactive neurons were demonstrated in the nucleus commissurae praeinfundibularis, anterior and posterior pars ventralis hypothalami, pars dorsalis thalami, and the tegmentum motorium rhombencephali of larval, parasitic and upstream migrant adult lampreys. Many of the SRIF containing neurons within the hypothalamus were cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting cells. SRIF fibers were found throughout most of the brain predominating within the nucleus praeopticus, pars ventralis hypothalami, and the nucleus interpeduncularis. No SRIF immunoreactivity was found within the neurophyophysis. The possible functions of these peptides within the brain of the lamprey are discussed.
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    The shape and distribution of astrocytes in the retina of the adult rabbit (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 91-102 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Astroglia ; Perivascular glia ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ; Nerve fiber layer ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Astrocytes stained by antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were examined in whole-mount preparations of retinae from adult rabbits and found to be restricted to the medullary rays. Astroglial cells exhibited a variety of shapes that varied between two extreme morphologies. One extreme was an astrocyte that possessed a few sturdy primary processes as well as finer processes and was strongly GFAP positive. The other extreme was an astroglial cell that displayed a star-shaped appearance; its perikarya gave rise to a few thin, radially oriented processes, which were rather weakly GFAP positive. The majority of astroglial processes were aligned with the ganglioncell axons, but some of their processes were in contact with capillaries. It has been proposed that astrocytes are specifically associated with ganglion-cell axons. Their restriction to the medullary rays in the retina of the rabbit suggests, however, that their physiological role is also concerned with the vascular system.
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    Deletion polymorphism in a Drosophila melanogaster heat shock gene (1986)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 204 (1986), S. 266-272 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Heat shock ; Polymorphism ; Transcript mapping ; Deletion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have continued the transcriptional analysis of the region of cytological locus 67B that contains the four small heat shock genes and other genes. Transcription from one of the heat shock genes in the region, hsp 26, takes place during high temperature treatment and at certain developmental stages, without heat shock, in several tissues, such as imaginal discs and adult ovaries. Observations of unexpected products after nuclease protection experiments periments provided the first indication of what genomic blot experiments showed to be small deletions. The alleles containing the deletion are expressed at the same level as the wild type allele. The deletion shortens the protein product, implying that it is in the coding region. Furthermore, flies homozygous for one of the deletion alleles are viable.
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    Sequence analysis of a yolk protein secretion mutant of Drosophila melanogaster (1986)
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 205 (1986), S. 557-560 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Secretion mutant ; Sequence analysis ; Yolk protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The female-sterile mutants fs(1) 1163 of Drosophila melanogaster described by Gans et al. (1975) has been characterised as a yolk protein 1 (YP1) secretion mutant (Bownes and Hames 1978b; Bownes and Hodson 1980). We have cloned and sequenced the YP1 gene from this strain, and the strain in which the mutant was induced. One amino acid substitution was found in the predicted polypeptide sequence, an isoleucine to asparagine change at position 92. The sequence of the leader peptide was identical to previously published YP1 sequences. The possible effects of the amino acid change were investigated by computer analysis, which suggests there is no major alteration of secondary structure, but that a hydrophobic region in YP1 is lost in the mutant. This may affect higher order structure.
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    A taxometric analysis of seed proteins in the genusBriza s. l. (Poaceae) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1986), S. 163-174 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Briza ; Cluster analysis ; seed proteins ; electrophoresis ; grass systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The species ofBriza L. s. l. are disjunctly distributed between Eurasia and South America. A taxometric analysis has been carried out, using data from electrophoresis of seed polypeptides and published morphological characters. Evidence from a cluster analysis of seed polypeptide data strongly supports the recognition of two different natural groups, a S. American group and a Eurasian group, and is consistent with karyotype data, but does not support the generic groupings of South American taxa derived from the morphological data.
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    Phylogenetic implications of pollen nuclear number in theAraceae (1986)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1986), S. 145-161 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Araceae.— Pollen nuclear number ; embryology ; evolution of trinucleate pollen ; irreversible evolutionary trend
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data on pollen nuclear number are presented for 74 of the 111 currently accepted genera of theAraceae — one of only three monocot families in which both bi- and trinucleate pollen are known to occur. Binucleate pollen, which characterizes 65% of aroid genera, is regarded as the primitive type inAraceae and monocots as a whole. The trend toward the trinucleate condition appears to be irreversible, and to have occurred many times within the family.Syngonium becomes the sixth angiosperm genus in which both character-states are known to occur; otherwise, the character is highly conservative at the generic level. Pollen nuclear number shows no evident correlation with pollen size, starch content or pollinator type.
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    Contributions to the knowledge of sieve-element plastids inGunneraceae and allied families (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1986), S. 215-222 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gunneraceae ; Haloragaceae ; Hippuridaceae. — Sieve-element plastids ; ultrastructure and systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract P-type sieve-element plastids were found in theGunneraceae, while S-type plastids are present in theHaloragaceae andHippuridaceae. The specific characters of the sieve-element plastids (e.g., their size and the morphology of their contents) are discussed in relation to other taxa of theRosidae containing P-type plastids and to the systematic position of theGunneraceae.
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    Floral mimesis inThelymitra nuda (Orchidaceae) (1986)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1986), S. 187-202 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Thelymitra nuda ; Liliaceae ; Dichopogon ; Thysanotus ; Halictidae ; Lasioglossum ; Syrphidae. — Mimesis ; pollinaria ; staminodal hood ; thoracic vibration ; trichome cluster. — Flora of Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Insect pollination occurred inThelymitra nuda R. Br. on sunny days when the ambient temperature exceeded 20 °C. The flower buds on a raceme opened subsynchronously displaying the brightly-colored, actinomorphic perianth and exposed the contrastingly-colored, scented and ornamented column. InT. nuda the staminodes and the filament of the fertile stamen are fused to one another producing an inflated hood over the anther. This staminodal hood is terminated in two non-ornamental, but brightly-colored, central lobes and two terete lateral lobes bearing approximately 400 white trichomes. Each trichome bears a double chain of 30–40 spherical, rugulose cells. Female bees, in the genusLasioglossum (Halictidae), were observed to land directly on the hood and curled their bodies around the four lobed tip of the staminodal complex. The bees attempted to forage on the lobes as if they were collecting pollen from fertile, poricidal stamens. These bees applied thoracic vibration to the yellowish central lobes and actively scraped the trichome clusters (Pseudopollen) with their forelegs. Bees carried the pollinaria ofT. nuda dorsally on their abdomens. Abdominal contact with the rostellum appeared to occur when the female bee disengaged herself from the staminodal hood. Observations made of bees on co-blooming flowers, and analyses of pollen loads collected by bees suggested that the orchid flower mimics the guild of blue-purple flowers that lack floral nectar but offer pollen in poricidal anthers. The models ofT. nuda are co-bloomingLiliaceae in the generaDichopogon andThysanotus. However, nectarless, buzz-pollinated flowers are also extensively distributed over the orchid’s range. More than 30% of the flowers in theT. nuda population had their pollinaria removed, suggesting a high capacity for cross-pollination in an orchid genus usually considered to be self-pollinated via mechanical autogamy. This study confirmed previous predictions that column modifications represented a trend towards pseudanthery.
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    Comparison of the karyotypes ofPsathyrostachys juncea andP. huashanica (Poaceae) studied by banding techniques (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1986), S. 203-213 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Psathyrostachys juncea ; P. huashanica. — Chromosomes ; Giemsa ; C-banding patterns ; chromosome polymorphism ; nucleoli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The karyotypes ofP. juncea (Elymus junceus) andP. huashanica (both outbreeders) were investigated by Feulgen-staining and by C-, N-, and Agbanding, based on a single plant in cach case. Both species have 2n=2x=14 and large chromosomes, possibly a generic character. The karyotype ofP. juncea has 8 metacentrics and 6 SAT-chromosomes with minute, heterochromatic satellites while that ofP. huashanica has 9 metacentrics and 5 SAT-chromosomes only, 2 of which with small, heterochromatic satellites. The C-banding patterns ofP. juncea chromosomes comprise from one to five, mostly small, bands at distal, and terminal positions, while those ofP. huashanica chromosomes are characterized by large telomeric bands in most arms. Banding patterns and chromosome morphology allow identification of the homologues of the seven chromosome pairs inP. juncea, but of two pairs inP. huashanica only. The patterns of both taxa are polymorphic, supporting that both taxa are outbreeders. The karyotypic characters suggest thatP. juncea is more closely related toP. fragilis than either is toP. huashanica. N-banding stains weakly. Silver nitrate staining demonstrates that nucleolus organizers of both species have different nucleolus forming capacities. The presence of micronucleoli suggests that both species have an extra unidentified chromosome with nucleolus forming capacity.
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    Systematics ofNama (Hydrophyllaceae): Flavonoids and phyletic position of sect.Arachnoidea and sect.Cinerascentia (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1986), S. 223-228 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Hydrophyllaceae ; Nama. — Chemotaxonomy ; flavones ; 6-methoxy flavones ; C-glycosyl flavones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eight flavonoids, four 6-oxygenated flavones, two methyl ethers of luteolin, apigenin 6,8-C-diglucoside and quercetin 3-O-glucoside, were isolated fromNama lobbii andN. rothrockii, sole members of sects.Arachnoidea andCinerascentia, respectively. Both taxa diverge markedly from other namas in morphology and chromosome number and their placement inNama has been questioned. The occurrence of 6-oxygenated flavones in these taxa adds to their already distinctive nature. Flavonoid evidence argues that both are more closely allied toEriodictyon than either is toNama.
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    Systematic study ofOsbertia (Asteraceae-Astereae) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1986), S. 229-239 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Astereae ; Osbertia ; O. chihuahua sp. n. ; Heterotheca ; Chrysopsis ; Pityopsis ; Noticastrum ; Erigeron ; Haplopappus. — Taxonomy. — Flora of Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Osbertia, a stoloniferous group confined to the montane regions of Mexico and adjacent Guatemala, was first proposed as a genus byGreene (1895), but most workers have retained the taxon as part ofHaplopappus. It is clearly closer toNoticastrum, Erigeron orHeterotheca than it is toHaplopappus sensu stricto. The present treatment recognizes two species, a widespread highly variableOsbertia stolonifera and a newly describedO. chihuahuana from northwestern Mexico. Distribution maps, distinguishing features, full synonymy and illustrations are presented.
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    Evolution alpiner Populationen vonEuphrasia (Scrophulariaceae): Die tetraploideE. minima (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1986), S. 241-269 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariacae ; Rhinanthoideae ; Euphrasia ; E. minima ; E. tatrae ; E. mendonçae ; E. willkommii. — Polyploid complex ; evolution of tetraploid species ; chorology and history of the Alpic flora ; new chromosome counts. — Flora of Europe ; of Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A systematic analysis of the variable and probably allotetraploidE. minima is presented, its infraspecific taxonomy is discussed.E. tatrae is provisionally included intoE. minima although some differences may exist;E. mendonçae may be a relic of a formerly wider distribution ofE. minima; E. willkommii seems to be closer toE. stricta s. lat. than toE. minima. 4x-E. minima is supposed to be derived from phylogenetic lines close to extant dwarf alpine forms of 2x-E. alpina (including its yellow flowering subsp.christii;Vitek 1985b) and 2x-E. hirtella (vgl.Vitek 1985a). Some characteristics (e.g., its small flowers) could have been introduced through hybrid introgression from other 2x-species, particularlyE. inopinata and/orE. sinuata (vgl.Ehrendorfer & Vitek 1984).
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    Some aspects of dioecy inOcotea (Lauraceae) (1986)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 152 (1986), S. 47-48 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Lauraceae ; Ocotea ; Sex distribution ; dioecy ; Flora of South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution of dioecy inLauraceae cannot be attributed to selection for outbreeding but must have other reasons. Therefore it is interesting to note that inOcotea there seems to be a correlation between mode of reproduction and geographical distribution.
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    Some pollination strategies in neotropical savannas and forests (1986)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 152 (1986), S. 29-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Annonaceae ; Araceae ; Arecaceae ; Bignoniaceae ; Cyclanthaceae ; Magnoliaceae ; Malpighiaceae ; Malvaceae ; Nymphaeaceae ; Flowering phenology ; pollination strategies ; flower ecological radiation: neotropical savannas and forests ; melittophily ; nectar robbery ; “oil-flowers” and “oil-bees” ; ornithophily ; chiropterophily ; cantharophily:Dynastinae beetles ; flower evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previously published data on flowering phenology and pollination of neotropical families are reviewed and compared with new observations, in order to evaluate some trends of pollination strategies in neotropical savannas and forests. Central American forestBignoniaceae apparently diminish competition between sympatric species with identical pollination strategies by alternating flowering. On the other hand, in theBignoniaceae of Brazilian cerrado savannas coincident flowering is more common, suggesting different pollination strategies. Bees specialized in nectar robbery are associated withBignoniaceae, particularly mass-flowering species. These nectar robbers stimulate pollinator movements between flowers and thus increase pollen-flow. The flowering phenology of theMalpighiaceae from forests and savannas apparently follows the phenology of theAnthophorinae (mainlyCentridini)-bees, on which this plant group almost exclusively depends for pollination in the Neotropics. As the flowers of different genera and species are very uniform, the bees quite indiscriminately pollinate coexistingMalpighiaceae taxa. In theMalvaceae, the more primitive tree or shrub habit and an allogamous reproduction system is quite significantly associated with an ornithophilous pollination mode. Hummingbirds in the Neotropics have probably influenced the origin of the primitive bird-pollinatedMalvaceae flower. In conjunction with the diversification of theMalvaceae and their migration into more open regions, pollination by bees has apparently become more prominent. ChiropterophilousMalvaceae seem to have developed more recently from ornithophilous ancestors within the neotropical forest regions. As a result of this ecological radiation, parallel modifications of the basic ornithophilous flower principle can be traced in different groups of theMalvaceae. Dynastinae-beetles are pollinators of South and Central American species ofAnnona, Cymbopetalum, Caladium, Talauma, Philodendron, Victoria, Nymphaea, Cyclanthus, Bactris and others. In many cases the relationship between flowers and theirDynastinae visitors is not very specific, principally reflecting differences in the faunistic spectrum of diverse regions and vegetation types. The attraction of these beetles as flower visitors in several unrelated groups of Angiosperms must have occurred repeatedly. It is suggested that the flower visiting species of this beetle group may have acquired their preference for certain pungent or aromatic flower odours by their feeding habits during the larval stage.
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    Sieve element characters and the systematic position ofAustrobaileya, Austrobaileyaceae—with comments to the distinction and definition of sieve cells and sieve-tube members (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 152 (1986), S. 101-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gymnosperms ; Cycadales ; Austrobaileyaceae ; Austrobaileya ; Sieve cells ; sieve tubes ; ultrastructure of sieve pores ; p-protein ; sieve-element terminology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of the sieve elements ofAustrobaileya is compared with that of angiosperm sieve tubes and gymnosperm sieve cells (mostly fromCycadales). Except for the size of the sieve poresAustrobaileya shares all ultrastructural characters (e.g., chromatolytic nuclear degeneration, presence of p-protein, formation of sieve pores from unbranched plasmodesmata) and other features (e.g., companion cells) with angiosperm sieve tubes. Gymnosperm sieve cells on the contrary are characterized by pycnotic nuclear degeneration, absence of p-protein, formation of sieve areas from branched plasmodesmata with median cavities. — The exact ordinal assignment ofAustrobaileya within the subclassMagnoliidae is still disputed, a placement close to eitherMyristicaceae andWinteraceae orMonimiaceae being possible as judged from both S-type sieve-element plastids and p-protein bodies. — On the basis of the ultrastructural results fromAustrobaileya it is proposed to reconsider concepts and terminology of sieve elements. i.e., to include features from sieve pore development, nuclei degeneration and presence of specific proteins into the definitions and to restrict the term sieve cell to gymnospermous sieve elements which differ much from those of other vascular plants.
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    Remarks on karyological differentiation patterns in tropical woody plants (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 152 (1986), S. 49-100 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliales ; Laurales ; Violales ; Malvales ; Chromosome numbers ; karyomorphology ; banding patterns ; polyploidy ; triploidy ; evolution and systematics in tropical woody plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract New karyological data are reported ofMagnoliidae, Violales, Malvales and some other orders. These data include for 102 species from 51 genera and 18 families chromosome counts, karyotypes, interphase nuclear structures and banding patterns. Karyomorphology suggests a new systematic arrangement for theLaurales (Fig. 11), a new circumscription of theCymbopetalum tribe (Annonaceae), and a placement of theCochlospermaceae/Bixaceae in theViolales. ForAnnonaceae andMagnoliidae x = 8 is proposed as the original base number. A model based on extant chromosome numbers inAnnonaceae and combining short dysploid series and polyploidization can explain most of the existing numbers in this family and in the otherMagnoliidae (Fig. 16). Special attention is drawn to the role of triploids and other anorthoploids in chromosome number diversification (e.g., inAnnonaceae, Apocynaceae, Proteaceae). Identical polyploid numbers are shown to have originated from different base numbers. The highest chromosome number forMagnoliidae is found inMyristicaceae (Osteophloeum: 2n = 280). Polyploid relic genera frequently exhibit highly differentiated and “diploidized” karyotypes with many structural rearrangements. The step diploid polyploid is correlated in several genera with the invasion from humid to more extreme, often xeric habitats. Polyploidy serves as a crossing barrier in related syntopic species. InAnnonaceae, Cochlospermaceae andMyristicaceae neotropical taxa have a higher polyploidization rate than palaeotropical ones. — Subsequential fluorochrome-and Giemsa C-banding demonstrates the following pattern for tropical woody plants: Chromosomes mostly have neutral (neither AT- nor GC-rich) proximal heterochromatin (= hc), intercalarly and/or terminal bands are rare. In some cases great variation occurs in regard to location and composition of bands between the investigated taxa. Differences concern genera, species groups or species. Diploid karyotypes tend to contain less different hc-types than polyploid ones. NO-chromosomes also exhibit a remarkable banding pattern differentiation. In general, hc-variation is greater in respect to composition than to distribution.
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    Biology of afroalpineDendrosenecio (Asteraceae) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 152 (1986), S. 123-131 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Dendrosenecio ; Age determination ; ecophysiology ; phylogeny ; population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genusDendrosenecio (“giant groundsels”), encompassing three species and 12 subspecies, is endemic to the high mountains of East and Central Africa where it constitutes the most conspicuous components of the afroalpine vegetation. Two lifeforms, the arborescent and the prostrate rhizomatous, are regarded as the results of evolution from forest-living woody or herbaceous ancestors. Due to the uninterrupted growth period in the tropics, there are no anatomical or morphological features which allow conventional age determination. However, stem elongation rates have been determined (3–5.5 cm per year) and indicate an age of about 250 years for the tallest arborescent Dendrosenecios which may reach a height of 10 m. 30 to 120 large leaves are clustered in an enormous terminal rosette, justifying the term “giant rosette” plants. A leaf bud, consisting of about as many developing leaves as the rosette contains, is found in the center. During the nocturnal frost period the adult rosette leaves form a so-called night-bud by nyctinastic upwards bending and thus protect the leaf bud from freezing by insulation. The stem is surrounded by a mantle of persistent dead leaves; this ameliorates the microclimate of the pith-cells which greatly contribute to water transport into the leaves. Below the leaf rosette a zone of putrefaction is found, from where the decay of the dead leaves apparently provides nutrients directly to the growing stem. The population dynamics of the arborescentD. keniodendron is characterized by a simultaneous inflorescence development at irregular intervals of up to more than twenty years. Due to sporadic flowering and a seedling survival rate of less than 1%, oscillations of the population size are to be expected.
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    Phylogeny of chromosome races ofFestuca arundinacea andF. mairei (Poaceae) as indicated by seed protein electrophoresis (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 152 (1986), S. 153-166 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Festuca ; Evolution ; seed proteins ; electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seed protein electrophoresis of four chromosomes races ofFestuca arundinacea, F. mairei and their progenitors showed variation in banding patterns. High protein similarities betweenF. arundinacea, F. mairei, F. scariosa, andF. pratensis indicate close phylogenetic relationships of these species. The ancestry ofF. arundinacea cytotypes could be narrowed to three diploid species:F. scariosa, F. pratensis, andF. rubra or to their close relatives.
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    Arrangement and size distribution of repeat and single copy DNA sequences in four species ofCucurbitaceae (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 152 (1986), S. 133-151 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cucurbitaceae ; Luffa cylindrica ; L. acutangula ; Benincasa hispida ; Coccinia indica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA sequence organization patterns have been studied in fourCucurbitaceae plant species, namely,Luffa cylindrica (sponge gourd),L. acutangula (ridge gourd),Benincasa hispida (ash gourd) andCoccinia indica (ivy gourd). Extensive interspersion of repeat and single copy sequences has been observed in sponge gourd and ridge gourd. In ash gourd and ivy gourd, however, there is a limited interspersion of these sequences and a large portion of the single copy DNA remains uninterspersed. The interspersed repetitive sequences are composed of a major class (75–80%) of short repeats (300 base pairs long) and a minor class (15–20%) of long repeats (2 000–4 000 base pairs) in all the four species. The average length of single copy sequences dispersed among repeats is 1 800–2 900 base pairs. In spite of these gross similarities in the genome organization in the four species, the fraction of repeats and single copy sequences involved in short and long period interspersion patterns, and fraction of single copy sequences remaining uninterrupted by repeats are vastly different. The probable implications of these differences with respect to speciation events and rates of genome evolution are discussed.
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    Phylogenetic relationships in theSideritis leucantha group (Lamiaceae) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 152 (1986), S. 167-183 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Lamiaceae ; Sideritis ; Meiotic behaviour ; karyotypes ; size and fertility of pollen grains ; DNA values ; seed protein electrophoresis ; phylogenetic relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six closely related taxa of the sect.Eusideritis of the genusSideritis (S. leucantha, S. pusilla, S. flavovirens, S. granatensis, S. biflora andS. osteoxylla) are analysed to elucidate their phylogenetic relationships and position within the sect.Eusideritis. Meiotic behaviour, karyotype features, size and fertility of pollen grains, DNA amounts and seed protein profiles are reviewed. A polyploid origin of the group (from x = 7) and the further diversification through dysploidy and chromosome repatterning is postulated.S. osteoxylla is apparently of hybrid origin.
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    Morpho-ecological aspects on the pollination ofCalotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) in Israel (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 152 (1986), S. 185-194 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asclepiadaceae ; Calotropis procera ; Xylocopa ; Pollen germination ; nectar concentration ; robbery by ants ; Flora of Israel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) grows in Israel under extremely hot climatic conditions. Flower morphology is adapted towards the concealment of nectar, in order to protect it against robbery by ants and from evaporation. Pollinia while being inserted within the stigmatic chamber, are soaked in the liquid nectar which, by its concentration controls pollen germination. Two Carpenter bees (Xylocopa) are the only pollinators and their behavior on flowers is discussed.
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    Chromosome numbers and reproduction inRubus subgen.Malachobatus (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 152 (1986), S. 211-218 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rosaceae ; Malachobatus ; Rubus ; Taxonomy ; crossing experiments ; apomixis ; chromosome numbers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A review of current knowledge of chromosome numbers and modes of reproduction in the genusRubus L. is presented. Chromosome numbers from some species of subg.Malachobatus Focke together with results of crossing experiments are reported for the first time.
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    Embryology ofScleria foliosa (Cyperaceae) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 152 (1986), S. 219-230 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cyperaceae ; Scleria foliosa ; Embryology: endosperm haustoria ; cotyledon ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The embryology ofScleria foliosa A. Rich. is described and several features have been recorded for the first time in the family. The endosperm having both micropylar and chalazal haustoria and embryo with characteristic cotyledon bearing papillate outgrowths are unique features noted in this taxon. The epicotylary and cotyledonary sectors are adjacently placed and occupy a terminal position on the embryonic axis. Taxonomic implications of the embryological findings with particular reference to the problem of circumscription ofScleria are discussed.
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    Giemsa C-banded karyotypes of some diploidArtemisia species (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 152 (1986), S. 195-210 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae (Compositae) ; Anthemideae ; Artemisia ; Chromosome banding ; heterochromatin ; karyosystematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Detailed C-banded karyotypes of eight diploidArtemisia species from three different sections are reported together with preliminary observations on three additional related diploid species. In the majority, the overall amount of banding is relatively low. Bands are mostly confined to distal chromosome regions; intercalary banding is virtually absent and centromeric heterochromatin is also scarce. With the exception ofA. judaica there is in general great uniformity in karyotype structure but considerable interspecific variation in total karyotype length (and hence DNA content) ranging from 44 µm inA. capillaris (2n = 18) to 99 µm inA. atrata (2n = 18).A. judaica (2n = 16; total karyotype length 97 µm) was distinguished by its karyomorphology, with one large non-banded metacentric chromosome pair and 7 pairs of smaller terminally banded meta- or submetacentric chromosomes.
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    Bee-pollination inHibbertia fasciculata (Dilleniaceae) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 152 (1986), S. 231-241 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Dilleniaceae ; Hibbertia fasciculata ; Lasioglossum (Halictidae) ; Leioproctus (Colletidae) ; Myrtaceae ; Bees ; beetles ; floral symmetry ; stamens ; stigmas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In direct contrast to mostHibbertia spp., the flowers ofH. fasciculata R. Br. ex D. C. bear only a single whorl of stamens and these stamens are arranged separately (not in typical “bundles”). The short filaments are appressed to the three carpels so that the inflated, porose and introrsive anthers form a centralized cluster obscuring the three ovaries. The three slender styles emerge at right angles from between the filaments. These styles curve upward and the stigmas form the three points of a triangle; each stigma is approximately one millimeter outside the centralized cluster of anthers. The flowers are nectarless and bear a bright yellow corolla. A pungent and unpleasant fragrance appears to be concentrated within the pollenkitt. When native bees attempt to forage for the pollen, within the cluster of anthers, the ventrally deposited loads of pollen, on the bees' abdomens, contact the outer triangle of stigmas. The major pollinators ofH. fasciculata are female bees in the polylectic genera,Lasioglossum (subgenusChilalictus, Halictidae) andLeioproctus (Colletidae). These bees carry an average of more than two pollen taxa when they are caught foraging onH. fasciculata. 78% of the 47 bees, captured onH. fasciculata carried the pollen from at least one sympatric taxon bearing nectariferous flowers (e.g., genera in theMyrtaceae, Compositae, andEpacridaceae). The pollination biology ofH. fasciculata is assessed in relation to the known radiation of bee-pollinated flowers in the genusHibbertia, and within theDilleniaceae s. l.
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    Dimorphic exine sculpturing in two distylous species ofDyerophytum (Plumbaginaceae) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 152 (1986), S. 267-276 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Plumbaginaceae Dyerophytum africanum ; D. indicum ; Ceratostigma abyssinicum ; Linum ; Distyly ; dimorphic pollen ; exine sculpturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Light and SEM observations on the pollen ofDyerophytum africanum andD. indicum have revealed marked differences in exine features. These distylous species also have dimorphic pollen. In the short-styled individuals of both species, the sexine and nexine are of equal thickness, and the clava-like sexinous processes are short without marked projections. In the long-styled individuals, the sexine is thicker than the nexine, the clavae are higher than broad with an apical spinule. Pollen size and apertures are identical in both morphs. — Palynological evidence is presented for relationships betweenDyerophytum andCeratostigma, Plumbago andAegialitis. Moreover, the genusDyerophytum exhibits pollen morphological similarities with some species ofLinum (Linaceae).
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    Variation of development time until flowering in natural populations ofCapsella bursa-pastoris (Cruciferae) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 152 (1986), S. 277-296 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cruciferae ; Capsella bursa-pastoris ; Adaptation ; inception of flowering in natural populations ; phenotypic and genotypic variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seed samples were collected from wild populations ofCapsella bursa-pastoris along a transsect from Northern to Southern Europe. Progeny was grown in (a) open-field random block experiments (47 populations) and (b) in growth chambers under five to seven controlled temperature regimes (18 populations). Beginning of flowering was recorded, and great differences between and also within populations are documented. Some populations are extremely heterogenous whereas others are homogenous in this respect. Some biotypes react positively when exposed to lower temperatures, others are inhibited. In many cases specific effects of day- and/or night-temperatures can be inferred. In some progenies begin of flowering is independent of temperature as long as this exceeds the 5:10°C regimen. Altogether,Capsella bursa-pastoris displays definite intraspecific variation in time required until flowering. Adaptations to local ecological conditions are obvious. In addition to a genotypic component pronounced environmental interactions provide the plants with a component of phenotypic plasticity. The degree of modificability apparently varies itself and seems to be controlled by selection; the phenotypic plasticity, therefore, displays adaptive variation patterns, too.
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    Karyotype and C-banding inTrigonella sectionFoenumgraecum (Fabaceae) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 1-5 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; Trigonella ; fenugreek ; Karyotype ; C-banding ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The six species of the sectionFoenum-graecum ofTrigonella have the same chromosome number, 2n = 16.T. gladiata andT. cariensis have fairly symmetrical karyotypes, while those ofT. foenum-graecum, T. berythea, T. macrorrhyncha andT. cassia are asymmetrical. C-bands are present in all six species but the number of bands and their positive vary considerably among the species. The karyotype evidence suggests that none of the available species of theFoenum-graecum section can be considered as the wild progenitor of fenugreek.
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    Relationships between seven species ofVulpia (Poaceae) (1986)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 7-12 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Vulpia sectt.Loretia ; Vulpia Monachne ; Morphology ; seed protein electrophoresis ; numerical systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seven species ofVulpia were subjected to morphological and protein studies using principal component and cluster analysis and theJaccard's Similarity Coefficient. Studies showed all species were uniform and distinct from each other. Species of sect.Loretia were very dissimilar from those of sect.Monachne and sect.Vulpia. The latter section comprises taxa of high mutual affinity.
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    The karyotype ofLimnobium spongia (Hydrocharitaceae) (1986)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 31-36 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Hydrocharitaceae ; Limnobium spongia ; Somatic chromosome number ; karyotype analysis ; Limnobium versusHydromystria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The somatic chromosomes ofLimnobium spongia have been studied for the first time. Its number is 2n = 24; the karyotype is composed of 5 m pairs + 3 sm pairs + 4 st pairs. Pairs 3 and 11 bear microsatellites. Results are compared with previous chromosome reports for the family, mainly as regards the taxonomic status ofLimnobium versusHydromystria; our findings seem to support the point of view of those who favour the independence of both generic entities.
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    Resistance of wild wheat to stripe rust: Predictive method by ecology and allozyme genotypes (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 13-30 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticum dicoccoides ; Uredinales ; Puccinia striiformis ; Wild emmer ; pathogene resistances ; ecology ; allozyme genotypes ; statistic analyses ; Flora of Israel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract From 114 accessions of wild emmer wheat from 11 sites in Israel, known for their allozymic variation (Nevo & al. 1982), individual genotypes were tested for resistance to one isolate of stripe rust both in the seedling stage in a growth chamber and in the adult plant stage in the field. The results indicate that resistance to stripe rust in seedlings and adults are significantly correlated (rs = 0.40, p 〈 0.001). Genetic polymorphisms of resistance to stripe rust vary geographically and are predictable by climatic, as well as allozymic markers. Three variable combinations of rainfall, evaporation, and temperature explain significantly 0.40–0.53 of the spatial variance in disease resistance to stripe rust, suggesting the operation of natural selection. Several allozyme genotypes are significantly associated with disease resistance. We conclude that natural populations of wild emmer wheat in Israel contain large amounts of disease resistance genes. These populations could be effectively screened and then utilized by the phytopathologist for identifying resistant genotypes and producing new resistant cultivars.
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    Interspecific crosses inHordeum (Poaceae) (1986)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 49-64 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Hordeum spp. ; Interspecific hybridization ; relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A crossing programme including 30 species and 40 cytotypes within the genusHordeum was undertaken. Viable hybrids were obtained in 302 combinations, 15 of which were intraspecific. Differences in seed set and in germination were observed in crosses between different groups of species. Obtaining crosses between different taxonomic groups was generally more difficult when diploid material was used. Some species, e.g.,H. lechleri, H. jubatum, andH. brachyantherum showed a higher crossability than others. The chromosome numbers of the hybrids were usually those expected from the parental numbers but aneuploid series around the expected numbers were rather frequent. Three cases of unreduced gametes were found. Selective chromosome elimination was restricted to combinations including eitherH. vulgare orH. bulbosum.—Despite a very diverse morphology, all South American diploid species together with the two North American diploidsH. intercedens andH. pusillum appear to be closely related. The hexaploid American speciesH. procerum, H. lechleri, andH. arizonicum are also related. The two North American tetraploid speciesH. jubatum andH. brachyantherum sometimes form semifertile hybrids. The Asiatic speciesH. roshevitzii appears to be related to both North and South American taxa.
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    Observations of the floral biology ofPrasophyllum odoratum (Orchidaceae, Spiranthoideae) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 65-76 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Prasophyllum odoratum ; Pollination ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Prasophyllum odoratum is a vernal, nectariferous, terrestrial orchid that flowers profusely six to eight months following cyclical fires that disrupt sclerophyll woodlands. The morphology of the column and pollinarium is indicative of taxa placed within the subfam.Spiranthoideae. The orientation of the pollinaria to the stigma appears to prevent mechanical self-pollination. Both cross- and self-pollination appear to be effected by insects that forage within the brightly-colored, scented, non-resupinate flowers. Ants and drosophilid flies remove nectar, but do not appear to transport pollinaria between flowers. The primary pollinators are polytrophic flies in the fam.Syrphidae and opportunistic male bees in the genusLeioproctus (Colletidae). Approximately 52% of the flowers on a raceme set seed. The comparatively short floral tube ofP. odoratum reflects the dependence of this species on short-tongued insects to effect successful dispersal of pollinaria.
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    Leaf flavonoid chemistry and the relationships of theLactoridaceae (1986)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 133-139 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Lactoridaceae ; Lactoris ; Flavonoids ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaves of the monotypic angiosperm familyLactoridaceae exhibit flavonoid constituents consisting of six 3-0-diglycosides of the flavonols kaempferol and isorhamnetin. The presence of flavonols is concordant with the placement ofLactoridaceae among the “archaic” or “primitive” flowering plants. Flavonoid chemistry is less informative on the relationships of the family within the primitive dicots. The presence of isorhamnetin suggests closer affinities with families in theLaurales, particularly theGomortegaceae andMonimiaceae. Phenetic and cladistic analyses of morphological features place theLactoridaceae near several families in theMagnoliales.
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  • 92
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    Amorphophallus nicolsonianus (Araceae), a new species from India (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Araceae ; Amorphophallus nicolsonianus ; species nova ; Flora of India
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Amorphophallus nicolsonianus species nova, with cylindrical or napiform corms, is the only representative of the sect.Rapyogkos in India. All the other hitherto known species of this region have globose or depressed globose corms. The new species is related to some Indochinese species and toA. hildebrandtii ( Engl.)Engl. & Gehrm. from Madagascar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983684
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    Genetic diversity and environmental associations of wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum (Poaceae), in Iran (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 141-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Hordeum spontaneum ; Genetic resources ; allozyme polymorphism ; correlation with environmental parameters ; Flora of Iran
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic diversity and structure of populations of the wild progenitor of barleyHordeum spontaneum in Iran was studied by electrophoretically discernible allozymic variation in proteins encoded by 30 gene loci in 509 individuals representing 13 populations of wild barley. The results indicate that: a)Hordeum spontaneum in Iran is extremely rich genetically but, because of predominant self-pollination, the variation is carried primarily by different homozygotes in the population. Thus, genetic indices of polymorphismP-1% = 0.375, range = 0.267−0.500, and of genetic diversity,He = 0.134, range = 0.069−0.198, are very high. b) Genetic differentiation of populations includes clinal, regional and local patterns, sometimes displaying sharp geographic differentiation over short distances. The average relative differentiation among populations isGst = 0.28, range = 0.02−0.61. c) A substantial portion of the patterns of allozyme variation in the wild gene pool is significanctly correlated with the environment and is predictable ecologically, chiefly by combinations of temperature and humidity variables. d) The natural populations studied, on the average, are more variable than two composite crosses, and more variable than indigenous land races of cultivated barely,Hordeum vulgare, in Iran. — The spatial patterns and environmental correlates and predictors of genetic variation ofH. spontaneum in Iran indicate that genetic variation in wild barley populations is not only rich but also at least partly adaptive. Therefore, a much fuller exploitation of these genetic resources by breeding for disease resistance and economically important agronomic traits is warranted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983683
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    A taxonomic investigation of theHordeum murinum Complex (Poaceae) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 181-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Hordeum murinum complex ; wild barley ; Classification ; numerical methods ; conditional clustering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to produce a classification of theHordeum murinum complex. Using an experimental design to account for the environmental component of the phenotypic variation, material from sources throughout the old-world range ofH. murinum was grown in a common environment. Eight morphological characters were measured on the resulting triplets (i.e., the central and lateral florets, glumes and rachis internode). Clustering, variance and discriminants analyses of these data suggest that there are three distinct groups. This classification is then examined for consistency with hypotheses obtained from the work of other researchers and discussed in light of the known biology of the plants. An identification key to members of the complex using the triplet characters is provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983686
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    Cytogenetic studies of cultivatedCrocus sativus (Iridaceae) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 199-204 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Crocus sativus L. ; Chromosome number ; karyotype analysis ; meiosis ; univalents ; bivalents ; trivalents ; laggard chromosomes ; inversions ; sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Meiosis and mitosis are described in cultivatedCrocus sativus of Iran. This indicates that this species is an autotriploid and sterile. Karyotype analysis, rare inversions, laggard chromosomes and distribution of chromosomes in the first anaphase are described, and the reasons for its sterility are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983687
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  • 96
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    Correlations between 2C DNA values and habit inCassia (Leguminosae:Caesalpinioideae) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 223-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Caesalpinioideae ; Cassia ; Habit ; DNA content ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten species of the genusCassia show a range of 2C DNA amounts from 1.30 to 2.54 pg at the same ploidy level. Remarkably, a distinct 2-fold increase is depicted by an arboreal speciesC. excelsa while the rest comprising of herbs, trees and shrubs have a range from 1.30 to 1.47 pg. These form a natural grouping with respect to mean DNA amounts which differ by 0.05 pg in the herbs, trees and shrubs respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983689
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  • 97
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    A cytological study ofPelargonium sect.Eumorpha (Geraniaceae) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 205-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Pelargonium ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotypes ; hybrids ; karyotype evolution ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chromosome numbers of seven species ofPelargonium sect.Eumorpha have been determined from material of known wild origin, and karyotypic comparisons have been made. Within the section there is variation in basic chromosome number (x = 4, 8, 9, 11), variation in chromosome size, and two species have polyploid races. The three species with chromosome numbers based on x = 11 have the smallest chromosomes (1.0–1.5 µm); chromosomes are larger (1.0–3.0 µm) in the other species.P. elongatum has the lowest chromosome number in the genus (2n = 8).P. alchemilloides is exceptional in that it has four cytotypes, 2n = 16, 18, 34 and 36, and the form with 2n = 36 has large chromosomes (2.0–5.0 µm). Evidence from a synthesized hybrid suggests thatP. alchemilloides with 2n = 16 may be of polyploid origin. The three species based on x = 11 appear to be more closely related to species from other sections ofPelargonium that have the same basic chromosome number and small chromosome size, rather than to other species of sect.Eumorpha.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983688
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    Characterization of interspecific hybrids betweenOrchis mascula andO. pallens (Orchidaceae) by enzyme electrophoresis (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 229-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Orchis ; Interspecific hybrids ; species identification ; enzyme electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The European orchidsOrchis mascula, O. pallens and their hybrids have been analysed by enzyme electrophoresis on starch gels. The two species differ in the electrophoretic mobilities of four out of eight enzymes tested. Three enzymes, phosphoglucomutase, phosphoglucoisomerase and “malic enzyme” exhibit typical heterozygote patterns in the hybrid plants demonstrating the presence of both differing parental alleles. Thus, species identification is easy by the electrophoretic analysis of a low number of enzyme loci, and hybrids are detectable even if morphological characters fail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983690
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    Variation and evolution inLinum tenuifolium (Linaceae) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 243-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Linaceae ; Linum tenuifolium L. ; L. suffruticosum L. ; L. salsoloides Lam. ; L. appressum Caballero ; Variation ; phenetics ; systematics ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phenetic variation inL. tenuifolium s.l. was assessed using multivariate analyses of 27 characters found to be variable within the species. These results are discussed and interpreted in the context of the reproductive biology, chromosome number and ecological responses of the taxa. Evidence suggests that both the self-compatible and tetraploid races were derived independently from a self-incompatible, diploid type. Although no taxonomic scheme is compatible with all of the evidence presented, the study supports a recent decision to recognize four taxa at subspecific level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983691
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    Pollen grain wall structure ofCaytonanthus arberi (Caytoniales) (1986)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 153 (1986), S. 259-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gymnosperms ; Angiosperms ; Pteridosperms ; Caytoniales ; Caytonanthus ; Ultrastructure ; pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pollen grain wall structure ofCaytonanthus arberi was studied with SEM and TEM. The monosulcate, bisaccate pollen grain of this taxon has an alveolar wall structure that is more like that found in saccate Conifers than primitive Angiosperms. Pollen grain morphology does not support a Caytonialean ancestry for the Angiosperms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983692
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