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  • General Chemistry  (837)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (419)
  • AERODYNAMICS  (366)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (347)
  • 1980-1984  (1,969)
  • 1975-1979
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  • 1950-1954
  • 1981  (1,969)
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  • 1980-1984  (1,969)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1970-1974
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 101
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    The AGCE apparatus (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The atmospheric general circulation experiment (AGCE) apparatus, an instrument to extend previous experimental work on baroclinic flows in cylindrical geometry to spherical geometry was proposed. The instrument must be flown in Spacelab to allow the radial dielectric body force which simulates gravity to be dominant. The essential configuration of the proposed apparatus is shown. Some preliminary values of dimensions and imposed conditions are included.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Numerical Studies Program for the Atmospheric Gen. Circ. Expt. (AGCE) for Spacelab Flights; p 10-15
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  • 102
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    Global and local fluctuations of winter and summer simulations with the GLAS climate model (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Winter and summer simulations were carried out with an improved version of the GLAS general circulation model. An improved method of computing the boundary layer fluxes, and a more realistic specification of the albedo of snow and ice covered surfaces were used. Each particular diagnostic quantity was computed from the model data and each of the 15 years of observations in precisely the same way, wherever possible. The reported observational results are averaged over the 15 winters or summers, as appropriate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 231-236
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  • 103
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    Numerical prediction of the monsoon depression of 5-7 July, 1979 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The objective analysis and assimilation procedure with the FGGE/MONEX data are described. Numerical predictions with the GLAS general circulation model were made from the two initial conditions arrived at by assimilating the two different data sets. The model, the analysis and assimilation procedure, the differences in the analyses due to different data inputs, and the differences in the numerical prediction of monsoon depressions are outlined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 223-230
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  • 104
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    An analysis of the cloud fields simulated by the GLAS climate model (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The cloud field produced by the climate model was analyzed. The following items are discussed: (1) reasonable cloudiness production by the model; (2) comparison of the amount of model generated cumulus cloudiness to super saturation cloudiness; and (3) the size and effect of cumulus clouds on radiation balance. It is shown that the scattered, small scale cumulus clouds occur more frequently than the horizontally wide spread supersaturation clouds in the low latitudes and mid troposphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 205-206A
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  • 105
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    Spatial and Temporal scales of time-averaged 700 MB height anomalies (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The monthly and seasonal forecasting technique is based to a large extent on the extrapolation of trends in the positions of the centers of time averaged geopotential height anomalies. The complete forecasted height pattern is subsequently drawn around the forecasted anomaly centers. The efficacy of this technique was tested and time series of observed monthly mean and 5 day mean 700 mb geopotential heights were examined. Autocorrelation statistics are generated to document the tendency for persistence of anomalies. These statistics are compared to a red noise hypothesis to check for evidence of possible preferred time scales of persistence. Space-time spectral analyses at middle latitudes are checked for evidence of periodicities which could be associated with predictable month-to-month trends. A local measure of the average spatial scale of anomalies is devised for guidance in the completion of the anomaly pattern around the forecasted centers.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 163-169
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  • 106
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    The relative contributions of increased resolution in the data assimilation and in the forecast model to satellite data impact (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Assimilation cycles were carried out with two versions of the GLAS second order GCM: a coarse version with 4 deg latitude by 5 deg longitude resolution, called the C model, and a fine version with 2.5 deg latitude by 3 deg longitude resolution called the F model. For the two DST-6 cases where the combined influence of satellite data and model resolution are at a maximum at sea level, the relative contributions of increased resolution in the data assimilation and in the forecast models were evaluated. F model forecasts were generated from the C model SAT assimilation interpolated by the F grid, and C model forecasts were generated from the F model SAT assimilation interpolated to the C grid. These forecasts were then compared with the corresponding forecasts which had utilized the same grid resolution in the data assimilation and forecast models, CS and FS.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 11-13
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  • 107
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    Structure and dynamics of monsoon depressions: The Monex depression (July 1979) (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Literature on monsoon formation is surveyed. Monsoon depressions over the Bay of Bengal are caused either by amplification of westward propagating weak disturbances or by downward propagation of the internal jet instability of the easterly jet. Barotropic instability of low level flow helps the growth of weak disturbances. Rapid growth of an already existing weak perturbation is due to CISK. If the disturbance attains adequate amplitude in the lower levels (either by downward propagation of wave energy of by CISK), the low level moisture convergence and latent heat of condensation are utilized more efficiently for the development of a vertically coupled deep disturbance, which along with upper level easterlies contributes to the westward propagation of the disturbance. Absence of strong vertical coupling leads to vertical tilt and decay of the disturbance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Intern. Conf. on Early Results of FGGE and Large-Scale Aspects of its Monsoon Expt.; 5 p
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  • 108
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    The state of the atmosphere as inferred from the FGGE satellite observing systems during SOP-1 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The statistical properties, and coverage, of satellite temperature sounding data are described. Tropical regions are observed every two days, extratropics from one to four times a day. Oceans are covered two to three times a day. Asynoptic coverage is comparable to the U.S. rawinsonde network twice daily coverage. Lack of ground truth for data sparse areas makes accuracy difficult to assess. The rms differences of layer mean temperatures obtained from collocating rawinsonde observations with satellite temperature profiles in space and time differ from rms differences of layer mean satellite temperature soundings. The FGGE satellite systems can infer the three dimensional motion field and improve the representation of the large scale state of the atmosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Intern. Conf on Early Results of FGGE and Large-Scale Aspects of its Monsoon Expt.; 15 p
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  • 109
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    Artificial stereo presentation of meteorological data fields (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The innate capability to perceive three-dimensional stereo imagery has been exploited to present multidimensional meteorological data fields. Variations on an artificial stereo technique first discussed by Pichel et al. (1973) are used to display single and multispectral images in a vivid and easily assimilated manner. Examples of visible/infrared artificial stereo are given for Hurricane Allen and for severe thunderstorms on 10 April 1979. Three-dimensional output from a mesoscale model also is presented. The images may be viewed through the glasses inserted in the February 1981 issue of the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, with the red lens over the right eye. The images have been produced on the interactive Atmospheric and Oceanographic Information Processing System (AOIPS) at Goddard Space Flight Center. Stereo presentation is an important aid in understanding meteorological phenomena for operational weather forecasting, research case studies, and model simulations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 62
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  • 110
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    Satellite-observed cloud-top height changes in tornadic thunderstorms (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Eleven tornadic storms are evaluated with respect to cloud top temperature changes relative to tornado touchdown. Digital IR data from the SMS/GOES geosynchronous satellites were employed for 10 F2 and one F1 tornadoes. A rapid ascent of the cloud tops 30-45 min before tornado touchdown, a temperature decrease of 0.4 K/min, and an ascent rate of about 3 m/sec were observed. The presence of an operating Doppler radar for three of the sample storms allowed detection of a mesocyclone coincident with the rapid cloud top ascent. The intensification and descent of the vortex to form a tornado is concluded to be due to a weakening of the updraft, the formation of a downdraft, and a shift of the vortex to the updraft-downdraft boundary, leading to dominance of the tilting term in the generation of vorticity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 20; Nov. 198
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  • 111
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    Evaluation of the Seasat wind scatterometer (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Surface wind velocities have been derived from backscatter measurements of the ocean surface made by a satellite-borne, microwave sensor. Comparisons with high-quality surface-based measurements obtained during the Joint Air-Sea Interaction experiment are described. The accuracy of the scatterometer winds at this mid-latitude site, + or 1.6 m/s in speed and + or - 18 deg in direction, for winds between 3 and 16 m/s is within the design specification.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Nature; 294; Dec
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  • 112
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    Identification of acetylene /C2H2/ in infrared atmospheric absorption spectra (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Infrared atmospheric absorption spectra at 0.02/cm resolution were obtained during a balloon flight on March 23, 1981 from the Holloman AFB, New Mexico. The absorption features, attributed to C2H2, were used to derive a preliminary mixing ratio of about 25 pptv near 9 km, accurate to + or - 40%. This mixing ratio falls into the range of values calculated for the upper troposphere C2H2 in a photochemical/transport model. However, previous measurements from aircraft grab sampling (Cronn and Robinson, 1979) show four to twelve times this C2H2 concentration 1.5 km below the tropopause.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Dec. 20
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  • 113
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    Effect of cloud-radiation feedback on the climate of a general circulation model (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experiments are described which show significant changes in the simulated large-scale dynamical circulation of a global model. Fixed clouds acting as zonally asymmetric radiative heat sources increase the generation of eddy available potential energy (EAPE) and the energy's conversion to eddy kinetic energy. Generation of EAPE by net radiative heating increases by 50% (0.11 W/sq m) for the fixed cloud experiment. The increase caused by the stationary component is much larger (approximately 100%), but it is partially compensated by a decrease caused by the transient component. A substantial increase is found in the variances of the planetary-scale stationary waves and the medium-scale waves of 2.7 day period. Although the sea surface temperatures are prescribed identically in both integrations, the changes in evaporation and precipitation are found to be much larger over the oceans than over the land.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Nov. 198
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  • 114
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    Anomalous wind estimates from the Seasat scatterometer (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Seasat-A Satellite Scatterometer (SASS) measured the radar backscatter intensity from the sea surface using a four-beam microwave antenna. Estimates of wind speed and direction derived from these data agree well with surface measurements made during the Joint Air-Sea Interaction experiment, but there are occasions (3 out of 23 satellite passes) when the results are anomalous. One such occasion when the satellite measurements differed substantially from those at the surface of the sea has been studied, and it has been concluded that the interpretation of the SASS measurements may have been vitiated by a mid-level convective system deep enough to produce thunderstorms and lightning.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Nature; 294; Dec
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  • 115
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    A simple mechanism for blocking (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Numerical experiments show that blocking in a barotropic atmosphere can occur as a resonant enhancement of Rossby lee waves forced by two stationary sources of potential vorticity. In particular, if an upstream source of stationary forcing enhances the northerly flow over orography, then blocking occurs downstream of the mountain. In an analytical study, we show that, in the presence of friction, Rossby lee waves generate a rectified current downstream of the mountain, which does not vanish in the limit of zero friction. The relevance of this study to observed generation of blocking in the Atlantic Ocean and immediately upstream of the Rockies is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Oct. 198
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  • 116
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    Magnitude and frequency of wind speed shears from 3 to 150 meters (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analysis is presented of high resolution wind profile measurements recorded at the NASA 150-m ground winds tower facility, showing wind speed shear frequency and magnitude distributions for six vertical layers of the atmosphere and one vertical distance. Vertical wind shear is defined as the change of wind speed with height, and its magnitudes were derived by algebraically subtracting lower level wind speeds from those of higher levels and dividing the distance between levels. Horizontal wind shear is understood to be change of wind speed with horizontal distance, and its magnitudes were derived by algebraically subtracting the wind speed at a short tower from that at a tall one and dividing by the distance between towers.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 18; July 198
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  • 117
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    Spiral feature observed at top of rotating thunderstorm (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A dark spiral feature is noted in the geosynchronous satellite visible image of the top of a thunderstorm which also has a Doppler radar-observed mesocyclone. Although the evidence is not conclusive, the feature may represent cyclonic rotation at cloud top associated with the pre-tornado mesocyclone.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; May 1981
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  • 118
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    Microphysical development of a pulsating cumulus tower - A case study (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In-cloud microphysical data collected within a 22-minute period during seven consecutive passes at the -13 C sampling level of a deep (base +22 C) convective cloud provide observational evidence for a secondary ice production mechanism at work in the Florida environment. The observed microphysical characteristics of the convective tower, particularly the spatial distribution and habit of the ice phase relative to the updraft, are consistent with a rime-splintering hypothesis for secondary ice production. It is shown that the cloud's updraft structure is critically important in governing the timing of the ice production by controlling the flux of graupel particles through the critical temperature zone (-3 C to -8 C). The importance of the cloud's pulsation growth dynamics on the microphysics is emphasized, particularly as it relates to rapidly glaciating cumuli.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Royal Meteorological Society; vol. 107
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  • 119
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    Space-time spectral structure of a GLAS general circulation model and a comparison with observations (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The wavenumber-frequency spectra of geopotential height computed from a winter simulation of a general circulation model are compared with the observed winter spectra averaged over 15 winters. The space and time scales studied include: (1) stationary planetary waves; (2) stationary synoptic-scale waves; (3) low-frequency planetary waves; (4) low frequency synoptic-scale waves; (5) medium-frequency planetary waves; and (6) medium frequency synoptic-scale waves. Variances in these categories are presented and their distributions with latitude and height are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; May 1981
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  • 120
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    A split explicit reformulation of the regional numerical weather prediction model of the Japan Meteorological Agency (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The split explicit integration scheme for numerical weather prediction models is employed in a version of the regional numerical weather prediction model of the Japan Meteorological Agency. The finite-difference scheme of the model is designed in the manner proposed by Okamura (1975). The horizontal advection terms in the governing equations are integrated with a time step limited by the wind speed while the terms which describe inertial-gravity oscillations are integrated in a succession of shorter time steps. The physical processes included within the model are precipitation, small-scale convection, surface exchanges of sensible and latent heat, and radiative heating and cooling. An example of a surface pressure forecast over Europe is shown for initial data observed at 0000 GMT 29 December 1979. Quantitative precipitation forecasts over Europe and North America for the 24 h period beginning at 0000 GMT 30 December 1979 are also shown. It is concluded that the model is capable of realistically depicting the evolution of synoptic-scale systems.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; May 1981
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  • 121
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    Positive cloud-to-ground lightning flashes in severe storms (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The occurrence of cloud-to-ground flashes that effectively lower positive charge to earth (+CG flash) over flat terrain has been documented in the mature stage of severe thunderstorms. Of the 31 documented +CG flashes, most had only one return stroke. Zero-to-peak rise times for the strokes averaged 7 microsec. The +CG flashes averaged 520 ms in duration, with 25 percent lasting more than 800 ms. Many of these had field changes suggestive of continuing current. Positive flashes have been observed to emanate from several regions of severe storms: high on the back of the main storm tower, through the wall cloud, and from the downshear anvil. Visually most of these positive flashes have emanated from high in the storm, and acoustic mapping of two shows thunder sources to a height of about 15 km.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 8; July 198
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  • 122
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    Application of unsteady airfoil theory to rotary wings (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A clarification is presented on recent work concerning the application of unsteady airfoil theory to rotary wings. The application of this theory may be seen as consisting of four steps: (1) the selection of an appropriate unsteady airfoil theory; (2) the resolution of that velocity which is the resultant of aerodynamic and dynamic velocities at a point on the elastic axis into radial, tangential and perpendicular components, and the angular velocity of a blade section about the deformed axis; (3) the expression of lift and pitching moments in terms of the three components; and (4) the derivation of explicit expressions for the components in terms of flight velocity, induced flow, rotor rotational speed, blade motion variables, etc.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 18; July 198
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  • 123
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    An efficient method for computing the absorption of solar radiation by water vapor (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Chou and Arking (1980) have developed a fast but accurate method for computing the IR cooling rate due to water vapor. Using a similar approach, the considered investigation develops a method for computing the heating rates due to the absorption of solar radiation by water vapor in the wavelength range from 4 to 8.3 micrometers. The validity of the method is verified by comparison with line-by-line calculations. An outline is provided of an efficient method for transmittance and flux computations based upon actual line parameters. High speed is achieved by employing a one-parameter scaling approximation to convert an inhomogeneous path into an equivalent homogeneous path at suitably chosen reference conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Apr. 198
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  • 124
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    Predictability in a solvable stochastic climate model (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A highly idealized atmospheric model is presented for the purpose of examining the limits of predictability for the large scales of the temperature field. The model is of the semiempirical type introduced by Budyko (1968, 1969) and Sellers (1969), but forced by a white noise heating term. The advantage of the considered model is its simplicity and the fact that analytical methods can be used throughout so that each assumption and simplification can be examined explicitly. On the other hand, the model lacks many features expected to be important in the real geophysical system. The predictability problem is illustrated by considering first a simple model for the global temperature. The characteristic time for the decay of a global temperature anomaly is determined by the ratio of the associated heat storage to the radiative loss rate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Mar. 198
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  • 125
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    Tropical cyclone rainfall characteristics as determined from a satellite passive microwave radiometer (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data from the Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer on Nimbus-5 (ESMR-5) have been used to calculate total tropical cyclone Latent Heat Release (LHR) and rainfall parameters for over 70 satellite observations of 21 tropical cyclones during 1973, 1974, and 1975 in the North Pacific tropical ocean. The data were found to be useful in determining the rainfall characteristics of these storms and appear to be potentially useful in monitoring and making short-term prediction of their intensity. Case studies as well as composite studies indicate that the increase in the ESMR-5 derived LHR corresponds to storm intensification. It also appears that the ESMR-5 derived rainfall parameters can be used to detect the beginning of tropical cyclone intensification.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Mar. 198
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  • 126
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    The coupling between flow instabilities and incident disturbances at a leading edge (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is now generally agreed that an external disturbance field, such as an incident acoustic wave, can effectively couple to instabilities of a flow past a trailing edge. One purpose of the present paper is to show that there are situations where a similar coupling can occur at a leading edge. The process is analyzed and the effects of experimentally controllable parameters are assessed. It is important to account for such phenomena when evaluating the effect of external disturbances on transition.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 104; Mar. 198
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  • 127
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    A discrete vortex method for the non-steady separated flow over an airfoil (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A discrete vortex method was used to analyze the separated non-steady flow about a cambered airfoil. The foil flow modelling is based on the thin lifting-surface approach, where the chordwise location of the separation point is assumed to be known from experiments or flow-visualization data. Calculated results provided good agreement when compared with the post-stall aerodynamic data of two airfoils. Those airfoil sections differed in the extent of travel of the separation point with increasing angle of attack. Furthermore, the periodic wake shedding was analyzed and its time-dependent influence on the airfoil was investigated.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 102; Jan. 198
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  • 128
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    Pathfinder model program for the National Transonic Facility (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An overview of the Pathfinder Models Program is presented. The Pathfinder program is a major research and development activity in support of the National Transonic Facility Activation Plan. The program scope, models design approach, and Pathfinder model configurations are presented along with a discussion of major supportive program activities. The anticipated design criteria for NTF models are presented.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: High Reynolds Number Res. - 1980; p 37-52
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  • 129
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    Numerical simulation of a sudden stratospheric warming with a three-dimensional, spectral, quasi-geostrophic model (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analysis of a sudden stratospheric warming which developed spontaneously during a winter simulation with a three-dimensional quasi-geostrophic model is described. Changes in the circulation and thermal structure of the winter polar stratosphere that occurred during the warming are shown to be in close agreement with observed behavior: enhanced vertical flux of eddy energy into the stratosphere, rapid temperature increase in high latitudes with a reversal of the zonal mean temperature gradient between midlatitude and pole, destruction of the circumpolar cyclonic vortex, and a marked deceleration of the westerly jet and the appearance of zonal mean easterlies. Energies of the warming are also consistent with observed characteristics. Many aspects of the dynamical development of the present model simulation are shown to agree with a previous model simulation, but there are also areas of disagreement.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; July 198
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  • 130
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    Trailing edge noise prediction using Amiet's method (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Amiet's (1976, 1978) solution to the problem of airfoil trailing edge noise prediction is discussed in light of the results of evanescent wave theory's application to the measured surface pressure behavior near the trailing edge of an airfoil with a turbulent boundary layer. The method employed by Amiet has the advantage of incorporating the effect of finite chord in its solution. The assumed form of the pressure distribution is examined as well as the constant turbulent boundary layer convection assumption, which is found to be unnecessarily restrictive.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration; 77; Aug. 8
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  • 131
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    Satellite and correlative measurements of the stratospheric aerosol. II Comparison of measurements made by SAM II, dustsondes and airborne lidar (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results are shown from the first set of measurements conducted to validate extinction data from the Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement II (SAM II). Dustsonde-measured number density profiles and lidar-measured backscattering profiles for two days are converted to extinction profiles, and are shown to agree within their respective uncertainties at all heights above the tropopause. Near the tropopause, agreement depends on use of model size distributions with larger particles, having radii greater than 0.6 microns. The presence of such large particles is supported by measurements made elsewhere, is suggested by the in situ size distribution measurements reported, and is likely to have an important bearing on the radiative impact of the total stratospheric aerosol. It is concluded that the SAM II extinction data and uncertainty estimates are supported.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; June 198
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  • 132
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    An analysis of intermittent updating for the shallow water equations (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The method of intermittent updating for a model system is analyzed. How updating one variable of the system affects the other variables, what the factors are which influence the rate of convergence of this procedure, and how measurement error affects the procedure are considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 74-77
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  • 133
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    Applications of estimation theory to numerical weather prediction (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Numerical weather prediction (NWP) is an initial value problem for a system of nonlinear partial differential equations in which the initial values are known only incompletely and inaccurately. Data at initial time can be supplemented, however, by observations of the system distributed over a time interval preceding it. Estimation theory was successful in approaching such problems for models governed by systems of ordinary differential equations and of linear PDEs. Estimation-theoretic methods for NWP are developed. A model exhibiting many features of large scale atmospheric flow important in NWP is the one governed by the shallow fluid equations. The estimation problem for a linearized formulation of these equations is studied. A finite difference version of the equations is used as a forecast model to simulate the numerical models used in NWP.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981 (SEE N82-25551 16-42)
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  • 134
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    Comparison of observed and computed brightness temperatures for the HIRS2 and MSU sounders on TIROS-N (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Given the radiosonde temperature and humidity profile, brightness temperatures for the temperature sounding IR channels on HIRS 2 were calculated. The temperature profile was interpolated to 53 levels between 1000 and 30 mb assuming temperature to be linear in the logarithm of the pressure between the mandatory levels. The 11 levels above 30 mb were extrapolated according to climatology. The surface was taken to be the climatological sea surface temperature. The specific humidity was interpolated between mandatory levels assuming a p(n) dependence. A specific humidity corresponding to a climatological water vapor mixing ratio of 2 ppmv was assumed at and above 100 mb. Zonally averaged climatological ozone profiles were used to compute the ozone component of the transmittance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 61-67
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  • 135
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    Numerical prediction of the large scale tropical flow (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The mean error characteristics of two series of forecasts of the tropical flow were studied. By using as initial conditions analyses made with and without the FGGE special observing system, the impact that initial data has on the accuracy of the forecasts is estimated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 37-45
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  • 136
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    Model verification studies using accurate measurements of spin up (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The reliability and accuracy of the numerical code for spin up flows in a cylinder by comparing the numerical results against high resolution laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) measurements of the azimuthal flows were checked. A computer code to generate numerical solution for axisymmetric rotating fluid in a cylinder was obtained and amended for routine use at MSFC. The numerical simulations used the Navier-Stokes equations in axisymmetric form and employed finite difference techniques on both constant and variable grids. The numerical solutions are analyzed to gain further insight into the fundamental questions analyzed in rotating fluid dynamics.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Numerical Studies Program for the Atmospheric Gen. Circ. Expt. (AGCE) for Spacelab Flights; p 40-43
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  • 137
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    The three dimensional spherical model for the AGCE (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development of accurate numerical model of the atmospheric general circulation experiment (AGCE) is discussed. The model will serve both as a design and diagnostic tool for the AGCE, as well as for conducting numerical experiments which otherwise cannot be performed by AGCE. The code in its final form will solve the complete three dimensional nonlinear Navier-Stokes energy equations with the Boussinesq approximation. The code will allow for any thermal boundary conditions and any external forcing in the form of rotation and body forces and will allow for variable thermodynamic coefficients.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Numerical Studies Program for the Atmospheric Gen. Circ. Expt. (AGCE) for Spacelab Flights; p 37-39
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  • 138
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    Shallow water experiments using an improved Kreiss-Oliger 2-4 scheme (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Abarbanel-Gottleib (AG) modification of the Kreiss-Oliger (KO) scheme is applied to a global 1-level shallow water model and the results compared to results obtained using the standard KO scheme. The standard KO scheme consists of the second order leapfrog scheme for time derivatives and fourth order space differencing for spatial derivatives. The AG scheme modifies the KO scheme in a manner similar to that done by Wilson to the multidimensional leapfrog scheme, obtaining a 35-40% improvement of the maximum time step. Application of the AG scheme expands the domain of influence of the KO scheme by including off-axis grid points.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 105-113
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  • 139
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    A variable vertical resolution weather model with an explicitly resolved planetary boundary layer (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A version of the fourth order weather model incorporating surface wind stress data from SEASAT A scatterometer observations is presented. The Monin-Obukhov similarity theory is used to relate winds at the top of the surface layer to surface wind stress. A reasonable approximation of surface fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum are obtainable using this method. A Richardson number adjustment scheme based on the ideas of Chang is used to allow for turbulence effects.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 82-83
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  • 140
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    Forebody drag reduction (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is shown that the mechanisms of forebody drag reduction by means of either a spike or a forward-facing jet are similar, with the maximum achievable drag reduction being of the same order. Because the jet may be a relatively cool gas, however, the forward facing jet has the additional capability of reducing the aerodynamic heating that is so severe at high Mach numbers. By means of the correlation presented, jet ejection parameters may be chosen to achieve maximum permissible forebody drag reduction. The correlation method uses a momentum coefficient that characterizes jet efflux and freestream conditions.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 19; Oct. 198
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  • 141
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    Unsteady Newton-Busemann flow theory. II - Bodies of revolution (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A complete Newtonian flow theory is presented for unsteady flow past oscillating bodies of revolution of general shape at very high Mach numbers, consideration being given to a centrifugal force correction to the impact pressures. Expressions are obtained for the unsteady pressure and the stability derivatives are presented in closed form. It is stressed that the correction for the centrifugal force, which arises because of the curved trajectories that fluid particles follow along the surface subsequent to their impact, must not be neglected. If the correction is included, the theory is shown to be in excellent agreement with experimental results for relatively sharp cones. Theoretical results are in poor agreement with experimental results in air for bodies having moderate or large-nose bluntness.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 19; Oct. 198
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  • 142
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    Structure and dynamics of monsoon depressions: The Monex depression (July 1979) (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The mechanisms for the formation and movement of monsoon depressions are discussed. The east-west oriented monsoon throughs which move north and south and appear over the Bay of Bengal and move northwest over India are examined. The mechanisms of formation and movement are summarized: (1) monsoon depressions over the Bay of Bengal are caused either by amplification of westward propagating weak disturbances or by downward propagation of the internal jet instability of the easterly jet; (2) the barotropic instability of the low level flow over the Bay of Bengal is conductive to the growth of weak disturbances; (3) the CISK is the primary driving mechanism for the rapid growth for a preexisting weak perturbation; and (4) once the disturbance has attained adequate amplitude in the lower levels, the low level moisture convergence and latent heat condensation is utilized more efficiently for the development of a vertically coupled deep disturbance which along with upper level easterlies contribute to the westward propagation of the disturbance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 217-222
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  • 143
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    Some aspects of southwest monsoon as seen in a GLAS GCM simulation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The GCM simulations to see if they simulate the southwest summer monsoon or aspects of it were studied. In particular, the GLAS GCM simulations have also been studied with monsoon in view. Aspects of the summer monsoon, viz., disturbances in the monsoon flow and periodicities in the monsoon fluctuations as revealed in a simulation were investigated. Results of climate simulation for 50 summer days from June 15, 1979 through August 3, 1979 are reported. Daily mean fields were computed from these data sets for the monsoon region. The monsoon region here is defined as the region bounded by latitudes 30 S - 42 N and longitudes 45 E - 120 E.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 195-197
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  • 144
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    Climate model postprocessing (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development of new postprocessing software of the climate modeling group is summarized. Code, test, and perform simulations with global general circulation models are described. The models improve understanding and ability to predict the vagaries of weather and climate. To learn from and utilize the model results, it is necessary to create elaborate postprocessing software to allow analysis of the large volume of data produced. The models produce sigma history tapes. The sigma history records are interpolated to pressure history records, which are written on a pressure history tape. The model results are analyzed on pressure surfaces, with snap shots or time averages.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 149-152
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  • 145
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    Preliminary evaluation of the FGGE special effort for data enhancement (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Man-computer Interactive Data Access System (McIDAS) terminals were utilized for data evaluation, quality assessment, and satellite data enhancement.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 52-60
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  • 146
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    Interactive processing of SEASAT scatterometer data (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Man-computer Interactive Data Access System (McIDAS), adapted for the interactive processing of satellite-derived temperature soundings and cloud-track winds for the FGGE Special Effort, was adapted for the processing and evaluation of SEASAT data. The implementation of the McIDAS SEASAT processing system required (1) extensive modifications to the data base structure to store and display SASS winds, as well as corroborative level II data, model first guess fields and level III analyses, and (2) the development of software to dealias and analyze SASS wind vectors interactively.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 49-51
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  • 147
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    The effect of varying amounts of satellite data, orography and diabatic processes on the numerical prediction of an intense cyclone (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Descriptive results from a study of cyclone evolution in the DST-6 forecast case from 0000 GMT 19 February 1976 are presented. The effects of satellite data, orography and diabatic processes on the numerical prediction of cyclone development, and displacement are assessed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 7-10
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  • 148
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    Climatology of blocking in the GLAS climate model (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The GLAS model's ability to simulate the occurrence of persistent anomalies to be referred to as blocking was examined. The GLAS climate model was integrated with a variety of initial and boundary conditions. Results of winter and summer simulation by the GLAS climate model are discussed. The model shows success in simulating the storm tracks.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 207-216
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  • 149
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    The seasonal-cycle climate model (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The seasonal cycle run which will become the control run for the comparison with runs utilizing codes and parameterizations developed by outside investigators is discussed. The climate model currently exists in two parallel versions: one running on the Amdahl and the other running on the CYBER 203. These two versions are as nearly identical as machine capability and the requirement for high speed performance will allow. Developmental changes are made on the Amdahl/CMS version for ease of testing and rapidity of turnaround. The changes are subsequently incorporated into the CYBER 203 version using vectorization techniques where speed improvement can be realized. The 400 day seasonal cycle run serves as a control run for both medium and long range climate forecasts alsensitivity studies.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Modeling and Simulation Facility: Res. Rev., 1980 - 1981; p 185-187
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  • 150
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    Large-scale variations in observed Antarctic Sea ice extent and associated atmospheric circulation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The 1974 Antarctic large scale sea ice extent is studied from data from Nimbus 2 and 5 and temperature and sea level pressure fields from the Australian Meteorological Data Set. Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer data were three-day averaged and compared with 1000 mbar atmospheric pressure and sea level pressure data, also in three-day averages. Each three-day period was subjected to a Fourier analysis and included the mean latitude of the ice extent and the phases and percent variances in terms of the first six Fourier harmonics. Centers of low pressure were found to be generally east of regions which displayed rapid ice growth, and winds acted to extend the ice equatorward. An atmospheric response was also noted as caused by the changing ice cover.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Nov. 198
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  • 151
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    Energy balance climate models (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An introductory survey of the global energy balance climate models is presented with an emphasis on analytical results. A sequence of increasingly complicated models involving ice cap and radiative feedback processes are solved, and the solutions and parameter sensitivities are studied. The model parameterizations are examined critically in light of many current uncertainties. A simple seasonal model is used to study the effects of changes in orbital elements on the temperature field. A linear stability theorem and a complete nonlinear stability analysis for the models are developed. Analytical solutions are also obtained for the linearized models driven by stochastic forcing elements. In this context the relation between natural fluctuation statistics and climate sensitivity is stressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics; 19; Feb. 198
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  • 152
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    Top-mounted inlet system feasibility for transonic-subsonic fighter aircraft applications (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: To inlet flow field and engine inlet performance data for an advanced fighter aircraft configuration were obtained over the Mach 0.6 to 2.0 range. The studies not only provided extensive data for the baseline arrangement, but also evaluated the effects of key aircraft configuration variables (inlet location, canopy-dorsal integration, wing leading-edge extension planform area, and variable incidence canards) on top inlet performance. In order to set these data in the context of practical aircraft systems top inlet performance is compared with that of more conventional inlet/airframe integrations. The results of these evaluations show that, for the top inlet configuration tested, relatively good inlet performance and compatibility characteristics are maintained during subsonic and transonic maneuver. However, at supersonic speeds, flow expansion over the forebody and wings causes an increase in local inlet Mach number subsequently reduces inlet performance levels. These characteristics infer that although top inlets many not pose a viable design option for aircraft requiring a high degree of supersonic maneuverability, they have distinct promise for vehicles with subsonic and transonic maneuver capabilities.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AGARD Aerodyn. of Power Plant Installation; 17 p
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  • 153
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    Impact of high-alpha aerodynamics on dynamic stability parameters of aircraft and missiles (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: The aerodynamic phenomena associated with high angles of attack and their effects on the dynamic stability characteristics of airplane and missile configurations are examined. Information on dynamic effects is limited. Steady flow phenomena and their effects on the forces and moments are reviewed. The effects of asymmetric vortices and of vortex bursting on the dynamic response of flight vehicles are reviewed with respect to their influence on: (1) nonlinearity of aerodynamic coefficients with attitude, rates, and accelerations; (2) cross coupling between longitudinal and lateral directional models of motion; (3) time dependence and hysteresis effects; (4) configuration dependencey; and (5) mathematical modeling of the aerodynamics.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AGARD Dyn. Stability Parameters; 18 p
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  • 154
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    An assessment of theoretical models for viscous and transonic flow (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: Topics discussed include shear flow models, simplified models for treating separation, classical linear theory, a local linearization theory, a transonic linear theory, a transonic nonlinear theory, the experiment of Davis, and the experiment of Tijdeman. It is concluded that shear flow models, which have proven very accurate in taking into account boundary layer effects for panel flutter, are likely to be less so for lifting surface flutter. For many applications in transonic flow, transonic linear theory will be adequate.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AGARD Boundary Layer Effects on Unsteady Airloads; 28 p
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  • 155
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    Experimental studies of scale effects on oscillating airfoils at transonic speeds (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: Scale effects are discussed with reference to a conventional airfoil (NACA 64A010) and a supercritical airfoil (NLR 7301) at mean flow conditions that support both weak and strong shock waves. During the experiment the Reynolds number was varied from 3 x 10 to the sixth power at time history data are presented over the range of reduced frequencies that are important in aeroelastic applications. The experimental data show that viscous effects are important in the case of the supercritical airfoil at all flow conditions and in the case of the conventional airfoil under strong shock wave conditions. Some frequency dependent viscous effects were also observed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AGARD Boundary Layer Effects on Unsteady Airfoils; 13 p
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  • 156
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    Natural laminar flow data from full-scale flight and wind-tunnel experiments (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-01
    Description: Experimental results obtained at NASA Langley during studies of natural laminar flow (NLF) over commercially produced aircraft surfaces are reported. The general aviation aircraft examined were light aircraft, yet displayed NLF extents close to the maximum available and equivalent to high performance business aircraft flying envelopes. Sublimating chemicals and acoustic detection techniques were employed to measure the boundary layer transition. Theoretical predictions of boundary layer stability were found to match well with the experimental data, with consideration given to both swept wings and the amplitudes of allowable waves on the airfoil surfaces. The presence of the NLF on the airfoil surfaces confirmed the benefits available from use of composite materials for airfoil surfaces.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 157
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    Severe storms and local weather research (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Developments in the use of space related techniques to understand storms and local weather are summarized. The observation of lightning, storm development, cloud development, mesoscale phenomena, and ageostrophic circulation are discussed. Data acquisition, analysis, and the development of improved sensor and computer systems capability are described. Signal processing and analysis and application of Doppler lidar data are discussed. Progress in numerous experiments is summarized.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-81 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 51-140
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  • 158
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    Natural Laminar Flow Flight Experiment (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A supercritical airfoil section was designed with favorable pressure gradients on both the upper and lower surfaces. Wind tunnel tests were conducted in the Langley 8 Foot Transonic Pressure Tunnel. The outer wing panels of the F-111 TACT airplane were modified to incorporate partial span test gloves having the natural laminar, flow profile. Instrumentation was installed to provide surface pressure data as well as to determine transition location and boundary layer characteristics. The flight experiment encompassed 19 flights conducted with and without transition fixed at several locations for wing leading edge sweep angles which varied from 10 to 26 at Mach numbers from 0.80 to 0.85 and altitudes of 7620 meters and 9144 meters. Preliminary results indicate that a large portion of the test chord experienced laminar flow.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Advan. Aerodyn. and Active Controls; p 135-144
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  • 159
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    Aerodynamic drag reduction tests on a box-shaped vehicle (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The intent of the present experiment is to define a near optimum value of drag coefficient for a high volume type of vehicle through the use of a boattail, on a vehicle already having rounded front corners and an underbody seal, or fairing. The results of these tests will constitute a baseline for later follow-on studies to evaluate candidate methods of obtaining afterbody drag coefficients approaching the boattail values, but without resorting to such impractical afterbody extensions. The current modifications to the box-shaped vehicle consisted of a full and truncated boattail in conjunction with the faired and sealed underbody. Drag results from these configurations are compared with corresponding wind tunnel results of a 1/10 scale model. Test velocities ranged up to 96.6 km/h (60 mph) and the corresponding Reynolds numbers ranged up to 1.3 x 10 to the 7th power based on the vehicles length which includes the boattail. A simple coast-down technique was used to define drag.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-CR-176982 , NAS 1.26:176982
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  • 160
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    Global weather research (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Modeling, prediction, and analysis of global meteorological phenomena influencing the large scale behavior of the atmosphere are summarized. Prediction of global weather phenomena based on satellite data is discussed and models of global phenomena developed. The atmospheric general circulation model (AGCE) is reviewed, axisymmetric flow calculated, and axisymmetric states in cylindrical, spherical, three dimensional, and spin up numerical models for AGCE described. The role of latent heat release in baroclinic waves, latent heat and cyclonic systems, and a theoretical study of baroclinic flow related to the AGCE and the flow regime were studied with a simplified general circulation model. AGCE and the geophysical fluid flow cell (GFFC) instrumentation are discussed. Investigation of solar and planetary convection for GFFC is described. The utilization of satellite cloud observations to diagnose the energy state and transformations in extratropical cyclones is reviewed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-81 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 9-50
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  • 161
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    Why use case studies rather than simulation-gaming techniques or library research? (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Method which present a student with a more challenging and true to life situation of needing to conduct research in a problem solving context--and not thinking about organization of format until research and thinking are complete are investigated. Simulation-gaming techniques which attempt to teach initiative and creativity that library research are used for this purpose. However, it is shown case studies provide the greatest opportunities to engage the students in problem solving situations in which they develop skills as researchers and writers.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Tech. Commun., Pt. 1; p 99-103
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  • 162
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    The phenomenon of dynamic stall (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Dynamic stall and its consequences which are important to aircraft design and operation are discussed. A certain degree of unsteadyness always accompanies the flow over streamlined bodies at high angle of attack, however, the stall of lifting surface undergoing unsteady motion is more complex than static stall. Dynamic stall remains a major unsolved problem with a variety of applications in aeronautics, hydrodynamics and wind engineering.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dynamics Unsteady Airloads and Aeroelastic Probl. in Separated and Transonic Flow; 28 p
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  • 163
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    Spherical models: Basic states and stability (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Steady axisymmetric basic states in a spherical cap and their stability to azimuthally varying perturbations of different wave numbers were numerically investigated. The main features of the planned computer code and numerical methods are outlined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Numerical Studies Program for the Atmospheric Gen. Circ. Expt. (AGCE) for Spacelab Flights; p 33-36
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  • 164
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    Mesoscale aspects of jet streak coupling and implications for the short term forecasting of severe convective storms (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: An analysis of a tornado outbreak in Wichita Falls, Texas was analyzed. The coupling of upper and lower tropospheric jet streaks, leading to severe storm outbreaks is illustrated. The high resolution SESAME data sets indicate that mass and momentum adjustments which couple upper and lower tropospheric jets occur within a 3 to 6 hr time frame over a 100 to 500 km domain, and establish the role of isallobaric forcing in the storm development. It is suggested that the output rate of data from the existing 12 hr network be increased to provide better temporal resolution of wind, mass and moisture data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: ESA Nowcasting: Mesoscale Observations and Short-Range Prediction; p 375-380
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  • 165
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    Upper atmospheric section (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Research, technology and monitoring of the upper atmosphere are summarized. Temperature response and polyatomic molecule decomposition in the stratosphere during a geomagnetic storm and the fabrication and verification of software for the atmospheric emissions photometric imager on Spacelab are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA(MSFC FY-81 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 1-7
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  • 166
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    Prediction of blade vortex interaction noise from measured blade pressure (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The impulsive nature of noise due to the interaction of a rotor blade with a tip vortex is studied. The time signature of this noise is calculated theoretically based on the measured blade surface pressure fluctuation of an operational load survey rotor in slow descending flight and is compared with the simultaneous microphone measurement. Particularly, the physical understanding of the characteristic features of a waveform is extensively studied in order to understand the generating mechanism and to identify the important parameters. The interaction trajectory of a tip vortex on an acoustic planform is shown to be a very important parameter for the impulsive shape of the noise. The unsteady nature of the pressure distribution at the very leading edge is also important to the pulse shape. The theoretical model using noncompact linear acoustics predicts the general shape of interaction impulse pretty well except for peak amplitude which requires more continuous pressure information along the span at the leading edge.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: DGLR Seventh European Rotorcraft and Powered Lift Aircraft Forum; 20 p
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  • 167
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    Two-dimensional aerodynamic characteristics of an airfoil designed for two (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An airfoil designed for helicopter rotor application is investigated. The airfoil is designed to increase maximum normal force coefficient while maintaining favorable drag divergence and pitching moment characteristics. Two modifications are also tested. Maximum normal force coefficient varies from 1.14 to 0.90 at Mach numbers from about 0.35 to 0.65. Both modifications decreased drag coefficient at zero normal force coefficient for Mach numbers near drag divergence, but were less beneficial at a normal force coefficient of -0.2.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TP-1965 , L-14825 , NAS 1.60:1965 , AVRADCOM-TR-81-B-6
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  • 168
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    Selected advanced aerodynamic and active control concepts development (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A task for the Energy Efficient Transport program conducted: (1) The design and wind tunnel development of high-aspect-ratio supercritical wings, investigating the cruise speed regime and also high-lift. (2) The preliminary design and evaluation of an aircraft combining a high-aspect-ratio supercritical wing with a winglet. (3) Active Controls: The determination of criteria, configuration, and flying qualities associated with augmented longitudinal stability of a level likely to be acceptable for the next generation transport; and the design of a practical augmentation system. The baseline against which the work was performed and evaluated was the Douglas DC-X-200 twin engine derivative of the DC-10 transport. The supercritical wing development showed that the cruise and buffet requirements could be achieved and that the wing could be designed to realize a sizable advantage over today's technology. Important advances in high lift performance were shown. The design study of an aircraft with supercritical wing and winglet suggested advantages in weight and fuel economy could be realized. The study of augmented stability, conducted with the aid of a motion base simulator, concluded that a negative static margin was acceptable for the baseline unaugmented aircraft.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-CR-3469 , NAS 1.26:3469
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  • 169
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    Subsonic and transonic pressure measurements on a high-aspect-ratio supercritical-wing model with oscillating control surfaces (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A high aspect ratio supercritical wing with oscillating control surfaces is described. The semispan wing model was instrumented with 252 static orifices and 164 in situ dynamic pressure gases for studying the effects of control surface position and sinusoidal motion on steady and unsteady pressures. Data from the present test (this is the second in a series of tests on this model) were obtained in the Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel at Mach numbers of 0.60 and 0.78 and are presented in tabular form.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-83201 , L-14831 , NAS 1.15:83201
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  • 170
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    Five scales of airflow associated with a series of downbursts on 16 July 1980 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An attempt is made to estimate wind speed in a series of windstorms, which occurred in a 50-km wide zone from Chicago to Detroit on July 16, 1980, based on three types of airborne objects: a 180 kg chimney, a 1000 kg corn storage bin, and lumber from damaged roofs. The maximum wind speed obtained is 63 + or - 10 m/sec, or 140 + or - 25 mph. SMS/GOES pictures show that the parent cloud was oval-shaped, with a lifetime in excess of 12 hours. That the downbursts began when overshooting activities subsided is indicated by the rapid shrinking of overshooting areas enclosed by -66 C isotherms at the onset of the Chicago-area downbursts. Cloud-top features and wind effects on the ground are presented with no attempt to relate them, on the basis of current conceptual models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; July 198
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  • 171
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    Quasi-linear blocks forced by orography in a hemispheric, quasi-geostrophic barotropic model (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Stationary linear perturbation responses to Northern Hemisphere orography are calculated in a quasi-geostrophic barotropic model in solid-body rotation. The stationary mountain torque induced by these perturbations is then used to construct graphical solutions to the steady-state wave, mean-flow interaction problem. It is shown that multiple solutions exist in the system and are near either the forcing equilibrium of the zonal forcing or near the resonance points in the system. Some of these near-resonance solutions have block-like configurations with a confluence zone upstream from a large-amplitude structure consisting of a high at high latitudes and a low at low latitudes. These block-like configurations are shown to be near stable solutions of the system. Time-dependent calculations show that the initial state and the zonal forcing equilibrium are important in determining the long-term time evolution of the system.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; July 198
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  • 172
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    An atmospheric radiative-convective model with interactive water vapor transport and cloud development (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus; 33; Aug. 198
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  • 173
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    Some Eulerian and Lagrangian diagnostics for a model stratospheric warming (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Eliassen-Palm (EP) cross sections for the model are discussed. EP cross sections conveniently display the principal eddy fluxes of heat, momentum, and quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity on one diagram. The EP diagnostics are used to follow the evolution of the mean flow through into the second stage of the model warming, which includes the reversal of the polar westerlies and which appears to have more in common with observed warmings. The transformed Eulerian-mean equations presented by Andrews and McIntyre (1976, 1978) provide the basis for an investigation in which an especially clear picture of the warming dynamics is obtained. In the second stage of the model warming, the decelerating torque per unit mass is large throughout a deep layer in the middle atmosphere, spanning several scale heights.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Apr. 198
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  • 174
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    A climate model with cryodynamics and geodynamics (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A simplified, zero-dimensional model of the climatic system is presented which attempts to incorporate mechanisms important on the time scale of glaciation cycles: 10,000 to 100,000 years. The ocean-atmosphere radiation balance, continental ice sheet plastic flow, and upper mantle viscous flow are taken into account, with stress on the interaction between the ice sheets and the upper mantle. The model exhibits free, self-sustained oscillations of an amplitude and period comparable to those found in the paleoclimatic record of glaciations, offering mild support for the idea that unforced oscillations can actually exist in the real climatic system itself. The careful study of the interplay between internal mechanisms and external forcing is held to represent an interesting challenge to the theory of ice ages.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; June 20
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  • 175
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    Sensitivity of wind analyses to barotropic energetics during summer (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Three analysis schemes - the extended correction method of the University of Hawaii at Manoa (UHM), the National Meteorological Center (NMC) Hough analysis, and Sadler's subjective stream analysis (SUB) - were used to obtain grid-point winds using data for a five-day period in late summer, and barotropic energetics computations obtained using the three schemes for six limited regions in the Pacific and Indian Oceans were compared. Few differences were observed between UHM and NMC stream-function analyses, but significant differences were found in the wind fields and energetics obtained using the subjective method and the two objective methods in data-sparse regions. Major features in the local barotropic criteria field were found to be less sensitive to the analysis scheme used.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Meteorological Society of Japan; vol. 59
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  • 176
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    Alterations of the climate of a primitive equation model produced by filtering approximations and subsequent tuning and stochastic forcing (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A comparison is made of the simulated climates of nonlinear models based on the primitive equations (PE), balance equations (BE), and quasi-geostrophic (QG) equations. The models and numerical procedures are identical in all possible respects. The models are highly truncated spectral forms of Lorenz's (1960) energy preserving two-layer model. Two means of making use of the information contained in the (presumed known) short-term prediction error statistics are investigated. An unrealistically high level of thermal forcing is used so that the model climates are sufficiently different to allow any improvements due to the empirical methods to be observed. The general tuning problem is outlined and the QG model is tuned, using data obtained from a PE model run, to minimize the mean squared short term prediction error.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Mar. 198
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  • 177
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    On the Rayleigh-scattering optical depth of the atmosphere (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It is pointed out that revised Rayleigh-scattering optical depths published by Hoyt (1977) are not correct, because King's (1923) formula, which was used by Hoyt, requires that the rotational lines be included in the polarization measurement. To exclude them is to exclude the contribution of the Raman-shifted photons to the total molecular extinction. Hoyt's error was repeated by Froehlich and Shaw (1980), who also confused the depolarization for natural light with that for (polarized) laser light. In an effort to clarify basic concepts, attention is given to the origin of the depolarization correction, depolarization ratios, vibrational Raman effects, and extinction measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 20; Mar. 198
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  • 178
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    Automatic cloud tracking applied to GOES and Meteosat observations (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An improved automatic processing method for the tracking of cloud motions as revealed by satellite imagery is presented and applications of the method to GOES observations of Hurricane Eloise and Meteosat water vapor and infrared data are presented. The method is shown to involve steps of picture smoothing, target selection and the calculation of cloud motion vectors by the matching of a group at a given time with its best likeness at a later time, or by a cross-correlation computation. Cloud motion computations can be made in as many as four separate layers simultaneously. For data of 4 and 8 km resolution in the eye of Hurricane Eloise, the automatic system is found to provide results comparable in accuracy and coverage to those obtained by NASA analysts using the Atmospheric and Oceanographic Information Processing System, with results obtained by the pattern recognition and cross correlation computations differing by only fractions of a pixel. For Meteosat water vapor data from the tropics and midlatitudes, the automatic motion computations are found to be reliable only in areas where the water vapor fields contained small-scale structure, although excellent results are obtained using Meteosat IR data in the same regions. The automatic method thus appears to be competitive in accuracy and coverage with motion determination by human analysts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 20; Mar. 198
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  • 179
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    Anomalous behavior of the atmospheric surface layer over a melting snowpack (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: During March, 1978 on a snow-covered field near Lee Vining, California, measurements were made that included: (1) variations above the snow surface of the net radiative flux and the profile of wind speed, air temperature and relative humidity; and (2) variations beneath the snow surface of the conductive heat flux and the temperature profile. The period was marked by clear skies, warm air and calm winds during the day, and cold air and moderate winds at night. During the day, a highly stable sublayer formed near the surface, with a persistent warm layer at approximately 0.5 m above the surface. At night, profiles agreed more with classical log-linear forms found in stable air. Numerical simulation of long and shortwave radiative fluxes near the surface, using observed humidity profiles, produced the daytime warm level in agreement with observations. It was concluded that in the absence of turbulent mixing, strong solar radiation and a supply of moisture from the snow will cause a raised maximum of temperature during the day.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 20; Mar. 198
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  • 180
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    Some new worldwide cloud-cover models (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Using daily measurements of day and night infrared, and incoming and absorbed solar radiation obtained from a Tiros satellite over a period of approximately 45 months, and integrated over 2.5 deg latitude-longitude grids, the proportion of cloud cover over each grid each day was derived for the entire period. For each of four 3-month periods, for each grid location, estimates a and b of the two parameters of the best-fit beta distribution were obtained. The (a, b) plane was divided into a number of regions. All the geographical locations whose (a, b) estimates were in the same region in the (a, b) plane were said to have the same cloud cover type for that season. For each season, the world is thus divided into separate cloud-cover types.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 20; Mar. 198
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  • 181
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    Barotropic instability of zonal flows (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The barotropic instability of zonal flows due to infinitesimal normal-mode perturbations is considered, with the zonal flow assumed to be continuous and either monotonic or nonmonotonic and allowed to have one or more inflection points. A sufficient condition for instability is derived for this general flow profile that complements that of Arnol'd (1965), which restricted itself to the prediction of stability only.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Feb. 198
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  • 182
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    Wave transience in a compressible atmosphere. I - Transient internal wave, mean-flow interaction. II - Transient equatorial waves in the quasi-biennial oscillation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Analytical and numerical solutions are obtained in an approximate quasi-linear model, to describe the way in which vertically propagating waves give rise to mean flow accelerations in an atmosphere due to the effects of wave transience. These effects in turn result from compressibility and vertical group velocity feedback, and culminate in the spontaneous formation and descent of regions of strong mean wind shear. The numerical solutions display mean flow accelerations due to Kelvin waves in the equatorial stratosphere, with wave absorption altering the transience mechanism in such significant respects as causing the upper atmospheric mean flow acceleration to be very sensitive to the precise magnitude and distribution of the damping mechanisms. The numerical simulations of transient equatorial waves in the quasi-biennial oscillation are also considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Feb. 198
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  • 183
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    Westward propagating predecessors of monsoon depressions (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Sea-level pressure data for the period 1969-1978 are used to investigate the relation between Bay of Bengal lows and depressions and disturbances propagating from the east. Of the 52 lows and depressions studied, 45 were associated with such predecessor disturbances. In 12 cases, the predecessor was associated with a typhoon or named tropical storm in the South China Sea, while the remaining 33 were weaker systems originating over a broad region of land and sea. From examination of time sections over the same period from eastern Thailand to the Burmese coast, 50 westward-moving disturbances with considerable vertical extent were identified, 64% of which developed into lows or depressions on reaching the Bay. In 60% of the 50 instances, the disturbance could be traced to the South China Sea (32% typhoons and 28% weaker circulations). The remaining 40% of the 50 disturbances appeared to originate over land.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Feb. 198
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  • 184
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    Spherical harmonic analysis of a model-generated climatology (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Monthly mean fields of 850 mb temperature (T850), 500 mb geopotential height (G500) and sea level pressure (SLP) were generated in the course of a five-year climate simulation run with a global general circulation model. Both the model-generated climatology and an observed climatology were subjected to spherical harmonic analysis, with separate analyses of the globe and the Northern Hemisphere. Comparison of the dominant harmonics of the two climatologies indicates that more than 95% of the area-weighted spatial variance of G500 and more than 90% of that of T850 are explained by fewer than three components, and that the model adequately simulates these large-scale characteristics. On the other hand, as many as 25 harmonics are needed to explain 95% of the observed variance of SLP, and the model simulation of this field is much less satisfactory. The model climatology is also evaluated in terms of the annual cycles of the dominant harmonics.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Feb. 198
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  • 185
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    Satellite estimation of the surface energy balance, moisture availability and thermal inertia (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A method for inferring the distribution of surface heat and evaporative fluxes and the ground moisture availability and thermal inertia (ground conductive capacity) is used to analyze two urbanized areas, Los Angeles and St. Louis. The technique employs infrared satellite temperature measurements in conjunction with a one-dimensional boundary-layer model. Results show that there is a marked reduction of evaporation and moisture availability and a corresponding elevation of sensible heat flux over urbanized areas and over cropped areas with low vegetative cover. Conversely, low heat flux and high evaporation characterize vegetated and, especially, forested areas. Warm urban centers appear directly related to a reduction in vegetation, which normally allows for a greater fraction of available radiant energy to be converted into latent heat flux. The distribution of thermal inertia was surprisingly ill-defined and its variation between urban and rural areas was quite small. Thus, the increased heat storage within the urban fabric, which has been proposed as the underlying cause of the nocturnal heat island, may be caused mainly by enhanced daytime surface heating which occurs because of surface dryness, rather than by large spatial variations in the conductivity of the surface.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 20; Jan. 198
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  • 186
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    Unpowered Aerodynamic Characteristics of a 15-Percent Scale Model of a Twin-Engine Commuter Aircraft (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An experimental investigation was conducted in the Ames 12-Foot Pressure Wind Tunnel to determine the unpowered aerodynamic characteristics of a 15-percent-scale model of a twin-engine commuter aircraft. Model longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics were examined at discrete flap deflections for various angle-of-attack and wind-tunnel-velocity ranges with the empennage on and off. Data are presented for the basic model configuration consisting of the fuselage, wing, basic wing leading edge, double slotted flaps, midengine nacelles, and empennage. Other configurations tested include a particle-span drooped leading edge (dropped outboard of the engine nacelles), a full-span drooped leading edge, low- and high-mounted engine nacelles, and a single-slotted flap. An evaluation was made of the model mounting system by comparing data obtained with the model mounted conventionally on the wind-tunnel model-support struts and the model inverted.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-81284 , A-8552
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  • 187
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    The influence of unsteady aerodynamics on hingeless rotor ground resonance (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Calculations of the model frequency and damping for a hingeless rotor on a gimballed support in hover are compared with measured results for two configurations (differing in blade flap stiffness). Good correlation is obtaned when an inflow dynamics model is used to account for the influence of the unsteady aerodynamics. The effect of the unsteady aerodynamics is significant for this rotor system. The inflow dynamics model introduces additional states corresponding to perturbations of the wake-induced velocity at the rotor disk. The calculations confirm the experimental observation that the inflow mode introduced by these additional states is measurable for one configuration but not for the other.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-81302 , A-8635 , USAAVRADCOM-TR-81-B-16
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  • 188
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    Cold-air performance of compressor-drive turbine of Department of Energy upgraded automobile gas turbine engine. 1: Volute-manifold and stator performance (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The aerodynamic performance of the inlet manifold and stator assembly of the compressor drive turbine was experimentally determined with cold air as the working fluid. The investigation included measurements of mass flow and stator-exit fluid torque as well as radial surveys of total pressure and flow angle at the stator inlet and annulus surveys of total pressure and flow angle at the stator exit. The stator-exit aftermixed flow conditions and overall stator efficiency were obtained and compared with their design values and the experimental results from three other stators. In addition, an analysis was made to determine the constituent aerodynamic losses that made up the stator kinetic energy loss.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-82682 , DOE/NASA/1011-34 , E-572 , AVRADCOM-TR-80-C-20
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  • 189
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    An experimental investigation of the aerodynamics and cooling of a horizontally-opposed air-cooled aircraft engine installation (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A flight-test based research program was performed to investigate the aerodynamics and cooling of a horizontally-opposed engine installation. Specific areas investigated were the internal aerodynamics and cooling mechanics of the installation, inlet aerodynamics, and exit aerodynamics. The applicable theory and current state of the art are discussed for each area. Flight-test and ground-test techniques for the development of the cooling installation and the solution of cooling problems are presented. The results show that much of the internal aerodynamics and cooling technology developed for radial engines are applicable to horizontally opposed engines. Correlation is established between engine manufacturer's cooling design data and flight measurements of the particular installation. Also, a flight-test method for the development of cooling requirements in terms of easily measurable parameters is presented. The impact of inlet and exit design on cooling and cooling drag is shown to be of major significance.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-CR-3405
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  • 190
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    An experimental and analytical investigation of the aerodynamics of a hypersonic vehicle at free stream Mach 6 (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The goal of this research is the assessment of the validity of existing three dimensional numerical programs in the prediction of the flow fields about general three dimensional hypersonic bodies. A detailed experimental research program was performed in which surface and flow field pressures were mapped. The results of the experimental work were compared with existing inviscid programs. Improvements were made on the existing numerical methods to include angle of attack. A summary of this work is presented.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-CR-164133
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  • 191
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    Aerodynamic preliminary analysis system 2. Part 2: User's manuals (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An aerodynamic analysis system based on potential theory at subsonic/supersonic speeds and impact type finite element solutions at hypersonic conditions is described. Three dimensional configurations having multiple nonplanar surfaces of arbitrary planform and bodies of noncircular contour may be analyzed. Static, rotary, and control longitudinal and lateral directional chracteristics may be generated. The analysis has been implemented on a time sharing system in conjunction with an input tablet digitizer and an interactive graphics input/output display and editing terminal to maximize its responsiveness to the preliminary analysis problem. Typical simulation indicates that program provides an efficient analysis for systematically performing various aerodynamic configuration tradeoff and evaluation studies.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-CR-165628 , NA-80-374-PT-2
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  • 192
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    Aerodynamic prediction techniques for hypersonic configuration design (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An investigation of approximate theoretical techniques for predicting aerodynamic characteristics and surface pressures for relatively slender vehicles at moderate hypersonic speeds was performed. Emphasis was placed on approaches that would be responsive to preliminary configuration design level of effort. Potential theory was examined in detail to meet this objective. Numerical pilot codes were developed for relatively simple three dimensional geometries to evaluate the capability of the approximate equations of motion considered. Results from the computations indicate good agreement with higher order solutions and experimental results for a variety of wing, body, and wing-body shapes for values of the hypersonic similarity parameter M delta approaching one.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-CR-165651 , NA-80-611
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  • 193
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    Analysis of the inversion monitoring capabilities of a monostatic acoustic radar in complex terrain (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A qualitative interpretation of the records from a monostatic acoustic radar is presented. This is achieved with the aid of airplane, helicopter, and rawinsonde temperature soundings. The diurnal structure of a mountain valley circulation pattern is studied with the use of two acoustic radars, one located in the valley and one on the downwind ridge. The monostatic acoustic radar was found to be sufficiently accurate in locating the heights of the inversions and the mixed layer depth to warrant use by industry even in complex terrain.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3401
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  • 194
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    A statistical data analysis and plotting program for cloud microphysics experiments (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The analysis software developed for atmospheric cloud microphysics experiments conducted in the laboratory as well as aboard a KC-135 aircraft is described. A group of four programs was developed and implemented on a Hewlett Packard 1000 series F minicomputer running under HP's RTE-IVB operating system. The programs control and read data from a MEMODYNE Model 3765-8BV cassette recorder, format the data on the Hewlett Packard disk subsystem, and generate statistical data (mean, variance, standard deviation) and voltage and engineering unit plots on a user selected plotting device. The programs are written in HP FORTRAN IV and HP ASSEMBLY Language with the graphics software using the HP 1000 Graphics. The supported plotting devices are the HP 2647A graphics terminal, the HP 9872B four color pen plotter, and the HP 2608A matrix line printer.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-161663 , SP-81-04
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 195
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    The phenomenon of dynamic stall (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The general features of dynamic stall on oscillating airfoils are explained in terms of the vortex shedding phenomenon, and the important differences between static stall, light dynamic stall, and deep stall are described. An overview of experimentation and prediction techniques is given.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TM-81264 , A-8464
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 196
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    Aeropropulsive characteristics of twin nonaxisymmetric vectoring nozzles installed with forward-swept and aft-swept wings (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An investigation was conducted in the Langley 16 Foot Transonic Tunnel to determine the aeropropulsive characteristics of a single expansion ramp nozzle (SERN) and a two dimensional convergent divergent nozzle (2-D C-D) installed with both an aft swept and a forward swept wing. The SERN was tested in both an upright and an inverted position. The effects of thrust vectoring at nozzle vector angles from -5 deg to 20 deg were studied. This investigation was conducted at Mach numbers from 0.40 to 1.20 and angles of attack from -2.0 deg to 16 deg. Nozzle pressure ratio was varied from 1.0 (jet off) to about 9.0. Reynolds number based on the wing mean geometric chord varied from about 3 million to 4.8 million, depending upon free stream number.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA-TP-1778 , L-13902
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 197
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    Statistical analysis of atmospheric turbulence about a simulated block building (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An array of towers instrumented to measure the three components of wind speed was used to study atmospheric flow about a simulated block building. Two-point spacetime correlations of the longitudinal velocity component were computed along with two-point spatial correlations. These correlations are in good agreement with fundamental concepts of fluid mechanics. The two-point spatial correlations computed directly were compared with correlations predicted by Taylor's hypothesis and excellent agreement was obtained at the higher levels which were out of the building influence. The correlations fall off significantly in the building wake but recover beyond the wake to essentially the same values in the undisturbed, higher regions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3366
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 198
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    Assessment of the quality of Gate area rainfall data from a Nimbus-5 radiometer (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The quality of rainfall intensity estimates derived from passive microwave measurements by the electrically scanned microwave radiometer (ESMR-5) aboard the Nimbus 5 satellite are evaluated. The microwave measurements used are those coincident with the global atmospheric research program Atlantic tropical experiment (GATE). The ESMR 5 derived rainfall intensity estimates are compared with hourly averaged GATE radar rainfall measurements. It is determined from the transfer curves derived using the radar measurements as ground truth, that the ESMR 5 derived data consistently over estimates rainfall by a factor of approximately 1.4.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 199
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    Zero-gravity aerosol behavior (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The feasibility and scientific benefits of a zero gravity aerosol study in an orbiting laboratory were examined. A macroscopic model was devised to deal with the simultaneous effects of diffusion and coagulation of particles in the confined aerosol. An analytical solution was found by treating the particle coagulation and diffusion constants as ensemble parameters and employing a transformation of variables. The solution was used to carry out simulated zero gravity aerosol decay experiments in a compact cylindrical chamber. The results demonstrate that the limitations of physical space and time imposed by the orbital situation are not prohibitive in terms of observing the history of an aerosol confined under zero gravity conditions. While the absence of convective effects would be a definite benefit for the experiment, the mathematical complexity of the problem is not greatly reduced when the gravitational term drops out of the equation. Since the model does not deal directly with the evolution of the particle size distribution, it may be desirable to develop more detailed models before undertaking an orbital experiment.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3384
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 200
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    An airport wind shear detection and warning system using Doppler radar: A feasibility study (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A feasibility study was conducted to determine whether ground based Doppler radar could measure the wind along the path of an approaching aircraft with sufficient accuracy to predict aircraft performance. Forty-three PAR approaches were conducted, with 16 examined in detail. In each, Doppler derived longitudinal winds were compared to aircraft measured winds; in approximately 75 percent of the cases, the Doppler and aircraft winds were in acceptable agreement. In the remaining cases, errors may have been due to a lack of Doppler resolution, a lack of co-location of the two sampling volumes, the presence of eddy or vortex like disturbances within the pulse volume, or the presence of point targets in antenna side lobes. It was further concluded that shrouding techniques would have reduced the side lobe problem. A ground based Doppler radar operating in the optically clear air, provides the appropriate longitudinal winds along an aircraft's intended flight path.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3379
    Format: application/pdf
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