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  • 1
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    Space radar system specifications (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: System specifications are proposed for an imaging radar whose primary objective is to provide useful information for land applications including hydrology, agriculture and geology.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ERIM Proc. of the 11th Intern. Symp. on Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 1; p 407-425
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  • 2
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    Microwave remote sensing of snow experiment description and preliminary results (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The active and passive microwave responses to snow were investigated at a site near Steamboat Springs, Colorado during the February and March winter months. The microwave equipment was mounted atop truck-mounted booms. Data were acquired at numerous frequencies, polarizations, and angles of incidence for a variety of snow conditions. The experiment description, the characteristics of the microwave and ground truth instruments, and the results of a preliminary analysis of a small portion of the total data volume acquired in Colorado are documented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10009 , NASA-CR-174524 , NAS 1.26:174524 , RSL-TR-340-1
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  • 3
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    Radar observation of snowpacks (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Radar observations of snowpacks were made at test sites in Kansas, South Dakota, and Colorado using truck mounted scatterometers covering the 1 to 18 GHz frequency range and the atmospheric window frequency of 35 GHz. Experiments were conducted as a function of snow depth, wetness, and surface roughness. The acquired data were used to model the backscattering coefficient in terms of snow and underlying soil parameters. The results indicate that the radar return (1) increase with increasing water equivalent; (2) decrease with increasing wetness; (3) is sensitive to the snow surface roughness only when the snow is wet;(4) is sensitive to the state (frozen or thawed) of the underlying soil if the snow is dry; and (5) is repetitive from one site to another and from one season to the next. Additionally, the measurements indicate the multifrequency observation or day-night observations may potentially provide the means for monitoring snow water equivalent, snow wetness, and the soil state.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 131-146
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  • 4
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    Microwave radiometric observations of snowpacks (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Models for the microwave emission from snowpacks were generated on the basis of radiometric observations made at 10.7 GHz, 37 HGz, and 94 GHz at a test site near Steamboat Springs, Colorado. In addition to conducting measurements on an approximately daily basis over a six week observation period, measurements were made over several diurnal cycles during which the change in snow wetness was tracked by the microwave radiometers. Also, the variation in emissivity with snow water equivalent was examined, as was the sensitivity to changes in snow surface geometry. The microwave emissivity was observed to (1) decrease exponentially with snow water equivalent and (2) increase with snow wetness. Thus, the emission behavior is the reverse of the backscattering behavior observed by the radar. By fitting the models to the measured data, the variation of the optical depth with snow wetness was estimated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties; p 187-201
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  • 5
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    The active and passive microwave response to snow parameters. I - Wetness. II - Water equivalent of dry snow (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Feb. 20
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  • 6
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    Microwave remote sensing of snowpacks (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The interaction mechanisms responsible for the microwave backscattering and emission behavior of snow were investigated, and models were developed relating the backscattering coefficient (sigma) and apparent temperature (T) to the physical parameters of the snowpack. The microwave responses to snow wetness, snow water equivalent, snow surface roughness, and to diurnal variations were investigated. Snow wetness was shown to have an increasing effect with increasing frequency and angle of incidence for both active and passive cases. Increasing snow wetness was observed to decrease the magnitude sigma and increase T. Snow water equivalent was also observed to exhibit a significant influence sigma and T. Snow surface configuration (roughness) was observed to be significant only for wet snow surface conditions. Diurnal variations were as large as 15 dB for sigma at 35 GHz and 120 K for T at 37 GHz. Simple models for sigma and T of a snowpack scene were developed in terms of the most significant ground-truth parameters. The coefficients for these models were then evaluated; the fits to the sigma and T measurements were generally good. Finally, areas of needed additional observations were outlined and experiments were specified to further the understanding of the microwave-snowpack interaction mechanisms.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-3263
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  • 7
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    Active microwave investigation of snowpacks: Experimental documentation, Colorado 1979-1980 (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: During the winter of 1979-1980, the University of Kansas Microwave Active Spectrometer systems measured the backscattering properties of snowpacks under varying conditions at four test sites in Colorado. In addition to the radar data over 1-35 GHz, ground-truth measurements of the atmospheric, snow, and soil characteristics were obtained for each radar data set. The test sites, data acquisition procedures, and data that were acquired in this experiment are presented and described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-166727 , RSL-TR-410-3
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  • 8
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    Dielectric properties of snow (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The dielectric properties of snow in the radio frequency range from 100 KHz to 35 GHz are reviewed. Applicable dielectric mixing formulas are discussed and compared to available experimental data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-166764 , RSL-TR-527-1
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    Progress in radar snow research (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Multifrequency measurements of the radar backscatter from snow-covered terrain were made at several sites in Brookings, South Dakota, during the month of March of 1979. The data are used to examine the response of the scattering coefficient to the following parameters: (1) snow surface roughness, (2) snow liquid water content, and (3) snow water equivalent. The results indicate that the scattering coefficient is insensitive to snow surface roughness if the snow is drv. For wet snow, however, surface roughness can have a strong influence on the magnitude of the scattering coefficient. These observations confirm the results predicted by a theoretical model that describes the snow as a volume of Rayleig scatterers, bounded by a Gaussian random surface. In addition, empirical models were developed to relate the scattering coefficient to snow liquid water content and the dependence of the scattering coefficient on water equivalent was evaluated for both wet and dry snow conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-166709 , RSL-TR-410-1
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  • 10
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    Microwave response of snow (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Truck-mounted microwave sensors were used to acquire backscattering coefficient and apparent temperature data for snow-covered terrain at 19 frequencies between 1 and 18 GHz and at 35.6 GHz. Passive microwave measurements were made at 10.7, 37, and 94 GHz. The radar backscattering coefficient and radiometric emissivity were evaluated as a function of snow depth, wetness, surface roughness, and other snow parameters. It is shown that volume scattering makes the radar backscattering coefficient to increase and the radiometric emissivity to decrease with increasing snow depth until the snow layer appears electromagnetically semiinfinite in extent. The presence of liquid water in the snowpack results in increased attenuation and reduction in scattering which leads to less backscatter and more emission by the snow volume. It is concluded that microwave sensors have the potential capability for remotely monitoring both the snow equivalent and wetness of snowpacks.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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