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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (643)
  • ASTRONOMY
  • 1980-1984  (889)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1980  (889)
  • 1
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    Experimental relations between airborne and ground measured wheat canopy temperatures (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experiments using ground-based measurements of canopy temperatures have shown that plant temperatures are good indicators of plant water stress, and thus are useful for assessing water requirements and predicting yields. An intensive 23-day airborne- and ground-measurement program was conducted in Phoenix, Arizona in 1977 to compare airborne-acquired wheat canopy temperatures with simultaneous ground measurements. For canopies that covered at least 85 percent of the soil surface, airborne measurements differed from ground measurements of plant temperature by less than 2 C. Regardless of the amount of plant cover, the airborne measurements were virtually identical to ground-nadir measurements, and thus represent a combination of plant temperature and solid background temperature.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Feb. 198
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  • 2
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    Formation of the terrestrial planets (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Two growth mechanisms are identified for the development of the terrestrial planets: (1) gravitational instability leading to a collapse, and (2) gravitational accumulation caused by two-body collisions and coherence. The presence of a dynamically-significant gas phase would not affect either mechanism. Theoretical expressions are presented for the production of giant gaseous protoplanets by gravitational instability within a central dust layer. Gravitational accumulation is discussed with reference to the accumulation of planetesimals from a gas-free circumsolar swarm of bodies. Numerical simulations are given for the early stages of accumulation. The Safronov steady-state velocity is considered, noting that the competition between mutual collisional damping and gravitational acceleration by the members of a solar swarm yields a steady-state velocity distribution where the mean velocity is comparable to the escape velocity of the largest body. A time scale for accumulation is postulated on the basis of the radial distribution of a swarm of non-accreting bodies of equal size. The simultaneous gas-free accumulation of several terrestrial planets is noted. Attention is also given to growth mechanisms in gas-rich interplanetary media.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 3
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    Is the remnant of SN 1006 Crablike (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The solid-state spectrometer on the Einstein Observatory and the GSFC cosmic X-ray spectrometer on OSO 8 have observed the X-ray spectrum of SN 1006. The data can be well represented by a power-law model with alpha = 1.2, similar to the spectrum of the Crab Nebula. This is in contrast to the radio and X-ray maps of SN 1006 which show a shell structure more typical of SNR with thermal X-ray emission. The X-ray spectrum is suggestive of nonthermal synchrotron emission, raising the possibility that the remnant of SN 1006 contains a source of relativistic electrons.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 240
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  • 4
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    Appendix D: Assessement of potential industrial sites in Essex County, New York (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Potential industrial sites were assessed using high and medium altitude aircraft photographs and supporting information on the 4,730 sq. km. (1,825 sq. mile) county. Factors evaluated include land availability, slope, site accessibility, soil drainage, other subsurface characteristics, and the expected physical as well as visual impacts on existing land use. Areas unavailable or unsuitable for development were eliminated first, and the remaining areas evaluated and the best sites identified.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Cornell Univ. Remote Sensing Program; 138 p
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  • 5
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    Appendix B: Inventory of coniferous forests near Bath, New York (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A zoom stereoscope was used to interpret aerial color photographs of the Finger Lakes region near Bath, New York, and areas of conifers were delineated on acetate sheets. Scale was determined for each photograph and units were converted to acres. Photographically enlarged positive transparencies of imagery from LANDSAT bands 5,6, and 7 for the southern portion of the study area were placed in a cold additive viewer and registered with each other to provide a composite image. A green filter was used on band 5, blue on band 6, and red on band 7. Conifers appeared at dark, reddish purple. Average was determined using a grid. Results show that the total confer stands within 50 miles of Bath is approximately 176,000 acres of which 60,000 acres are in Pennsylvania. The study was conducted to determine the feasibility of locating a particleboard manufacturing firm in the Southern Tier.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Cornell Univ. Remote Sensing Program; 3 p
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  • 6
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    Appendix C: A comparative study of small scale remotely sensed data for monitoring clearcutting in hardwood forests (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Manual photointerpretation techniques were used to analyze images acquired by high altitude aircraft, the Skylab multispectral and Earth terrain camera (ETC), the LANDSAT multispectral scanner, and the LANDSAT-3 return beam vidicon camera. A color-additive viewer, and digital image analysis were also used on the LANDSAT MSS imagery. The value of each type of remotely sensed data was judged by the ease and accuracy of clearcut identification, and by the amount of detail discernible, especially regarding revegetation. Results of a site study in the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania indicate that high altitude aerial photography, especially color infrared photography acquired during the growing season, is well suited for identifying clearcuts and assessing revegetation. Although photographs acquired with Skylab's ETC also yielded good results, only incomplete inventories of clearcuts could be made using LANDSAT imagery. Results for the Adirondack region of New York State were similar for the aircraft and satellite photography, but even less satisfactory for the LANDSAT imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Cornell Univ. Remote Sensing Program; 157 p
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  • 7
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    Radio observation of comet Meier /1978f/ in 18-cm OH lines (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observations of 18-cm OH spectral lines in comet Meier (1978f) with the 1000-ft. Arecibo telescope show spatial resolution of the OH coma by the 2.9 arcmin beam (=3.7 x 10 to the 5th km). The data agree with predictions of the solar Fraunhofer spectrum-pumping theory of comet OH excitation. On the assumption that the OH parent molecule (e.g., H2O) has a Haser-model scale length of about 1.0 x 10 to the 5th km at heliocentric distance 1 AU, an OH scale length of less than 10 to the 6th km, and probably near 1.0 x 10 to the 5th km is derived. Assuming a recently calculated value of the OH lifetime and the solar radiative pumping model, the results indicate an OH production rate of 10 to the 29th Kayser at heliocentric distance 2 AU.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 85; 1-2,; Sept
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  • 8
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    Unsupervised classification of MSS Landsat data for mapping spatially complex vegetation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The various stages in carrying out a monocluster block unsupervised classification using Landsat MSS data are described. Procedures for carrying out these various stages were found to be far from well-established for the type of terrain being investigated, which is rugged and contains many small land cover units. Two particular difficulties were encountered: first, that of precise ground location of pixels; and, secondly, that of objectively evaluating the results. Ways in which these can be surmounted are suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 9
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    Near infrared photographic sky survey - A field index (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The book presents an index of previously cataloged objects located in the fields of the northern sky included in the Steward Observatory Near Infrared Photographic Sky Survey, which was intended to be used for identification purposes in an effort to locate extremely red objects. The objects included in the index were taken from 16 catalogs of bright nebulae, dark nebulae, infrared objects, reflection nebulae, supernova remnants and other objects, and appear with their corresponding field numbers, computed field center coordinates, object name and 1950 epoch equatorial coordinates, as well as supplementary descriptive information as available. An appendix is also provided in which the center coordinates of each field are listed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 10
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    SS 433 - Intensive 4 month light curves (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Photometry covering 100 nights during 1979 July-November is reported, in an unfiltered band (effectively 5200-8000 A), in a V band, and with a few measures in B. Correlation with the 13 day period of Crampton, Cowley, and Hutchings is found in the form of a double-peaked light curve. A more tentative connection with the 164 day 'precession' period suggested by a broad light minimum near a critical phase in the long cycle is found.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 238
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  • 11
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    Near infrared photography with a vacuum-cold camera (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Sensitized cooled plates have been obtained of the Orion nebula region and of Sh2-149 in the wavelength ranges 8000 A-9000 A and 9,000 A-11,000 A with a recently designed and constructed vacuum-cold camera. Sensitization procedures are described and the camera design is presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 92
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  • 12
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    Stability of planetary orbits in binary systems (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The possible existence of stable orbits is investigated in binary systems using Hill's method. Analytical stability conditions are established for satellites, for inner planets and for outer planets, allowing arbitrary values for the mass-ratio of the binary.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 13
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    Microbial mobilization of calcium and magnesium in waterlogged soils (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Environmental Quality; 9; Jan
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  • 14
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    On the capture of the Moon (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper studies the possibility of lunar capture depending on variations of the solar mass under certain well specified conditions and assumptions regarding the behaviour of the three-body dynamical system formed by the Sun, Earth and Moon. It is found that a large amount of decrease in the solar mass (approximately 37%) would be required to allow capture if the model of the planar restricted problem of three bodies is assumed, if the masses of the Earth and Moon did not change and if the angular momentum of the Sun-Earth system did not change. Such large mass-changes of the Sun can not be associated with radiation mass losses only with catastrophic events, such as stellar close approaches.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Celestial Mechanics; 21; Apr. 198
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  • 15
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    The time-of-flight system on the Goddard medium energy gamma-ray telescope (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A scintillation counter time-of-flight system has been incorporated into the Goddard 50 cm by 50 cm spark chamber gamma-ray telescope. This system, utilizing constant fraction timing and particle position compensation, digitizes up to 10 ns time differences to six bit accuracy in less than 500 ns. Event selection decisions, discriminating against upward-moving particles, are made prior to spark chamber triggering. The performance of this system during a November 1978 balloon flight is discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 16
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    LACIE - An application of meteorology for United States and foreign wheat assessment (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper describes the overall Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment technical approach utilizing the global weather-reporting network and the Landsat satellite to make a quasi-operational application of existing research results, and the accomplishments of this cooperative experiment in utilizing the weather information. Global weather data were utilized in preparing timely yield estimates for selected areas of the U.S. Great Plains, the U.S.S.R. and Canada. Additionally, wheat yield models were developed and pilot tested for Brazil, Australia, India and Argentina. The results of the work show that heading dates for wheat in North America can be predicted with an average absolute error of about 5 days for winter wheat and 4 days for spring wheat. Independent tests of wheat yield models over a 10-year period for the U.S. Great Plains produced a root-mean-square error of 1.12 quintals per hectare (q/ha) while similar tests in the U.S.S.R. produced an error of 1.31 q/ha. Research designed to improve the initial capability is described as is the rationale for further evolution of a capability to monitor global climate and assess its impact on world food supplies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 19; Jan. 198
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  • 17
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    Landsat digital analysis of the initial recovery of burned tundra at Kokolik River, Alaska (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N80-19588)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Dec. 198
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  • 18
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    Effects of vegetation canopy structure on remotely sensed canopy temperatures (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N79-33530)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Nov. 198
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  • 19
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    Field size, length, and width distributions based on LACIE ground truth data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development of agricultural remote sensing systems requires knowledge of agricultural field size distributions so that the sensors, sampling frames, image interpretation schemes, registration systems, and classification systems can be properly designed. Malila et al. (1976) studied the field size distribution for wheat and all other crops in two Kansas LACIE (Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment) intensive test sites using ground observations of the crops and measurements of their field areas based on current year rectified aerial photomaps. The field area and size distributions reported in the present investigation are derived from a representative subset of a stratified random sample of LACIE sample segments. In contrast to previous work, the obtained results indicate that most field-size distributions are not log-normally distributed. The most common field size observed in this study was 10 acres for most crops studied.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Nov. 198
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  • 20
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    Optimum spectral bands for rock discrimination (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Using stepwise discriminant analysis on spectral reflectance and spectral emissivity data collected by a Multispectral Scanner and Data System, mounted in an NC-130B aircraft and flown at an altitude of approximately 3 km, spectral bands were ranked as to their usefulness in separating specific rock types and rock alteration products in seven geologically diverse Utah sites. The optimum band for rock discrimination included the 1.18 to 1.30 micron interval, and the optimum combination of bands comprised the 1.18 to 1.30, 4.50 to 4.75, 0.46 to 0.50, 1.52 to 1.73, and 2.10 to 2.36 micron intervals. It is concluded that the spectral interval combination was more successful in differentiating geologic materials than either simulated Multispectral Scanner bands or simulated Thematic Mapper bands.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Sept
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  • 21
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    Ultraviolet, X-ray, and infrared observations of HDE 226868 equals Cygnus X-1 (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: During April, May, and July of 1978, HDE 226868, the optical counterpart of Cygnus X-1, was repeatedly observed in the ultraviolet with the IUE satellite. Some X-ray and infrared observations have been made during the same period. The general shape of the spectrum is that expected from a late O supergiant. Strong absorption features are apparent in the ultraviolet, some of which have been identified. The equivalent widths of the most prominent lines appear to be modulated with the orbital phase. This modulation is discussed in terms of the ionization contours calculated by Hatchett and McCray, for a binary X-ray source in the stellar wind of the companion.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 242
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  • 22
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    The necessity of new dynamical theories of the planets (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 23
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    The luminosity functions of the 1969 Perseid and Orionid meteor showers (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of the 1969 Perseid and Orionid meteor showers are presented and used to derive luminosity functions for the 288 Perseids and 56 Orionids detected. Visual counts were performed under very good to excellent seeing conditions at the times of peak activities, and the brightnesses of the meteors were estimated to the nearest magnitude by comparison with the magnitudes of known objects. Maximum likelihood estimates of the power law index of the luminosity function of 1.56 + or - 0.06 for the Perseids and of 1.85 + or - 0.1 for the Orionids are obtained which are lower than the values found by other investigators. Under the assumption that the luminosity of visual meteors is proportional to their mass, the luminosity function power law may also be used to characterize the mass function.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus; 43; Sept
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  • 24
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    On the detection of other planetary systems - Detection of intrinsic thermal radiation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: There is currently no unambiguous observational evidence for the existence of other planetary systems. One possible way to detect and study such systems is infrared observations of continuum blackbody radiation from planets revolving around other stars. It is shown that the effective temperature of large planets revolving around mid- to late-spectral-type main-sequences stars is set by energy sources internal to the planet rather than by equilibrium with the radiation field of the central star, making them easier to detect than had been previously thought. Consideration is given to the two major observational constraints on detecting planetary companions to nearby stars, namely, angular resolution and sensitivity. A comparison is made between the performance of an ambient (T 200 K), single-aperture telescope and a cooled interferometer. In each case the required aperture (baseline) is large (in the 10-m class), but consistent with Shuttle launch capability.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus; 43; Sept
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  • 25
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    Results from the 10 March 1977 occultation by the Uranus system (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Timings of occultation events observed at Perth, Australia during the appulse of Uranus to SAO 158687 are presented. In addition to pre- and post-appulse observations of the alpha ring, a search of the data confirms events by the '4', '5', and '6' rings on the pre-appulse side of Venus, and the '5' and beta rings on the post-appulse side. A table of other suspected events obtained from a statistical search of the data down to the same level of significance as the '4', '5', and '6' events is presented. A fairly strong 'event', so far unconfirmed, is noted near the 5:1 Miranda resonance orbit. Examination of the light curves at high time resolution indicates that the alpha ring was, during this aspect, about 10 km in radial extent and about 50% transparent.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 85; Dec. 198
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  • 26
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    The hard X-ray pulse profile of GX 1+4 (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results are reported from 1976 and 1977 observations of the galactic center X-ray source GX 1+4. On these two occasions, epoch folding at twice the previously reported period of about two minutes has resulted in an asymmetry between the shapes of the two resultant peaks in the light curve, indicating that the true period may be about four minutes. Mean intensity is shown to vary from pulse to pulse.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 240
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  • 27
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    The Space Telescope Observatory (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Space Telescope is an international astronomical observatory which will be placed into a low earth orbit in December 1983. The observatory will provide astronomers the opportunity to use five different instruments (wide field/planetary camera, faint object camera, high-resolution spectrograph, faint-object spectrograph, and high speed photometer), and to do astrometry with the use of the fine guidance sensors used primarily for pointing control. These instruments, the spectral range available above the earth's atmosphere, and the spatial resolution available from the combination of a near-diffraction limited 94-in. primary mirror and the stability provided by the Pointing Control System provide a tremendous potential to the astronomical community.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Journal of the Astronautical Sciences; 28; Apr
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  • 28
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    Spectral reflectance and discrimination of plutonic rocks in the 0.45- to 2.45-micron region (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Visible and near-infrared field spectral reflectance measurements of plutonic rocks were acquired in the 0.45- to 2.45-micron region with a portable field reflectance spectrometer. These spectra were used to determine spectral signatures for the various rock types and to evaluate the separability of these rocks based on their spectral characteristics. A total of 135 samples were divided into 11 groups based on their mineralogy. These 11 groups approximately correspond to traditional rock classifications and include five granitic groups, three gabbroic groups, and three ultramafic groups. The positions, intensity, and presence of iron, CO3(-2), and Al-OH and Mg-OH absorption bands varied among the 11 groups. Each rock group also had a range of albedos characteristic of the group. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis was performed on the spectral data to determine the separability of the 11 groups. Classification accuracy for 30 equally spaced wavelength bands between 0.45 and 2.45 microns was 78% with 10% serious misclassifications. The same analysis was repeated, limiting the spectral data to the wavelength regions corresponding to the proposed Landsat D thematic mapper scanner.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 10
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  • 29
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    Galileo's observations of Neptune (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Galileo's recorded observations of Neptune are examined, including an assessment of the accuracies of the positions of Neptune and those of the Jovian satellites. It is shown that one observation may be of astrometric value. The possible error in the ephemeris of Neptune is also discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Nature; 287; Sept. 25
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  • 30
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    A catalog of nonstellar water maser sources (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A list of 195 nonstellar galactic sources of water maser emission has been compiled. This list is not a comprehensive catalog of all the available information; it is intended to be used as an index. As such, it contains only coordinates, velocities, and selected references. The extragalatic sources are listed in a separate table.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 85; Sept
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  • 31
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    The observation, detection and research on satellites of asteroids (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Evidence is presented for the existence of asteroidal satellites. Instances wherein the occultation of a star occurred when a known asteroid was close to the line of sight of the star are discussed, and the implication that the eclipses were caused by satellites of the asteroids is considered. The role of amateur astronomers in these observations is reviewed, and possible applications of the technique of indirect occultation with regard to the solar system are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: L'Astronomie; 94; July-Aug
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  • 32
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    Effect of solar radiation on a swarm of meteoric particles (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The theory of the Poynting-Robertson effect is used to study the motion of meteors relative to a parent comet describing an undisturbed elliptical orbit. It is shown that any emitted particle proceeds to move retrogressively away from the comet to a certain maximum angular distance (as seen from the sun) depending on its sigma-s value, and then undergoes relative motion in the opposite forward direction. The time taken to reach this greatest elongation behind the comet is the same for all particles, and after twice this time the particles will have returned to zero angular displacement relative to the comet. For comet Encke the time for the elongation to return to zero is about 6600 y; for Halley it is about 200,000 y; for Temple-Tuttle (1965 IV) it is just over 100,000 y.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Moon and the Planets; 23; Aug. 198
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  • 33
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    Complexities of nadir-looking radiometric temperature measurements of plant canopies (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Effective radiant temperatures (ERTs) of five wheat canopies in different stages of development were measured during morning and noon periods. The observed variability in nadir sensor response was quantitatively described as a function of canopy structure and the vertical temperature profile of canopy components. In many cases, the nadir sensor ERT was a poor measure of vegetation temperature due to effects of soil emissions. Strong vertical temperature profiles of vegetation components were also observed. The theory and measurements presented document that remote measurements of vegetation canopy temperatures cannot be made indiscriminately over large spatial regions without consideration of the underlying physical principles.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 19; July 1
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  • 34
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    VLBI observations at 18 and 2.8 cm - 0133 + 47, 0735 + 178, OH 471, OQ 172, 1633 + 38, and NRAO 667 /2147 + 145/ (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 85; June 198
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  • 35
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    Relationship of crop radiance to alfalfa agronomic values (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Red and photographic infrared spectral data of alfalfa were collected at the time of the third and fourth cuttings using a hand-held radiometer for the earlier alfalfa cutting. Significant linear and non-linear correlation coefficients were found between the spectral variables and plant height, biomass, forage water content, and estimated canopy cover. For the alfalfa of the later cutting, which had experienced a period of severe drought stress which limited growth, the spectral variables were found to be highly correlated with the estimated drought scores.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 1; Jan
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  • 36
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    Microwave radar and radiometric remote sensing measurements of lake ice (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Simultaneous microwave radar and spectral radiometric data were collected over Lake Erie during March 1978. A theoretical development is presented which interprets the data collected at nadir in terms of changes in the ice thickness and the electromagnetic attenuation coefficient. The theory also addresses the failure of the spectral radiometer to determine ice thickness through observations of quarter wavelength excursions in the reflectivity. Radar data collected off-nadir showed a substantially different behavior compared to that collected near nadir. This difference is attributed to a change in propagation characteristics from quasi-specular return from the ice-water interface to scattering from the rough air-ice interface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Apr. 198
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  • 37
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    Microwave approaches in hydrology (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The microwave approaches for remote sensing of soil moisture centent, snowpack properties, surface water area, and the detection of precipitation over land are discussed. Both active (radar) and passive (radiometry) approaches are considered, and the advantages of microwave sensing are pointed out, including all-weather capability, especially at the longer wavelengths, and greater penetration depth with optical or infrared sensors. Results obtained from ground-based, aircraft, and spacecraft platforms show that microwave systems can monitor the moisture content in the surface soil layer (5 cm thick), and that passive microwave systems can discriminate between light and heavy snowcover, detect the presence of liquid water in the snow, and qualitatively estimate snow water equivalent.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Apr. 198
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  • 38
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    Crop emergence date determination from spectral data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Estimating the emergence of a given crop, such as wheat or barley, is proposed using an analytic method which relies on the hypothesis that in the region (lambda = 0.70-1.35 microns) a given crop, after emergence, has a unique spectral profile in time. If the crop emerges early or late, relative to a reference standard determined for a given segment, the profile is displaced but has the same shape. Therefore, given the crop specific constants of the reference profile and a sufficient number of Landsat observations of reflectivity at specific times, the emergence date of a field can be determined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Mar. 198
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  • 39
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    Molecular line observations of AFGL sources (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: HCN and (with three exceptions) CH emission lines have been detected from 14 molecular clouds associated with AFGL sources and/or Sharpless regions. Eleven are molecular cloud-H II region complexes. The remaining three appear to be similar (perhaps younger) objects; they are strong in the far infrared, but have no visible H II regions. Enhancement of the lower satellite transition of CH is seen in most cases. CH was also detected in association with the Herbig B8-A2e star V380 Ori. This emission was the most intense of all the CH detections. An effort was made to find a maser transition for a carbon-bearing molecule in late-type stars. A search was made for rotational transitions in the HCN bending mode (first overtone at 89.1 GHz) and stretching mode (fundamental at 88.0 GHz) as well as the CH ground state lambda-doublet in carbon stars.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 91
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  • 40
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    Using Landsat digital data to detect moisture stress in corn-soybean growing regions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: As a part of a follow-on study to the moisture stress detection effort conducted in the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE), a technique utilizing transformed Landsat digital data was evaluated for detecting moisture stress in humid growing regions using sample segments from Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana. At known growth stages of corn and soybeans, segments were classified as undergoing moisture stress or not undergoing stress. The remote-sensing-based information was compared to a weekly ground-based index (Crop Moisture Index). This comparison demonstrated that the remote sensing technique could be used to monitor the growing conditions within a region where corn and soybeans are the major crop.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Aug. 198
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  • 41
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    The topographic effect on spectral response from nadir-pointing sensors (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is difficult to interpret multispectral Landsat earth resources data in areas of rugged and mountainous terrain because of the topographic effect on the sensor response. The objectives of this study were to examine and quantify the topographic effect on the sensor response from a uniform sand surface, to assess a simple theoretical incidence model for modeling the radiance from the surface, and to simulate Landsat sensor response due to the topographic effect. A field experiment was designed to collect data from a large range of slope angles and aspects at a range of solar elevations, using a hand-held radiometer. Analysis of these data showed that the magnitude of the topographic effect varied as a function of the solar elevation, the azimuthal orientation of the slope, and the slope inclination. The field measured variations in spectral response were found to have generally strong correlations with the theoretical model, and it was shown that the applicability of the Lambertian assumption varied within and between data sets. It is concluded that if slope angle, aspect, and solar zenith angle and azimuth are known, a technique incorporating a model to reduce the topographic effect prior to multispectral classification may be developed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Sept
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  • 42
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    Infrared spectrometer for Voyager (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Voyager IR investigation is described, which uses a Michelson interferometer in the 180-2500/cm range, and a single-channel radiometer for the visible and near-IR, sharing a 50-cm diameter telescope. Emphasis is placed on the differences between the Voyager and the previous designs, including reductions in the field of view and in the noise equivalent spectral radiance of the instrument. Attention is given to the optical layout, the electronics module, power supply placement, thermal control heaters and flash heaters, data reduction, and calibration. A sample spectrum of Jupiter is also discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Applied Optics; 19; May 1
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  • 43
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    Global crop forecasting (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The needs for and remote sensing means of global crop forecasting are discussed, and key results of the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE) are presented. Current crop production estimates provided by foreign countries are shown often to be inadequate, and the basic elements of crop production forecasts are reviewed. The LACIE project is introduced as a proof-of-concept experiment designed to assimilate remote sensing technology, monitor global wheat production, evaluate key technical problems, modify the technique accordingly and demonstrate the feasibility of a global agricultural monitoring system. The global meteorological data, sampling and aggregation techniques, Landsat data analysis procedures and yield forecast procedures used in the experiment are outlined. Accuracy assessment procedures employed to evaluate LACIE technology performance are presented, and improvements in system efficiency and capacity during the three years of operation are pointed out. Results of LACIE estimates of Soviet, U.S. and Canadian wheat production are presented which demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the remote-sensing approach for global food and fiber monitoring.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Science; 208; May 16
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  • 44
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    Atmospheric effects on radiometric imaging from satellites under low optical thickness conditions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The interference that the atmosphere poses to analyzing the imagery taken by satellite-borne instruments is discussed, assuming a cloud-free, planar, and horizontally uniform atmosphere. An approximate explicit formula is derived for the earth-atmosphere system nadir-beam reflectivity in terms of the atmospheric parameters, object pixel reflectivity and surrounding area reflectivity, for the limiting case of an optically thin atmosphere. The concepts of the forward-scattering and the backward-scattering optical thickness are introduced, and it is shown that the atmospheric effects in a spectral band depend in a specific fashion on these atmospheric parameters and on the surface spectral reflectivity. In addition, contrast transmittance through the atmosphere, which affects the possibilities of photointerpretation, is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 9; Mar. 198
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  • 45
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    A spectral method for determining the percentage of green herbage material in clipped samples (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A laboratory radiometric method for the rapid determination of green and brown vegetation percentages in clipped grass samples has been developed and tested. The method uses red and photographic infrared radiance or reflectance differences between green and brown vegetation. Mixtures of green and brown material were found to have radiances or reflectances proportional to the percentage of green material present. This method may permit the use of rapid green/brown radiometric determinations to replace the tedious hand sorting now generally used. It may also have application in remote sensing of vegetation ground-truth work where the determination of dry green biomass in clipped samples is necessary.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 9; Mar. 198
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  • 46
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    Optical redshifts of 59 galaxies (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper presents the results of an observing program carried out to measure galaxy redshifts with the Cassegrain Digicon Spectrograph system on the McDonald Observatory 2.1 m Struve telescope. New redshift determinations are presented for 59 galaxies, obtained for emission line spectra by conventional wavelength determination techniques and for absorption line spectra by Fourier transform filtering and cross correlation techniques with respect to velocity standard spectra of NGC 3115 and NGC 4736. With respect to published redshifts for 29 galaxies, the new redshifts show a mean residual of -1 km/sec and rms residual of 49 km/sec, without apparent systematic trends, from -300 to +13,700 km/sec.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 85; Feb. 198
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  • 47
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    Snowpack monitoring in North America and Eurasia using passive microwave satellite data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Areas of the Canadian high plains, the Montana and North Dakota high plains, and the steppes of central Russia have been studied in an effort to determine the utility of spaceborne microwave radiometers for monitoring snow depths in different geographic areas. Significant regression relationships between snow depth and microwave brightness temperatures were developed for each of these homogeneous areas. In each of the study areas investigated in this paper, Nimbus-6 (0.81 cm) ESMR data produced higher correlations than Nimbus-5 (1.55 cm) ESMR data in relating microwave brightness temperature to snow depth. It is difficult to extrapolate relationships between microwave brightness temperature and snow depth from one area to another because different geographic areas are likely to have different snowpack conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Dec. 198
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  • 48
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    View angle effects in the radiometric measurement of plant canopy temperatures (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The thermal infrared sensor response from a wheat canopy was extremely non-Lambertian because of spatial variations in energy flow processes; the effective radiant temperature of the sensor varied as much as 13 C with changing view angle. This variation of sensor response was accurately quantified (root-mean-square of deviations between theoretical and measured responses reduced to 1.1 C) as a function of vegetation canopy geometry, vertical temperature distribution of canopy components, and sensor view angle. The results have important implications for optimizing sensor view angles for remote sensing missions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Dec. 198
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  • 49
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    A comparative study of microwave radiometer observations over snowfields with radiative transfer model calculations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N79-30611)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Nov. 198
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  • 50
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    Remote sensing of leaf water content in the near infrared (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N80-20768)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Aug. 198
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  • 51
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    Simulation modeling of estuarine ecosystems (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simulation model has been developed of Galveston Bay, Texas ecosystem. Secondary productivity measured by harvestable species (such as shrimp and fish) is evaluated in terms of man-related and controllable factors, such as quantity and quality of inlet fresh-water and pollutants. This simulation model used information from an existing physical parameters model as well as pertinent biological measurements obtained by conventional sampling techniques. Predicted results from the model compared favorably with those from comparable investigations. In addition, this paper will discuss remotely sensed and conventional measurements in the framework of prospective models that may be used to study estuarine processes and ecosystem productivity.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 52
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    Central configurations and hyperbolic-elliptic motion in the three-body problem (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A refined classification of motion for the planar three-body problem with zero-sum total energy is presented. The structure and dimensions of the sets of initial conditions leading to parabolic expansion or hyperbolic-elliptic motion are found. Attention is given to the use of the Hamiltonian of the system and to the two- and three-dimensional problem. It is verified that the new coordinates of position and linear momentum approaches limits as t (time) approaches infinity, and that these limits constitute equilibrium solutions to the three-body problem representing control configurations.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 53
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    On the apparent secular accelerations of the moon and the sun (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The discussion of tidal friction in the earth-moon system given in successive editions of 'The Earth' by Jeffreys is shown to contain a serious dynamical error. When the treatment is corrected, it shows that the moment of inertia of the earth must be changing. The apparent secular accelerations of the moon and sun require a diminishing moment of inertia, and the rate is in agreement with the phase-change hypothesis for the nature of the core.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 54
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    Tidal-friction theory of the earth-moon system (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Serious errors contained in Jeffreys' (1952, 1959, 1970, 1976) discussion of tidal friction in the earth-moon system are identified and their consequences are discussed. A direct solution of the dynamical tidal equations for the couple from the earth acting upon the moon and the couple from the earth acting upon the sun, which were left unsolved by Jeffreys, is found to be incompatible with observations and the predictions of linear or quadratic friction theory, due to his failure to take into account the possible change of the moment of inertia of the earth with time in the derivation of the dynamical equations. Consideration of this factor leads to the conclusion that the earth must be contracting at a rate of 14.7 x 10 to the -11th/year, which can be accounted for only by the Ramsey theory, in which the terrestrial core is considered as a phase change rather than a change in chemical composition. Implications of this value for the rates of changes in day length and lunar distance are also indicated.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 55
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    IUE observations of two late type stars - R Aql and W Hya (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 92; 3, De; Dec. 198
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  • 56
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    On the rapid variability of AM Herculis (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: New observations of the rapid brightness flickering of AM Her are presented, with 10 hours of data from three nights and with a time resolution of 1.6 s, and the statistical properties of the flickering are described. The flickering is assumed to be the superposition of bursts produced as individual clumps in the accretion flow encounter the region of strong emission just above the surface of the white dwarf at the magnetic poles. A statistical shot-noise analysis is then appropriate, and a pulse duration of 70-90 s is determined, with many pulses overlapping at any instant. The clumps must then have the form of long, thin strings as they reach the emission region.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 241
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  • 57
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    X-ray astronomical spectroscopy (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The elementary spectral signatures of fundamental physical processes that might be operable in galactic and extragalactic X-ray sources are reviewed. Some of the instrument limitations of experimental techniques used in X-ray astronomical spectroscopy are described. X-ray spectroscopic measurements are examined for various types of X-ray-emitting objects, including degenerate and nondegenerate stellar systems, supernova remnants, clusters of galaxies, active galactic nuclei, and quasars.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Vistas in Astronomy; 24; pt. 3
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  • 58
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    Limitations on the application of a ground-based spectral technique for determining rain forest leaf area index (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Dec. 198
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  • 59
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    Graphical measurement of Saturn's oblateness and the radius of the Encke gap (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The geometric distortions attendant to spin-scan imaging were extraordinarily manifest in the Pioneer encounter with Saturn. By overlapping graphical predictions of these distortions with raster scans of the raw intensity data, both displayed to the same scale on a Versatec printer-plotter, it is possible to determine the precise geometry of a data-taking sequence. The predictions are quite sensitive to the assumed dimensions of Saturn and its rings. It is accordingly concluded that the ratio of polar to equatorial radius is 0.91 and that the Encke gap is 133,500 km from Saturn's center.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Nov. 1
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  • 60
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    A photometric study of the eclipsing binary RX Hercules (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A new photoelectric light curve of RX Hercules, a binary system with similar components, has been analyzed using Wood's computer model. RX Her, using Popper's spectroscopic mass ratio of q = 0.8472, turned out to be composed of a dimmer AO component and a larger B9.5 component. This detached system, upon analysis of the residuals in secondary minimum, shows some asymmetry during ingress which then disappears just before secondary minimum. The eccentricity e = 0.022 determined in this study is a little larger than previously published values of e = 0.018. In combination with the spectroscopic analysis of Popper, and ubvy data of Olson and Hill and Hilditch new photometric elements for RX Her were found.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series; 42; Dec. 198
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  • 61
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    Radio survey of Markarian galaxies at 6 and 11 cm (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: One hundred and fifty-one objects from Markarian's lists 6 and 7 were observed at 6 cm with a 3 sigma detection limit of about 30 mJy. Eight Markarian objects were detected, six of which were also observed at 11 cm. Forty-five others were negative at this wavelength. Two of the detections, numbers 533 and 668, are Seyfert galaxies; additionally, UB1 was detected at 6 cm and NGC 7715 and III Zw 2 were found at 11 cm.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 85; Nov. 198
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  • 62
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    Radiometric resolution for monitoring vegetation - how many bits are needed (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The number of radiometric quantizing levels required for satellite monitoring of vegetation resources was evaluated by using in situ collected spectral reflectance data, an atmospheric radiative transfer simulation model, and a satellite sensor simulation model. Reflectance data were converted to radiance data, passed through a model atmosphere to an altitude of 706 km, and subsequently quantized at 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 and 512 digital count levels for Thematic Mapper bands TM3 (0.63-0.69 microns) and TM4 (0.76-0.90 microns). The simulated digital count data were regressed against in situ biological data to quantify the relationship between quantizing levels. Results of the analysis demonstrated that solar zenith angle has an effect on the quantization equivalent change in reflectance, that 256 quantizing levels gave a 1-3% improvement per channel over 64 quantizing levels, and that 256 quantizing levels gave a 1% improvement per channel over 128 quantizing levels. No improvements were found for 256 versus 512 quantizing levels.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 1; July-Sep
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    Seasat SAR identification of dry climate urban land cover (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Digitally processed Seasat synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery of the Denver, Colorado area was examined to assess its potential for mapping urban land cover and the compatibility of SAR derived classes with those described in the U.S. Geological Survey classification system. The entire scene was interpreted to generate a small-scale land cover map. In addition, six subscene enlargements representative of urban land cover categories extant in the area were used as test sites for detailed analysis of land cover types. Two distinct approaches were employed and compared in examining the imagery - a visual interpretation of black-and-white positive transparencies and an automated-machine/visual interpretation. The latter used the Image 100 interactive image analysis system to generate land cover classes by density level slicing of the image frequency histogram.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 1; July-Sep
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    Effect of texture on microwave emission from soils (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The intensity brightness temperature, T(B), of the microwave emission from the soil is determined primarily by its dielectric properties. The large difference between the dielectric constant of water and that of dry soil produces a strong dependence of the soil's dielectric constant on its moisture content. This dependence is effected by the texture of the soil because the water molecules close to the particle surface are tightly bound and do not contribute significantly to the dielectric properties. Since this surface area is a function of the particle size distribution (soil texture), being larger for clay soils with small particles, and smaller for sandy soils with larger particles, the dielectric properties will depend on soil texture. This dependence has been demonstrated by laboratory measurements of the dielectric constant for soils which are briefly summarized. The dependence of the microwave emission on texture is demonstrated by measurements of T(B) from an aircraft platform for a wide range of soil textures. It is concluded that the effect of soil texture differences on the observed T(B) values can be normalized by expressing the soil moisture values as a percentage of field capacity for the soil.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-18; Oct. 198
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    Passive microwave remote sensing of soil moisture - The effect of tilled row structure (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The tilled row structure in agricultural fields is one of the important factors affecting observations of microwave emission from such fields. Measurements of this effect were performed with L-band and X-band radiometers mounted on a mobile truck on a bare 40 m x 45 m row tilled field; the soil moisture content during measurements ranged from 10 to 30% by dry weight. Results showed that the variations of the antenna temperatures with incident angle changed with the azimuth angle measured from the row direction. It is found that the observed difference between horizontally and vertically polarized antenna temperatures is due to the change in the local angle of field emission within the antenna field of view caused by the large-scale row structure.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-18; Oct. 198
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  • 66
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    An empirical model for the complex dielectric permittivity of soils as a function of water content (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Recent measurements on the dielectric properties of soils have shown that the variation of dielectric constant with moisture content depends on soil types. The observed dielectric constant increases only slowly with moisture content up to a transition point. Beyond the transition it increases rapidly with moisture content. The moisture value at transition region was found to be higher for high clay content soils than for sandy soils. Many mixing formulas reported in the literature were compared with, and were found incompatible with, the measured dielectric variations of soil-water mixtures. A simple empirical model was proposed to describe the dielectric behavior of the soil-water mixtures. This model employs the mixing of either the dielectric constants or the refraction indices of ice, water, rock, and air, and treats the transition moisture value as an adjustable parameter. The calculated mixture dielectric constants from the model were found to be in reasonable agreement with the measured results over the entire moisture range of 0-0.5 cu cm/cu cm. The transition moistures derived from the model range from 0.16 to 0.33 and are strongly correlated with the wilting points of the soils estimated from their textures. This relationship between transition moisture and wilting point provides a means of estimating soil dielectric properties on the basis of texture information.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-18; Oct. 198
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  • 67
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    Microwave remote sensing of soil moisture content over bare and vegetated fields (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Remote measurements of soil moisture contents over bare fields and fields covered with orchard grass, corn, and soybean were made during October 1979 with 1.4 GHz and 5 GHz microwave radiometers mounted on a truck. Ground truth of soil moisture content, ambient air, and soil temperatures was acquired concurrently with the radiometric measurements. The biomass of the vegetation was sampled about once a week. The measured brightness temperatures over bare fields were compared with those of radiative transfer model calculations using as inputs the acquired soil moisture and temperature data with appropriate values of dielectric constants for soil-water mixtures. Good agreement was found between the calculated and the measured results over 10-70 deg incident angles. The presence of vegetation was found to reduce the sensitivity of soil moisture sensing. At 1.4 GHz the sensitivity reduction ranged from approximately 20% for 10-cm tall grassland to over 60% for the dense soybean field. At 5 GHz the corresponding reduction in sensitivity ranged from approximately 70 to approximately 90%.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Physical Research Letters; 7; Oct. 198
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  • 68
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    Appendix A: Fuelwood availability for a ten megawatt power plant in Tupper Lake, New York, based on remotely sensed and other data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Forested land potentially available for fuelwood harvest within 30 km of Tupper Lake, N.Y. was delineated and classified as to forest using NASA aerial photography and LANDSAT imagery. Published inventory and growth data were used to estimate woody material on the available land. The information submitted to the Energy Office indicates that there is sufficient woody material to supply a 10 MW plant.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Cornell Univ. Remote Sensing Program; 22 p
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  • 69
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    Monitoring snowpack properties by passive microwave sensors on board of aircraft and satellites (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Snowpack properties such as water equivalent and snow wetness may be inferred from variations in measured microwave brightness temperatures. This is because the emerged microwave radiation interacts directly with snow crystals within the snowpack. Using vertically and horizontally polarized brightness temperatures obtained from the multifrequency microwave radiometer (MFMR) on board a NASA research aircraft and the electrical scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR) and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) on board the Nimbus 5, 6, and 7 satellites, linear relationships between snow depth or water equivalent and microwave brightness temperature were developed. The presence of melt water in the snowpack generally increases the brightness temperatures, which can be used to predict snowpack priming and timing of runoff.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 235-248
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  • 70
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    Theoretical and experimental studies of microwave radiation from a natural snow field (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The brightness temperature of a natural snow field in northern Europe was studied theortically and experimentally at 5, 12, and 37 GHz for satellite remote sensing applications. A snow model consisting of ice spheres covered by a water shell was used in calculation, taking into account scattering and absorption. The brightness temperature of a natural snow field as a function of view angle was measured from a tower in 1978 and 1979. The measured brightness temperature curves can be fitted with calculated ones by assuming reasonable values for the wetness and the particle size of snow. Experimental results also show that relatively small changes in the snow conditions cause large changes in the brightness temperature. In order to obtain a more controlled situation, experiments were continued in 1980 using a measuring site covered with aluminum sheets and determining the wetness and the particle size in addition to the density and physical temperature.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 225-234
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  • 71
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    Microwave signatures of the natural snow cover at Weissfluhjoch (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The natural snow cover on a high altitude alphine test site was monitored with a multi-frequency radiometer for more than three years. Some measurements were also made with a 10.5 GHz scatterometer. The microwave observations are supported by a large set of ground truth data. From year to year a wide variation in the development of the snowpack above and below average was observed. Typical microwave data are presented for the different snow conditions in view of the applicability as signatures for remote sensing.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 203-223
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  • 72
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    Remote sensing of snow properties by passive microwave radiometry: GSFC truck experiment (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Recent results indicate that microwave radiometry has the potential for inferring the snow depth and water equivalent information from snowpacks. In order to assess this potential for determining the water equivalent of a snowpack, it is necessary to understand the microwave emission and scattering behavior of the snow at various wavelengths under carefully controlled conditions. Truck-mounted microwave instrumentation was used to study the microwave characteristics of the snowpack in the Colorado Rocky Mountain region during the winters of 1977 to 78 and 7978 to 79. The spectral signatures of C, X, K sub u, and K sub a band radiometers with dual polarization were used, together with measurements of snowpack density, temperature an ram profiles, liquid water content, and rough characterization of the crystal sizes. These data compared favorably with calculated results based on recent microscopic scattering models.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 169-185
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  • 73
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    Active microwave water equivalence (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of water equivalence using an active FM-CW microwave system were conducted over the past three years at various sites in Colorado, Wyoming, and California. The measurement method is described. Measurements of water equivalence and stratigraphy are compared with ground truth. A comparison of microwave, federal sampler, and snow pillow measurements at three sites in Colorado is described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 119-129
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  • 74
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    Snow Electromagnetic Measurements (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An electromagnetic system is described for measuring the dielectric constant and attenuation of snow samples in the frequency range of 4 to 12 GHz. System components consists of a swept-frequency source, microwave horns, network analyzer, and XY plotter. The procedure for calibrating the effect of wetness on the snow properties is described. Equations are given that express the experimentally determined relation between attenuation per unit length and volume percent wetness at any frequency between 4 and 12 GHz. permittivity can be calculated from the snow density, attenuation per unit length, and frequency. Some applications of the techniques are described such as runoff forecasting from mountain snowpacks.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 93-117
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  • 75
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    The dielectric behaviour of snow: A study versus liquid water content (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Snow is treated as a heterogeneous dielectric material consisting of ice, air, and water. The greater difference in the high frequency relative permittivity of dry snow and water allows to determine the liquid water content by measurements of the relative permittivity of snow. A plate condenser with a volume of about 1000 cv cm was used to measure the average liquid water content in a snow volume. Calibration was carried out using a freezing calorimeter. In order to measure the liquid water content in thin snow layers, a comb-shaped condenser was developed, which is the two dimensional analogon of the plate condenser. With this moisture meter the liquid water content was measured in layers of a few millimeters in thickness, whereby the effective depth of measurement is given by the penetration depth of electric field lines which is controlled by the spacing of the strip lines. Results of field measurements with both moisture meters, the plate condenser and the comb-shaped condenser, are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 69-92
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  • 76
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    Liquid distribution and the dielectric constant of wet snow (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The mixing theory of Polder and Van Santen is revised for application to three cases of wet snow. The dielectric constant is calculated for a range of liquid contents and porosities. These calculated values compare favorably with experimental data for the two cases in which data available. The application to a snow cover with a heterogeneous distribution of liquid is discussed. The possibility of applying this theory the calculate the imaginary part of the dielectric constant must be explored further.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 21-39
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  • 77
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    California's transition from conventional snowpack measurements to a developing remote sensing capability for water supply forecasting (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: California's Snow Survey Program and water supply forecasting procedures are described. A review is made of current activities and program direction on such matters as: the growing statewide network of automatic snow sensors; restrictions on the gathering hydrometeorological data in areas designated as wilderness; the use of satellite communications, which both provides a flexible network without mountaintop repeaters and satisfies the need for unobtrusiveness in wilderness areas; and the increasing operational use of snow covered area (SCA) obtained from satellite imagery, which, combined with water equivalent from snow sensors, provides a high correlation to the volumes and rates of snowmelt runoff. Also examined are the advantages of remote sensing; the anticipated effects of a new input of basin wide index of water equivalent, such as the obtained through microwave techniques, on future forecasting opportunities; and the future direction and goals of the California Snow Surveys Program.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 11-17
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  • 78
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    Evolution of snow sensors and the potential of microwave devices in operational telemetry networks (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Both manually collected snow-course data and telemetered information from SNOTEL sites throughout the western United States are used to make forecasts of streamflow. Although these conventional methods have proven highly reliable over the years, they still exhibit some shortcomings. Active and passive microwave remote sensing systems recently developed and tests present the potential to eliminate some negative aspects associated with other types of sensors currently in use. Because of their ability to see through the snowpack they offer a unique opportunity to improve snowpack measurement techniques. As yet neither the active nor passive system is developed sufficiently to supplant existing methods in operational telemetry networks. Active microwave sensors are the most promising for the near future and are being used in research and development programs to study snow pillow performance in the SNOTEL system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 1-10
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  • 79
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    Ultraviolet spectroscopy of comets (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The UV spectra of a comet, Comet Seargent 1978m, were obtained two weeks after the comet's discovery before any ground-based spectroscopic observations were made. The second comet observed with IUE was Comet Bradfield 1979e. It was first observed on January 10 and 11, 1980, and subsequently on several occasions until the beginning of March of 1980. The comets were observed at various heliocentric distances in the low and high dispersion mode. In the long wavelength region, emission bands of OH, CS, CO2(+), NH and CO(+) were identified, and the rotational structures of the (0, 0) and (1, 0) bands of OH were resolved. In the short wavelength region, emission lines of H(L alpha), O I, C I, C II, and C 1 and the CO fourth positive bands appeared. The results of these observations are the detection of S I; indications that CS exists as "Parent Molecules" in the cometary ice; the resolution of the (0, 0) and (1, 0) bands of OH; the determination of the spatial variations of various emissions; the determination of the variation of the production rates of various species, especially of H and OH, with heliocentric distance.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: ESA 2nd European IUE Conf.; 12 p
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  • 80
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    Fracture trace expression and analysis in radar imagery of rain forest terrain (Peru) (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Mapping of minor lineaments from radar imagery of the rain forest in southeast Peru is biased due to the selective suppression of some topography which results from the observation geometry of the imaging radar system and the varied perception of lineaments on the imagery by different interpreters. Team analysis of the imagery compensates for several of the sources of bias, and results in the clear recognition of differing regimes within the regional fracture field in the study area.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 502-507
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  • 81
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    The evaluation of 3cm-wavelength radar for mapping surface deposits in the Bristol Lake/Granite Mountain area, Mojave Desert, California (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Surface deposits in the Bristol Lake/Granite Mountains area, Mojave Desert, California were mapped using high resolution 3 cm wavelength radar images. The surface deposits range from silt to boulders in size and were separated into six radar-rock units on the basis of radar return signatures (brightness and texture) and geomorphic expression. Field reconnaissance of the six units showed that the brightness of the radar signatures on the images correlates with the surface roughness of each unit. Two major radar signatures anomalies were noted during the study. A dark radar signature for the large sand ridges in the Kelso Dunes area and a distinct northwest trending contrast boundary between bright and dark radar signatures in the Bristol Dry Lake area. Field reconnaissance of the two areas indicated that near surface moisture may be the cause of dark signatures. Dune areas with little to no vegetation produce a dark signature, whereas areas with sparse to moderate vegetation produce an intermediate to dark signature.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 439-456
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  • 82
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    Side-looking airborne radar image interpretation and geological mapping: Problems and results (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Geological experiments and surveys conducted by BRGM and GDTA members to evaluate interest in SLAR image interpretation are summarized. Two surveys were selected for presentation: Les Vans (Massif central, France) and Guyana (South America). They have permitted a comparison between different types of SLAR: Goodyear, Motorola, JPL, and Vigie in term of lithological and structural applications. On the Les Vans test site conclusions reached concern radiometry, which is better on L-band imagery, polarization, HV being more useful than HH for geological mapping in an L-band system, wavelength and illuminations. Over Guyana, the use of Goodyear X-band SLAR enables satisfactory geological and structural mapping under heavy equatorial forest with cloud cover conditions. A differential program was developed for fracture filtering and image enhancement with a coherent light laser, and significant results were obtained.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 417-438
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  • 83
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    The use of radar and LANDSAT data for mineral and petroleum exploration in the Los Andes region, Venezuela (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A geological study of a 27,500 sq km area in the Los Andes region of northwestern Venezuela was performed which employed both X-band radar mosaics and computer processed Landsat images. The 3.12 cm wavelength radar data were collected with horizontal-horizontal polarization and 10 meter spatial resolution by an Aeroservices SAR system at an altitude of 12,000 meters. The radar images increased the number of observable suspected fractures by 27 percent over what could be mapped by LANDSAT alone, owing mostly to the cloud cover penetration capabilities of radar. The approximate eight fold greater spatial resolution of the radar images made possible the identification of shorter, narrower fractures than could be detected with LANDSAT data alone, resulting in the discovery of a low relief anticline that could not be observed in LANDSAT data. Exploration targets for petroleum, copper, and uranium were identified for further geophysical work.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 367-384
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  • 84
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    Application of imaging radar to mapping (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present state of radar mapping is reviewed. Emphasis is on radargrammetric mapping with single images, stereo pairs, and block adjustment. Applications to thematic mapping are also addressed. Examples presented concern radar mosaicking, sea ice study and extraterrestrial mapping.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 307-335
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  • 85
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    Stereo radar for mapping and interpretation (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of terrain imaging radar to extract elevation information by stereo viewing and measurement is discussed. Either a three dimensional visual model or elevation measurements may be obtained by simultaneous viewing or differential measurement of images obtained by a side-looking radar from two different flightpaths. Expressions describing radar image geometry, model vertical exaggeration, and stereo measurement accuracy are derived. The dependence of the exaggeration and accuracy on system parameters and key system errors is derived, discussed, and illustrated by application to several airborne and spaceborne systems and system concepts, and the results of some preliminary measurements of imagery from two airborne and one spaceborne system are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 336-350
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  • 86
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    A new look at Togo through the eyes of a SLAR (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Imaging of Togo in 1977 with SLAR provided the data required for the production of map controlled radar mosaics at a scale of 1:200,000 with 95 percent of all control points at that scale within + or - 4.0 millimeters of true positions. The moasics served as the base for the generation of a revised geologic map of Togo. Aided by two looks, numerous revisions resulted, not only with the addition of previously unknown structural features, a revision of age relationships, and the refinement of unit boundaries, but also with the repositioning of rock units and the reorientation of major faults.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 351-364
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  • 87
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    Realistic Earth/land radar models (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A series of models which attempt to describe more accurately the physical geometry of Earth/land targets is presented. Theoretical calculations are included to illustrate model behavior. Variations with respect to various systems and target parameters are included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 200-222
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  • 88
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    Rock type discrimination and structural analysis with LANDSAT and Seasat data: San Rafael swell, Utah (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is evaluated in terms of its geologic applications. The benchmark to which the SAR images are compared is LANDSAT, used both for structural and lithologic interpretations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 151-167
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  • 89
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    Analysis of Seasat orbital radar imagery for geologic mapping in the appalachian Valley and Ridge province, Tennessee-Kentucky-Virginia (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The terrain-surface features of the Appalachian Valley and Ridge province were analyzed using Seasat synthetic aperture radar imagery. Particular attention was given to determining the efficiency and capability of this microwave imaging system for geologic mapping.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 75-113
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  • 90
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    Radar imaging of volcanic fields and sand dune fields: Implications for VOIR (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A number of volcanic fields and sand dune fields in the western part of North America were studied using aircraft and Seasat synthetic aperture radar images and LANDSAT images. The capability of radars with different characteristics (i.e., frequency, polarization and look angles was assessed to identify and map different volcanic features, lava flows and sand dune types. It was concluded that: (1) volcanic features which have a relatively large topographic expression (i.e., cinder cones, collapse craters, calderas, etc.) are easily identified; (2) lava flows of different ages can be identified, particularly on the L-band images; and (3) sand dunes are clearly observed and their extent and large scale geometric characteristics determined, provided the proper imaging geometry exists.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radar Geol: An Assessment Rept. of the Radar Geol. Workshop; p 114-150
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  • 91
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    Potential in the central bar structure (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The figure-eight orbits obtained by Miller and Smith (1979) inside the central bar structure of galaxies are used to establish possible potential functions which result in such orbits. It is shown that r to the -6th power type potentials are special cases of distance and angle-dependent potential functions.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 239
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  • 92
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    Photometry of Southern Hemisphere red dwarf stars (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are presented for a photometric investigation of a spectroscopically selected sample of red dwarf stars in the Southern Hemisphere. Absolute magnitudes and distances for the stars are estimated from broadband red colors. Three stars which may be subluminous are identified, as are several stars which may be within 25 pc. The tangential velocity and velocity dispersion of the sample are similar to values found in other studies of nearby late-type stars.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 85; June 198
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  • 93
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    Absolute brightness temperature measurements at 3.5-mm wavelength (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Careful observations have been made at 86.1 GHz to derive the absolute brightness temperatures of the sun (7914 + or - 192 K), Venus (357.5 + or - 13.1 K), Jupiter (179.4 + or - 4.7 K), and Saturn (153.4 + or - 4.8 K) with a standard error of about three percent. This is a significant improvement in accuracy over previous results at millimeter wavelengths. A stable transmitter and novel superheterodyne receiver were constructed and used to determine the effective collecting area of the Millimeter Wave Observatory (MWO) 4.9-m antenna relative to a previously calibrated standard gain horn. The thermal scale was set by calibrating the radiometer with carefully constructed and tested hot and cold loads. The brightness temperatures may be used to establish an absolute calibration scale and to determine the antenna aperture and beam efficiencies of other radio telescopes at 3.5-mm wavelength.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-28; May 1980
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  • 94
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    IUE observations of circumstellar emission from the late type variable R Aquarii /M7 + pec/ (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: IUE observations of R Aquarii (M7 + pec) have been obtained in low dispersion in order to study its circumstellar emission. Strong permitted, semiforbidden, and forbidden emission lines are identified that are superposed on a bright ultraviolet continuum. From the analysis it is deduced that the strong emission-line spectrum that involves semiforbidden C III, C IV, semiforbidden Si III, forbidden O II, and forbidden O III probably arises from a dense compact nebula the size of which is comparable to the binary system of which R Aqr is the primary star. Low-excitation emission lines of Fe II, Mg II, O I, and Si II suggest the presence of a warm chromosphere (T less than about 10,000 K) in the primary M7 late type giant. The secondary is identified as a white dwarf, comparable to or somewhat brighter than the sun, since such a star can produce enough ionizing photons to excite the continuum and emission-line spectrum and yet be sufficiently faint to escape detection by direct observation. The UV continuum observed is attributed to Balmer recombination and not to blackbody emission from the hot companion. The general spectral properties of R Aqr between 1200 A and 3200 A are discussed in the context of the model for the circumstellar nebula, the companion, and the mass-loss rate of the primary star.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 237
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  • 95
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    Rocket-ultraviolet imagery of the North America nebula (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: New ultraviolet imagery of NGC 7000 has been obtained in a sounding-rocket flight with an electrographic Schmidt camera which covers the 1230-2000 A wavelength range and has a higher angular resolution than the Apollo 16 imagery. The integrated brightness of NGC 7000 near 1450 A is unexpectedly high (three times the brightness of HD 199579 as measured by CHB), but as no emission lines were observed with a nebular spectrograph, it is concluded that the radiation observed in the UV image is nearly pure continuum. Comparison with the blue continuum image is not possible, as the latter image has dominant contributions due to night sky background, hydrogen recombination continuum, and possibly unresolved faint stars. It is suggested that the high UV brightness of NGC 7000 is due to the highly efficient dust scattering of stellar radiation.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 237
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  • 96
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    Permittivity and attenuation of wet snow between 4 and 12 GHz (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The permittivity and attenuation of prepared samples of wet snow are measured and curves presented showing the dependence of these quantities of snow wetness and frequency. Equations are given that express the experimentally determined relation between attenuation per unit length and volume-percent wetness at any frequency between 4 and 12 GHz. Additional equations are given for the calculation of permittivity from the snow density, attenuation per unit length, and frequency. Water retention characteristics of snow are described. Some applications of the techniques, such as runoff forecasting from mountain snowpacks, are proposed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 51; May 1980
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  • 97
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    Cataloged infrared sources in NIPSS data. I - The RSO 1 catalog (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A small number of selected near-infrared and visual photographic pairs from the Steward Observatory Near Infrared Photographic Sky Survey have been examined for content of stars more red than (V-I) of about 2.5 magnitudes. A simple manual extraction of these objects was carried out as a part of a preliminary evaluation of survey data and techniques for reducing it; the resulting list has been compiled as the first installment of a Catalog of Red Stellar Objects (Craine et al. 1979). Results of a cross correlation of this catalog with the IRC, AFGL, and EIC infrared catalogs are here presented. The results indicate that these photographs may be particularly useful for purposes of optical identification of short-wavelength infrared sources to limits much fainter than represented by presently existing infrared catalogs.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 92
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  • 98
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    Relationship of spectral data to grain yield variation (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two-band hand-held radiometer data from a winter wheat field, collected on 21 dates during the spring growing season, were correlated with within-field final grain yield. Significant linear relationships were found between various combinations of the red and photographic infrared radiance data collected and the grain yield. The spectral data explained about 64 percent of the within-field grain yield variation. This variation in grain yield could not be explained using meteorological data as these were similar for all areas of the wheat field. Most importantly, data collected early in the spring were highly correlated with grain yield, a five-week time window existed from stem elongation through anthesis in which the spectral data were most highly correlated with grain yield, and manifestations of wheat canopy water stress were readily apparent in the spectral data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; May 1980
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  • 99
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    Spectral assessment of soybean leaf area and leaf biomass (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Red and photographic infrared spectral radiance have been correlated with soybean total leaf area index, green leaf area index, chlorotic area index, green leaf biomass, chlorotic leaf biomass, and total biomass. The most significant correlations were found to exist between the spectral data and green leaf area index and/or green leaf biomass. These findings demonstrate that ground based remote sensing data can supply information basic to soybean canopy growth, development, and status by non-destructive determination of the green leaf area or green leaf biomass.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; May 1980
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  • 100
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    Enumeration of prairie wetlands with Landsat and aircraft data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A method is described for estimating wetland abundance in the 700,000 sq km prairie pothole region of North America. A double sampling procedure is described, incorporating the use of high resolution aircraft imagery, capable of delineating ponds as small as 5 m across, as a means of adjusting the count of surface water features derived from the low-resolution Landsat census over a 38,876 sq km area in east-central North Dakota. The regression expansion formula used to estimate the actual number of total wetlands is also presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; May 1980
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