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  • General Chemistry  (873)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (774)
  • AERODYNAMICS  (383)
  • Chemical Engineering  (336)
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  • Humans
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
  • 1975-1979  (2,585)
  • 1977  (2,585)
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  • 1975-1979  (2,585)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2004-10-07
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA Lewis Research Center Inlet Workshop; p 427-480
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Supercritical Wing Technol.: A Report on Flight Evaluation; p 111-120
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  • 3
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The selection of measurement systems for experiments conducted in the context of a space flight must be guided by the criteria applicable to any scientific study requiring objective measurements of physiological variables. Steps fundamental to the process of choosing the best instrumentation system are identified and the key factors in matching the operational characteristics of the instrumentation to its intended use are discussed. Special problems in obtaining data from nonhuman primates, whether restrained or unrestrained, are explored. Choices for data processing are evaluated as well as the use of prototype flight tests and simulations to assess future life science experiments for spacelab or payloads for the space shuttle biomedical scientific satellite.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Use of Nonhuman Primates in Space; p 225-243
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  • 4
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physical principles of flight, and the consideration of atmospheric composition and aerodynamic forces in the design and construction of various types of aircraft are discussed. Flight characteristics are described for helicopters, rotary-wing aircraft, short and vertical takeoff aircraft, and tailess or variable geometry wing aircraft. Flow characteristics at various speeds are also discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Soviet Aircraft and Rockets (NASA-TT-F-770); p 24-80
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 37; 2, De; Dec. 197
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Delta Classifier defined as an agricultural crop classification scheme employing a temporal trend procedure is applied to more than 100 different Landsat data sets collected during the 1974-1975 growing season throughout the major wheat-producing regions of the United States. The classification approach stresses examination of temporal trends of the Landsat mean vectors of crops in the absence of corresponding ground truth information. It is shown that the resulting classifications compare favorably to ground truth estimates for wheat proportion in those cases where ground truth is available, and that the temporal trend procedure yields estimates of the wheat proportion that are comparable to the best results from maximum likelihood classification with photointerpreter-defined training fields.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 6; 4, 19; 1977
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  • 7
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper covers the topic of marine geodesy, its goals, and applications. Specifically discussed are position determination and establishment of geodetic control on the ocean bottom, ocean surface, and subsurface, and the determination of the geoid, a vertical reference surface. The various techniques used in position determination (including satellite, airborne, radio, inertial and acoustic techniques) are assessed in terms of accuracy, coverage, and contribution to the solution of specific problems associated with position and control. The results of several marine geodetic control experiments are presented. Classical techniques for the determination of the geoid are discussed and assessed, as are new techniques such as satellite altimetry. The outlook for marine geodetic measurements in the ocean is outlined in terms of what is being planned or considered for the next decade, and several recommendations are made.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The absolute counting efficiency and pulse height distributions of a continuous-channel electron multiplier used in the detection of hydrogen, argon and xenon ions are assessed. The assessment technique, which involves the post-acceleration of 8-eV ion beams to energies from 100 to 4000 eV, provides information on counting efficiency versus post-acceleration voltage characteristics over a wide range of ion mass. The charge pulse height distributions for H2 (+), A (+) and Xe (+) were measured by operating the experimental apparatus in a marginally gain-saturated mode. It was found that gain saturation occurs at lower channel multiplier operating voltages for light ions such as H2 (+) than for the heavier ions A (+) and Xe (+), suggesting that the technique may be used to discriminate between these two classes of ions in electrostatic analyzers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Aug. 197
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Mineralogist; 62; 1977
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A rectangular (7 x 14 km) area 40 km S of Madrid was remote-sensed with a three-stage recognition process. Ground truth was established in the first phase, airborne sensing with a multispectral scanner and photographic cameras were used in the second phase, and Landsat satellite data were obtained in the third phase. Agronomic and hydrological photointerpretation problems are discussed. Color, black/white, and labeled areas are displayed for crop recognition in the land-use survey; turbidity, concentrations of pollutants and natural chemicals, and densitometry of the water are considered in the evaluation of water resources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IAA/Ingenieria Aeronautica y Astronautica; 29; Mar. 197
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The physical conditions in laboratory gases and in the upper atmosphere of the planets, including earth, can be deduced from a measurement of the intensity and line profile of different radiating molecules. Because of the low pressures in the upper atmospheres, many molecular lines with small pressure-broadening coefficients are collisionally narrowed. These lines are resolvable with a Fabry-Perot interferometer. Analytical expressions are given relating the measured line intensity and profile to the true line intensity and profile. A deconvolution of the measured profile gives the parameters A, beta, and K characterizing the collisionally narrowed Galatry profile. General expressions for the nonideal interferometer are discussed, and, specifically, mirror defects and a limited detector aperture are treated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; June 197
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  • 12
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: There exists a need for a relatively inexpensive system for measuring strain in bolts. The torque wrench is one technique for straining bolts which has been widely applied. Unfortunately, friction in the bolt threads and between the nut and the work tend to make such a simple system inaccurate. In practice, a torque wrench is unacceptable for many situations where strain is critical. In this article, an ultrasonic technique is described which can indicate changes in bolt strain to better than one part in 10,000. The technique is based on the one-dimensional propagating-ultrasonic-wave model and uses a new ultrasonic instrument called a Reflection Oscillator Ultrasonic Spectrometer which is a closed-loop feedback marginal-oscillator system that frequency locks the device to the peak of a mechanical resonance in the bolt. The instrument indicates a shift in the bolt resonance frequency due to elongation and changes in velocity of sound due to strain. Data are presented comparing a standard torque wrench to the ultrasonic monitor for different measured stresses on the bolt as well as for different bolt conditions. The strain instrument can be used to monitor changing stresses, to measure material properties and may be applied as a strain gage or load cell.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Experimental Mechanics; 17; May 1977
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The method presented makes use of a division of the region of integration into closed rectangular elements. The velocity is taken to be constant in each element. The integral equation is reduced to a matrix equation which can be solved by an appropriate iteration approach. The derivation and solution of the matrix equation are discussed and the matrix elements are considered. The described concepts were implemented for a nonlifting parabolic-arc airfoil.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Mar. 197
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Recent analysis of laser data for determining variation of latitude have been based on apparent variations in the orbital inclination of the satellite derived from short orbital arcs of 6-8 hours. An alternative method, based on the daily adjustment of the station position to a much longer arc of 2 or 3 weeks has recently been developed and tested. In the new method a long orbital arc is derived from many days of data and is subsequently used as a reference orbit for the adjustment of the position of the station (only) on each day of the long arc for which tracking data are available. This new technique appears to give slightly better results when it is applied to a test period in August 1970, with the added advantage that earth rotation measurements can be derived from the same data at the same time. The results for the test period indicate a precision of 74 cm in variation of latitude and 0.81 ms in monitoring the earth's rotation with 6 hours of data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; Feb. 10
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is noted that the nonlinear partial differential equation for the perturbation velocity potential and boundary conditions describing steady inviscid compressible transonic flow past a thin two-dimensional airfoil can be transformed into a singular integrodifferential equation and that differentiation of the latter yields an integral equation. Two forms of this integral equation currently exist: one for the singularity that is enclosed in an infinitely long strip of vanishing thickness and the other for the singularity that is enclosed in a vanishing circle. In the present article, a more general integral equation is derived by enclosing the singularity in a vanishing rectangular cavity of arbitrary aspect ratio. The two existing forms of this equation are deduced as special cases distinguished by the respective values for the aspect ratio (infinity for the first form and unity for the second).
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Feb. 197
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A photoionization technique was used to study flow characteristics in an expansion tunnel. Vertical surveys of the axial component of flow velocity just downstream from the nozzle exit were obtained, and estimates of freestream density were inferred from the velocity measurement technique. The pitot pressure was measured and compared to the average axial component of velocity as a function of time for the two cases when air and CO2 were used as test gases. Vertical velocity and static density profiles at the nozzle exit are presented for the case when CO2 was used as test gas. Experimental results were used to determine the diameter and uniformity of the test core at the nozzle exit and the duration of the quasi-steady flow period. These data are relevant to evaluation of the suitability of operating an expansion tube as an expansion tunnel. The expansion tunnel is an expansion tube with a conical nozzle positioned at the exit of the acceleration section, so that nozzle entrance flow conditions are hypersonic and characterized by hypervelocity.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Sept
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Viking lander cameras have returned stereo and multispectral views of the Martian surface with a resolution that approaches 2 mm/lp in the near field. A two-orders-of-magnitude increase in resolution could be obtained for collected surface samples by augmenting these cameras with auxiliary optics that would neither impose special camera design requirements nor limit the cameras field of view of the terrain. Quasi-microscope images would provide valuable data on the physical and chemical characteristics of planetary regoliths.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Sept
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  • 18
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A description is presented of an investigation involving the collection of Antarctic ice sheet surface topography data by means of balloons, floating at an altitude of about 12.5 km, which traversed the Antarctic during its 1975 summer. These balloons were part of 411 constant density balloons launched in the Southern Hemisphere during the Tropical Wind, Energy conversion and Reference Level Experiment. The three sensors carried by each balloon included a radio altimeter, a pressure sensor, and an ambient temperature sensor. Data transmitted by a balloon are received by a measuring system on board the Nimbus-6 satellite. A synoptic map is presented of the 150 mbar pressure surface at 1200 GMT, December 11, 1975.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Nature; 268; Aug. 11
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Low Reynolds number flow of an ideal gas over a blunt axisymmetric body of large half-angle at small angles of attack is investigated, for the case of laminar hypersonic flow. Time-varying viscous shock layer equations describing the flowfield are obtained from the full Navier-Stokes system by keeping terms to second order in the inverse square root of Re in both viscous and inviscid regions; the equations are valid for moderate to high Re. Drag, skin friction, and heating rates were obtained at small (or zero) angles of attack. Conditions experienced by planetary entry probes during the high-altitude (early) legs of an atmospheric entry trajectory are pertinent to the problem.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Aug. 197
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  • 20
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: One grain of uraninite was found in a single thin-section of Sierran granite. Electron and ion microprobe analysis were used to determine the composition. Since the U-Pb age calculated for the uraninite does not differ greatly from the K-Ar age of the unit in which it occurs, it is suggested that the mineral is primary and not reworked from a preexisting rock. No uraninite has been detected in heavy mineral concentrates from other rocks of the local area.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Mineralogist; 62; 1977
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  • 21
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes the facilities and test procedures used in a series of wind-tunnel and full-scale flight investigations of the effectiveness of flight spoilers currently existing on wide-bodied transport jet aircraft when used as trailing vortex hazard alleviation devices. Examples of the results of such studies include the variation of trailing wing rolling-moment coefficient with downstream distance behind a B-747 airplane model with various segments of its flight spoilers deflected 45 deg, and comparisons with models without spoilers deflected. It is concluded that the existing flight spoilers on the B-747 are effective as trailing vortex attenuators.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 14; Aug. 197
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A viscous shock-layer analysis for calculating high energy equilibrium flow fields about blunt axisymmetric bodies is applied to the problem of massive ablation injection with radiation transport. A nongray radiation model is used that accounts for both line and continuum radiation. The solution method is direct and provides both stagnation and downstream solutions. Results for shock heated air show that phenolic-nylon injection is substantially more effective in reducing the wall radiant flux than air injection. Also, for large included body angles, the wall radiative flux and the coupled phenolic-nylon injection rate do not continue to decrease with increasing distance downstream.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A paper by Henderson (1976) provides a method of predicting experimental sphere drag data. This approach uses two equations for the drag coefficient, one for relative Mach number less than one, one for relative Mach number greater than 1.75. For relative Mach numbers between these limits a linear interpolation procedure is followed. In a comment on this paper, it is claimed, on the basis of comparing predictions with experimental results, that a method proposed by Walsh (1975) gives better predictions of the drag coefficient for relative Mach numbers less than 1.75, provided that a modification of the procedure is made for relative Mach numbers less than 0.1. For values over 1.75, both methods are considered equally accurate. In a reply to this comment, it is agreed that the Walsh method is more accurate when Reynolds numbers are within a range between 20 and 200, and Mach numbers are between 0.5 and 1.25. Presumed errors and possible limitations in the Walsh procedure for predicting drag coefficients are discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; June 197
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The maximum theoretical accuracy in the angular location of a radiating object that can be obtained by using a planar or linear array is studied. The elements are assumed to have identical radiation patterns and the complex voltages observed at their ports are assumed to be subject to phase measurement errors, having normal probability density. An optimum scheme for the statistical extraction of the parameters defining the direction is established noting that the presence of thermal noise does not affect the structure of the estimator. Comparisons with the conventional multiple interferometric techniques are made.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-13; Mar. 197
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  • 25
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Three type VPM 164 photomultiplier tubes with III-IV compound InGaAsP reflective photocathodes were developed for use in ground-based and space-borne astronomical detectors. Although the achieved response of about 0.02% quantum efficiency at 1.083 microns fell short of the goal of 1% quantum efficiency, the broadband characteristics are still considerably better than those of the S-1 photocathode.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Apr. 197
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  • 26
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Laboratory and airborne experiments have proven the feasibility and demonstrated the techniques of an airborne pulsed laser system for rapidly mapping coastal water bathymetry. Water depths of 10 plus or minus 0.25 m were recorded in waters having an effective attenuation coefficient of 0.175 m. A 2-MW peak power Nd:YAG pulsed laser was flown at an altitude of 600 m. An advanced system, incorporating a mirror scanner, a high pulsed rate laser, and a good signal processor, could survey coastal zones at the rate of several square miles per hour.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; Jan. 197
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An analysis of the use of ultraviolet narrow-band interference filters for total ozone determination is given with reference to the New Zealand filter spectrophotometer under the headings of filter monochromaticity, temperature dependence, orientation dependence, aging, and specification tolerances and nonuniformity. Quantitative details of each problem are given, together with the means used to overcome them in the New Zealand instrument. The tuning of the instrument's filter center wavelengths to a common set of values by tilting the filters is also described, along with a simple calibration method used to adjust and set these center wavelengths.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; Aug. 197
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The vortex lattice method introduced by Lamar and Gloss (1975) was applied to the prediction of subsonic aerodynamic characteristics of hypersonic body-wing configurations. The reliability of the method was assessed through comparison of the calculated and observed aerodynamic performances of two National Hypersonic Flight Research Facility craft at Mach 0.2. The investigation indicated that a vortex lattice model involving 120 or more panel elements can give good results for the lift and induced drag coefficients of the craft, as well as for the pitching moment at angles of attack below 10 to 15 deg. Automated processes for calculating the local slopes of mean-camber surfaces may also render the method suitable for use in preliminary design phases.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 14; Oct. 197
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A liquid helium-cooled p-channel enhancement mode MOSFET, the 3N167, is found to have sufficiently low noise for use as a preamplifier with helium-cooled bolometers that are used in infrared astronomy. Its characteristics at 300, 77, and 4.2 K are presented. It is also shown to have useful application with certain photoconductive and photovoltaic infrared detectors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Apr. 197
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An apparatus and data analysis technique for measuring the gravitational force on freely falling electrons are described. The measurement required that all forces acting on the electrons be uniform and measurable to about ten to the negative 11th power eV/m. The electrical force along the axis of the 5-cm-diam, vertical copper tube used in the experiment was found to be about six times ten to the negative 11th power eV/m when the tube was cooled to 4.2 K. Forces on electrons due to magnetic field gradients were reduced well below the electrical ones by selecting only ground state electrons for measurement. The absence, at 4.2 K, of much stronger electric fields, which were expected to arise from the patch effect and from differential lattice components, contrasts strongly with measurements of electric fields near metal surfaces made at room temperature.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 48; Jan. 197
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of the width and shape of the New Zealand filter instrument's passbands on measured total-ozone accuracy is determined using a numerical model of the spectral measurement process. The model enables the calculation of corrections for the 'bandwidth-effect' error and shows that highly attenuating passband skirts and well-suppressed leakage bands are at least as important as narrow half-bandwidths. Over typical ranges of airmass and total ozone, the range in the bandwidth-effect correction is about 2% in total ozone for the filter instrument, compared with about 1% for the Dobson instrument.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 16; Aug. 197
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The cooling effectiveness of injection through multiple flush slots at an angle of 10 deg was studied experimentally in a wind tunnel. Air was injected from one to four slots into a turbulent Mach 6 boundary layer. The slot mass flow ratio is defined, and data which describe the dependence of the cooling effectiveness on the slot mass flow ratio are presented. Experimental values are indicated graphically for various cases of single and multiple slot injection, where the total mass injection (i.e., the sum of flow rates from each slot) is the same for each case. The results show that, for a given coolant mass flow rate, thermal protection over the maximum surface area can be accomplished best by injecting the coolant flow through multiple slots.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Sept
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  • 33
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The thermal response of a substance to a time-varying surface power input is determined by its thermal inertia. Remote sensing (e.g., from satellites) can be utilized to measure this property, which is related to surface composition or to near-surface soil moisture. An algorithm is developed which relates thermal inertia to remote measurements of surface temperature and reflectance. Application to geosynchronous satellite data illustrates the contrast between irrigated and desert areas in the region north of the Gulf of California. The effect of local weather conditions (latent and sensible heat transfer to the atmosphere) must be estimated before precise values for thermal inertia can be specified.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; June 20
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectral radiance of deuterium lamps calibrated by the Max-Planck-Institut fuer Astronomie (MPI), by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS), and by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) are compared to check the agreement of UV radiometric scales. The NBS group used the optically thin continuum radiation from a wall-stabilized hydrogen arc as its fundamental radiometric standard, while the MPI and PTB groups used the synchrotron radiation facility in DESY. It is found that the spectral radiance scales based upon the DESY synchrotron and the NBS hydrogen arc are consistent, at least for one wavelength relative to another.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 16; July 197
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The design of a K-band radiometer for use in the microwave weather project is discussed. The major components of the system, such as feedhorn, waveguide switch, and receiver assembly are described. The system will be installed at DSS 13 at Goldstone, California, when completed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 66-69
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  • 36
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Work with a state-of-the-art high density PCM tape recorder reproducer system is described. The tape recorder is designed for 80 Mb/s operation at an overall bit error rate of .00001and for 40 Mb/s operation at .000001. The article describes the process of measuring the error rate. Also detailed is a data rate buffer designed for use in recent radar experiments and generalizable to most potential uses of the recorder system.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 110-118
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Areas in which LANDSAT satellite imagery were found most useful include regional interpretations of geological structure, updating verifying of geologic maps, mineral and petroleum exploration, and the monitoring of natural hazards such as large-scale erosion and seismicity. Investigations in these areas of application demonstrated the wide variety of uses presently undertaken or envisioned for the future.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 194-204
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of recutting remote sensing was demonstrated for location of shipwrecks in the Florida Keys, using selected films and filters for improved water penetration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 341-350
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Various types of films were used to detect pre-Columbian archaeological sites in South Dakota. Natural color and color IR films (scale 1/10,000) provided the best interpretation medium.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 172-180
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A network of sampling sites throughout the annual grassland region was established to correlate plant growth in stages and forage production to climatic and other environmental factors. Plant growth and range conditions were further related to geographic location and seasonal variations. A sequence of LANDSAT data was obtained covering critical periods in the growth cycle. Data were analyzed by both photointerpretation and computer aided techniques. Image characteristics and spectral reflectance data were then related to forage production, range condition, range site, and changing growth conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 77-101
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A method is proposed for using clear lakes as dark backgrounds against which the atmospheric path radiance can be determined from satellite observations. If the path radiance can be determined to sufficient accuracy, the atmospheric extinction can be inferred with suitable radiative transfer models. An extensive program of observation was made to determine the magnitude and variability of the various contributors to the total radiance observed by a satellite. It is shown that the volume and surface reflectance contributions (in the absence of sunglint) are small, constant, and can be modeled accurately enough to make these an insignificant source of error. The sunglint radiance observed in this investigation may be a significant source of error. It is shown that atmospheric extinction can be inferred from the path radiance observation after systematic differences between the model and observations are removed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 731-755
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensor data (primarily LANDSAT) was analyzed by photogeologic and computer-assisted enhancement techniques to evaluate the metallic mineral potential of Baja California. Overlays were prepared at 1:1,000,000 and 1:500,000 and included known geologic relationships and mineral occurrences, lineament, drainage and structural patterns, tonal anomalies, and enhancement results. Computer-assisted enhancement and classification of the test sites was performed using the IMAGE 100 system to identify subtle tonal anomalies thought related to mineralization using known sites as analysis guides. Mineral potential maps of Baja California were generated from these analyses and the ten highest priority targets visited. Preliminary assay results (atomic absorption analysis) for the samples recovered showed moderate to high geochemical anomalies for Copper (10 of 12 samples), Zinc (3 of 12 samples) and Lead (4 of 12 samples).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 683-691
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Some of the main aspects that need to be considered in a remote sensing sampling design are: (1) the frequency that any one land use type (on the ground) is erroneously attributed to another class by the interpreter; (2) the frequency that the wrong land use (as observed on the ground) is erroneously included in any one class by the remote sensing interpreter; (3) the proportion of all land (as determined in the field) that is mistakenly attributed by the interpreter; and (4) the determination of whether the mistakes are random (so that the overall proportions are approximately correct) or subject to a persistent bias. A sampling and statistical testing procedure is presented which allows an approximate answer to each of these aspects. The concept developed and described incorporates the probability of making incorrect interpretations at particular prescribed accuracy levels, for a certain number of errors, for a particular sample size. It is considered that this approach offers a meaningful explanation of the interpretation accuracy level of an entire remote sensing land use survey.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 615-623
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A demonstration of the utility of LANDSAT imagery for quickly and cheaply estimating irrigated land area was conducted in the Klamath River basin of Oregon. LANDSAT color composite images, at 1:250,000 scale and acquired on two dates during the 1975 growing season, were interpreted. Irrigated lands were delineated manually, and the irrigated area was estimated, based on dot-grid sampling of the manually delineated lands. The image interpretation estimate of irrigated area was then adjusted by a comparison of interpretation results with ground data on 45 sample plots, each 2.6 square kilometers in size. Two interpreters independently estimated the irrigated area. Their adjusted estimates were 115,000 hectares and 108,000 hectares respectively, with corresponding 95 percent confidence intervals of + or - 7,880 hectares and + or - 14,000 hectares.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 515-524
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  • 45
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A digital processing and analysis scheme for use with digitized synthetic aperture radar data was developed. Using data from a four channel system, the imagery is preprocessed using specially designed software and then analyzed using preexisting facilities originally intended for use with MSS type data. Geometric and radiometric correction may be performed if desired, as well as classification analysis, Fast Fourier transform, filtering and level slice and display functions. The system provides low cost output in real time, permitting interactive imagery analysis. System information flow diagrams as well as sample output products are shown.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 563-570
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  • 46
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE) is a project designed to demonstrate the applicability of remote sensing technology to monitor globally an important world food crop - wheat. The need for more timely and reliable monitoring of food and fiber supplies is discussed, and the monitoring systems currently utilized are reviewed. The fundamentals involved in assessing the impact of variable weather and economic conditions on wheat acreage, yield, and production are elucidated. The experiment's approach to production monitoring is described, and its status is reviewed. Examples of acreage and yield monitoring in the Soviet Union are used to illustrate the experiment's approach.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 429-465
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  • 47
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Monitoring of pollutants within the troposphere is discussed. Selected specific techniques were investigated and it was shown how the use of these techniques fits into the overall national strategy for air pollution abatement.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 353-359
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: To realize the maximum potential benefits of remote sensing, the technology must be applied by personnel responsible for the management of natural resources and the environment. In Canada and the United States, these managers are often in local offices and are not those responsible for the development of systems to acquire, preprocess, and disseminate remotely sensed data, nor those leading the research and development of techniques for analysis of the data. However, the latter organizations have recognized that the technology they develop must be transferred to the management agencies if the technology is to be useful to society. Problems of motivation and communication associated with the technology transfer process, and some of the methods employed by Federal, State, Provincial, and local agencies, academic institutions, and private organizations to overcome these problems are explored.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 325-331
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  • 49
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The actual and the desirable roles of remote sensing in dealing with current forestry issues, such as national forest policy, supply and demand for forest products and competing demands for forest land are discussed. Topics covered include wood shortage, regional timber inventories, forests in tropical and temperate zones, Skylab photography, forest management and protection, available biomass studies, and monitoring.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 267-276
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  • 50
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of data from environmental satellites and other remote sensing platforms in some of NOAA's operational services are described. Topics discussed include: hurricanes; severe local storms and tornadoes; forest guidance; weather forecasting; hydrology; space program support; oceanography; search and rescue; and wildlife management. Applications which have become routine, and those which are in advanced field test are included. Some applications yield a clear cut economic benefit. In other cases, benefits -- if any -- are obscure. In yet other cases, benefits in one sector may be offset by detriments in another. Illustrative examples are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 221-228
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  • 51
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Obstacles or deficiencies in on-going satellites that impede operational use of data are described. Because spectral and spatial characteristics of LANDSAT D sensors are different from earlier satellites, they deter operational planning and data use, and an operational program operated in parallel with experimental technology development is needed. Particular attention is given to the satellite sensor readout system, its current applications, and needs for the future.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 229-235
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Beginning with a survey of the state-of-the-art of processing remotely sensed data in early 1975, significant developments between that time and the present are chronicled, and technologies for early 1979 are projected. Current technical issues discussed include: training selection and labeling; classification and mensuration; use of satellite indicators to supplement predictions; small scale field structures; physical factors; ancillary data; geometric quality; and the cost of processing.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 125-135
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  • 53
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A perspective on the implementation of microwave sensors in future airborne and spaceborne observations of hydrologic parameters is presented. The rationale is based on a review of the status and future trends of active (radar) and passive (radiometer) microwave research as applied to the remote sensing of soil moisture content, snowpack water equivalent, freeze/thaw boundaries, lake ice thickness, surface water area, and the specification of watershed runoff coefficients. Analyses and observations based on data acquired from ground based, airborne and spaceborne platforms, and an evaluation of advantages and limitations of microwave sensors are included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 67-86
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensing was applied to a preliminary study of suspended solids in the Requena Dam. Aerial and terrestrial photographs were analyzed by photointerpretation and microdensitometry. Field measurements and sampling were also made. A relationship between ground data for the concentration of suspended solids and the transmissibility of the aerial infrared film was suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 495-504
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The cooperation and assistance of industrialized nations and the United Nations and its agencies in promoting the transfer of remote sensing technology in developing nations was discussed. Training programs, workshops, and seminars as well as on-going globally scattered demonstration projects were evaluated and it was suggested that emphasis should shift from centralized training to scheduled regional training programs, resulting in larger local participation and on-the-spot application of the technology to solve local problems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 339-351
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  • 56
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Current applications and products from existing operational satellites, are reviewed. The future data and information that will become available before the end of this decade are described with emphasis on global oceanic data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 279-297
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  • 57
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A variety of photographic and nonphotographic sensors are briefly described which were used for remote sensing purposes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 26-41
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The ability of Landsat multispectral digital data to differentiate among 62 combinations of rock and alteration types at the Goldfield mining district of Western Nevada was investigated by using statistical techniques of cluster and discriminant analysis. Multivariate discriminant analysis was not effective in classifying each of the 62 groups, with classification results essentially the same whether data of four channels alone or combined with six ratios of channels were used. Bivariate plots of group means revealed a cluster of three groups including mill tailings, basalt and all other rock and alteration types. Automatic hierarchical clustering based on the fourth dimensional Mahalanobis distance between group means of 30 groups having five or more samples was performed. The results of the cluster analysis revealed hierarchies of mill tailings vs. natural materials, basalt vs. non-basalt, highly reflectant rocks vs. other rocks and exclusively unaltered rocks vs. predominantly altered rocks. The hierarchies were used to determine the order in which sets of multiple discriminant analyses were to be performed and the resulting discriminant functions were used to produce a map of geology and alteration which has an overall accuracy of 70 percent for discriminating exclusively altered rocks from predominantly altered rocks.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 783-790
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A survey of several offshore islands, rocks and shoals on the Labrador Coast was performed, using LANDSAT imagery to assist in the location of uncharted hydrographic features. Several satellite coverages of the coast were studied prior to the survey, and suspected shoal points identified. Using map-derived control points and monocomparator measurements of the LANDSAT images, the positions of these points were determined by mathematical adjustment to an estimated position accuracy of 150 meters. As a result, on the survey, an uncharted island and eight uncharted drying rocks, which might easily have escaped detection from a survey ship, were verified and positioned. To check the accuracy of the coordinates derived from LANDSAT, three islands were positioned by standard ground survey methods. The positional differences, all less than 150 meters, are not plottable at the scale of the existing offshore charts. The LANDSAT positions were also used to control aerial photography of a shoal area for office compilation of a hydrographic chart.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol 1; p 775-781
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  • 60
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: System specifications are proposed for an imaging radar whose primary objective is to provide useful information for land applications including hydrology, agriculture and geology.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 407-425
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Tennessee Valley Authority was created in 1933 as a resource development agency and was charged with the basic mission of improving the economy of a depressed region through power production, flood control, and navigation. Those programs which availed themselves of remotely monitored data, either directly or indirectly supporting this mission, were examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 385-392
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  • 62
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The transfer of technology from industrialized countries to the third world is a very complicated process and one that requires a great deal of research and development. The political and social obstacles to this transfer are generally greater than the technical obstacles, but technical assistance programs have neither the competence nor the inclination to deal with these factors adequately. Funding for technical assistance in remote sensing is now expanding rapidly, and there is a growing need for institutions to study and promote the effective use of this technology for economic development. The United Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Bank, the United States Agency for International Development and the Canadian technical assistance agencies take different approaches to the problem and deal with the political pressures in different ways.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 333-338
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  • 63
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: During the past decade, there has been a rapid expansion of remote sensing research and technology development related to coastal wetlands. As a result of this research, all of the 23 coastal states have ongoing or completed wetland inventories, most utilizing aerial photographs as the data source for producing a variety of map products with varying scales, formats, classification systems and intended uses. The U.S. Geological Survey is increasing emphasis on map production and revision for the coastal zone. The new U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetland Inventory is intended to provide a standardized method for comparison of wetlands on a national basis - it too will use available aerial photographs as a basic data source. At present, satellite data is not used for operational mapping of coastal wetlands because of resolution and geometric constraints. In the future, however, satellite data may provide an accurate reliable and economical source to update wetland inventories and to monitor or evaluate coastal wetlands. The technological improvements accompanying the development and launch of Landsat C and D and the space shuttle promise to make satellite digital data a more powerful tool to supply information for future management decisions for coastal wetlands.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 301-323
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Problems arising from remote sensing of the earth by satellites have been the subject of indepth research and analysis by the United Nations. Every aspect of this multidisciplinary subject has been explored in more than 100 reports and papers published as UN documents dealing with all the implications of remote sensing: scientific, technological, institutional, political, economic, cultural, and legal. National, regional and international situations have been analyzed, and the General Assembly has passed resolutions requesting that the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space give a high priority to remote sensing. The identification and analysis of issues has been going on for several years, the objective being international agreement on general principles to guide nations in the conduct of their remote sensing activities.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 247-256
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  • 65
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Most of the remote sensing related work in hydrologic modeling has centered on modifying existing models to take advantage of the capabilities of new sensor techniques. There has been enough success with this approach to insure that remote sensing is a powerful tool in modeling the watershed processes. Unfortunately, many of the models in use were designed without recognizing the growth of remote sensing technology. Thus, their parameters were selected to be map or field crew definable. It is believed that the real benefits will come through the evolution of new models having new parameters that are developed specifically to take advantage of our capabilities in remote sensing. The ability to define hydrologically active areas could have a significant impact. The ability to define soil moisture and the evolution of new techniques to estimate evoportransportation could significantly modify our approach to hydrologic modeling. Still, without a major educational effort to develop an understanding of the techniques used to extract parameter estimates from remote sensing data, the potential offered by this new technology will not be achieved.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 87-99
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The design of general remote sensing-aided methodologies was studied to provide the estimates of several important inputs to water yield forecast models. These input parameters are snow area extent, snow water content, and evapotranspiration. The study area is Feather River Watershed (780,000 hectares), Northern California. The general approach involved a stepwise sequence of identification of the required information, sample design, measurement/estimation, and evaluation of results. All the relevent and available information types needed in the estimation process are being defined. These include Landsat, meteorological satellite, and aircraft imagery, topographic and geologic data, ground truth data, and climatic data from ground stations. A cost-effective multistage sampling approach was employed in quantification of all the required parameters. The physical and statistical models for both snow quantification and evapotranspiration estimation was developed. These models use the information obtained by aerial and ground data through appropriate statistical sampling design.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 795-806
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of soil water deficit on spruce and pine seedling canopy reflectance, needle reflectance and transmittance, and canopy density were measured in a greenhouse with a diffuse source of radiant flux. A potential for early or pre-visual detection of plant water stress was not supported by these measurements made at visible, and reflected infrared wavelengths to 1950 nm. Needles were found to transmit approximately thirty percent of the radiant flux incident on them at 780 nm, ten percent at 700 nm, and were found to be opaque at 450, 550, 600 and 650 nm.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 719-728
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Multispectral data analysis was incorporated with multiseasonal data analysis based on a spectral radiance data-set. Concepts include comparing data types, exploring relationships between periodicity of LANDSAT and the seasonal sense of the Orientals, and derivation of a method to register the acquired data. Examples include a quality investigation of a paddy field by seasonal LANDSAT data, a progress check of the field in harvest season, and a detailed survey of the vegetational environment by summer and winter LANDSAT data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 545-561
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  • 69
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A linear classifier is developed. The classifier algorithm derives, from the picture element (pixel) response values, the response values for a point (called footpoint) consisting of determined proportions of distinct and operator defined land surfaces. The algorithm decides whether the pixel contains the content of the defined surfaces by testing the footpoint to pixelpoint distance against an operator specified threshold value. The test can be either of statistical or geometric form. Those pixels which give a positive result to the test are subclassified according to the proportions of the distinct land surfaces. The practical characteristics of the classifier are discussed and the classification results achieved, in a number of test areas, are described. The artificial nature of the classifier assumptions relate to certain land surface conditions. Testing the suitability of the classifier for other conditions is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 535-543
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Efforts of the Agency for International Development to stimulate interest in remote sensing and the use of operational data are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 243-246
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  • 71
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Variables involved in data analysis and equipment used to process information are discussed. Standard photointerpretation keys for railroad trains and trees are included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 60-72
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  • 72
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Significant early developments of remote sensing are traced, as well as important contributions of the space program.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 1-9
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  • 73
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results of crescentic features study of sandy coasts, using high altitude aerial photography are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. John F. Kennedy Space Center Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 305-314
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  • 74
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Quaternary Geologic Map of Minnesota is a compilation based both on the unique characteristics of satellite imagery and on the results of previous field investigations, both published and unpublished. The use of satellite imagery has made possible the timely and economical construction of this map. LANDSAT imagery interpretation proved more useful than expected. Most of the geologic units could be identified by extrapolating from specific sites where the geology had been investigated into areas where little was known. The excellent geographic registry coupled with the multi-spectral record of these images served to identify places where the geologic materials responded to their ecological environment and where the ecology responded to the geologic materials. Units were well located on the map at the scale selected for the study. Contacts between till units could be placed with reasonable accuracy. The reference points that were used to project delineations between units (rivers, lakes, hills, roads and other features), which had not been accurately located on early maps, could be accurately located with the help of the imagery. The tonal and color contrasts, the patterns reflecting geologic change and the resolution of the images permitted focusing attention on features which could be represented at the final scale of the map without distraction by other interesting but site-specific details.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 791-794
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A low-cost transportable earth resources ground station was built in Canada and installed to operational status at Shoe Cove, Newfoundland. The system concepts developed for this station provide timely availability of data in both photographic and digital form. The system was designed with several objectives in mind: (1) to provide a system which could receive, store and process line-scan image data from a wide variety of satellites, most especially the LANDSAT and NOAA (VHRR) series, as well as aircraft scanner data, and data from future remote sensing and meteorological satellites; (2) the system has been designed to be operated by a small staff and to produce black and white images and computer-compatible tapes (CCT's) of all relevant data; (3) the system is compact in its physical design so that it is possible to configure it as a self-contained ground station, housed in a 3 x 12 meter trailer; (4) the system is designed to process all data at real-time rates or better and is designed in a modular fashion so that it can be easily upgraded to do further processing of the data, and/or to handle new satellites and sensors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 757-773
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  • 76
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experiments performed by stacking cotton leaves in the port of a spectroradiometer indicate that single leaf reflectance ceases to vary with more than two leaves in the visible region and eight leaves in the infrared region. Chance and LeMaster have shown that the Suits spectral reflectance model predicts an asymptotic dependence of crop reflectance on leaf area index (LAI) with crop reflectance static for leaf area indices in excess of two in the visible regions and six in the infrared regions of the spectrum. These results are experimentally verified in the field for Milam and Penjamo spring wheat, and a theoretical relationship is discussed that relates crop reflectance at 650 nm to crop canopy LAI. Experimental data are given that relate observer zenith angle to crop reflectance for wheat. The Suits reflectance model calculations for wheat fail to agree with this data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 703-710
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: State, local, and regional agencies involved in natural resources management were investigated as potential users of satellite remotely sensed data. This group's needs are assessed and alternative data management systems serving some of those needs are outlined. It is concluded that an operational earth observation data management system will be of most use to these user agencies if it provides a full range of information services -- from raw data acquisition to interpretation and dissemination of final information products.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 659-670
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Multipolarized scatterometer sea ice measurements at 13.3 GHz obtained during the winter and spring of 1975-76 from a number of flight lines off the east coast of Canada were analyzed. Radar scattering coefficients, sigma, were calculated for several regions of sea ice as interpreted from aerial photographs. The variation in sigma which incidence angle is presented for HH (Horizontal transmit - Horizontal receive) and HV (Horizontal transmit - Vertical receive) polarizations for the various ice regions. The depolarization ratio (sigma HH/sigma HV) as a function of incidence angle is also given. The sea ice regions studied included shorefast ice with varying degrees of snow cover and surface roughness and several varieties of floating sea ice with different thicknesses.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 645-657
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An infrared polarimeter, capable of operating between 1 and 12 micrometers wavelength has been used to measure the polarization of emitted radiation from the sea. The observed polarization at 10.6 micrometers from a smooth sea was found to be positive, indicating the dominance of reflected infrared sky radiation over the emitted. With the appearance of waves, the percent polarization increased, as expected, for a zenith angle well above the Brewster angle for water. This is qualitatively in accordance with a model presented to explain the behavior. Initial analyses indicate that the polarized components of the sea's emitted and reflected radiation are affected by type and direction of waves, angle of viewing, and foam. The effects of variations in these parameters require further delineation. The infrared polarimetric technique appears to be a novel new passive method for remote monitoring of waves.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 635-644
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In 1974 a circular-shaped iron oxide anomaly was observed in an image of a LANDSAT frame centered near Truth or Consequences, New Mexico. Field examination of the anomaly has shown that it coincides with a zone of hydrothermal alteration on the northern edge of the Nogal Canyon Cauldron. The altered area contains clay minerals ranging in colors from white to vivid red, the latter presumably resulting from hematite staining. In situ gas measurements showed no evidence of active hydrogen sulfide seepage. Preliminary geochemical analyses of grab samples have detected no significant amounts of mineralization. Whereas this area does not at present appear to be economically important, it provides an example of how LANDSAT can be utilized in reconnaissance mapping for cauldrons, calderas, and other volcanic features which display hydrothermal alteration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 579-590
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensing of various coastal phenomena on the Kujukuri Coast and Kashimanada Coast was done by the use of aircraft for the purpose of investigating the characteristics of shore reefs and floating sand, and the depth of the sea. A multispectral camera and a video ITV camera were used as sensors. The first flight was over the Kashimanada and Kujukuri Coasts and the next flight was over the Katsuura Bay. The shape of shore reefs, the state of floating sand, the depth of the sea, etc., are represented by equidensitographs using texture. The interval of density slices is 0.05. Correlations between the textures represented by equidensitographs, digital graphs and analog display are estimated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 571-578
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  • 82
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The capability to monitor land cover, associated in the past with aerial film cameras and radar systems, was discussed in regard to aircraft and spacecraft multispectral scanning sensors. A proposed thematic mapper with greater spectral and spatial resolutions for the fourth LANDSAT is expected to usher in new environmental monitoring capability. In addition, continuing improvements in image classification by supervised and unsupervised computer techniques are being operationally verified for discriminating environmental impacts of human activities on the land. The benefits of employing remote sensing for this discrimination was shown to far outweigh the incremental costs of converting to an aircraft-satellite multistage system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 363-377
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The dynamic nature of agriculture requires repetitive resource assessments such as those from remote sensing. Until recently, the use of remote sensing in agriculture has been limited primarily to site specific investigations without large-scale evaluations. Examples of successful applications at various user levels are provided. The stage of development for applying remote sensing to many agricultural problems is assessed, and goals for planning future data characteristics for increased use in agriculture are suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 257-266
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  • 84
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The importance of information gathered, integrated and analyzed over broad regions of the world is discussed. Means of acquiring information on critical areas are outlined, and the particular role that remote sensing can play is described in each case. The possible implementation of a global information system and some of the current difficulties in initiation of such a system on an operational basis are explored. In this way, issues will be surfaced for consideration. Topics include: the importance of innovative leadership, and some actions that the government might take, both in Congress and in the Executive Branch; the relationship of U.S. government activities to international interests and to industry; and the need to stimulate more private sector initiative and to transfer responsibilities from government to commercial interests.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 237-241
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  • 85
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The sensors currently projected for the new generation of meteorological satellites which will be in operation during the First Global Atmospheric Research Program GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) are described. The closely related subject of on-board data processing is treated briefly as well as efforts by the countries/agencies responsible for these satellites to make useful products available to developing countries at low cost.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 189-199
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  • 86
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: NASA's remote sensing technology as exemplified by ERTS-1 and LANDSAT 2 developed far more rapidly than they could have been reasonably absorbed with proved results by geological industries. This under-utilization of available technology is due to the ingrown infrastructure of exploration and engineering programs and techniques, and the inherent indirectness and long term effectiveness of the application of remote sensing to geological needs. The value of four dimensional geologic maps and the capabilities of various sensors are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 183-187
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Currently there is considerable interest in active microwave sensors for earth resources applications, such as the SEASAT-A radar. However, to obtain spatial resolutions comparable to optical sensors at radar frequencies, sophisticated image formation processing techniques must be applied to the raw data. Processing requirements for non-coherent optical and coherent radar imaging systems are compared. The image formation processing requirements for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems are discussed. Both optical and digital techniques are addressed, and examples of hardware and imagery for each processing technique are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 137-159
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A third-generation S-band radiometer has been calibrated at intervals over 3.5 years. The built-in stabilization concepts have proven to be very effective. In spite of some nonideal conditions (on runway, in wind, and in rain), an rms value of 0.7-K calibration repeatability has been observed with an average temperature deviation (bias error) of 0.03 K.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques; MTT-25; Oct. 197
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The characteristics of a thick hypersonic boundary layer turbulent for a length of 175 cm on a 4 deg sharp wedge were measured. The resulting boundary layer was free from transverse curvature effects and only mildly affected by upstream history effects caused by pressure and wall temperature gradients. Heat-transfer distributions were used to locate regions of laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow at an edge unit Reynolds number of 470,000 cm at wall-to-total temperature ratios from about 0.3 to 1. Wall cooling had little effect on the location of the transition region. Pitot and total temperature profiles and skin-friction measurements were obtained at several locations along the model longitudinal centerline. Mixing length and turbulent Prandtl number distributions were derived from the fully turbulent mean profiles.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Oct. 197
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  • 90
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A variety of programs have been conducted within EPA to evaluate the capability of various ground-based remote-sensing techniques for measuring the SO2 concentration, velocity, and opacity of effluents from coal-burning power plants. The results of the remote measurements were compared with the results of instack measurements made using EPA reference methods. Attention is given to infrared gas-filter correlation radiometry for SO2 concentration, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for SO2 concentration, ultraviolet matched-filter correlation spectroscopy for SO2 concentration, infrared and ultraviolet television for velocity and SO2 concentration, infrared laser-Doppler velocimetry for plume velocity, and visible laser radar for plume opacity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Environmental Science and Technology; 11; Oct. 197
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  • 91
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A multitude of remote sensing platforms are examined, including surface observations, balloons, various aircraft, spacecraft, and satellites.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 42-59
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  • 92
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensing technology applications to such diverse areas as agriculture, range and forestry; land use; mineral resources; water resources; marine resources; and the environment are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 10-17
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  • 93
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Basic information about the sun, what light is, and the atmospheric effects on light transmission are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing and the Earth; p 18-25
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Preparation is being made by the DSN to monitor the stability of its clocks and frequency standards in the 64 meter net by means of VLBI. Since variations in the earth's rotation rate represent an error source to VLBI clock synchronization, the Allan Variance of the earth rotation was calculated to find that, in a long-term sense at least, these variations do not noticeably increase the differential instability of two clocks as measured by Intercontinental VLBI.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 81-84
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An inventory of reindeer-range resources was conducted for the USDA Soil Conservation Service of 1.6 million hectares of wildlands in western Alaska using clustering techniques with digital Landsat data. Computer-aided digital analysis produced a provisional map of rangeland types which was used to design the field collection of vegetation and soil types data. This field data facilitated refinement of the inventory map and was used to describe the map units. The informational classes important to range resources were wet, moist and alpine tundra, tidal marsh, brush and open spruce forest. A significant feature of the study was the extraction of acreage figures by administrative boundaries within the study area. In addition to soil and vegetation association map products (at scales of 1:250,000 and 1:63,360) acreage values were tallied from the digital data for each of the four grazing permit areas established by the Bureau of Land Management.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 671-682
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A review of operational satellite-derived National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Environment Satellite Service oceanographic products is presented and some current applications of these products are noted. Recent improvements to procedures used in deriving sea surface temperature observations and fields are described. Changes to data reduction techniques and products which will be incorporated with the advent of TIROS-N are outlined and some potential future developments are mentioned.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 625-633
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  • 97
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A long term observational program on microwave emission and scatter behavior under controlled conditions, was started at a high altitude alpine test site. All stages of development of snow cover during the whole season are under investigation. The study was done to achieve required knowledge on microwave radiative properties of snow for optimization of the microwave payloads of air and spaceborne snow sensors and for the interpretation of large scale snow maps obtained by these sensors. Preliminary results of the first month obtained with radiometers at 4.9, 10.5, 21 and 36 GHz are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 601-607
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  • 98
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Effective implementation of the President's National Energy Plan and the Nuclear Power Policy Statement require application of the best remote sensing tools available. The potential contributions of remote sensing, particularly LANDSAT data, have yet to be clearly identified and exploited. These contributions investigated fall into the following categories: (1) exploration; (2) exploitation; (3) power plant siting; (4) environmental assessment and monitoring; and (5) transportation infrastructure.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 467-481
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An objective overview is presented of the application of remote sensing technology in the Corps of Engineers. Examples are given of attempts to use the current state of the art to achieve particular disciplinary or mission oriented goals. The Corps, presently engaged in both research and development and technology transfer, has encountered some interesting situations. Practical operational utilization depends not only on technology, but also economic benefit/cost factors and some unprecedented legal, political, and social issues. Yet, at a time when increased agency commitment to operational usage is being sought, an assessment of the state of the art reveals that sensor technology, data processing and analysis, and models still require further development. There is a challenge in synchronizing technology push with the demand pull of dimly perceived user needs. They should complement each other rather than oppose. The goal is to use the combined push-pull effect to lead to increased productivity and responsiveness by the Corps.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 393-399
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The construction of 68,397 km of interstate highways in the United States, initiated 20 years ago, was examined in regard to remote sensing techniques used. Many of the tools utilized today to locate and design highways were unknown when the program was begun. An overview is presented of the changing role remote sensing has played and continues to play in this vast project.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 379-383
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